874:
858:
968:
327:
952:
811:
165:
920:
892:
830:
595:
664:, therefore using at least eleven ASCII characters for each byte stored (9% efficiency). The ASCII "N" and "P" characters differed in four bit positions, providing excellent protection from single punch errors. Alternative schemes named BHLF (Begin-High-Low-Finish) and B10F (Begin-One-Zero-Finish) were also available where either "L" and "H" or "0" and "1" were also available to represent data bits, but in both of these encoding schemes, the two data-bearing ASCII characters differ in only one bit position, providing very poor single punch error detection.
713:
370:
779:
41:
936:
842:
525:
908:
287:, to lubricate the reader and punch mechanisms. The oil impregnation usually made the paper somewhat translucent and slippery, and excess oil could transfer to clothing or any surfaces it contacted. Later optical tape readers often specified non-oiled opaque paper tape, which was less prone to depositing oily debris on the optical sensors and causing read errors. Another innovation was fanfold paper tape, which was easier to store compactly and less prone to tangling, as compared to rolled paper tape.
474:
49:
33:
240:
795:
463:
203:. The tape, punched with the keyboard, was later read by the caster, which produced lead type according to the combinations of holes in up to 31 positions. The tape reader used compressed air, which passed through the holes and was directed into certain mechanisms of the caster. The system went into commercial use in 1897 and was in production well into the 1970s, undergoing several changes along the way.
345:", or small circular pieces of paper. Managing the disposal of chad was an annoying and complex problem, as the tiny paper pieces had a tendency to escape containment and to interfere with the other electromechanical parts of the teleprinter equipment. Chad from oiled paper tape was particularly problematic, as it tended to clump and build up, rather than flowing freely into a collection container.
232:
489:. Operators typed in the message to the paper tape, and then sent the message at the maximum line speed from the tape. This permitted the operator to prepare the message "off-line" at the operator's best typing speed, and permitted the operator to correct any error prior to transmission. An experienced operator could prepare a message at 135 words per minute (WPM) or more for short periods.
138:. The resulting paper tape, also called a "chain of cards", was stronger and simpler both to create and to repair. This led to the concept of communicating data not as a stream of individual cards, but as one "continuous card" (or tape). Paper tapes constructed from punched cards were widely used throughout the 19th century for controlling looms. Many professional
696:. With the wire services coming into a device that would punch paper tape, rather than the Linotype operator having to retype all the incoming stories, the paper tape could be put into a paper tape reader on the Linotype and it would create the lead slugs without the operator re-typing the stories. This also allowed newspapers to use devices, such as the
660:(8 bits) would be represented by a highly redundant character framing sequence starting with a single uppercase ASCII "B", eight ASCII characters where a "0" would be represented by a "N" and a "1" would be represented by a "P", followed by an ending ASCII "F". These ten-character ASCII sequences were separated by one or more
361:
read chadless tape in later high-speed readers which used optical sensing. However, the mechanical tape readers used in most standard-speed equipment had no problem with chadless tape, because they sensed the holes by means of blunt spring-loaded mechanical sensing pins, which easily pushed the paper flaps out of the way.
271:. Later, optical readers made use of the sprocket holes to generate timing pulses. The sprocket holes were slightly closer to one edge of the tape, dividing the tape into unequal widths, to make it unambiguous which way to orient the tape in the reader. The bits on the narrower width of the tape were generally the
352:. This machine would punch a received teleprinter signal into tape and print the message on it at the same time, using a printing mechanism similar to that of an ordinary page printer. The tape punch, rather than punching out the usual round holes, would instead punch little U-shaped cuts in the paper, so that no
107:
645:. A significant variety of encoding formats were developed for use in computer and ROM/EPROM data transfer. Encoding formats commonly used were primarily driven by those formats that EPROM programming devices supported and included various ASCII hex variants as well as a number of proprietary formats.
762:
or Mylar tapes can be read many decades after manufacture, in contrast with magnetic tape that can deteriorate and become unreadable with time. The hole patterns of punched tape can be decoded by eye if necessary, and even editing of a tape is possible by manual cutting and splicing. Unlike magnetic
360:
A disadvantage to this technology was that, once punched, chadless tape did not roll up well for storage, because the protruding flaps of paper would catch on the next layer of tape so it could not be coiled up tightly. Another disadvantage that emerged in time, was that there was no reliable way to
492:
The line typically operated at 75 WPM, but it operated continuously. By preparing the tape "off-line" and then sending the message with a tape reader, the line could operate continuously rather than depending on continuous "on-line" typing by a single operator. Typically, a single 75 WPM
766:
Reliability of paper tape punching operations was a concern, so that for critical applications a new punched tape could be read after punching to verify the correct contents. Rewinding a tape required a takeup reel or other measures to avoid tearing or tangling the tape. In some uses, "fan fold"
247:
Data was represented by the presence or absence of a hole at a particular location. Tapes originally had five rows of holes for data across the width of the tape. Later tapes had more rows. A 1944 electro-mechanical programmable calculating machine, the
Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator or
356:
would be produced; the "hole" was still filled with a little paper trap-door. By not fully punching out the hole, the printing on the paper remained intact and legible. This enabled operators to read the tape without having to decipher the holes, which would facilitate relaying the message on to
703:
If an error was found at one position on the six-level tape, that character could be turned into a null character to be skipped by punching out the remaining non-punched positions with what was known as a “chicken plucker". It looked like a strawberry stem remover that, pressed with thumb and
683:
made similar cash registers around the same time. The tape could then be read into a computer and not only could sales information be summarized, billings could be done on charge transactions. The tape was also used for inventory tracking, recording department and class numbers of items sold.
562:
and RO – Receive Only models. As a side effect, punched tape became a popular medium for low-cost minicomputer data and program storage, and it was common to find a selection of tapes containing useful programs in most minicomputer installations. Faster optical readers were also common.
558:, capable of ten ASCII characters per second throughput) as a low-cost solution for keyboard input and printer output. The commonly specified Model 33 ASR included a paper tape punch/reader, where ASR stands for "Automatic Send/Receive" as opposed to the punchless/readerless KSR –
763:
tape, magnetic fields such as produced by electric motors cannot alter the punched data. In cryptography applications, a punched tape used to distribute a key can be rapidly and completely destroyed by burning, preventing the key from falling into the hands of an enemy.
317:
inch (17 mm) for five bit codes, and 1 inch (25 mm) for tapes with six or more bits. Hole spacing was 0.1 inches (2.5 mm) in both directions. Data holes were 0.072 inches (1.8 mm) in diameter; sprocket feed holes were 0.046 inches (1.2 mm).
767:
tape simplified handling as the tape would refold into a "takeup tank" ready to be re-read. The information density of punched tape was low compared with magnetic tape, making large datasets clumsy to handle in punched tape form.
294:
tape was often used. This tough, durable plastic film was usually thinner than paper tapes, but could still be used in many devices originally designed for paper media. The plastic tape was sometimes transparent, but usually was
573:
was often accomplished using a doubly encoded technique to compensate for the relatively high error rate of punches and readers. The low-level encoding was typically ASCII, further encoded and framed in various schemes such as
582:(primarily in ASCII hex characters) information helped with error detection. Efficiencies of such an encoding scheme are on the order of 35–40% (e.g., 36% from 44 8-bit ASCII characters being needed to represent sixteen
951:
1422:
1289:
94:. During the Second World War, high-speed punched tape systems using optical readout methods were used in code breaking systems. Punched tape was used to transmit data for manufacture of
873:
743:, that was temporarily connected to each security device that needed new keys. NSA has been trying to replace this method with a more secure electronic key management system (
414:
223:, some modern systems still measure the size of stored CNC programs in feet or meters, corresponding to the equivalent length if the data were actually punched on paper tape.
857:
841:
967:
504:
introduced a paper tape reader called RC 2000 that could read 2,000 characters per second; later they increased the speed further, up to 2,500 cps. As early as
891:
82:
in the 18th century. Use for telegraphy systems started in 1842. Punched tapes were used throughout the 19th and for much of the 20th centuries for programmable looms,
700:, to convert typing to lead type via tape. Even after the demise of Linotype and hot lead typesetting, many early phototypesetter devices utilized paper tape readers.
778:
935:
267:
A row of smaller sprocket holes was always punched to be used to synchronize tape movement. Originally, this was done using a wheel with radial teeth called a
493:
line supported three or more teletype operators working offline. Tapes punched at the receiving end could be used to relay messages to another station. Large
919:
810:
1557:
434:
1426:
618:
readers, and the medium was reasonably reliable in a manufacturing environment. Paper tape was an important storage medium for computer-controlled
1354:"Chapter 6. Microcomputer System Component Data Sheet - EPROMs and ROM: I. PROM and ROM Programming Instructions - B2. BPNF Paper Tape Format".
1280:
1397:
1373:
71:
device that consists of a long strip of paper through which small holes are punched. It was developed from and was subsequently used alongside
692:
Punched paper tape was used by the newspaper industry until the mid-1970s or later. Newspapers were typically set in hot lead by devices like
1375:
509:
637:
In the 1970s through the early 1980s, paper tape was commonly used to transfer binary data for incorporation in either mask-programmable
1506:
1377:(NB. This manual describes a "BPNF Paper Tape Format", a "Non-Intellec Hex Paper Tape Format" and a "PN Computer Punched Card Format".)
794:
1501:
393:, which dates back to the 19th century and had five holes. The Baudot code was superseded by modified five-hole codes such as the
829:
1550:
410:
1458:
1083:
1660:
1496:
1511:
130:
in 1725 to control looms. However, the paper tapes were expensive to create, fragile, and difficult to repair. By 1801,
1202:
1478:
1543:
1334:
578:, in which a binary value of "01011010" would be represented by the ASCII characters "5A". Framing, addressing and
478:
500:
Paper tape could be read into computers at up to 1,000 characters per second. In 1963, a Danish company called
430:
1665:
926:
626:
326:
1146:
907:
341:
Most tape-punching equipment used solid circular punches to create holes in the tape. This process created "
607:
1670:
1317:
Feichtinger, Herwig (1987). "1.8.5. Lochstreifen-Datenformate" [1.8.5. Paper tape data formats].
17:
1252:
1355:
1288:. Rev 1 (printed September 1974 ed.). 1974-03-15 . p. 101. MCS180-0774-1K, MCS280-0974-1K.
173:
1388:
307:
Tape for punching was usually 0.00394 inches (0.100 mm) thick. The two most common widths were
1632:
958:
728:
164:
1150:
747:), but as of 2016, paper tape was apparently still being employed. The paper tape canister is a
727:
communications using a key stored on paper tape. During the last third of the 20th century, the
86:
communication, for input to computers of the 1950s and 1960s, and later as a storage medium for
1100:
200:
1448:
1192:
1122:
735:. The eight-level paper tapes were distributed under strict accounting controls and read by a
1073:
559:
378:
272:
131:
56:
with a small piece of five-hole tape connected in a circle – creating a physical program loop
661:
442:
220:
142:
operations still refer to those individuals who create the designs and machine patterns as
357:
another station in the network. Also, there was no "chad box" to empty from time to time.
8:
1675:
1326:
648:
A much more primitive as well as a much longer high-level encoding scheme was also used,
610:
equipment often used paper tape. A paper tape reader was smaller and less expensive than
594:
438:
1566:
1235:
997:
732:
697:
469:
Automatic Send and
Receive teleprinter with paper tape in both the reader and the punch
406:
386:
181:
1059:
Distant
Writing: A History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868
134:
had developed machines to create paper tapes by tying punched cards in a sequence for
1626:
1481:. European Computer Manufacturers Association. November 1965. ECMA-10. Archived from
1454:
1361:
1330:
1198:
1079:
785:
712:
599:
555:
513:
494:
466:
394:
216:
185:
91:
40:
1239:
1054:
369:
188:
used for the automated preparation, storage and transmission of data in telegraphy.
1227:
1033:
751:
container that contains features to prevent undetected alteration of the contents.
748:
693:
638:
516:
could run at 5,000 cps using an optical tape reader designed by Arnold Lynch.
95:
53:
524:
283:
Many early machines used oiled paper tape, which was pre-impregnated with a light
146:
even though punched cards and paper tape were eventually phased out in the 1990s.
1012:
759:
672:
398:
196:
192:
437:(ASCII). This seven-level code was adopted by some teleprinter users, including
433:
led a project to develop a universal code for data processing, which became the
168:
Wheatstone slip with a dot, space and a dash punched, and perforator punch plate
1425:. National Security Agency Central Security Service. 2016-05-03. Archived from
720:
611:
529:
501:
418:
249:
212:
127:
1525:
1654:
629:
tape were developed so that heavily used production tapes would last longer.
615:
547:
were being released, most manufacturers turned to the existing mass-produced
473:
135:
115:
1529:
48:
1620:
1535:
1482:
1007:
676:
570:
544:
505:
353:
342:
150:
111:
87:
72:
68:
1172:
1515:
1218:
Hult, Ture (1963), "Presentation of a new high speed paper tape reader",
974:
848:
817:
736:
724:
704:
forefinger, could punch out the remaining positions, one hole at a time.
566:
551:
486:
446:
426:
390:
284:
161:
for player pianos were used to distribute popular music to mass markets.
83:
1387:"A. Serial Data Transfer Formats: ASCII BPNF, BHLF & B10F Formats".
1075:
CNC Control Setup for
Milling and Turning: Mastering CNC Control Systems
901:
systems still handled paper tape in the early 1970s (at left of console)
1608:
1231:
992:
987:
296:
261:
219:(CNC) machining applications, though paper tape has been superseded by
158:
154:
139:
32:
106:
1002:
821:
619:
575:
402:
243:
Mylar punched tape was used for durability in industrial applications
239:
78:
Punched cards, and chains of punched cards, were used for control of
851:
computer used two paper tape reader/punches for offline data storage
256:
used paper tape with 74 rows. Australia's 1951 electronic computer,
1038:
942:
898:
801:
788:
code-breaking machine used paper tapes to hold data (replica shown)
579:
512:, used by Allied codebreakers, was capable of 2,000 cps while
422:
268:
253:
177:
119:
462:
1638:
1585:
1581:
374:
299:
to make it opaque enough for use in high-speed optical readers.
1519:
740:
679:, made cash registers around 1970 that would punch paper tape.
257:
632:
275:
when the code was represented as numbers in a digital system.
1591:
864:
680:
656:(Begin-Positive-Negative-Finish). In BNPF encoding, a single
642:
548:
291:
235:
Diagnostic minicomputer software on fanfold paper tape (1975)
231:
744:
716:
This secure paper tape canister shows evidence of tampering
657:
653:
649:
583:
211:
In the 21st century, punched tape is obsolete except among
79:
1279:"Appendix A: A Sample Program in PL/M: BNPF Object Tape".
625:
Premium black waxed and lubricated long-fiber papers, and
1341:(NB. The book contains a description of the BNPF format.)
1194:
Technical
Handbook for Radio Monitoring HF: Edition 2009
1102:
History of computers: The MARK computers of Howard Aiken
385:
Text was encoded in several ways. The earliest standard
485:
Punched tape was used as a way of storing messages for
149:
In 1842, a French patent by Claude Seytre described a
1479:"ECMA standard for Data Interchange on Punched Tape"
1245:
929:
high-speed fanfold reader/punch used optical sensing
348:
A variation on the tape punch was a device called a
122:
holes, used to pull the paper tape through the loom.
75:, the difference being that the tape is continuous.
1512:
Detailed description of two paper tape code systems
1312:
1310:
941:Paper tape loop controlling paper positioning in a
254:
IBM Selective
Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC)
1357:MCS-80 User's Manual (With Introduction to MCS-85)
652:(Begin-Negative-Positive-Finish), also written as
435:American Standard Code for Information Interchange
199:, which consisted of a keyboard and a composition
1325:] (in German) (2 ed.). Munich, Germany:
879:Paper tape readers for a word-processing system,
1652:
1307:
957:Late-1970s heavy-duty tape punch used by the US
497:networks were developed using these techniques.
1396:. GP Industrial Electronics. 1984. p. 43.
804:relied on paper tape to store data and programs
589:
1551:
1349:
1347:
1274:
1272:
754:
1565:
1025:
731:(NSA) used punched paper tape to distribute
290:For heavy-duty or repetitive use, polyester
36:Five- and eight-hole wide punched paper tape
1316:
1184:
1034:"How it was: Paper tapes and punched cards"
973:Punch tape as an element of facade mosaic,
641:(ROM) chips or their erasable counterparts
633:Data transfer for ROM and EPROM programming
1558:
1544:
1440:
1415:
1344:
1269:
1139:
481:'s Honolulu flight service station in 1964
126:Perforated paper tapes were first used by
1170:
429:, had six holes. In the early 1960s, the
44:Creed model 6S/2 5-hole paper tape reader
1526:Working paper tape punch/reader GNT 3601
1065:
1031:
711:
593:
523:
472:
461:
368:
325:
238:
230:
163:
105:
47:
39:
31:
1380:
1364:. October 1977 . pp. 6–76. 98-153D
1190:
1120:
835:A large-capacity industrial tape reader
14:
1653:
1092:
1046:
411:International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2
377:as 7-bit ASCII, without a parity bit,
1539:
1446:
1127:Columbia University Computing History
687:
409:which was further developed into the
1450:Microprocessor-Based Control Systems
1390:XP640 EPROM Programmer - User Manual
1217:
1071:
252:, used paper tape with 24 rows, The
1211:
1180:, Synergetics SP Press, p. 211
1098:
1052:
330:Chadless 5-level Baudot paper tape
118:. The large holes on each edge are
24:
528:A 24-channel program tape for the
417:(USTTY). Other standards, such as
413:(ITA 2), and a variant called the
25:
1687:
1471:
1282:MCS-8 A Guide to PL/M programming
723:were invented in 1917 to encrypt
667:
477:Paper tape relay operation at US
457:
449:, stayed with the earlier codes.
180:. This technology was adopted by
1078:. Industrial Press. p. 20.
966:
950:
934:
918:
906:
890:
872:
856:
840:
828:
809:
793:
777:
519:
381:on the right—e.g. "W" is 1010111
321:
260:, used 3-inch (76 mm) wide
1447:Sinha, Naresh K. (1986-06-30).
1403:from the original on 2023-10-22
1295:from the original on 2022-01-29
863:Fanfold paper tape reader on a
707:
452:
405:) which was developed into the
110:A paper tape, constructed from
1164:
1114:
1032:Maxfield, Clive (2011-10-13).
431:American Standards Association
350:Chadless Printing Reperforator
13:
1:
1147:"CSIRAC paper tape (replica)"
1121:da Cruz, Frank (April 2021).
1018:
880:
533:
331:
302:
206:
1497:A song mentioning paper tape
961:for secret code distribution
608:computer-aided manufacturing
590:Computer-aided manufacturing
415:American Teletypewriter code
373:The word "Knowledge", and a
278:
7:
1661:Computer storage tape media
1518:and the system used by the
981:
586:of binary data per frame).
364:
197:Monotype typesetting system
157:. By 1900, wide perforated
10:
1692:
1253:"Translation File Formats"
770:
755:Advantages and limitations
600:computer numerical control
569:transfer to or from these
510:Heath Robinson tape reader
226:
217:computer numerical control
176:used punched tape to send
101:
1601:
1574:
1453:. Springer. p. 264.
1319:Arbeitsbuch Mikrocomputer
1220:BIT Numerical Mathematics
1055:"3. Cooke and Wheatstone"
913:Eight-hole tape from 1974
52:Paper tape reader on the
1633:Optical mark recognition
1191:Proesch, Roland (2009).
959:National Security Agency
945:line printer (1959-1983)
816:Tape reader used with a
739:, such as the hand held
729:National Security Agency
337:punched at Teletype Corp
1323:Microcomputer work book
1171:Lancaster, Don (2010),
1151:Computer History Museum
622:machines, for example.
598:Paper tape reader on a
1304:(1+i+100+1+11+1 pages)
1258:. Data I/O Corporation
1174:TV Typewriter Cookbook
717:
603:
540:
482:
470:
382:
338:
273:least significant bits
244:
236:
169:
155:perforated paper rolls
123:
57:
45:
37:
1502:Various punched media
715:
662:whitespace characters
597:
560:Keyboard Send/Receive
527:
476:
465:
379:least significant bit
372:
329:
242:
234:
167:
132:Joseph Marie Jacquard
109:
65:perforated paper tape
51:
43:
35:
1666:History of computing
1329:. pp. 240–243.
1072:Smid, Peter (2010).
867:minicomputer (1960s)
153:that read data from
151:piano playing device
1507:Olympia Flexowriter
1327:Franzis-Verlag GmbH
1197:. Books on Demand.
445:). Others, such as
27:Data storage device
1671:Paper data storage
1567:Paper data storage
1423:"Tale of the Tape"
1232:10.1007/BF01935575
998:Friden Flexowriter
733:cryptographic keys
718:
698:Friden Flexowriter
688:Newspaper industry
604:
541:
483:
471:
407:Western Union code
387:character encoding
383:
339:
264:with twelve rows.
245:
237:
182:Charles Wheatstone
170:
124:
58:
46:
38:
1648:
1647:
1627:Edge-notched card
1460:978-90-277-2287-4
1362:Intel Corporation
1099:Dalakov, Georgi,
1085:978-0-8311-3350-4
1053:Roberts, Steven.
847:This early-1960s
694:Linotype machines
556:Teletype Model 33
495:store and forward
186:Wheatstone system
92:CNC machine tools
16:(Redirected from
1683:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1465:
1464:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1351:
1342:
1340:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1029:
970:
954:
938:
922:
910:
894:
885:
882:
876:
860:
844:
832:
813:
797:
781:
749:tamper-resistant
639:read-only memory
538:
535:
336:
335: 1975–1980
333:
316:
315:
311:
184:in 1857 for the
96:read-only memory
54:Harwell computer
21:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1597:
1570:
1564:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1367:
1365:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1315:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1070:
1066:
1051:
1047:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1013:Zygalski sheets
984:
977:
971:
962:
955:
946:
939:
930:
923:
914:
911:
902:
895:
886:
883:
877:
868:
861:
852:
845:
836:
833:
824:
814:
805:
798:
789:
782:
773:
760:Acid-free paper
757:
710:
690:
670:
635:
592:
554:(primarily the
543:When the first
536:
522:
487:teletypewriters
460:
455:
399:carriage return
367:
334:
324:
313:
309:
308:
305:
281:
229:
209:
193:Tolbert Lanston
104:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1689:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1473:
1472:External links
1470:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1439:
1414:
1379:
1343:
1335:
1306:
1268:
1244:
1210:
1204:978-3837045734
1203:
1183:
1163:
1138:
1113:
1091:
1084:
1064:
1045:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
983:
980:
979:
978:
972:
965:
963:
956:
949:
947:
940:
933:
931:
924:
917:
915:
912:
905:
903:
896:
889:
887:
878:
871:
869:
862:
855:
853:
846:
839:
837:
834:
827:
825:
815:
808:
806:
799:
792:
790:
783:
776:
772:
769:
756:
753:
721:Vernam ciphers
709:
706:
689:
686:
669:
668:Cash registers
666:
634:
631:
612:Hollerith card
606:In the 1970s,
591:
588:
530:Harvard Mark I
521:
518:
502:Regnecentralen
459:
458:Communications
456:
454:
451:
419:Teletypesetter
366:
363:
323:
320:
304:
301:
280:
277:
269:sprocket wheel
250:Harvard Mark I
228:
225:
221:digital memory
208:
205:
191:In the 1880s,
174:Alexander Bain
136:Jacquard looms
128:Basile Bouchon
114:, in use in a
103:
100:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1688:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1588:(c. 3000 BCE)
1587:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1485:on 2011-09-27
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1429:on 2021-09-23
1428:
1424:
1418:
1399:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1348:
1338:
1336:3-7723-8022-0
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1273:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
976:
969:
964:
960:
953:
948:
944:
937:
932:
928:
921:
916:
909:
904:
900:
893:
888:
875:
870:
866:
859:
854:
850:
843:
838:
831:
826:
823:
820:for the 1960
819:
812:
807:
803:
796:
791:
787:
780:
775:
774:
768:
764:
761:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
714:
705:
701:
699:
695:
685:
682:
678:
674:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
630:
628:
623:
621:
617:
616:magnetic tape
613:
609:
602:(CNC) machine
601:
596:
587:
585:
581:
577:
572:
571:minicomputers
568:
564:
561:
557:
553:
550:
546:
545:minicomputers
531:
526:
520:Minicomputers
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
490:
488:
480:
475:
468:
464:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:(which added
396:
392:
388:
380:
376:
371:
362:
358:
355:
351:
346:
344:
328:
322:Chadless tape
319:
300:
298:
293:
288:
286:
276:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
241:
233:
224:
222:
218:
214:
204:
202:
198:
195:invented the
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
166:
162:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
121:
117:
116:Jacquard loom
113:
112:punched cards
108:
99:
97:
93:
89:
88:minicomputers
85:
81:
76:
74:
73:punched cards
70:
67:is a form of
66:
62:
55:
50:
42:
34:
30:
19:
1621:Punched card
1615:Punched tape
1614:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:the original
1449:
1442:
1431:. Retrieved
1427:the original
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1389:
1382:
1366:. Retrieved
1356:
1322:
1318:
1297:. Retrieved
1281:
1260:. Retrieved
1247:
1226:(2): 93–96,
1223:
1219:
1213:
1193:
1186:
1173:
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1141:
1130:. Retrieved
1126:
1116:
1106:, retrieved
1101:
1094:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1048:
1037:
1027:
1008:Tape library
765:
758:
719:
708:Cryptography
702:
691:
677:Dayton, Ohio
671:
647:
636:
624:
605:
565:
552:teleprinters
542:
506:World War II
499:
491:
484:
453:Applications
384:
359:
349:
347:
340:
306:
289:
282:
266:
246:
210:
190:
171:
148:
143:
125:
77:
69:data storage
64:
61:Punched tape
60:
59:
29:
1617:(mid-1800s)
1516:Baudot code
1123:"SSEC Tape"
975:Novosibirsk
925:This 1970s
884: 1970
849:Monrobot XI
818:UNIVAC 1105
737:fill device
725:teleprinter
567:Binary data
537: 1944
467:Teletype 33
427:Flexowriter
395:Murray code
285:machine oil
159:music rolls
84:teleprinter
1676:Telegraphy
1655:Categories
1609:Index card
1530:Musée Bolo
1489:2003-07-10
1433:2014-06-16
1412:(47 pages)
1407:2023-10-22
1368:2020-02-27
1299:2022-05-18
1262:2010-08-30
1157:2023-10-13
1132:2024-05-25
1108:2011-01-12
1019:References
993:Book music
988:Bit bucket
800:This 1959
627:Mylar film
303:Dimensions
297:aluminized
262:paper tape
207:Modern use
140:embroidery
18:Paper tape
1575:Antiquity
1532:, YouTube
1003:Key punch
822:US Census
784:The 1943
620:wire-wrap
576:Intel Hex
403:line feed
279:Materials
213:hobbyists
178:telegrams
172:In 1846,
1594:(105 CE)
1522:computer
1398:Archived
1290:Archived
1240:61020497
1039:EE Times
982:See also
943:IBM 1403
899:IBM 1130
802:IBM 1620
786:Colossus
580:checksum
514:Colossus
443:Teletype
439:AT&T
423:FIELDATA
365:Encoding
144:punchers
120:sprocket
1639:Barcode
1635:(1930s)
1623:(1880s)
1611:(1640s)
1586:papyrus
1582:Writing
771:Gallery
421:(TTS),
312:⁄
227:Formats
102:History
98:chips.
1641:(1948)
1629:(1904)
1602:Modern
1520:ILLIAC
1457:
1333:
1238:
1201:
1153:. 2010
1082:
897:Large
741:KOI-18
643:EPROMs
508:, the
391:Baudot
258:CSIRAC
201:caster
1592:Paper
1569:media
1401:(PDF)
1394:(PDF)
1321:[
1293:(PDF)
1286:(PDF)
1256:(PDF)
1236:S2CID
1178:(PDF)
865:PDP-1
681:Sweda
584:bytes
549:ASCII
447:Telex
375:CR/LF
292:Mylar
215:. In
80:looms
1455:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1080:ISBN
745:EKMS
658:byte
654:BPNF
650:BNPF
425:and
401:and
389:was
354:chad
343:chad
90:and
1584:on
1228:doi
927:DEC
675:of
673:NCR
614:or
479:FAA
63:or
1657::
1528:,
1514:,
1360:.
1346:^
1309:^
1271:^
1234:,
1222:,
1149:.
1125:.
1057:.
1036:.
881:c.
534:c.
332:c.
314:16
310:11
1559:e
1552:t
1545:v
1492:.
1463:.
1436:.
1410:.
1371:.
1339:.
1302:.
1265:.
1230::
1224:3
1207:.
1160:.
1135:.
1088:.
1061:.
1042:.
539:)
532:(
441:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
