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32:
129:
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article estimated that the year 2002 was the beginning of the digital age for information storage: an age in which more information is stored on digital storage devices than on analog storage devices. In 1986, approximately 1% of the world's capacity to store information was in digital format; this
1838:
in 2002 was nearly 18 exabytes—three and a half times more than was recorded on non-volatile storage. Telephone calls constituted 98% of the telecommunicated information in 2002. The researchers' highest estimate for the growth rate of newly stored information (uncompressed) was more than 30% per
1751:
A recording medium is a physical material that holds information. Newly created information is distributed and can be stored in four storage media–print, film, magnetic, and optical–and seen or heard in four information flows–telephone, radio and TV, and the
Internet as well as being observed
4407:
1834:
of new information were produced in 2002 and that 92% of this data was stored on hard disk drives. This was about twice the data produced in 2000. The amount of data transmitted over
1846:
estimated that the total amount of digital data in 2007 was 281 exabytes, and that the total amount of digital data produced exceeded the global storage capacity for the first time.
2375:"'JISC/NPO Studies on the Preservation of Electronic Materials: A Framework of Data Types and Formats, and Issues Affecting the Long Term Preservation of Digital Material"
1867:
It is estimated that around 120 zettabytes of data will be generated in 2023, an increase of 60x from 2010, and that it will increase to 181 zettabytes generated in 2025.
771:
2189:
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143:
is a storage medium. The phonograph may be considered a storage device especially as machines of this vintage were able to record on blank cylinders.
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may be considered both equipment and medium as the wax, charcoal or chalk material from the equipment becomes part of the surface of the medium.
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1937:
1767:, the data and the recording media are sometimes referred to as "software" despite the more common use of the word to describe
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1201:
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3115:
96:
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68:
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2330:"Video animation on The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010"
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362:
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407:
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115:
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260:
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grew to 3% by 1993, to 25% by 2000, and to 97% by 2007. These figures correspond to less than three compressed
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994:
280:
19:
This article is about all forms of data storage. For data storage on computers in particular, see
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are considered by some as data storage. Recording may be accomplished with virtually any form of
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2002:
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exabytes in 2007. The quantity of digital storage doubled roughly every three years.
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2271:"The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information"
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2128:
2044:
1972:
1892:
1882:
1716:. Electronic data storage requires electrical power to store and retrieve data.
1500:
1327:
1314:
1005:
1000:
856:
723:
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537:
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387:
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2220:"Amount of new information doubled in last three years, UC Berkeley study finds"
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2018:
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2195:. UC Berkeley, School of Information Management and Systems. Archived from
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1719:
Data storage in a digital, machine-readable medium is sometimes called
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2007:
1967:
1786:
Some recording media may be temporary either by design or by nature.
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31:
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2012:
1982:
1831:
1743:(MICR) are two ways of recording machine-readable data on paper.
1736:
1440:
1430:
1425:
1385:
1287:
1282:
1262:
1067:
1042:
1032:
823:
1704:
are all examples of storage media. Biological molecules such as
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3358:
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1395:
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507:
3709:
155:(Sony TC-630), the recorder is data storage equipment and the
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3620:
3523:
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1811:
1370:
1307:
1302:
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761:
1821:
1818:
would be considered a temporary recording medium if at all.
4305:
4237:
3396:
3390:
1977:
1815:
1681:
1365:
652:
302:
1794:
or to purposely make data expire over time. Data such as
1723:. Computer data storage is one of the core functions of a
4504:
4117:
3331:
2247:"IDC's "Diverse & Exploding Digital Universe" report"
1803:
1709:
1705:
1405:
1292:
1062:
179:
175:
1802:
are temporary by nature. Depending on the volatility, a
2396:
2151:"The Difference between Electronic and Paper Documents"
2377:. British Library Research and Innovation Report 50.
2387:
History of
Storage from Cave Paintings to Electrons
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2264:
2262:
2188:Lyman, Peter; Varian, Hal R. (October 23, 2003).
4533:
3965:
2321:
2259:
182:can be considered as biological storage media.
4363:
3951:
3695:
3580:
3249:
3116:
2706:
2412:
1654:
3594:
2268:
1752:directly. Digital information is stored on
1731:can be stored in much less space than paper
16:Recording of information in a storage medium
2187:
4370:
4356:
3958:
3944:
3702:
3688:
3587:
3573:
3256:
3242:
3130:
3123:
3109:
2713:
2699:
2419:
2405:
1661:
1647:
3263:
2296:
2269:Hilbert, Martin; LĂłpez, Priscila (2011).
2103:
1822:Global capacity, digitization, and trends
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2148:
170:
162:
146:
127:
2372:
2327:
2244:
2181:
2072:
4534:
2346:
2217:
2129:"DNA seen through the eyes of a coder"
2126:
1938:Disk drive performance characteristics
4351:
3939:
3683:
3568:
3237:
3104:
2694:
2400:
2349:"Amount of Data Created Daily (2023)"
2068:
2066:
1202:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
2218:Maclay, Kathleen (28 October 2003).
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
13:
2720:
2366:
2225:University of California, Berkeley
2063:
1746:
1741:magnetic ink character recognition
363:Data validation and reconciliation
167:Various electronic storage devices
14:
4578:
1830:report estimated that about five
413:Distributed file system for cloud
4406:
4377:
2382:History of Computer Data Storage
2328:Hilbert, Martin (15 June 2011).
2025:Plant-based digital data storage
1814:) or a liquid surface such as a
261:Areal density (computer storage)
30:
2347:Duarte, Fabio (April 3, 2023).
2245:Theirer, Adam (14 March 2008).
2127:Hubert, Bert (9 January 2021).
1080:Programmable metallization cell
41:needs additional citations for
4452:(MS, MS-PRO, MS-PRO HG, MS-XC)
2879:Hidden file / Hidden directory
2340:
2238:
2211:
2142:
2120:
1844:International Data Corporation
1676:is the recording (storing) of
643:Persistence (computer science)
1:
3711:Primary computer data storage
2922:Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
2392:The Evolution of Data Storage
2056:
1948:Electronic quantum holography
1842:In a more limited study, the
1511:Electronic quantum holography
133:
2190:"HOW MUCH INFORMATION 2003?"
2159:George Washington University
862:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)
658:Non-RAID drive architectures
7:
4567:Sound production technology
3056:Comparison of file managers
2855:List of filename extensions
1870:
132:Edison cylinder phonograph
10:
4583:
4489:(PCMCIA, CardBus, CardBay)
4398:Comparison of memory cards
1836:telecommunications systems
1788:Volatile organic compounds
1451:Holographic Versatile Disc
1350:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1222:Magnetic-tape data storage
841:Content-addressable memory
153:reel-to-reel tape recorder
18:
4552:Film and video technology
4415:
4404:
4385:
4314:
4230:
4204:
4095:
3984:
3977:
3898:
3862:
3811:
3802:
3772:
3756:
3727:
3718:
3630:
3603:
3533:
3497:Magneto-optic Kerr effect
3495:
3412:
3380:
3330:
3310:
3272:
3139:
3063:File system fragmentation
3023:
2980:
2947:
2887:
2820:
2728:
2434:
2373:Bennett, John C. (1997).
1933:Distributed block storage
648:Persistent data structure
543:Digital rights management
159:is a data storage medium.
3662:Optical mark recognition
2867:Extended file attributes
2775:Proprietary file formats
2426:
2040:Software-defined storage
1792:preserve the environment
1725:general-purpose computer
1523:DNA digital data storage
1506:Holographic data storage
995:Solid-state hybrid drive
281:Network-attached storage
4510:Universal Flash Storage
4332:List of writing systems
4043:Broussonetia papyrifera
4030:Folding-book manuscript
4013:Bamboo and wooden slips
3068:File-system permissions
2298:10.1126/science.1200970
1963:Flip-flop (electronics)
1518:5D optical data storage
1335:3D optical data storage
1058:Universal Flash Storage
463:Replication (computing)
408:Distributed file system
298:Single-instance storage
276:Direct-attached storage
256:Continuous availability
2149:Rotenstreich, Shmuel.
1391:Nintendo optical discs
608:Storage virtualization
478:Information repository
418:Distributed data store
183:
168:
160:
144:
4557:Mass media technology
4056:Corypha umbraculifera
1993:Media (communication)
1928:Disaggregated storage
1888:Computer data storage
894:Mellon optical memory
882:Williams–Kilburn tube
598:Locality of reference
403:Clustered file system
229:Memory access pattern
194:computer data storage
174:
166:
150:
131:
21:computer data storage
3916:Magnetic-core memory
3083:File synchronization
2932:Semantic file system
2755:List of file formats
2600:Protection (privacy)
2035:Semiconductor memory
2003:Medium format (film)
1918:Digital preservation
1729:Electronic documents
1590:Magnetic-core memory
1237:Digital Data Storage
1197:Quadruplex videotape
638:In-memory processing
528:Information transfer
423:Distributed database
286:Storage area network
266:Block (data storage)
50:improve this article
3804:Non-volatile memory
2912:Directory structure
2289:2011Sci...332...60H
2199:on December 8, 2017
2169:on 20 February 2020
2096:1986Natur.319..618G
1187:Phonograph cylinder
1125:Electrochemical RAM
977:Solid-state storage
593:Memory segmentation
291:Block-level storage
141:phonograph cylinder
4495:(SDSC, SDHC, SDXC)
4393:Memory card reader
4327:History of writing
3596:Paper data storage
2850:Filename extension
2017:Nonlinear medium (
1923:Digital Revolution
1756:in many different
1596:Plated-wire memory
1561:Paper data storage
1207:Magnetic recording
633:In-memory database
618:Memory-mapped file
563:Volume boot record
558:Master boot record
548:Volume (computing)
523:Data communication
448:Data deduplication
184:
169:
161:
145:
4529:
4528:
4345:
4344:
4200:
4199:
4143:Photographic film
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3798:
3797:
3780:Delay-line memory
3677:
3676:
3656:Edge-notched card
3562:
3561:
3312:Professional Disc
3231:
3230:
3098:
3097:
3090:File verification
2843:Filename mangling
2770:Open file formats
2688:
2687:
2680:Wrangling/munging
2530:Format management
1908:Data transmission
1860:in 1986, and 295
1769:computer software
1758:recording formats
1671:
1670:
1268:8 mm video format
1192:Phonograph record
1011:Flash Core Module
989:Solid-state drive
888:Delay-line memory
847:Computational RAM
750:Scratchpad memory
588:Disk partitioning
313:Unstructured data
239:Secondary storage
126:
125:
118:
100:
4574:
4410:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4337:Written language
4255:Electronic media
4212:Electronic paper
4185:Textile printing
3982:
3981:
3971:writing material
3960:
3953:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3809:
3808:
3725:
3724:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3132:Magnetic storage
3125:
3118:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3046:Data compression
2927:Grid file system
2905:Temporary folder
2895:Directory/folder
2715:
2708:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2378:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2332:. Archived from
2325:
2319:
2318:
2300:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2162:. Archived from
2155:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2105:10.1038/319618a0
2070:
2030:Recording format
1953:External storage
1913:Digital dark age
1878:Archival science
1852:Science Magazine
1775:) static media,
1765:electronic media
1754:electronic media
1663:
1656:
1649:
1608:Thin-film memory
1602:Core rope memory
1528:Universal memory
1491:Millipede memory
1481:Racetrack memory
1446:Ultra HD Blu-ray
1258:Linear Tape-Open
1212:Magnetic storage
1180:Analog recording
623:Software entropy
583:Disk aggregation
343:Data degradation
328:Data compression
224:Memory hierarchy
214:Memory coherence
186:
185:
138:
135:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4547:Data management
4532:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4411:
4402:
4381:
4376:
4346:
4341:
4322:Writing systems
4310:
4231:Carrier objects
4226:
4196:
4096:Other materials
4091:
4085:Cyperus papyrus
3998:Trema micrantha
3973:
3964:
3934:
3925:
3894:
3858:
3794:
3768:
3752:
3720:Volatile memory
3714:
3708:
3678:
3673:
3626:
3599:
3593:
3563:
3558:
3541:Laser turntable
3529:
3491:
3408:
3376:
3326:
3306:
3268:
3265:Optical storage
3262:
3232:
3227:
3135:
3129:
3099:
3094:
3036:File comparison
3019:
2988:File descriptor
2976:
2943:
2883:
2816:
2760:File signatures
2724:
2719:
2689:
2684:
2660:Synchronization
2430:
2425:
2369:
2367:Further reading
2364:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2326:
2322:
2283:(6025): 60–65.
2267:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2078:"The RNA World"
2074:Gilbert, Walter
2071:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2045:Volatile memory
1973:Information Age
1893:Computer memory
1883:Blank media tax
1873:
1824:
1790:may be used to
1773:traditional art
1749:
1747:Recording media
1667:
1638:
1637:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1501:Patterned media
1471:
1463:
1462:
1330:
1320:
1319:
1315:Hard disk drive
1182:
1172:
1171:
1152:
1141:
1140:
1095:
1085:
1084:
1006:IBM FlashSystem
1001:USB flash drive
940:
923:
922:
877:
869:
868:
857:Dual-ported RAM
735:
718:
717:
678:Cloud computing
538:Copy protection
458:Data redundancy
388:Shared resource
358:Data validation
333:Data corruption
308:Structured data
219:Cache coherence
204:
190:Computer memory
136:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4580:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4493:Secure Digital
4490:
4484:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4444:MultiMediaCard
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4352:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4315:Related topics
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4257:
4252:
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4228:
4227:
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4208:
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4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4182:
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4162:
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4160:
4155:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4077:
4072:
4060:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4039:
4036:Streblus asper
4027:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4001:
3988:
3986:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3921:Twistor memory
3918:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3866:
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3859:
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3846:
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3836:
3831:
3826:
3815:
3813:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3785:Selectron tube
3782:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
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3722:
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3692:
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3607:
3605:
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3591:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3537:
3535:
3534:Optical Assist
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3502:
3500:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3434:(20th century)
3429:
3428:(20th century)
3423:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3387:
3385:
3378:
3377:
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3147:
3140:
3137:
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3128:
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3113:
3105:
3096:
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3087:
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3070:
3065:
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3018:
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2902:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2862:File attribute
2859:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2812:Zero-byte file
2809:
2807:Temporary file
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2722:Computer files
2718:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
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2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2585:Pre-processing
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
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2441:
2435:
2432:
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2409:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2339:
2336:on 2012-01-18.
2320:
2258:
2237:
2210:
2180:
2141:
2119:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:Media controls
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1903:Data retention
1900:
1898:Content format
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1823:
1820:
1748:
1745:
1686:storage medium
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1620:Twistor memory
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1538:Quantum memory
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:In development
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1381:Super Video CD
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1322:
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1128:
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1096:
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1083:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1038:MultiMediaCard
1035:
1030:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
992:
986:
974:
969:
968:
967:
962:
952:
947:
941:
936:
935:
932:
931:
925:
924:
921:
920:
914:
908:
903:
900:Selectron tube
897:
891:
885:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
865:
864:
854:
849:
844:
838:
833:
828:
827:
826:
816:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
754:
753:
752:
747:
740:Hardware cache
736:
731:
730:
727:
726:
720:
719:
716:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
693:Edge computing
690:
685:
680:
675:
673:Grid computing
670:
668:Bank switching
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
613:Virtual memory
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
578:Disk mirroring
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
533:Temporary file
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
483:Knowledge base
480:
475:
473:Storage record
470:
468:Memory refresh
465:
460:
455:
453:Data structure
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
348:Data integrity
345:
340:
338:Data cleansing
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
294:
293:
288:
278:
273:
271:Object storage
268:
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258:
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251:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
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205:
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124:
123:
65:"Data storage"
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4579:
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4500:
4497:
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4478:
4475:
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4468:
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4459:
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4454:
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4437:
4435:
4432:
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4427:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:Main articles
4384:
4380:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4290:
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4286:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4266:
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4258:
4256:
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4244:
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4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4156:
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4150:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:Bubble memory
3904:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3791:
3790:Williams tube
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3617:(c. 3000 BCE)
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3571:
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3532:
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3507:
3504:
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3501:
3498:
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3404:
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3333:
3329:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
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3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3247:
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3240:
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3236:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
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3175:
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3169:
3166:
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3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:File transfer
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3015:Symbolic link
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
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2960:
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2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:Long filename
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
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2800:
2798:
2795:
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2780:
2776:
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2771:
2768:
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2743:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
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2693:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
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2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
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2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
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2556:
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2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
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2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2248:
2241:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2145:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:(6055): 618.
2089:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:random access
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Magnetic tape
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:smoke signals
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:art materials
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:optical discs
1699:
1698:magnetic tape
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:Bubble memory
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:Cassette tape
1251:
1249:
1248:Videocassette
1246:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Magnetic tape
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
978:
975:
973:
972:ROM cartridge
970:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
939:
934:
933:
930:
927:
926:
918:
915:
912:
909:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
879:
873:
872:
863:
860:
859:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
825:
822:
821:
820:
817:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
755:
751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
741:
738:
737:
734:
729:
728:
725:
722:
721:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
698:Dew computing
696:
694:
691:
689:
688:Fog computing
686:
684:
683:Cloud storage
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
663:Memory paging
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
498:File deletion
496:
494:
491:
489:
488:Computer file
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
368:Data recovery
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Data security
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
250:
249:floating-gate
247:
246:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
200:
199:
195:
191:
188:
187:
181:
177:
173:
165:
158:
157:magnetic tape
154:
149:
142:
130:
120:
117:
109:
106:February 2018
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
4542:Data storage
4450:Memory Stick
4434:Express Card
4423:CompactFlash
4379:Memory cards
4264:
4260:
4102:Animal skin
4083:
4066:
4054:
4041:
4034:
4022:
4003:
3996:
3844:Flash memory
3713:technologies
3650:Punched card
3644:Punched tape
3432:Optical disc
3426:Optical tape
3413:Discontinued
3382:Compact disc
3162:Ferrite core
3078:File sharing
3051:File manager
3041:File copying
2888:Organisation
2833:8.3 filename
2787:Sidecar file
2765:Magic number
2654:
2590:Preservation
2580:Philanthropy
2444:Augmentation
2352:. Retrieved
2342:
2334:the original
2323:
2280:
2274:
2250:. Retrieved
2240:
2229:. Retrieved
2223:
2213:
2203:November 25,
2201:. Retrieved
2197:the original
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2164:the original
2157:
2144:
2134:12 September
2132:. Retrieved
2122:
2087:
2081:
2076:(Feb 1986).
1943:Disk storage
1866:
1850:
1848:
1841:
1825:
1785:
1762:
1750:
1721:digital data
1720:
1718:
1694:phonographic
1685:
1674:Data storage
1673:
1672:
1573:Punched tape
1567:Punched card
1533:Time crystal
1401:Hyper CD-ROM
1340:Optical disc
1232:Tape library
1167:FeFET memory
1148:Early-stage
1028:CompactFlash
1023:Memory Stick
983:Flash memory
945:Diode matrix
929:Non-volatile
713:Kryder's law
703:Amdahl's law
628:Software rot
603:Logical disk
503:File copying
438:Data storage
437:
393:File sharing
378:Data cluster
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
4425:(CF, CFast)
4272:Inscription
4205:Impermanent
4168:Clay tablet
4138:Oracle bone
4005:Ficus aurea
3985:Plant-based
3911:Drum memory
3646:(mid-1800s)
3204:Floppy disk
3174:Stripe card
2917:File system
2802:System file
2792:Sparse file
2750:File format
2736:Binary file
2650:Stewardship
2540:Integration
2489:Degradation
2474:Compression
2454:Archaeology
2439:Acquisition
2050:Visual arts
1828:UC Berkeley
1696:recording,
1690:Handwriting
1678:information
1632:Floppy disk
1584:Drum memory
1018:Memory card
985:is used in:
919:(2002–2010)
884:(1946–1947)
708:Moore's law
553:Boot sector
493:Object file
398:File system
209:Memory cell
137: 1899
4536:Categories
4516:xD-Picture
4499:SmartMedia
4461:Microdrive
4289:Palimpsest
4284:Manuscript
4277:Bas-relief
4222:Skywriting
4178:Wax tablet
4158:Petroglyph
4018:Birch bark
3899:Historical
3773:Historical
3638:Index card
3024:Management
2949:Operations
2900:NTFS links
2821:Properties
2670:Validation
2605:Publishing
2595:Processing
2565:Management
2479:Corruption
2469:Collection
2354:August 28,
2252:2008-03-14
2231:2022-09-07
2057:References
1958:Format war
1862:compressed
1808:atmosphere
1800:skywriting
1555:Historical
1227:Tape drive
1053:SmartMedia
876:Historical
573:Disk image
568:Disk array
443:Data store
244:MOS memory
234:Memory map
76:newspapers
4562:Recording
4429:CFexpress
4296:Microform
4190:Silk text
4106:Parchment
4063:Palm leaf
3823:3D XPoint
3741:DDR SDRAM
3604:Antiquity
3553:Super DLT
3547:Floptical
3438:LaserDisc
3420:Microform
3222:Racetrack
3186:Thin film
3168:Hard disk
2993:Hard link
2874:File size
2797:Swap file
2745:Data file
2740:text file
2675:Warehouse
2640:Scrubbing
2620:Retention
2615:Reduction
2570:Migration
2545:Integrity
2513:Transform
2464:Cleansing
2315:206531385
2008:Memristor
1968:Fuzzy bit
1733:documents
1614:Disk pack
1579:Plugboard
1416:DVD-Video
1345:LaserDisc
1243:Videotape
1114:3D XPoint
1105:Memristor
745:CPU cache
513:Core dump
433:Data bank
383:Directory
4467:MiniCard
4248:Notebook
4164:Tablets
4153:Geoglyph
4131:Stamping
4126:Intaglio
4068:Borassus
4051:Ola leaf
3978:Enduring
3623:(105 CE)
3512:MiniDisc
3462:DataPlay
3371:DVD-R DL
3365:DVD+R DL
3301:BD-RE XL
2998:Shortcut
2828:Filename
2782:Metafile
2645:Security
2635:Scraping
2610:Recovery
2484:Curation
2449:Analysis
2307:21310967
2173:12 April
1871:See also
1858:exabytes
1832:exabytes
1779:such as
1771:. With (
1737:Barcodes
1543:UltraRAM
1421:DVD card
1376:Video CD
1361:CD Video
1131:Nano-RAM
1100:Memistor
1073:XQD card
1048:SIM card
906:Dekatron
792:XDR DRAM
787:EDO DRAM
724:Volatile
518:Hex dump
428:Database
323:Metadata
318:Big data
4487:PC Card
4481:MicroP2
4472:NT Card
4267:(baton)
4122:Metals
4080:Papyrus
3967:Writing
3812:Current
3728:Current
3668:Barcode
3664:(1930s)
3652:(1880s)
3640:(1640s)
3615:papyrus
3611:Writing
3518:MD Data
3508:(1980s)
3506:MO disc
3474:ProData
3295:BD-R XL
3274:Blu-ray
3212:(~1970)
3200:(~1968)
3198:Twistor
2981:Linking
2655:Storage
2630:Science
2625:Quality
2555:Lineage
2550:Library
2525:Farming
2508:Extract
2494:Editing
2285:Bibcode
2276:Science
2114:8026658
2092:Bibcode
2013:Nanodot
1983:Library
1849:A 2011
1826:A 2003
1781:crayons
1684:) in a
1628:(~1970)
1622:(~1968)
1604:(1960s)
1441:Blu-ray
1431:MiniDVD
1426:DVD-RAM
1386:Mini CD
1328:Optical
1288:U-matic
1283:MicroMV
1263:Betamax
1127:(ECRAM)
1068:MicroP2
1043:SD card
1033:PC Card
824:1T-SRAM
782:QDRSRAM
373:Storage
203:General
90:scholar
4456:miCard
4301:Scroll
4217:Screen
4111:Vellum
4023:Betula
3863:Future
3834:EEPROM
3757:Future
3739:e.g.,
3670:(1948)
3658:(1904)
3631:Modern
3555:(1998)
3549:(1991)
3543:(1986)
3526:(2004)
3520:(1993)
3514:(1992)
3499:(1877)
3488:(2006)
3486:HD DVD
3482:(2004)
3476:(2003)
3470:(2003)
3464:(2002)
3458:(1999)
3456:MIL-CD
3452:(1997)
3450:GD-ROM
3446:(1979)
3440:(1978)
3422:(1870)
3405:(1997)
3399:(1991)
3393:(1988)
3384:(1982)
3373:(2005)
3367:(2004)
3361:(2002)
3355:(2001)
3353:DVD+RW
3349:(1999)
3347:DVD-RW
3343:(1997)
3334:(1995)
3323:(2004)
3314:(2003)
3303:(2010)
3297:(2010)
3291:(2006)
3285:(2006)
3276:(2006)
3224:(2008)
3218:(1995)
3210:Bubble
3206:(1969)
3194:(1962)
3188:(1962)
3182:(1956)
3176:(1956)
3170:(1956)
3164:(1949)
3158:(1932)
3152:(1928)
3146:(1898)
3031:Backup
3008:Shadow
2575:Mining
2535:Fusion
2313:
2305:
2112:
2083:Nature
1839:year.
1806:(e.g.
1714:energy
1700:, and
1634:(1971)
1616:(1962)
1610:(1962)
1598:(1957)
1592:(1949)
1586:(1932)
1575:(1725)
1569:(1725)
1563:(1725)
1436:HD DVD
1396:CD-ROM
1352:(CDDA)
1278:MiniDV
997:(SSHD)
979:(SSS)
965:EEPROM
913:(2009)
902:(1952)
896:(1951)
890:(1947)
508:Backup
139:. The
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
4512:(UFS)
4446:(MMC)
4439:JEIDA
4416:Types
4265:Shaku
4243:Codex
4173:Slate
4148:Stone
4075:Paper
3992:Amate
3890:SONOS
3870:FeRAM
3839:EPROM
3829:EAROM
3764:Z-RAM
3621:Paper
3598:media
3524:Hi-MD
3403:CD-RW
3359:DVD+R
3341:DVD-R
3289:BD-RE
3267:media
3134:media
3003:Alias
2972:Write
2962:Close
2729:Types
2311:S2CID
2193:(PDF)
2167:(PDF)
2154:(PDF)
2110:S2CID
1812:smoke
1763:With
1496:ECRAM
1476:CBRAM
1411:DVD+R
1371:CD-RW
1308:D-VHS
1303:VHS-C
1298:S-VHS
1239:(DDS)
1162:ReRAM
1157:FeRAM
1150:NVRAM
1136:CBRAM
1093:NVRAM
991:(SSD)
960:EPROM
917:Z-RAM
911:T-RAM
843:(CAM)
831:ReRAM
797:RDRAM
777:LPDDR
772:SGRAM
767:SDRAM
762:eDRAM
196:types
151:On a
97:JSTOR
83:books
4501:(SM)
4463:(MD)
4306:Sign
4238:Book
3969:and
3885:PRAM
3880:NRAM
3875:MRAM
3849:PROM
3819:RRAM
3748:SRAM
3735:DRAM
3444:WORM
3397:CD-i
3391:CD-R
3283:BD-R
3216:MRAM
3192:CRAM
3180:MICR
3156:Drum
3150:Tape
3144:Wire
2967:Read
2957:Open
2939:Path
2665:Type
2560:Loss
2518:Load
2428:Data
2356:2023
2303:PMID
2205:2017
2175:2016
2136:2022
1978:IOPS
1816:lake
1739:and
1708:and
1682:data
1486:NRAM
1458:WORM
1366:CD-R
1120:MRAM
955:PROM
950:MROM
852:VRAM
836:QRAM
819:SRAM
807:GDDR
757:DRAM
653:RAID
303:Data
192:and
178:and
69:news
4521:XQD
4505:SxS
4118:Ink
3854:ROM
3613:on
3480:UMD
3468:UDO
3332:DVD
3321:PDD
2503:ELT
2499:ETL
2459:Big
2293:doi
2281:332
2100:doi
2088:319
1804:gas
1798:or
1710:DNA
1706:RNA
1406:DVD
1293:VHS
1110:PCM
1063:SxS
938:ROM
812:HBM
802:DDR
733:RAM
180:RNA
176:DNA
52:by
4538::
4477:P2
4261:Hu
3821:(
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1356:CD
1273:DV
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