41:
Spain, Sweden, the United
Kingdom, the United States of America, and Yugoslavia and delegates from provisional committees in Australia, China, New Zealand, Palestine, Romania, and Switzerland. The congress was boycotted by Germany and Italy, both of which withdrew from the organizing committee before the conference began. Japan also did not send delegates.
169:
the foundation of a World Youth
Council in 1942 with representatives from 29 countries. With the war coming to an end, the World Youth Council organized a World Youth Conference in London at Albert Hall with 600 delegates from predominantly Communist-led organizations in November 1945 which founded the Communist-led
246:
Article VI. We, recognizing that there can be no permanent peace without justice between nations and within nations, or without their recognition of the right to self-determination of countries and colonies seeking their freedom, undertake in a peaceful manner to set right injustices against peoples,
242:
Article V. We solemnly declare that the bombardment of open towns and civilian populations constitutes a violation of the canons of humanity and the rule of conduct among nations, and we undertake to mobilize the forces of world opinion to condemn any such action and to give aid for the relief of the
40:
in Geneva from August 31 to
September 6, 1936, and involving 700 delegates with representatives of Christian, studentsâ, women's, youth and political organizations from 36 countries, including Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Irish Free State, Netherlands, the Soviet Union,
58:
The 1936 Congress resulted in the establishment of the World Youth
Congress Movement with an executive committee and international council. While the WYCM maintained a relationship with the International Federation of League of Nations Societies, it was autonomous and not under the IFLNS's auspices.
168:
on 11 October 1941 Shields-Collins as former secretary general of the WYCM, was chosen to set up a preparatory committee to organize the
International Youth Council of Great Britain as an umbrella group for anti-fascist youth and exiles from Allied countries living in Britain. This, in turn, led to
151:
The WYCM continued until 1940, with its international secretary, Elizabeth
Shields-Collins, announcing that the work of the WYCM would continue but be in the form of agitating for peace rather than anti-fascism, despite the WYCM's earlier support for collective security. The WYCM ceased to function
138:
and the start of the Second World War, the WYCM's
International Council issued an emergency resolution reaffirming its support for the Vassar Peace Pact, denouncing âthe policy of delivering entire peoples over to the aggressor nations,â and calling upon youth to unite against military aggression.
238:
Article IV. We agree to bring pressure to bear, whenever the circumstances arise, upon our respective authorities to take the necessary concerted action to prevent aggression and to bring it to an end, to give effective assistance to the victims of treaty violations and aggression, and to refrain
102:
and other liberal progressives. The second congress included 700 delegates and observers from fifty-four countries and included delegations from the colonial world including
Indonesia, Burma, and India while the South African delegation added Black delegates and the Mandatory Palestine delegation
78:
to send a delegation. The German organization said it would attend on the condition that German was made an official language of the
Congress, no German émigré organizations would be allowed, no criticism would be made of the Nazi regime, and that all Communists be barred from attending. The WYCM
62:
The First World Youth
Congress was organized as a result of a decision by the International Federation of League of Nations Societies assembly in 1933 that âthe hour had come for the generation which was not old enough to have participated in the world war itself to take action for the reform of
228:
Article I. We swear to develop a spirit of fraternity and collaboration between the youth of all nations, to help unite the youth of our own nations and to work for unity with young people of all other countries without distinction of race, creed or
147:
on September 9, 1939, to end the anti-fascist Popular Front strategy and instead oppose "imperialist war". It would also see a split between liberals and Communists, with most of the WCYM's remaining liberal supporters withdrawing their support.
51:(b) To bring about the co-operation of youth of all countries, based upon mutual understanding and mutual respect for opinion, to attain those ends, and to take common action to give effect to the decisions of the World Youth Congress;
103:
included Arab delegates, in contrast to their delegations to the first congress. The Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy did not send delegations, while Japan and the Dominican Republic only sent observers. The Catholic church and the
247:
regardless of race, creed or opinion, to establish political and social justice within our own countries and advocate that international machinery be immediately set in motion to solve differences between nations in a peaceful way.
48:(a) To provide an opportunity for youth of all countries to exchange ideas on international affairs and to reach agreement upon a common plan of international cooperation for the prevention of war and the organisation of peace
353:
Davies, T. R. (2012). Internationalism in a Divided World: The Experience of the International Federation of League of Nations Societies, 1919â1939. Peace and Change: a journal of peace research, 37(2), pp. 227-252. doi:
163:
in June 1941, Shields-Collins and other Communists reversed their position about the war to see it as an anti-fascist struggle. In London, Communists organized the International Youth Rally for Victory at
309:
Lavery KP. âYouth of the world, unite so that you may liveâ: Youth, internationalism, and the Popular Front in the World Youth Congress Movement, 1936â1939. Peace & Change. 2021; 46: 269â285.
1000:
208:
and intervention against fascist aggression. The congress also passed the Vassar Peace Pact opposing wars of aggression, for fair peaceful settlement of disputes and
235:
Article III. We pledge ourselves to do all in our power to guarantee that the youth of our countries never participate in any war of aggression against other states.
37:
232:
Article II. We solemnly condemn any war of aggression directed against the political independence of the territorial or administrative integrity of a State.
980:
955:
990:
960:
416:
467:
511:
934:
54:(c) To strengthen the links between the organisations of youth themselves and between youth and the League of Nations Societies.
985:
95:
268:
170:
122:, the youth movement associated with social democratic parties, also stopped attending meetings of the WYCM's council. The
965:
160:
239:
from participating in any aggression whether in the form of supply of essential war material or of financial assistance.
630:
119:
36:
The World Youth Congress Movement was founded in 1936 as a result of the First World Youth Congress, organized by the
156:
and the Australian Youth Council were banned as subversive organizations due to their opposition to the war effort.
761:
905:
695:
504:
842:
451:
204:
as a requirement of peace, in favour of labour reforms, for humanitarian aid to victims of aggression, and for
364:
995:
74:. In an attempt to include youth of all political tendencies, the WYCM's international council invited the
110:
The WYCM faced divisions after its 1938 congress as the European situation deteriorated in the lead-up to
864:
665:
600:
182:
139:
The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact would bring the Communist movement's popular front strategy to an end, with
975:
615:
497:
197:
and against war and called on delegates to promote peace and internationalism in their own countries.
970:
899:
801:
625:
894:
884:
726:
549:
595:
564:
263:
258:
153:
123:
114:. The Swiss national committee resigned due to a loss of faith in collective security during the
858:
71:
889:
837:
811:
104:
63:
international and social policies that their elders had followed with such unhappy results".
79:
refused to accept the final demand and the Hitler Youth boycotted the congress as a result.
869:
605:
539:
8:
670:
569:
534:
209:
675:
544:
390:
213:
135:
911:
879:
766:
610:
520:
447:
186:
99:
832:
786:
751:
655:
650:
620:
554:
847:
816:
771:
660:
217:
212:
when such diplomacy fails, against aerial bombardment of towns, in favour of the
134:
undermined the WYCM's anti-fascism. On 31 August 1939, one day before the German
91:
87:
916:
741:
690:
680:
640:
201:
200:
The 1938 World Youth Congress at Vassar College passed resolutions calling for
83:
67:
949:
806:
776:
736:
716:
685:
645:
559:
190:
140:
115:
21:
756:
746:
574:
131:
127:
111:
75:
24:
made up of youth groups from around the world from 1936 to 1940 promoting
791:
579:
165:
25:
921:
796:
781:
700:
635:
310:
144:
489:
417:"Youth Mobilize for Peace: The Canadian Youth Congress in the 1930s"
325:
721:
205:
194:
852:
874:
731:
189:
as a tool for world security and for preventing war, against
181:
The 1936 World Youth Congress passed resolutions supporting
66:
The Second World Youth Congress was held in August 1938 at
38:
International Federation of League of Nations Societies
28:, international co-operation, and progressive reforms.
1001:International nongovernmental youth organizations
947:
421:McMaster University Library Digital Collections
505:
86:politicians and media for the involvement of
82:The Second Congress was widely criticized by
474:. Vol. XXIV, no. 1. 1 October 1938
152:and several national affiliates such as the
981:Defunct organisations based in Switzerland
512:
498:
369:A Documentary Chronicle of Vassar College
305:
349:
347:
320:
318:
303:
301:
299:
297:
295:
293:
291:
289:
287:
285:
956:Youth organizations established in 1936
409:
948:
935:Index of youth rightsârelated articles
446:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 48â85.
96:House Un-American Activities Committee
519:
493:
441:
357:
344:
315:
282:
991:Organizations disestablished in 1939
961:Organizations disestablished in 1940
269:World Federation of Democratic Youth
171:World Federation of Democratic Youth
161:German invasion of the Soviet Union
90:and was investigated as a possible
13:
311:https://doi.org/10.1111/pech.12476
185:and calling for strengthening the
14:
1012:
391:"Australian Youth Council banned"
94:organization by the newly formed
354:10.1111/j.1468-0130.2011.00744.x
906:The Teenage Liberation Handbook
330:League of Nations Search Engine
326:"World Youth Congress Movement"
20:was an international left-wing
843:Age of criminal responsibility
460:
435:
383:
176:
1:
986:Organisations based in Geneva
275:
120:Socialist Youth International
18:World Youth Congress Movement
271:- founded after World War II
193:, for improved treatment of
7:
865:Counterculture of the 1960s
601:Community youth development
252:
10:
1017:
966:Youth rights organizations
616:Positive youth development
31:
930:
900:Taking Children Seriously
825:
802:School-to-prison pipeline
709:
626:Student-centered learning
588:
527:
444:Students and the Cold War
98:, but had the support of
895:Subcultures of the 1950s
885:International Youth Year
550:Intergenerational equity
596:Anarchistic free school
565:Youth-adult partnership
264:Canadian Youth Congress
259:American Youth Congress
223:The peace pact stated:
154:Canadian Youth Congress
124:Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
107:boycotted the meeting.
859:The Catcher in the Rye
250:
72:Poughkeepsie, New York
890:LGBT student movement
838:Age of consent reform
812:Youth control complex
423:. McMaster University
332:. University of Basel
225:
105:Boy Scouts of America
44:Its objectives were:
606:Democratic education
540:Free-range parenting
442:Kotek, Joël (1996).
996:Peace organizations
671:Youth participation
666:Youth organizations
570:Youth mainstreaming
535:Evolving capacities
468:"Vassar Peace Pact"
210:collective security
676:Youth philanthropy
545:Future generations
395:Warwick Daily News
214:self-determination
136:Invasion of Poland
976:League of Nations
943:
942:
912:Teenage rebellion
880:Hungry generation
767:Helicopter parent
611:Popular education
521:Youth empowerment
365:"August 15, 1939"
187:League of Nations
100:Eleanor Roosevelt
1008:
971:History of youth
833:Age of candidacy
787:Parental respect
752:Fear of children
727:Age restrictions
656:Youth leadership
651:Youth engagement
621:Student activism
555:Leaving the nest
514:
507:
500:
491:
490:
484:
483:
481:
479:
472:Vassar Quarterly
464:
458:
457:
439:
433:
432:
430:
428:
413:
407:
406:
404:
402:
397:. 13 August 1940
387:
381:
380:
378:
376:
371:. Vassar College
361:
355:
351:
342:
341:
339:
337:
322:
313:
307:
183:internationalism
143:instructing the
126:of 1939 between
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1005:
946:
945:
944:
939:
926:
848:Beat Generation
821:
817:Youth exclusion
772:Infantilization
742:Eleutherophobia
705:
661:Youth-led media
584:
523:
518:
488:
487:
477:
475:
466:
465:
461:
454:
440:
436:
426:
424:
415:
414:
410:
400:
398:
389:
388:
384:
374:
372:
363:
362:
358:
352:
345:
335:
333:
324:
323:
316:
308:
283:
278:
255:
179:
92:communist front
34:
12:
11:
5:
1014:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
941:
940:
938:
937:
931:
928:
927:
925:
924:
919:
917:UK underground
914:
909:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
829:
827:
826:Related topics
823:
822:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
713:
711:
707:
706:
704:
703:
698:
693:
691:Youth suffrage
688:
683:
681:Youth politics
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
641:Youth activism
638:
633:
631:Student rights
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
592:
590:
586:
585:
583:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
531:
529:
525:
524:
517:
516:
509:
502:
494:
486:
485:
459:
452:
434:
408:
382:
356:
343:
314:
280:
279:
277:
274:
273:
272:
266:
261:
254:
251:
249:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:
230:
218:colonial world
202:social justice
178:
175:
159:Following the
84:anti-Communist
68:Vassar College
56:
55:
52:
49:
33:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1013:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
951:
936:
933:
932:
929:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
907:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
828:
824:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
807:Vicariousness
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
777:Intrusiveness
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
737:Control freak
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
717:Adultcentrism
715:
714:
712:
708:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:Youth service
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
646:Youth council
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
591:
587:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
560:Student voice
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
530:
526:
522:
515:
510:
508:
503:
501:
496:
495:
492:
473:
469:
463:
455:
449:
445:
438:
422:
418:
412:
396:
392:
386:
370:
366:
360:
350:
348:
331:
327:
321:
319:
312:
306:
304:
302:
300:
298:
296:
294:
292:
290:
288:
286:
281:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
245:
241:
237:
234:
231:
227:
226:
224:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
191:protectionism
188:
184:
174:
172:
167:
162:
157:
155:
149:
146:
142:
141:Joseph Stalin
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:Munich crisis
113:
108:
106:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
77:
73:
69:
64:
60:
53:
50:
47:
46:
45:
42:
39:
29:
27:
23:
22:popular front
19:
904:
857:
757:Gerontocracy
747:Ephebiphobia
575:Youth rights
476:. Retrieved
471:
462:
443:
437:
425:. Retrieved
420:
411:
399:. Retrieved
394:
385:
375:September 1,
373:. Retrieved
368:
359:
334:. Retrieved
329:
222:
199:
180:
158:
150:
132:Soviet Union
128:Nazi Germany
112:World War II
109:
81:
76:Hitler Youth
65:
61:
57:
43:
35:
17:
15:
792:Paternalism
580:Youth voice
478:1 September
401:1 September
336:1 September
177:Resolutions
166:Albert Hall
26:world peace
950:Categories
922:Voting age
797:Patriarchy
782:Narcissism
701:Youth work
696:Youth vote
636:Teen court
453:0312158777
427:August 31,
276:References
88:Communists
762:Grounding
145:Comintern
722:Adultism
710:Barriers
528:Elements
253:See also
243:victims.
229:opinion.
206:boycotts
195:colonies
130:and the
875:Hippies
870:Greaser
853:Beatnik
216:of the
32:History
732:Ageism
450:
589:Types
480:2024
448:ISBN
429:2024
403:2024
377:2024
338:2024
16:The
70:in
952::
470:.
419:.
393:.
367:.
346:^
328:.
317:^
284:^
220:.
173:.
118:.
513:e
506:t
499:v
482:.
456:.
431:.
405:.
379:.
340:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.