Women in space - Knowledge

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going where no man or woman dares go. I took NASA on for not including women and I gave some history of the powerful women who had applied and, after five times applying, felt disenfranchised and backed off. NASA was having their fifth or sixth recruitment and women and ethnic people staying away in droves. I was asked to come to headquarters the next day and they wanted me to assist them in persuading women and people of ethnic backgrounds that NASA was serious . And I said you've got to be joking; I didn't take them seriously. . . . John Yardley, who I knew from working on a previous project, was in the room and said 'Nichelle, we are serious.' I said OK. I will do this and I will bring you the most qualified people on the planet, as qualified as anyone you've ever had and I will bring them in droves. And if you do not pick a person of color, if you do not pick a woman, if it's the same old, same old, all-white male astronaut corps, that you've done for the last five years, and I'm just another dupe, I will be your worst nightmare.

279: 1911: 430: 586: 2069: 421: 974: 1444: 521: 1223: 1234: 1384: 1564: 29: 5560: 2274: 1946: 197: 1997:. She returned to Earth on April 20, 2010. Yamazaki worked on ISS hardware development projects in the 1990s. She is an aerospace engineer and also holds a master's degree in that field. She was selected for astronaut training in 1999 and was certified by 2001. She was a mission specialist on her 2010 space shuttle flight, and spent 362 hours in space. Yamazaki worked on robotics and transitioned through the reorganization of Japanese spaceflight organization in 2003 when 577: 763:

men. The women employed in the space agency NASA are also still more likely to work in lower-ranked jobs, while men are more often employed in higher-ranked occupations, particularly in space crew settings, despite women having similar qualifications to those of men. There has also been found a larger gender gap in certain jobs such as manufacturing, while downstream application and service jobs have a higher representation of women employees.

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reproductive organs (including unreleased ova). The unknown nature of the effects of spaceflight on women was also noted. However, the director of the China Astronaut Centre has stated that marriage is a preference but not a strict limitation. Part of why they were so strict was because it was their first astronaut selection and they were trying be "extra cautious". China's first woman astronaut,

67:. A considerable number of women from a range of countries have worked in space, though overall women are still significantly less often chosen to go to space than men, and by June, 2020 constitute only 12% of all astronauts who have been to space. Yet, the proportion of women among space travelers is increasing substantially over time. 508:

Since the final years of the Space Race most of the women who have been to space have been American women, outnumbering all other countries combined. But the more than 50 American women astronauts, contrasted by the several hundred astronauts who have entered space, women still only make up about 12%

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in the programme stated that "working for girls and women in science has been empowering, encouraging me to persist in a work environment that is sometimes so hostile and not inclusive". In October 2017, UNOOSA and UN women also cooperated to organise a ‘Space for Women’ Expert Meeting with the goal

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to make it easier for women to join and 17 women applied for the role to join a space travel mission, but all 17 job applications were declined. NASA did employ thousands of women in jobs where space travel was not included in the 1960s, but there was still hierarchical differences between women and

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From the late 1970s until the late 1980s, NASA employed Nichelle Nichols to recruit new astronaut candidates. Many of her new recruits were women or members of racial and ethnic minorities, including Guion Bluford (the first African-American astronaut), Sally Ride, Judith Resnik, and Ronald McNair

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There have been attempts at combating gender discrimination within the space sector. For example, the United Nations has made the Space4Women project which is intended to focus on gender related issues in space and find reasons why gender inequality is still an issue in the outer space sector. The

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on November 3, 1963, at the Moscow Wedding Palace, with Khrushchev presiding at the wedding party together with top government and space program leaders. The occasion was described by Kamanin as "probably useful for politics and science". Tereshkova gave birth on 8 June 1964, nearly one year after

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Ten years after "Star Trek" was cancelled, almost to the day, I was invited to join the board of directors of the newly formed National Space Society. They flew me to Washington and I gave a speech called "New Opportunities for the Humanization of Space" or "Space, What's in it for me?" In , I'm

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of the then rejected "Mercury 13". At one point Kamanin noted in his diary, "We cannot allow that the first woman in space will be American. This would be an insult to the patriotic feelings of Soviet women." The Soviet government generally had no interest in using women as cosmonaut pilots, but

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candidates, chosen in 2010 from the ranks of fighter pilots, were required to be married mothers. The Chinese stated that married women were "more physically and psychologically mature" and that the rule that they had have had children was because of concerns that spaceflight would harm their

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For fetus radiation increases the risk of childhood cancers. Additionally children of female astronauts could be sterile if the astronaut were exposed to too much ionizing radiation during the later stages of a pregnancy. Ionizing radiation may destroy the egg cells of a female fetus inside a

1163:. A Soviet experiment in 1983 showed that a rat that orbited while pregnant later gave birth to healthy babies; the babies were "thinner and weaker than their Earth-based counterparts and lagged behind a bit in their mental development," although the developing pups eventually caught up. 155:

as men. Scientific studies generally show no particular adverse effect from short space missions. It has even been suggested by some that women might be better suited for longer space missions. Studies have continually indicated that the main obstacle for women to go to space remains

92:, and her years of experience in sport parachuting, which she used on landing after ejecting from her capsule. Women were not qualified as space pilots and workers co-equal to their male counterparts until 1982. By October 2021, most of the 70 women who have been to space have been 1926:

was selected by the Canadian Space Agency to receive astronaut training at Johnson Space Center. She completed the two-year Astronaut Candidate Training Program and obtained the official title of astronaut in January 2020. She has been assigned as the backup for

831:’ or uncertainty in an otherwise stable environment, and women have previously said that they have struggled to be taken seriously in outer space environments. Some women in the space industry have also reported that they feel like they have to express typically 881:

have been made to allow for women to enter outer space occupations, but that these changes do not seem to have been as effective as one might have expected. Pesterfield has argued that the unequal amount of women and men in space might be an outcome of the

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Only 12 human beings, all men, have walked on the Moon. In 2020, NASA's communication director reported that NASA planned to land astronauts on the Moon, including possibly a woman astronaut or astronauts, as part of the U.S.

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Although not a NASA astronaut, Millie Hughes-Fulford of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs flew on the STS-40 Space Shuttle mission in June 1991 as the first female payload specialist from outside the space agency.

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However, due to the currently used risk models for endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer, women at NASA can currently only spend half as much time on missions as men, which limits their career options compared to men.

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suggests that an increase of women being involved in the space industry is important to achieve the SDGs and gender equality, since 90 percent of future jobs will probably require STEM related skills. The promotion of

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To date no human children have been born in space; neither have children gone into space. Nevertheless, the idea of children in space is taken seriously enough that some have discussed how to raise children in space.

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showed that only 11 percent of the world's astronauts are women, 6.6 percent are spacewalkers and 20 percent are in the space workforce. In March 2023, the Director of Space Technology of the Australian Space Agency,

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sub-orbital flight on 20 July 2021. In addition to being the only member of the Mercury 13 to ever fly in space, she also broke the record for oldest person in space at the age of 82, though her record was broken by

4329: 824:. On the 2023 International Women's Day, Mann stated that "inequality does stifle success" and that it is important to continue to break barriers and inspire and empower the youth to achieve their dreams. 1837:, was admitted to the Russian cosmonaut corps in 2012. In 2019 Roscosmos announced changes to their space suits to accommodate women and announced in 2020 that Kikina was selected for a flight to the 758:

and the physical sciences until changes started happening in the end of the 1960s. Particularly in the period between 1972 and 1974 the focus on women became more prominent. In 1967, NASA changed its

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mothers were either not producing enough milk or not feeding their offspring in space. However, a later study on pregnant rats showed that the animals successfully gave birth and lactated normally.

249:, lobbied for having women as cosmonauts, after being inspired in 1961 by repeated questions from the foreign press about women in space. Subsequently, Kamanin crucially gained space program leader 353:

to land a man on the Moon included only male astronauts. Neither the USSR nor US launched another woman into space until women were admitted to the astronaut and cosmonaut corps in the late 1970s.

230:". Wanting the chance to become astronauts the women took and passed the health screening tests as the men, supervised by Lovelace Clinic staff. This was funded privately (e.g. by aviation pioneer 4063: 3300: 2362:

served as a payload specialist on the Galactic 05 / IIAS-01 research mission with Virgin Galactic, during which she operated three biomedical and thermodynamic fluids experiments in space.

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reported that short-duration missions (no longer than nine days) did not affect "the ability of astronauts to conceive and bear healthy children to term." In another experiment, the frog

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average 0.4 mSv per day (150 mSv per year), although frequent crew rotations minimize risk to individuals. A trip to Mars with current technology might be related to measurements by the

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became the first female US astronaut to go into space in 1983, the press asked her questions about her reproductive organs and whether she would cry if things went wrong on the job.

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Britton, Alan (November 4, 2010), "A school curriculum for the children of stace settlers", in Landfester, Ulrike; Remuss, Nina-Louisa; Schrogl, Kai-Uwe; Worms, Jean-Claude (eds.),

234:) and not by the government; the idea of female astronauts faced a great deal of resistance in the military command and NASA, leaving these women no chance of becoming astronauts. 827:

In 1995, an academic journal stated that outer space occupations was regarded as a male dominated arena where the male body was the standard while the female body was seen as ‘

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of all people who have gone to space, still being less chosen and enabled. NASA only in 2013 enabled the first time an equal amount of women as part of an astronaut class, the

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Casper, M. J. and Moore, L. J. (1995) ‘Inscribing Bodies, Inscribing the Future: Gender, Sex and Reproduction in Outer Space’, Sociological Perspectives, 38 (2), pp. 316-318

914:(22 percent). Rebecca Spyke Keiser, who is a special assistant to the NASA administrator for innovation and public-private partnership, has stated that the lack of woman 3817: 988:

Female astronauts are subject to the same general physical effects of space travel as male astronauts. These include physiological changes due to weightlessness such as

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in space as of 2003, scientists have conducted experiments on non-human mammalian gestation. Space missions that have studied "reproducing and growing mammals" include

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pushed for a new cosmonaut program for women, with the USSR in July 1980 choosing a cosmonaut group which included nine women in addition to four men. The women were:

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poses for a picture before donning her space suit and extravehicular mobility unit in the airlock on board the April 25, 1990 Space Shuttle mission that deployed the

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By 1971 NASA had hired staff tasked to address issues of adhering to legal ramifications to include underrepresented people of society. In 1973 staff such as

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astronauts to fly in space, and there have been no pregnant women in space. However, various science experiments have dealt with some aspects of pregnancy.

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was extremely interested in the propaganda value of proving Soviet superiority over the US in women's equality. In February 1962 from over 400 applicants a

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was the fourth overall, second woman who went privately funded and first self-funded to space. As well as the first privately funded woman to fly to the

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of the "Mercury 13" became a consultant to NASA in 1961 and testified before Congress in July 1962 about the "Mercury 13"'s positive medical results and

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her space flight, to the first person with a mother and father who had both traveled into space, their daughter Elena Andrianovna Nikolaeva-Tereshkova.

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designs did not have women in mind, until October 2020 when the first toilet with better design for women (as well as men) was delivered to the ISS.

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Since women have been sent to space, the previously male focused clothing has been reconsidered addressing the issues and needs for clothing like

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The lack of knowledge about pregnancy and birth control in micro-gravity has been noted in regards to conducting long-term space missions.

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reached space on a Soyuz flight, as the first actress, to shoot the first professional movie scenes in space as well as a space station.

5068:[Mother-in-law of female astronaut Liu Yang: I hope daughter-in-law gives birth to a child as soon as possible]. News.ifeng.com 2080: 2002: 686: 270:

spacecraft. To increase the odds of sending a Soviet woman into space first, the women cosmonauts began their training before the men.

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Kamanin diaries, full Russian edition: Каманин, Н.П., "Скрытый космос" ("Hidden Cosmos"), М, v.1 1995, v.2 1997, v.3 1999, v.4 2001

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The US has since the 1980s the largest group of women of all countries, more than all other that have ever gone to space combined.

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On January 16, 1978, NASA announced the selection of its eighth group of astronaut candidates, which included the first women, six

2151:, was married but had no children at the time of her flight in June 2012. Her second mission launched in June 2022 on Shenzou 14. 5428: 4381: 964: 152: 4064:"Female astronauts: How performance products like space suits and bras are designed to pave the way for women's accomplishments" 1003:

could pose serious health risks or have a negative effect on performance, although it is now dealt with as a matter of routine.

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Women with children have also been faced with questions about how they would compare to traditional expectations of motherhood.

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in 2002 that if the women did not behave in the same way as the guys, it would mean that they were not doing the job properly.

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and the other male cosmonauts. These plans were canceled in 1965, leaving the women with Soviet Air Force officer commissions.

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as a supporter, getting approval six months later for women cosmonauts. During a visit to the US in 1962 Kamanin got to know

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Pesterfield, Chris (2016). "Cosmofeminism: Challenging Patriarchy in Outer Space". In Ormrod, James; Dickens, Peter (eds.).

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became the second Japanese woman to fly into space with her launch on April 5, 2010. Yamazaki entered space on the shuttle

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from Egypt was on the same flight, becoming the first Egyptian, first Arab woman, and first woman from Africa in space.

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in November 2014. She returned to space in April 2021 on the SpaceX Crew-4 mission to the International Space Station.

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became 2021 the fourth Russian woman flying to space. Though she was not sent by the Russian state, since she flew as

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from May 27 to June 6, 1999. During the mission, the crew performed the first manual docking of the Shuttle to the

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became in 2007 the first woman to command the International Space Station, and in October 2009 NASA's first female

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because "…creating a spacefaring civilization was one of the most important things we could do in our lifetime."

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in 1998. She is the first Japanese and Asian woman to fly in space, and the first Japanese citizen to fly twice.

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holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman (328 days), returning on February 6, 2020. During

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became the first woman cosmonaut for the Russian Federation in 1994, and the first woman to travel for both the

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had specifically invited women to join. They also extended the first invitation to people with disabilities (

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for astronauts traveling to the Moon and to any distant location beyond Earth orbit. Evidence indicates past

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than girls and there may be societal expectations that gender will influence what a person is good at. The

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NASA ignored gender issues at the beginning of the space era, and women were not normally allowed to enter

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NASA's first six women astronauts chosen in the 1970s: Seddon, Sullivan, Resnik, Ride, Fisher, and Lucid.

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A number of other high-profile women have contributed to interest in space programs. In the early 2000s,

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became the first Russian woman cosmonaut to visit the International Space Station on September 26, 2014.

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which for a 180-day journey estimated an exposure approximately 300 mSv, which would be equivalent of 24

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Both men and women are affected by radiation. Massive particles are a concern for astronauts outside the

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on June 16–19, 1963. Tereshkova was a textile-factory assembly worker, rather than a pilot like the male

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from cosmic sources. These high-energy charged nuclei are blocked by Earth's magnetic field but pose a

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woman citizen (dual citizenship with the US) to go to space. She flew to the station in 2006 on the

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Of the nine women only Savitskaya got to fly to space. As a research cosmonaut she flew aboard the

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Women in Space: 23 Stories of First Flights, Scientific Missions, and Gravity breaking Adventures

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Women in Space: 23 Stories of First Flights, Scientific Missions, and Gravity-Breaking Adventures

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Of NASA's first women astronaut group all flew in space at least once, with mission specialist

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space station on that mission. Savitskaya became the first woman to fly in space twice, on the

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to the space station along with Ansari. Ansari performed several experiments on behalf of the

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subsequently formed a group of thirteen women US pilots, dubbed by the American press as the "

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Ronca, April E. (July 15, 2003), "Mammalian Development in Space", in Cogoli, Augusto (ed.),

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in the US) in the late 1950s and early 1960s from the ranks of their military high-speed jet

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on January 28, 1986, less than two minutes after launch, along with all of their crewmates.

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became the first married astronauts and the first having a child after both being in space.

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A record four women simultaneously in space aboard the International Space Station in 2010 (

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who went into space, making the United Kingdom the first of two countries (the other being

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was to include women and people of minorities. To assist finding candidates the milestone

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Huntoon, Carolyn. (2002) Interview with Rebecca Wright. 5 June, Barrington, Rhode Island.

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missions received on average 1.2 mSv/day and 1.4 mSv/day respectively. Exposures on the

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might also have contributed to the low amount of women in space-related work as well as

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Duggirala S, Aboudja H, Batthula VJ, Howell M, Segall RS, Tsai P-H, Berleant D (2022).

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recommends a limit of 1 mSv total for a pregnancy, and no more than 0.5 mSv per month.

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Davis, Jeffrey R.; Johnson, Robert; Stepanek, Jan; Fogarty, Jennifer A., eds. (2008).

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crew, the first since the Apollo program to go around the Moon. The crew will include

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Integrating Women Into the Astronaut Corps: Politics and Logistics at NASA, 1972-2004

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the second woman in space, first to conduct an EVA (1982) and return to space (1984).

339: 303: 259: 64: 5152: 4656: 3818:"Australian astronaut Katherine Bennell-Pegg's message on international women's day" 3151:"The Space Review: Chief communicator: How Star Trek's Lieutenant Uhura helped NASA" 1233: 5802: 5753: 5606: 5486: 5453: 4730: 3960:

Hyman, Vincent (February 19, 2015). "Why space exploration rarely includes women".

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orbiting space station with which it docked. In October 2021, Wang again flew on

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which is viewed as 'negative' in the context of outer space travel. The American

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candidates for the First Material Processing Test (Spacelab-J) that flew aboard

306:, as parachuting was necessary for the Earth landing which was made outside the 5706: 5470: 5443: 5342: 5317:"Virgin Galactic astronaut Kellie Gerardi is ready for broader access to space" 4757:"Russia's only female cosmonaut expected to make spaceflight in autumn of 2022" 4643:"Reflections on the Loss of STS-107, the Space Shuttle Columbia: Ten Years Ago" 3835: 2546:"Almost 90% of astronauts have been men. But the future of space may be female" 2359: 2334: 2296: 2233: 1986: 1862: 1823: 1755: 1683: 1321: 1270: 1099: 1089: 1080:

or "15 times an annual radiation limit for a worker in a nuclear power plant".

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Men (blue) and women (red) in space by nationality (as of February 2024)

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Space Oddities: Women and Outer Space in Popular Film and Culture, 1960-2000

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https://www.oecd.org/innovation/the-space-economy-in-figures-c5996201-en.htm

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where she became the first Chinese female astronaut to perform a spacewalk.

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became the first American women in space, when she flew in June 1983 on the

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in 1992. She also served as a back-up payload specialist for the Neurolab (

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criticized NASA's poor inclusion of women and minorities. Subsequently the

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The Space Economy in Figures: How Space Contributes to the Global Economy.

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Alongside astronauts, there have been many women who have been working in

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of the Air Force Air Research and Development Command was not permitted,

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Kamanin's diaries: abridged concise English version available online at

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became the first female commercial astronauts to go into orbit on board

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died in the January 28, 1986 Challenger disaster, along with the entire

576: 5785: 5691: 4675: 2481: 2352: 2306: 2302: 2288: 2202:

in May 2023 on the Axiom-2 mission to the International Space Station.

2177: 2162: 2136: 2132: 1891:, and delivered four tons of logistics and supplies to the station. On 1725: 943: 935: 927: 915: 891: 843:' traits are looked down upon. For example, men are thought to be more 840: 788:

in an inclusive manner is also an important step towards achieving the

729: 705: 560:. On October 18, 2019, the first all female spacewalk was conducted by 493: 486: 227: 186: 178: 4172:

Space Radiation Organ Doses for Astronauts on Past and Future Missions

3248: 2798: 1277:

died in the February 1, 2003 Columbia disaster, along with the entire

955:

are also factors that play a role in boosting participation by women.

5696: 3733:"Giant Leaps and Forgotten Steps: NASA and the Performance of Gender" 2189: 2143: 2109: 1975:) mission. Mukai has logged over 566 hours in space. She flew aboard 1903:

robotic arm from the space station. Payette was sworn in as the 29th

1793: 1122: 919: 863: 852: 743: 721: 467: 370: 314:

on June 16, 1963, completing a 70.8 hour flight making a total of 48

182: 88:

flying at the time, chosen for propaganda value, her devotion to the

85: 1287:

Four women have died during two spaceflight missions 1986 and 2003.

4756: 2673: 1900: 1748: 1306: 1262: 1213: 1136:

pregnant woman, rendering the offspring infertile even when grown.

996:, dangers due to vacuum and temperature, and psychological stress. 870: 856: 482: 474: 322: 311: 292: 148:-US citizenship has participated as a tourist on a US spaceflight. 78: 3501:"NASA, Canadian Space Agency to Assign Artemis II Moon Astronauts" 2720: 2309:, became the oldest woman in space when she flew on Blue Origin's 5264:"SpaceX launches Inspiration4, first all-private orbital mission" 2262:

on September 18, 2006. Soyuz TMA-9 transported two-thirds of ISS

2161:

spaceship crew, which orbited the Earth in June 2013, and of the

1994: 1915: 1896: 1766:

and became the first female US mission commander in July 1999 on

1509: 1278: 1140: 1077: 939: 923: 903: 895: 848: 610: 37: 4835:"Biography of Dr. Jennifer (Jenni) Anne MacKinnon Sidey-Gibbons" 3445:"Who wants to go to the moon? Europe names astronaut candidates" 3010:

Nikolaeva-Tereshkova, Valentina Vladimirovna (2015). "Preface".

2516:"Four Women will Fly in Space for the First Time in the History" 2423:

initiated a project to increase the visibility and viability of

5521: 5374: 5179:"Blue Origin launches Bezos on first crewed New Shepard flight" 4245:"Calculated Risks: How Radiation Rules Manned Mars Exploration" 3836:"Only around 1 in 5 space industry workers are women | UN News" 2039: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1880: 1767: 1763: 1694:'s 289 days from 2016-17. In third place is American astronaut 1569: 1539: 1419: 1242: 1180: 1175: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1065: 902:

found that the majority of women employed by NASA have studied

759: 645:. Of the 18 candidates in the Artemis program, nine are women: 528: 321:

Kamanin framed her as "Gagarin in a skirt". Tereshkova married

129: 117: 109: 2157:

became the second Chinese female astronaut as a member of the

2035:

has sent two women to space, while it has sent many more men.

1677:

List of spaceflight records § Longest single flight by a woman

779:

is for everyone’ whilst adding that inclusivity is important.

496:

becoming in 1983 the first US woman to fly in space, with the

4618:

Teacher in space: Christa McAuliffe and the Challenger legacy

4540:. The Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 106. 2864: 2862: 2810: 2808: 1998: 1733: 1599: 1479: 1449: 887: 513:, a short lived situation since the subsequently and current 497: 315: 137: 121: 113: 5153:"ESA experiments with spaceflight participant Ansari to ISS" 4731:"First Russian woman in International Space Station mission" 3415:"One of these astronauts may be the first woman on the moon" 2518:. Russian Federal Space Agency. 3 April 2010. Archived from 477:

in August 1982 and became the first woman to walk in space (

4346: 3180: 2646:"At Nasa, women are still facing outdated workplace sexism" 2568:"Women in Space: From Historical Trend to Future Forecasts" 2251: 2043: 2014: 899: 809: 725: 145: 105: 4783:"Dr. Roberta Lynn Bondar: Canada's First Female Astronaut" 4565:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. 123. 4563:

A Journal for Christa: Christa McAuliffe, Teacher in Space

2859: 2805: 2797:

Weitekamp, Margaret A.; Garber, Steve (October 11, 2004).

2053:

Since then the only other woman sent by a European agency

1190:

was in 1984 the first biological mother going into space.

1028: 720:

Space programs allowed women generally only well into the

288:

was the first woman in space, launched in 1963 aboard the

5113:

My Dream of Stars: From Daughter of Iran to Space Pioneer

5089:"China launches space mission with first woman astronaut" 3708:

The Palgrave Handbook of Society, Culture and Outer Space

3357:"15 Years Ago: Two Women Commanders Shake Hands in Space" 3014:. Bethesda, MD: SpaceHistory101.com Press. pp. 4–7. 2615:"Here's why women may be the best suited for spaceflight" 2427:

with the "AstroMom" project. She aimed to fill an unused

2221: 805: 381:

for the inclusion of women and minorities as astronauts.

4909:, New York City, April 5, 2010. Retrieved on 2010-04-05. 4281:"China: Female Astronauts Must Be Married with Children" 3386:"NASA plans to land the first woman on the moon by 2024" 3334:. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Review Press Incorporated. 3293: 2929:

Escaping the Bonds of Earth: The Fifties and the Sixties

181:, both nations chose their first space pilots (known as 4789:. Sault Ste. Marie Public Library. 2008. Archived from 3116: 2607: 4038:"Women Astronauts: To Menstruate or Not to Menstruate" 3213:"Q & A: Nichelle Nichols, AKA Lt. Uhura, and NASA" 3064: 266:

were chosen to be trained for a solo spaceflight in a

245:

Meanwhile, the USSR's director of cosmonaut training,

153:

physical and psychological difficulties of spaceflight

5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4511:

Humans in Outer Space: Interdisciplinary Perspectives

4383:

Radiology Clinician Fact Sheet: Radiation Information

4158: 4156: 1865:

was the first Canadian woman to fly in space, on the

958: 629:

in 2019, before making the first all-woman spacewalk.

5369:

50 years of humans in space: European Women in Space

4953:. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Archived from 4920:"Astronaut set to become Japan's first mum in space" 4587:"The Crew of the Challenger Shuttle Mission in 1986" 4389:, NSW Agency for Clinical Innovation, September 2012 3276:"With Every First in Space, New Dreams Are Launched" 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3009: 2442: 1803:

Originally chosen as cosmonaut during Soviet times,

597:

America sending frequently women into space allowed

548:

became the first woman on an ISS expedition crew on

333: 5035:"Exclusive interview: Astronauts selection process" 4465:"Nasa To Probe The Deaths Of 51 Baby Rats In Space" 4435:, vol. 9, Elsevier Science B.V., p. 219, 4412:"Why infertility will stop humans colonising space" 2981:"50yrs ago, Tereshkova became first woman in space" 1914:

Canadian astronaut Julie Payette in space in 2009 (

1353:

List of space travelers by nationality § Statistics

1204:

List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents

934:project includes women from different backgrounds, 302:, a textile factory worker who was an avid amateur 4992: 4475: 4153: 3210: 3142: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2283:Service Module of the International Space Station. 1830:, shooting scenes for a Russian movie at the ISS. 5110:Ansari, Anousheh; Hickam, Homer (March 2, 2010). 5027: 3384:Jackson, Amanda; Boyette, Chris (June 17, 2019). 3231: 910:(25 percent), physical sciences (25 percent) and 906:(48 percent), while they are underrepresented in 839:and dominance in outer space occupations, since ' 5908: 3889: 3862:"First Native American woman to travel to space" 2240:) to have a woman as its first person in space. 455:Similarly, in 1978 Tereshkova and her colleague 4926:. Reuters UK. November 11, 2008. Archived from 4611: 4251:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 4116:"Superflares could kill unprotected astronauts" 4029: 3255:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2855:http://militera.lib.ru/db/kamanin_np/index.html 2796: 2753: 2072:Cristoforetti in the ISS Cupola with a view of 1879:from Montreal. Payette was part of the crew of 930:about women only being good at certain things. 5147: 5145: 3518: 3492: 3383: 2572:Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 2020: 613:) being captain of another spacecraft in 2007. 500:, and third woman altogether to fly in space. 5390: 4621:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 4305: 4303: 3996:United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs 3437: 3148: 2961:Eidelman, Tamara (2013). "A Cosmic Wedding". 2637: 552:, lasting from March 2001 until August 2001. 5109: 4813:"Inventive Women Biographies: Julie Payette" 3885: 3883: 3090: 2727: 2543: 2007:Institute of Space and Astronautical Science 947:of empowering women in space industry jobs. 527:, the first woman of color in space, aboard 356: 338:Kamanin hoped to fly two other women on the 168: 5314: 5159:. European Space Agency. September 12, 2006 5142: 4819:. Inventive Women Inc. 2006. Archived from 4228:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4194:The cosmic compendium : space medicine 3815: 3705: 3267: 3204: 3012:The 'First Lady of Space': In Her Own Words 2868: 2814: 2698: 2668: 2666: 2539: 2537: 2299:also flew on Virgin Galactic in July 2021. 1675:The following paragraph is an excerpt from 1328:were among those killed on re-entry in the 1096:International Journal of Impotence Research 342:3 and 4 flights, despite the opposition of 5397: 5383: 4593: 4300: 4224:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4061: 4002: 3562: 3149:SwansonMonday, Glen E. (August 15, 2022). 2770: 2365: 2333:. Shortly after, in October 2021, Russian 2258:spacecraft. Her mission launched from the 2081:2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group 1956:Japan's JAXA has sent two women to space. 1702: 687:2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group 544:became the first woman of color in space. 177:(USSR) and the United States known as the 4805: 4327: 4278: 4113: 3880: 3498: 3348: 2932:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2644:Davenport, Christian (December 8, 2019). 2643: 2013:). The new organization was called JAXA ( 4969: 4879: 4860:Agency, Canadian Space (April 3, 2023). 4599: 4560: 4481: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4243:Gifford, Sheyna E. (February 18, 2014). 4055: 3544: 3405: 3403: 3199:(the second African-American astronaut). 2960: 2663: 2534: 2272: 2108: 2067: 2038:The first woman sent by ESA, as well as 1944: 1909: 1796:state corporation inherited in 1991 the 972: 728:opening its space program in 1976. When 519: 277: 195: 140:) have flown one, two or three women in 27: 5288: 5204:Slotnik, Daniel E. (October 13, 2021). 5203: 4703: 4657:"Astronaut/Cosmonaut Statistics - More" 4579: 4533: 4527: 4507: 4242: 3682:– via Cambridge University Press. 3653: 3643:– via Cambridge University Press. 3614: 3468: 3466: 3168: 2883:"The Soviet Space Program Was Not Woke" 2198:became the first female astronaut from 1875:The second Canadian woman astronaut is 1833:Russia's only current woman cosmonaut, 1655: 1633: 1611: 1581: 1551: 1521: 1491: 1461: 1431: 1401: 1351:The following chart is an excerpt from 1029:Radiation and uterine and breast cancer 965:Effect of spaceflight on the human body 503: 273: 5909: 5459:Psychological and sociological effects 5334: 5063: 4912: 4859: 4432:Advances in Space Biology and Medicine 4409: 4405: 4403: 4192:W., Anderson, Rupert (June 12, 2015). 4132: 4090:"NASA Finally Made a Toilet for Women" 4062:Sokolowski, Susan L. (April 5, 2019). 4008: 3595: 3589: 3568: 3379: 3377: 3329: 3273: 3246: 3034: 2880: 2487:List of female explorers and travelers 2471:List of space travelers by nationality 2011:National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan 1963:was selected as one of three Japanese 1792:Russia has sent three women since its 1751:, which launched on October 11, 1984. 1320:In February 2003, mission specialists 754:or undergraduate/graduate training in 700:In April 2023 NASA, together with the 697:), plus history's first parastronaut. 214:In 1959, after their research project 5378: 5343:"AstroMom and Basstronaut, revisited" 5340: 5041:. CNTV. June 16, 2012. Archived from 4901:"Shuttle Lifts Off for Space Station" 4428: 4340: 4312: 4279:Brenhouse, Hillary (March 25, 2010). 4263: 4162: 4114:Battersby, Stephen (March 21, 2005). 4087: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3959: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3409: 3400: 2925: 2902:"First woman in space: Sofia Sarabia" 2790: 2771:Malashenko, Uliana (April 12, 2019). 2705:. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing. 2318:, age 90, in October that same year. 2228:. Her flight was privately funded by 1762:, who first flew in February 1995 on 1014:(EVA) and bras, e.g. for exercise in 5086: 5080: 4975: 4948: 4942: 4410:Taylor, Jerome (February 14, 2011). 4035: 3730: 3527:"A Ride in Space – NASA, Sally Ride" 3463: 3354: 3211:Arcynta Ali Childs (June 11, 2011). 3041:. Chicago Review Press. p. 55. 2295:woman to go to space (sub-orbital). 2291:of Virgin Galactic became the first 2192:, alongside two Russian cosmonauts. 1859:Canada has sent two women to space. 781:The UN Sustainable Development Goals 298:The first woman to fly in space was 70:The first woman to fly in space was 4400: 4009:Teitel, Amy Shira (June 10, 2016). 3499:Donaldson, Abbey (March 10, 2023). 3374: 3124:"TOP BLACK WOMAN IS OUSTED BY NASA" 2799:"Lovelace's Woman in Space Program" 2343:carried the UN Women's flag on her 2220:went into space on a flight to the 2205: 2120:China has sent two women to space. 1128:For air travel, the United States' 999:NASA reports initially argued that 820:woman in space and she went on the 704:, announced their selection of the 13: 4704:Harwood, William (June 25, 2019). 4482:Contrera, Jessica (May 11, 2019). 4350:Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine 4330:"Can a human give birth in space?" 4191: 4133:Kramer, Miriam (August 27, 2013). 4088:Koren, Marina (October 12, 2020). 3976: 3890:Elizabeth Howell (March 8, 2023). 3816:Livingstone, Tom (March 8, 2023). 3779: 3686: 3323: 3274:Dunbar, Brian (January 12, 2018). 3176:"Nichelle Nichols, NASA Recruiter" 2699:Burgess, Colin; Hall, Rex (2009). 2384:and related fields. To name some: 2277:Ansari holds a plant grown in the 2172: 2116:, the first Chinese woman in space 2015:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 1147:and 1154, as the Shuttle missions 959:Physical effects of space on women 792:. In 2022, the American astronaut 377:was hired, after she spoke at the 14: 5933: 5352: 5341:Foust, Jeff (November 19, 2007). 5289:Tingley, Brett (August 4, 2022). 4615:; Corrigan, Grace George (2000). 3098:"Harriet G. Jenkins Oral History" 2003:National Space Development Agency 1094:A study published in 2005 in the 1037:who receive solar particles from 715: 334:Further female missions cancelled 144:. Additionally one woman of dual 5890: 5558: 5404: 5315:Josh Dinner (November 1, 2023). 5308: 5282: 5256: 5231: 5197: 5171: 5103: 5087:Amos, Jonathan (June 16, 2012). 5057: 5009:"Naoko Yamazaki, JAXA Astronaut" 4122:. Reed Business Information Ltd. 3749:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2009.01822.x 3569:Foster, Amy E. (December 2011). 3524: 3355:Mars, Kelli (October 24, 2022). 2445: 1592: 1562: 1532: 1502: 1472: 1442: 1412: 1382: 1301:, along with mission specialist 1241: 1232: 1221: 1212: 1102:successfully ovulated in space. 584: 575: 428: 419: 5066:"女航天员刘洋婆婆：希望媳妇能尽快生个孩子_资讯频道_凤凰网" 4893: 4853: 4827: 4775: 4749: 4723: 4697: 4635: 4605: 4561:Corrigan, Grace George (2000). 4554: 4501: 4457: 4448: 4422: 4374: 4328:Stierwalt, Sabrina (May 2006). 4291: 4236: 4185: 4126: 4107: 4081: 3953: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3854: 3828: 3809: 3763: 3724: 3647: 3608: 3061:Kamanin diaries, April 16, 1965 3055: 3028: 3003: 2973: 2954: 2919: 2899: 2893: 2881:Marina, Coren (July 26, 2019). 2874: 2839: 2820: 2702:The First Soviet Cosmonaut Team 2621:. June 13, 2019. Archived from 1690:, she surpassed NASA astronaut 1130:Federal Aviation Administration 1109:(the first woman in space) and 994:health threats from cosmic rays 535: 264:group of five female cosmonauts 173:In the competition between the 96:citizens, with missions on the 59:Women have flown and worked in 21:Women in space (disambiguation) 4978:"Consolidated Launch Manifest" 4036:Beck, Julie (April 21, 2016). 3710:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 3598:"Parenting From Earth's Orbit" 3307:. June 2, 2021. Archived from 3247:Garber, Stephen (July 2017) . 2692: 2582: 2559: 2544:Alice Gorman (June 16, 2020). 2508: 1754:NASA's first female pilot was 1739:The first US woman to perform 517:has yet again a lower number. 63:since almost the beginning of 40:). Clockwise from lower left: 1: 4887:"Astronaut Bio: Chiaki Mukai" 4685:. CBS News. December 27, 2019 2502: 2184:was launched into space as a 1339: 1197: 1169: 886:process, starting already in 766:In 2023, numbers released by 689:, which includes two women, ( 558:Chief of the Astronaut Office 498:seventh Space Shuttle mission 204: 2926:Evans, Ben (April 2, 2010). 1116: 1083: 990:loss of bone and muscle mass 877:, has stated that legal and 862:, has previously said in an 224:William Randolph Lovelace II 193:, who were exclusively men. 151:Women face many of the same 46:Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger 7: 3660:Journal of American Studies 3621:Journal of American Studies 3596:Kramer, A. (July 2, 2013). 3556:International Space Station 3253:NASA History Program Office 2466:List of spaceflight records 2438: 2433:International Space Station 2248:International Space Station 2042:and its state space agency 2021:European Space Agency (ESA) 1889:International Space Station 1839:International Space Station 1346:List of spaceflight records 822:International Space Station 318:before returning to Earth. 102:International Space Station 10: 5938: 5157:International Space Center 4949:JAXA (November 11, 2008). 3759:– via SAGE Journals. 2476:Maximum Absorbency Garment 2369: 2209: 2102: 2024: 1938: 1905:Governor-General of Canada 1852: 1781: 1711: 1674: 1350: 1343: 1201: 1176:1998 Space Shuttle mission 1087: 962: 489:mission on July 25, 1984. 310:. Tereshkova flew aboard 163: 142:human spaceflight programs 18: 5886: 5811: 5761: 5752: 5617: 5567: 5556: 5479: 5419: 5412: 4589:. NASA. October 22, 2004. 3672:10.1017/S0021875807003532 3633:10.1017/S0021875807003532 2461:List of female astronauts 2372:List of women astronomers 2057:and ESA has been Italian 1848: 1788:Roscosmos Cosmonaut Corps 1777: 1642: 1620: 1590: 1560: 1530: 1500: 1470: 1440: 1410: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 746:Kim McQuaid the American 635: 357:Later Space Race advances 169:Early Space Race struggle 16:Women who travel to space 5064:孙兰兰贾磊 (June 13, 2012). 4862:"The Artemis II mission" 4514:, Springer, p. 65, 2186:space flight participant 2098: 2027:European Astronaut Corps 1934: 1855:Canadian Astronaut Corps 1292:Teacher in Space Project 379:National Space Institute 203:with a Mercury capsule ( 4534:Lathers, Marie (2010). 4163:Cucinotta, Francis A., 3737:The Sociological Review 2869:Burgess & Hall 2009 2815:Burgess & Hall 2009 2594:starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov 2492:Human presence in space 2366:Non-astronaut personnel 2345:sub-orbital spaceflight 2250:she was also the first 2226:spaceflight participant 2127:sent their first woman 1883:, on the Space Shuttle 1828:Spaceflight participant 1741:Extravehicular activity 1703:By public space program 1121:NASA has not permitted 1074:Mars Science Laboratory 1012:extravehicular activity 511:NASA Astronaut Group 21 479:extravehicular activity 216:Woman in Space Earliest 5897:Outer space portal 5116:. St. Martin's Press. 3330:Gibson, Karen (2014). 3035:Gibson, Karen (2014). 2590:"Valentina Tereshkova" 2425:commercial spaceflight 2351:NS-22 in August 2022. 2321:On 16 September 2021, 2284: 2117: 2105:Chinese women in space 2076: 2059:Samantha Cristoforetti 1953: 1924:Jennifer Sidey-Gibbons 1919: 1815:. Twenty years later, 1707: 1294:(TISP) participant as 1035:Earth's magnetic field 985: 982:Hubble Space Telescope 949:Commercial spaceflight 798:mechanical engineering 773:Katherine Bennell-Pegg 683:Samantha Cristoforetti 532: 367:NASA Astronaut Group 8 295: 211: 56: 5529:Extraterrestrial life 4889:. NASA. October 2003. 4866:Canadian Space Agency 4839:Canadian Space Agency 4823:on February 17, 2009. 4793:on September 28, 2011 4336:. Cornell University. 4249:Astrobiology Magazine 4017:. Bonnier Corporation 3731:Sage, Daniel (2009). 3654:McQuaid, Kim (2007). 3615:McQuaid, Kim (2007). 2906:European Space Agency 2276: 2268:European Space Agency 2210:Further information: 2142:China's first female 2125:Chinese space program 2112: 2071: 2033:European Space Agency 2025:Further information: 1948: 1939:Further information: 1913: 1853:Further information: 1782:Further information: 1712:Further information: 1202:Further information: 976: 875:University of Bristol 869:Chris Pesterfield, a 702:Canadian Space Agency 523: 281: 240:gender discrimination 199: 158:gender discrimination 31: 5270:. September 15, 2021 5045:on December 13, 2014 4957:on December 13, 2009 4787:Sault History Online 4737:. September 26, 2014 3989:"Annual Report 2021" 3558:. NASA. May 9, 2013. 3451:. September 21, 2022 3425:on February 19, 2021 3413:(December 9, 2020). 3311:on February 19, 2021 3188:on December 22, 2009 2989:Agence France-Presse 2777:Smithsonian Magazine 2293:commercial astronaut 2005:) merged with ISAS ( 1941:JAXA Astronaut Corps 1907:on October 2, 2017. 1798:Soviet space program 1784:Soviet space program 1718:NASA Astronaut Corps 1107:Valentina Tereshkova 1051:solar particle event 1047:major health concern 1043:galactic cosmic rays 1016:micro-g environments 504:After the Space Race 406:Margaret Rhea Seddon 300:Valentina Tereshkova 286:Valentina Tereshkova 274:First Woman in Space 75:Valentina Tereshkova 42:Tracy Caldwell Dyson 19:For other uses, see 5345:. The Space Review. 5268:nasaspaceflight.com 4663:. February 19, 2024 3480:. February 16, 2021 3419:National Geographic 3305:National Geographic 2938:2009ebe..book.....E 2828:www.astronautix.com 2619:National Geographic 2497:Women in Antarctica 2431:seat bound for the 2260:Baikonur Cosmodrome 2224:space station as a 1993:as part of mission 1805:Yelena V. Kondakova 1745:Kathryn D. Sullivan 1178:showed that rodent 1139:While no human had 1039:solar proton events 978:Kathryn D. Sullivan 904:biological sciences 857:government official 816:, became the first 802:Stanford University 481:, EVA) outside the 461:Svetlana Savitskaya 447:Svetlana Savitskaya 410:Kathryn D. Sullivan 386:Mission specialists 104:. Other countries ( 5812:Other technologies 5210:The New York Times 4930:on January 4, 2013 4906:The New York Times 4899:Harwood, William. 4841:. January 10, 2020 4661:World Space Flight 3602:The New York Times 3130:. October 28, 1973 3128:The New York Times 3078:. December 9, 1973 2833:2011-05-14 at the 2680:. January 21, 2019 2453:Spaceflight portal 2394:Laurel van der Wal 2285: 2118: 2077: 1965:Payload Specialist 1954: 1922:In July 2017, Dr. 1920: 1296:payload specialist 1111:Andriyan Nikolayev 986: 951:and more focus on 794:Nicole Aunapu Mann 647:Nicole Aunapu Mann 533: 457:Tatyana Kuznetsova 327:Andriyan Nikolayev 296: 232:Jacqueline Cochran 212: 208: early 1960s 57: 5904: 5903: 5882: 5881: 5791:Carbonated drinks 5763:Human spaceflight 5643:of items in space 5554: 5553: 4628:978-0-8032-6182-2 4547:978-1-4411-9049-9 4471:. April 29, 1998. 4442:978-0-444-51353-3 4334:Ask an Astronomer 3868:. August 18, 2022 3842:. October 4, 2021 3792:"Space for Women" 3582:978-1-4214-0195-9 3341:978-1-61374-844-2 3215:. Smithsonian.com 3076:DC Historic Sites 3048:978-1-61374-847-3 3021:978-1-887022-99-6 2947:978-0-387-79094-7 2741:. October 6, 2009 2712:978-0-387-84824-2 2399:Katherine Johnson 2287:In February 2019 1872:in January 1992. 1670: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1622:- Other countries 1299:Christa McAuliffe 1255:Christa McAuliffe 879:political changes 752:technical schools 742:According to the 363:Ruth Bates Harris 260:Nikita Khrushchev 65:human spaceflight 5929: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5759: 5758: 5562: 5417: 5416: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5376: 5375: 5347: 5346: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5260: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5243:inspiration4.com 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5149: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5130:on March 9, 2014 5126:. Archived from 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5015:on July 26, 2015 5005: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4916: 4910: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4645:. February 2013. 4639: 4633: 4632: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4388: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4325: 4310: 4307: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4276: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4223: 4215: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4068:The Conversation 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3985: 3974: 3973: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3788: 3777: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3703: 3684: 3683: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3421:. Archived from 3407: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3249:"Women in Space" 3244: 3229: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3195: 3193: 3184:. Archived from 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3155:The Space Review 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3104:. August 5, 2011 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2857: 2843: 2837: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2803: 2802: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2768: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2625:on March 1, 2021 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2512: 2455: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2414:Nichelle Nichols 2376:Women in science 2327:Hayley Arceneaux 2305:, member of the 2206:Privately funded 2196:Rayyanah Barnawi 2131:to space aboard 2048:Claudie Haigneré 1952:at her training. 1931:for Artemis II. 1598: 1596: 1595: 1568: 1566: 1565: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1448: 1446: 1445: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1309:died when their 1259:Judith A. Resnik 1245: 1236: 1225: 1216: 786:space technology 663:Stephanie Wilson 588: 579: 432: 423: 398:Judith A. Resnik 375:Nichelle Nichols 209: 206: 185:in the USSR and 54:Stephanie Wilson 5937: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5926: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5891: 5889: 5878: 5807: 5748: 5613: 5563: 5550: 5475: 5408: 5403: 5355: 5350: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5313: 5309: 5299: 5297: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5185:. July 20, 2021 5177: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5151: 5150: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5007: 5006: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4898: 4894: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4817:Inventive Women 4811: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4766: 4764: 4763:. June 27, 2020 4755: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4488:Washington Post 4480: 4476: 4469:Chicago Tribune 4463: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4416:The Independent 4408: 4401: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4345: 4341: 4326: 4313: 4309:Foster, p. 139. 4308: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4277: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4241: 4237: 4217: 4216: 4204: 4190: 4186: 4177: 4175: 4167: 4161: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4131: 4127: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4015:Popular Science 4007: 4003: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3977: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3888: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3790: 3789: 3780: 3768: 3764: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3704: 3687: 3652: 3648: 3613: 3609: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3567: 3563: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3525:Ryan, Michael. 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3408: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3245: 3232: 3218: 3216: 3209: 3205: 3191: 3189: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2991:. June 16, 2013 2979: 2978: 2974: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2898: 2894: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2860: 2844: 2840: 2835:Wayback Machine 2825: 2821: 2813: 2806: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2769: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2713: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2672: 2671: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2650:The Independent 2642: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2564: 2560: 2550: 2548: 2542: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2522:on 8 April 2010 2514: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2409:Dorothy Vaughan 2389:Eilene Galloway 2378: 2368: 2341:Vanessa O'Brien 2316:William Shatner 2244:Anousheh Ansari 2214: 2208: 2175: 2173:Other countries 2107: 2101: 2093:Rosemary Coogan 2029: 2023: 1943: 1937: 1857: 1851: 1790: 1780: 1720: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1682:NASA astronaut 1680: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1593: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1563: 1561: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1533: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1503: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1473: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1443: 1441: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1413: 1411: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1383: 1381: 1356: 1348: 1342: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1266: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1218: 1217: 1206: 1200: 1188:Anna Lee Fisher 1172: 1119: 1092: 1086: 1031: 971: 963:Main articles: 961: 860:Carloyn Huntoon 818:Native American 806:military combat 718: 695:Rosemary Coogan 679:Jessica Watkins 671:Jasmin Moghbeli 643:Artemis program 638: 633: 632: 631: 630: 625:(right) of ISS 614: 591: 590: 589: 581: 580: 538: 506: 453: 452: 451: 450: 442: 435: 434: 433: 425: 424: 359: 336: 308:reentry capsule 276: 247:Nikolai Kamanin 207: 171: 166: 90:Communist Party 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5935: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5917:Women in space 5902: 5901: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5855:for spacecraft 5852: 5844: 5839: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5536: 5534:Microorganisms 5531: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5429:The human body 5425: 5423: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5402: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5366: 5359:Women in Space 5354: 5353:External links 5351: 5349: 5348: 5333: 5307: 5281: 5255: 5230: 5196: 5170: 5141: 5122: 5102: 5079: 5056: 5026: 4991: 4968: 4941: 4911: 4892: 4878: 4852: 4826: 4804: 4774: 4748: 4722: 4696: 4674: 4648: 4634: 4627: 4613:Burgess, Colin 4604: 4592: 4578: 4571: 4553: 4546: 4526: 4520: 4500: 4474: 4456: 4454:Ronca, p. 222. 4447: 4441: 4421: 4399: 4373: 4359: 4339: 4311: 4299: 4297:Ronca, p. 218. 4290: 4262: 4235: 4202: 4184: 4152: 4125: 4106: 4080: 4054: 4028: 4001: 3975: 3952: 3941:. July 4, 2019 3926: 3917: 3908: 3879: 3853: 3827: 3808: 3796:www.unoosa.org 3778: 3762: 3743:(1): 153–154. 3723: 3716: 3685: 3666:(2): 405–434. 3646: 3627:(2): 409–410. 3607: 3588: 3581: 3561: 3543: 3517: 3491: 3462: 3436: 3399: 3373: 3347: 3340: 3322: 3292: 3266: 3230: 3203: 3167: 3141: 3115: 3089: 3063: 3054: 3047: 3027: 3020: 3002: 2972: 2953: 2946: 2918: 2892: 2873: 2871:, p. 236. 2858: 2838: 2819: 2817:, p. 229. 2804: 2789: 2752: 2726: 2711: 2691: 2662: 2636: 2606: 2581: 2558: 2533: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2440: 2437: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2367: 2364: 2360:Kellie Gerardi 2335:Yulia Peresild 2297:Sirisha Bandla 2234:United Kingdom 2207: 2204: 2174: 2171: 2103:Main article: 2100: 2097: 2022: 2019: 1987:Naoko Yamazaki 1936: 1933: 1867:Space Shuttle 1863:Roberta Bondar 1850: 1847: 1841:in 2022, with 1824:Yulia Peresild 1779: 1776: 1756:Eileen Collins 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1698:with 204 days. 1684:Christina Koch 1681: 1673: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1558: 1557: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1528: 1527: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1468: 1467: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1438: 1437: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1408: 1407: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1349: 1344:Main article: 1341: 1338: 1330:Space Shuttle 1322:Kalpana Chawla 1311:Space Shuttle 1271:Kalpana Chawla 1250: 1249: 1240: 1239: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1220: 1219: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1199: 1196: 1171: 1168: 1118: 1115: 1100:Xenopus laevis 1090:Space sexology 1085: 1082: 1060:Astronauts on 1030: 1027: 969:Space medicine 960: 957: 808:background in 796:, who studied 717: 716:Discrimination 714: 710:Christina Koch 655:Christina Koch 637: 634: 623:Christina Koch 593: 592: 583: 582: 574: 573: 572: 571: 570: 566:Christina Koch 537: 534: 505: 502: 437: 436: 427: 426: 418: 417: 416: 415: 414: 390:Anna L. Fisher 388:(not pilots): 358: 355: 351:Apollo program 335: 332: 275: 272: 251:Sergey Korolev 220:Don Flickinger 170: 167: 165: 162: 126:United Kingdom 50:Naoko Yamazaki 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5934: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5899: 5898: 5885: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5824:Manufacturing 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5597:Magnetosphere 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5393: 5388: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5344: 5337: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5274:September 20, 5269: 5265: 5259: 5248:September 20, 5244: 5240: 5234: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5163:September 22, 5158: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5129: 5125: 5123:9780230105799 5119: 5115: 5114: 5106: 5090: 5083: 5067: 5060: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4979: 4976:NASA (2008). 4972: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4896: 4888: 4882: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4684: 4678: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4644: 4638: 4630: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4601: 4600:Corrigan 2000 4596: 4588: 4582: 4574: 4572:9780803264113 4568: 4564: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4530: 4523: 4521:9783709102800 4517: 4513: 4512: 4504: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4451: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4404: 4385: 4384: 4377: 4362: 4360:9780781774666 4356: 4352: 4351: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4203:9781329052000 4199: 4195: 4188: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4157: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4121: 4120:New Scientist 4117: 4110: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4043: 4039: 4032: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3884: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3776: 3773:Available 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