Women in Christianity

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Methodists permitted female preaching, and had a significant number of female preachers, particularly among the rural and working-class populations. Some of them emigrated to British colonies, and preached to settlers in colonies including early Canada. By the second half of the nineteenth century these denominations became more institutionalized, and thus less open to women's preaching, although a few women continued to preach in these denominations until the early twentieth century. Later in nineteenth-century Britain the Salvation Army was formed, and from the beginning it permitted women to preach on the same terms as men. These "Hallelujah Lasses", many of whom were working class, were very popular, often drawing huge crowds in Britain as well as in North America. Nonetheless, these denominations remained a minority, and in most Christian churches women remained barred from the ministry into the twentieth century. For much of the early twentieth century, Catholic women continued to join religious orders in large numbers, where their influence and control was particularly strong in the running of primary education for children, high schooling for girls, and in nursing, hospitals, orphanages and aged care facilities. In the latter half of the 20th century, vocations for women in the West entered a steep decline. In spite of that, the Catholic Church conducted a large number of beatifications and canonizations of Catholic women from all over the world: St.

3914:" But I want you to realize that the head of every man is Christ, and the head of the woman is man, and the head of Christ is God. Every man who prays or prophesies with his head covered dishonors his head. But every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head—it is the same as having her head shaved. For if a woman does not cover her head, she might as well have her hair cut off; but if it is a disgrace for a woman to have her hair cut off or her head shaved, then she should cover her head. A man ought not to cover his head, since he is the image and glory of God; but woman is the glory of man. For man did not come from woman, but woman from man; neither was man created for woman, but woman for man. It is for this reason that a woman ought to have authority over her own head, because of the angels. Nevertheless, in the Lord woman is not independent of man, nor is man independent of woman. For as woman came from man, so also man is born of woman. But everything comes from God. Judge for yourselves: Is it proper for a woman to pray to God with her head uncovered? Does not the very nature of things teach you that if a man has long hair, it is a disgrace to him, but that if a woman has long hair, it is her glory? For long hair is given to her as a covering. If anyone wants to be contentious about this, we have no other practice—nor do the churches of God." 4587: 3311:"redemptive movement" hermeneutic is justified using the example of slavery, which Webb sees as analogous to the subordination of women. Christians today largely perceive that slavery was "cultural" in biblical times and not something that should be re-introduced or justified, although slavery was (a) found in the Bible and (b) not explicitly banned there. Webb recommends that biblical commands be examined in light of the cultural context in which they were originally written. According to the "redemptive approach", slavery and women's subordination are found in the Bible; however, the same Scriptures also contain ideas and principles which, if developed and taken to their logical conclusion, would bring about the abolition of these institutions. According to that ideal, biblical patriarchy should be replaced by the "all one in Christ Jesus" proclamation of Galatians 3:28 which says "There is no Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female. For you are all one in Christ Jesus." 37: 3639: 3617: 4031: 4122: 3707:, who rubbed his hair in precious ointment; of Jesus curing sick women and publicly expressing admiration for a poor widow who donated some copper coins to the Temple in Jerusalem, his stepping to the aid of the woman accused of adultery, and to the presence of Mary Magdalene at Jesus' side as he was crucified. Blainey concludes: "As the standing of women was not high in Palestine, Jesus' kindnesses towards them were not always approved by those who strictly upheld tradition. According to Blainey, women were probably the majority of Christians in the first century after Christ. 4575: 3343:

teaching about both slavery and women, and inappropriately confuse the two. He writes that slavery is tolerated in Scripture but never commanded but in some cases is criticized, whereas wives are explicitly commanded to submit to their husbands and male leadership is never criticized. Additionally, Grudem believes that Webb's "redemptive-movement" hermeneutic (itself a variation of the "trajectory" hermeneutic commonly employed by egalitarians) ultimately relies on subjective judgments that are incapable of producing certainty about ethical views.

4488:) "thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee." By this, the apostle signified that the reason women were not to speak in the church, or to preach and teach publicly, or be concerned in the ministerial function was that in the Roman Empire, those were considered to be acts of power and authority, of rule and government, and thus contrary to that subjection which God in his law requires of women unto men. The extraordinary instances of Deborah, Huldah, and Anna, must not be drawn into a rule or example in such cases. 727: 3514:. The Book of Ruth is about a young Moabite woman's loyalty to her Jewish mother-in-law and her willingness to move to Israel and become a part of their culture. The story ends with her praise and blessing as she is married to an Israelite, who announces that he will now take care of her, and subsequently King David comes from her lineage. In the Book of Esther, a young woman named Esther of Jewish lineage is praised for her bravery as the queen of Persia who saved many from being killed by her pleas to the king. 3452: 3393:

attributes about God in a culture where men had social privilege. Similarly, Christ became a male not because it was theologically necessary, but because 1st-century Jewish culture would not have accepted a female Messiah. Wayne Grudem takes exception to these egalitarian arguments, insisting that Christ's maleness was theologically necessary; he also alleges that egalitarians are increasingly advocating that God should be thought of as "Mother" as well as "Father", a move he sees as religiously

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status and for positions of preeminence." Bilezikian continues: "To settle the issue once for all times, Jesus sharply delineated the basic difference between social organisation in the secular world and in the Christian community". He concludes that "Consequently, there is no mandate and no allowance in the New Testament for one adult believer to hold authority over another adult believer. Instead, the overall rule calls for mutual submission among all believers out of reverence for Christ".

4948:"egalitarian emphasis is contradicted by a symbolic framework that elevates the male over the female, and by organizational arrangements that make masculine domination a reality in church life. Theological statements on the position of women from down the centuries testify not only to the assumption that it is men who have the authority to define women, but to the precautions that have been taken to ensure that women do not claim too much real equality with men – in this life at least". 4906:—"So the Lord God said to the serpent, 'Because you have done this, cursed are you above all livestock and all wild animals! You will crawl on your belly and you will eat dust all the days of your life.' The human couple were warned by God in a prophetic sense what would be the natural consequences of sin having entered the human race. The natural consequences of sin mentioned by God in the Creation account included increased pains in childbearing, and the husband will rule over you. 2162: 4226: 4850:

Genesis, stating, "God shaped and breathed life into humanity and did not desire to leave us alone. Having prohibited Adam and Eve from eating from the one tree of the knowledge of good and evil, God entrusted them with all that was created and charged them to care for every living creature. (Lightsey). These two prominent Christian authors of works concerning gender and feminism portray common analysis of biblical interpretation that support feminist ideals.

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extends that exclusion to the civic sphere as well, so that women should not be civil leaders and indeed should not have careers outside the home. Thus, William Einwechter refers to the traditional Complementarian view as "two point complementarianism" (male leadership in the family and church), and regards the biblical patriarchy view as "three-point" or "full" complementarianism, (male leadership in family, church and society). In contrast to this,

3071:, Harvard Professor of New Testament Studies and the History of Ancient Christianity, writes that the history of women in ancient Christianity has been almost completely revised in the last twenty years. Many more women are being added to the list of women who made very significant contributions in the early history of Christianity. The new history comes primarily from recent discoveries of biblical text that had been neglected through the ages. 2794: 3911:"Submit to one another out of reverence for Christ. Wives, submit yourselves to your own husbands as you do to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his body, of which he is the Savior. Now as the church submits to Christ, so also wives should submit to their husbands in everything. Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her to make her holy," 4284: 3262:, and specifically in their interpretation of biblical history. Christian egalitarians believe that males and females were created equally without any hierarchy of roles, as God created both woman and man in his own image and likeness. God made the first couple equal partners in leadership over the earth. Both were jointly commissioned to be fruitful and multiply, to fill the earth, subdue the earth and rule over it. At the 4999:. He recognizes that biblical egalitarianism is still viewed by many as inconsistent with biblical inerrancy, although he disagrees. He writes that "the matter of the place of women in the home, in society, and in the church is not an issue that can be conclusively determined by a few apparently restrictive passages that are often advanced by those who think that subordination represents God's will for women." 4603: 3695:

in Judaism. Jesus had female followers who were his sponsors, and he stopped to express concern for the women of Jerusalem on his way to be crucified. Mary Magdalene is stated in the Gospels to be the first person to see Jesus after his resurrection. In the narratives, Jesus charged her to tell others of what she had seen, even though the testimony of a woman at that time was not considered valid.

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nearly identical passages in all three Synoptic gospels, Jesus sternly commanded his disciple that "It shall not be so among you", clearly forbidding both abusive extreme "lording it over" others, and even more moderate, ordinary "exercise (of) authority" over others. Egalitarian Christians consider that this teaching of Jesus to the men who were the 12 Apostles trumps any subsequent teachings of

4941:, who is one of four Jewish New Testament scholars teaching in Christian theological schools. Christian Egalitarianism holds that the submission of the woman in marriage and womanly restrictions in Christian ministry are inconsistent with the true picture of biblical equality. The equal-yet-different doctrine taught by Complementarians is considered by them to be a contradiction in terms. 3679:. Jesus shames the crowd into dispersing, and averts the execution with the words: "Let any one of you who is without sin be the first to throw a stone at her." According to the passage, "They which heard it, being convicted by their own conscience, went out one by one, beginning at the eldest, even unto the last," leaving Jesus to turn to the woman and say, "Go, and sin no more." 4500:(1762–1832) both upheld male headship, but allowed that spiritual Christian women could publicly speak in church meetings if they "are under an extraordinary impulse of the Spirit" (Wesley), and that such were to obey that influence, and that "the apostle lays down directions in chap. 11 for regulating her personal appearance when thus employed." (Clarke) Puritan theologian 3908:"A woman should learn in quietness and full submission. I do not permit a woman to teach or to assume authority over a man; she must be quiet. For Adam was formed first, then Eve. And Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner. But women will be saved through childbearing—if they continue in faith, love and holiness with propriety." 4538:(Isabella the Catholic) of Castille was an important figure in the growth of Catholicism as a global religion, for Spain and Portugal followed Columbus' route to establish vast Empires in the Americas. Her marriage to Ferdinand II of Aragon had ensured the unity of the Spanish Kingdom and the royal couple agreed to hold equal authority. Spanish Pope 4350:, controlled the power of rule and served as de facto Empresses regnant. A liberal-minded autocrat, she was a patron of sciences and education and sought to alleviate the suffering of the serfs. She kept Catholic observance at court and frowned on Judaism and Protestantism. She reigned for 40 years, and mothered 16 children including 5248:

complementarians hold. Grudem finds Webb's use of the term "patriarchy" to be especially pejorative because of its connotations in modern society. He also rejects the term "hierarchicalist" because he says it overemphasizes structured authority while giving no suggestion of equality or the beauty of mutual interdependence.

5072:(CBMW) meeting in Danvers, Massachusetts, in December 1987. The statement lays out their biblical rationale for male priority and female submission in the community of believers and in the family. Additionally it cites a set of concerns shared by complementarians over other contemporary philosophies about gender: 3375:

male form, and the Second Person of the Trinity be as well called the Daughter as the Son. Suppose, finally, that the mystical marriage was reversed, that the churches were the Bridegroom and Christ the Bride. All this, as it seems to me, is involved in the claim that a woman can represent God as a priest does.

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describes himself as a "complementary egalitarian". He defines this as "full interdependence and 'mutual submission' within marriage, and the only differences in roles are 'based upon biological differences between men and women'." He uses "Complementarianism" to describe what he calls "a milder form

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on the topic. Christian Egalitarians generally object to being labeled "feminist" or "evangelical feminist". Their belief in biblical equality is said to be grounded in the biblical teaching that all believers have been given authority in Christ. Conversely, feminist ideology is derived from cultural

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and expanding European Empires during the 17th–19th centuries, Christian women played a role in developing and running of many the modern world's education and health care systems. However, women "still had to work under the nominal control of a man" for missionary work as late as the end of the 19th

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One effect of the Reformation in the Reformed areas was to bring an end to the long tradition of female convents which had existed within Roman Catholicism, and which the Reformers saw as bondage. By shutting down female convents within the movement, Protestantism effectively closed off the option of

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considers verse 10 above as being "quite enigmatic", where a woman's being veiled is "because of the angels". In his book, Stagg suggests clues to the intention. He concludes his comments on this passage by saying that "The problems here are many. What is Paul's authority or source for the hierarchy:

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The story of Mark 5:23–34, in which Jesus heals a woman who had bled for 12 year suggests not only that Jesus could cleanse his followers, but this story also challenges Jewish cultural conventions of the time. In Jewish law, women who were menstruating or had given birth were excluded from society.

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Suppose the reformer stops saying that a good woman may be like God and begins saying that God is like a good woman. Suppose he says that we might just as well pray to 'Our Mother which art in Heaven' as to 'Our Father'. Suppose he says that the Incarnation might just as well have taken a female as a

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era and beyond, just as God had prophesied, men continued to rule over women in a patriarchal system which he sees as being a compromise or accommodation between sinful reality and the divine ideal. The coming of Jesus is understood as moving forward from Old Testament patriarchy, re-instituting full

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was influential in the development of modern nursing. While most Christian denominations did not allow women to preach during the nineteenth century, a few more evangelical Protestant denominations did permit women's preaching. In early-nineteenth-century Britain, the Bible Christians and Primitive

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credits Isabella as an extremely able ruler and one who "fostered learning not only in the universities and among the nobles, but also among women". Of Isabella and Ferdinand, it says: "The good government of the Catholic sovereigns brought the prosperity of Spain to its apogee, and inaugurated that

3933:"As in all the churches of the saints, the women should keep silence in the churches. For they are not permitted to speak but should be subordinate, as even the law says. If there is anything they desire to know, let them ask their husbands at home. For it is shameful for a woman to speak in church." 3694:

Both complementarians and egalitarians see Jesus as treating women with compassion, grace and dignity. The gospels of the New Testament, especially Luke, mention Jesus speaking to or helping women publicly and openly. Martha's sister Mary sat at Jesus' feet being taught, a privilege reserved for men

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Christian egalitarians respond by arguing that God is not gendered and that males and females image God equally and without differences. In addition, terms such as "Father" and "Son", used in reference to God, should be understood as analogies or metaphors used by the biblical authors to communicate

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Some other New Testament instructions that are almost universally considered "cultural" and therefore only applicable to the original (1st century) recipients of the text are for women to wear veils when praying or prophesying, Christians to wash each other's feet (a direct command from Jesus in the

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I believe that most, if not all, of the restrictions on women in society have no basis in Scripture, and that those maintained in the Church are based on an inadequate interpretation of a few restrictive passages, which put them in contradiction with the manifest special concern and love of God for

4880:(CBE). The statement lays out their biblical rationale for equality as well as its application in the community of believers and in the family. They advocate ability-based, rather than gender-based, ministry of Christians of all ages, ethnicities and socio-economic classes. Egalitarians support the 4789:

norms, which should be rejected by modern people. Kelly points to the requirement for women to subordinate themselves to their husbands espoused in the New Testament book of Ephesians, the classification of women as property along with oxen and slaves throughout the Torah, and the permission given

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himself taught that "the wife should stay at home and look after the affairs of the household as one who has been deprived of the ability of administering those affairs that are outside and concern the state...." Among the many nuns who chose the domestic life over the monastic life was the wife of

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From the very beginning of the early Christian church, women were important members of the movement, although some complain that much of the information in the New Testament on the work of women has been overlooked. Some also argue that many assumed that it had been a "man's church" because sources

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practice—not something to take place among his followers. Having issued his strong prohibition against subordination of others, he prescribed the Christian alternative to subordination as being the exact opposite: profound service to others, extending even to making the ultimate sacrifice of giving

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Modern complementarians argue that Genesis 1:26–28 and Galatians 3:28 establish the full equality of males and females in terms of status, worth and dignity. Complementary roles in marriage and church leadership, including the primary authority of men and the submission of wives, are not thought to

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Christian leaders throughout history have been patriarchal, taking names that downplay female leadership in the church. These include "father", "abbot" or "abba" (meaning 'father'), and "pope" or "papa" (also meaning 'father'). Linda Woodhead notes that such language excludes women from such roles.

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in that it affirms the equality of men and women, but goes further in its expression of the different gender roles. Many of the differences between them are ones of degree and emphasis. While Complementarianism holds to exclusively male leadership in the church and in the home, biblical patriarchy

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by Abigail Favale published in 2022 discusses her view on modern Christian feminism. She taught Gender Studies at a university before converting to Catholicism and elaborates on her interpretation of Genesis in the second chapter. She states, "Moreover, Genesis recognizes the duality of humankind,

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ne of her first projects was a Woman's Bible in which the passages used by men to keep women in subjection were highlighted and critiqued. Although some early campaigners for female emancipation belonged to the churches, and though some church-related movements helped nurture women's entrance onto

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Jesus always showed the greatest esteem and the greatest respect for woman, for every woman, and in particular He was sensitive to female suffering. Going beyond the social and religious barriers of the time, Jesus reestablished woman in her full dignity as a human person before God and before men

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His first phrase, "lord it over", described the Roman dictators who wielded ultimate and unlimited power. His second phrase, "high officials", referred to lesser Roman officials who, having some limitations of power, "exercised authority" (not necessarily abusive power) over their citizens. In the

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at Heritage Theological Seminary, Ontario, Canada. Webb argues that a major challenge is determining which biblical commands are "transcultural" and therefore applicable today, versus those which are "cultural" and therefore only applicable to the original (1st century) recipients of the text. His

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The rule remains with the husband, and the wife is compelled to obey him by God's command. He rules the home and the state, wages wars, and defends his possessions. The woman, on the other hand, is like a nail driven into the wall. She sits at home, she does not go beyond her most personal duties.

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New Testament passages, such as "Wives, be subject to your husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his body, and is himself its Saviour. As the church is subject to Christ, so let wives also be subject in everything to their husbands"

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describes Womanist Queer Theology, and incorporates modern events and renowned feminist theorists including Judith Butler into her argument for womanism in Christianity. As a Reverend in the United Methodist Church, Lightsey uses many verses of scripture to support her theology. She also ponders

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states that, "Of the many threats that Christianity has to face in modern times, gender equality is one of the most serious". Some 19th-century Christian authors began codifying challenges to traditional views toward women both in the church and in society. Only since the 1970s have more diverse

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as evidence of a high standing for female Christians at that time. The Virgin Mary was conferred such titles as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven and, in 863, her feast day, the "Feast of Our Lady", was declared equal in importance to those of Easter and Christmas. Mary Magdalene's Feast Day was

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objects to Webb's use of "complementary" and "egalitarian" together to describe a thoroughly egalitarian position. Calling the terminology "offensive and confusing," he reasons that doing so simply confuses the issues by using the term "complementary" for a position totally antithetical to what

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equality. The equation of role or functional subordination and ontological inferiority is considered to be a category confusion. Egalitarian author Rebecca Merrill Groothuis has objected to this position. She argues that "woman's spiritual and ontological equality with man rules out the sort of

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writes that "the poison of hierarchy generated by the fall (of mankind) had permeated relationships to such an extent that those very disciples Jesus was training in the ways of servant hood insisted on substituting hierarchy for servanthood. They kept competing among themselves for the highest

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A number of epistles found in the New Testament, and traditionally attributed to Peter and Paul, are held by some modern-day scholars to have been written by other authors writing in their style, passing their own works off entirely as that of another's without copying their writing style, or

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as the first man and the first woman; in the narrative, Adam was created first, and Eve from Adam's rib. Some commentators have suggested that Eve being God's second Creation indicated female inferiority, but in calling Eve "flesh of my flesh" others say a relationship of equality is implied.

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Complementarians criticize Webb's hermeneutic. Grudem argues that Webb expects Christians to pursue a "superior ethic" to that found in the New Testament, therefore undermining the authority and sufficiency of Scripture. He claims that Webb and some other evangelicals misconstrue the biblical

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Jesus spoke to women both in public and private and allowed them to set examples of faith. According to two gospel accounts, an unnamed Gentile woman understood and was praised by Jesus when arguing that his ministry is not limited to particular groups and persons, but belongs to all who have

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The monastery is mentioned for the first time in 1197. It belongs to the group of so-called Lüneklöstern (monasteries of Lüne), which became Lutheran convents following the Protestant Reformation. It is currently one of several Lutheran convents maintained by the Monastic Chamber of Hanover

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The letters of St. Paul—dated to the middle of the 1st century AD—and his casual greetings to acquaintances offer information about Jewish and Gentile women who were prominent in early Christianity. His letters provide clues about the kind of activities in which women engaged more generally.

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In contrast to egalitarian teaching, complementarians teach that male priority and headship (positional leadership) were instituted prior to the Fall and that the decree in Genesis 3:16 merely distorted this leadership by introducing "ungodly domination". Complementarians teach that the male

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where readers are drawn to the conclusion that women are beneath men and that the image of God shines more brightly in men than women. The following New Testament passages and more recent theological beliefs have contributed to the interpretation of roles of women in Christianity through the

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discrimination based on race or national origin, social level, or gender. They respect the natural biological uniqueness of each gender, not seeing it as requiring any dominant/submissive applications of gender to either marriage or church leadership. David Scholer, New Testament scholar at

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Christian Egalitarians interpret this passage as expressing that the overarching teaching of the New Testament is that all are "one in Christ". The three distinctions, important in Jewish life, are declared by Paul to be invalid in Christ. Therefore, among those "in Christ" there must be no

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explains that women should be veiled in the church to signal their subordination to men because the head of every man is Christ and the head of a woman is her husband and that women should keep silence in the churches. As the law states, they should be subordinate, not permitted to speak.

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as commandments prescribed by the Bible which are seldom followed by Christians. Basinger says that this logic indicates that traditional views "cannot be argued solely because Paul and Peter exhorted the woman of their day to submit in the home and be silent in the church".

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Even if it is granted to a woman to show the sign of prophecy, she is nevertheless not permitted to speak in an assembly. When Miriam the prophetess spoke, she was leading a choir of women ... For "I do not permit a woman to teach," and even less "to tell a man what to do."

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Representing an atheist perspective, author Joshua Kelly argues that the Christian Bible, in this view a creation of ancient authors and medieval editors reflecting their own culture and opinions and not the declarations of a supernatural being, describes and advocates for

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noted that "the woman's place is in the home." The majority of Protestant churches upheld the traditional position, and restricted ruling and preaching roles within the Church to men until the 20th century, although there were early exceptions among some groups such as the

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as the prototypical Christian, as in the Bible she was the first to hear the Good News of Jesus' coming. She is one of the few of Jesus' followers reported to be present at his crucifixion. Thus she is a woman who is most imitated among Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox

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is "the fundamental Pauline theological basis for the inclusion of women and men as equal and mutual partners in all of the ministries of the church." Galatians 3:28 represents "the summation of Paul's theological vision," according to Pamela Eisenbaum, professor at

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As Western Europe transitioned from the Classical to Medieval Age, the male hierarchy with the Pope at its summit became a central player in European politics. Mysticism flourished and monastic convents and communities of Catholic women became institutions within Europe.

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Wives, submit yourselves to your own husbands as you do to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his body, of which he is the Savior. Now as the church submits to Christ, so also wives should submit to their husbands in

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over them. But it shall not be so among you. Whoever would be great among you must be your servant, and whoever would be first among you must be your slave, even as the Son of Man came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many"—Jesus

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studied the effects of gender on religiosity throughout the world, finding that Christian women in 53 countries are generally more religious than Christian men, while Christians of both genders in African countries are equally likely to regularly attend services.

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and Mary where the woman Mary sits at Jesus' feet as he preaches, while her sister toils in the kitchen preparing a meal. When Martha complains to Mary that she should instead be helping in the kitchen, Jesus says that in fact, "Mary has chosen what is better".

7648:, Prophetic Sons and Daughters (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985); Pamela Walker, "Women, Preaching and Spiritual Authority", in Women, Gender and Religious Cultures in Britain, 1800-1940, Sue Morgan and Jacqueline deVries, eds., (Routledge 2010) 3702:

wrote that women were more influential during the period of Jesus' brief ministry than they were in the next thousand years of Christianity. Blainey points to Gospel accounts of Jesus imparting teachings to women, as with a Samaritan woman at a well, and

5194:, representing the Complementarian position, say that they are "not as sure in this wider sphere which roles can be carried out by men or women". Grudem also acknowledges exceptions to the submission of wives to husbands where moral issues are involved. 3958:

of information stemming from the New Testament church were written and interpreted by men. Recently, scholars have begun looking in mosaics, frescoes, and inscriptions of that period for information about women's roles in the early church. The historian

4201:, writes that women were more prominent in the life of the Church during the Middle Ages than at any previous time in its history, with a number of church reforms initiated by women. In the 13th century, authors began to write of a mythical female pope— 4010:, the 2nd-century Latin father, wrote that "It is not permitted to a woman to speak in church. Neither may she teach, baptize, offer, nor claim for herself any function proper to a man, least of all the sacerdotal office" ("On the Veiling of Virgins"). 5043:

Complementarians believe that God made men and women to be equal in personhood and value but different in roles. They understand the Bible as teaching that God created men and women to serve different roles in the church and the home. In the 1991 book

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God, Christ, man, woman? ... What importance is there to a head covering in worship? Are veils binding upon women today? What about the subordination of woman (or wife) to man (or husband)? What about the angels? What about the teaching of nature? Is

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who is stated to have discovered the empty tomb of Christ and known as the "apostle to the apostles" since she was the one commissioned by the risen Jesus to go and tell the 11 disciples that he was risen, according to the Gospels. In the

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Lillian Taiz, Hallelujah Lads and Lasses, Remaking the Salvation Army in America, 1880-1930 (University of North Carolina Press, 2001), Lynne Marks, "Hallelujah Lasses: Women in the Salvation Army in English Canada", Gender Conflicts,

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male and female, but rather a shared, benevolent governance over the rest of creation" (Favale). This is a common view among Christian feminists, that both biological sexes are equal as both are created in the image of God. Similarly,

3425:. A vigorous debate has ensued, with some egalitarians moving towards the idea that there is "mutual dependence" within the Trinity, including "subordination of the Father to the Son", which must be reflected in gender role relations. 3090:. Karen King concludes that the discoveries of new texts by biblical scholars, combined with their sharpened critical insight, have now proved beyond any doubt that the disreputable portrait of Mary Magdalene is entirely inaccurate. 5226:

In Christian Egalitarian literature, the terms "gender traditionalist", "patriarchalist" and "hierarchicalist" are sometimes used with reference to Complementarians. The use of these terms in egalitarian literature is defended in

4808:" —a movement that has had a profound impact on all of life, challenging some traditional basic Christian interpretations of Scripture with respect to roles for women. However, Christian feminism represents the views of the more 3191:

when its teachings are unpopular and conflict with the dominant viewpoints in our culture. If we do not obey it, then the effective authority of God to govern His people and His church through His Word has been eroded, concludes

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They attribute these ills to the "apparent accommodation of some within the church to the spirit of the age at the expense of winsome, radical Biblical authenticity which ... may reform rather than reflect our ailing culture."

2990:. The New Testament written record of their efforts in this regard is found in Colossians 3:18–4:1, Ephesians 5:22–6:9, 1 Peter 2:13–3:7, Titus 2:1–10 and 1 Timothy 2:1, 3:1, 3:8, 5:17, and 6:1. As may be seen throughout the 4069:, written by Perpetua during her imprisonment in 203, recounted their martyrdom. The passion is thought to be one of the earliest surviving documents to have been written by a woman in early Christianity. In late Antiquity, 7307:(Klosterkammer Hannover), an institution of the former Kingdom of Hanover founded by its Prince-Regent, later King George IV of the United Kingdom, in 1818, in order to manage and preserve the estates of Lutheran convents. 3043:

through which women developed religious orders of sisters and nuns, an important ministry of women which has continued to the present day in the establishment of schools, hospitals, nursing homes and monastic settlements.

4864:

Christian Egalitarians' interpretation of Scripture brings them to the conclusion that the manner and teachings of Jesus, affirmed by the Apostle Paul, abolished gender-specific roles in both the church and in marriage.

3443:

subordination prescribed by gender traditionalists... It is not logically possible for woman to be essentially equal to man, yet universally subordinate to man on the basis of an essential attribute (i.e., femaleness)."

5223:

factors and philosophies. Christian Egalitarian author Rebecca Groothuis writes, "Like most cultural systems of thought, feminist ideology is partly true and partly false—almost entirely false at this point in history."

4717:

upon their ascensions to the throne). In the developing world, people continued to convert to Christianity in large numbers. Among the most famous and influential women missionaries of the period was the Catholic nun

3420:

has responded that complementarians have "reinvented" the doctrine of the Trinity to support their views of men and women, suggesting that some complementarians have adopted a heretical view of the Trinity similar to

4679:

or Doctor of Love). The 19th century saw women begin to push back on traditional female roles in the church. One was Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902) who worked to "liberate women from their traditional shackles":

4562:, three women martyred for Protestantism in 1556. One woman was pregnant and gave birth while being burned, the child was rescued but then ordered to be burned as well. Still other women, such as those living in the 3146:(Luther, Lectures) Properly speaking, the business of woman, her task and function is to actualize the fellowship in which man can only precede her, stimulating, leading, inspiring." (Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics) 3691:

Therefore, the woman in Mark was ostracized for 12 years. Jesus healing her is not only a miracle, but by interacting with an unclean woman, he broke from the accepted practices of the time and embraced women.

3369:

To us, a priest is primarily a representative, a double representative, who represents us to God and God to us... We have no objection to a woman doing the first: the whole difficulty is with the second. But

4153:

provided opportunities for some women to escape the path of marriage and child-rearing, acquire literacy and learning, and play a more active religious role. In the later Middle Ages women such as Saint

3120:

It was women who were the first witnesses to the resurrection, chief among them being Mary Magdalene. These gospel accounts reflect the prominent historical roles that women played in Jesus' ministry as

5235:. "... it is probably most fitting to refer to those who believe in restricting leadership to men as simply advocates of male leadership, or patriarchalists ... traditionalists ... or hierarchicalists." 5735: 3780:

When Paul refers to Priscilla and Aquila, he lists Priscilla first in 5 of the 7 times they are referred to by their couple name, suggesting to some scholars that she was the head of the family unit.

4265:(1207–1231) was a symbol of Christian charity who used her wealth to establish hospitals and care for the poor. Each of these women were singled out as model Christians by Pope John Paul II in his 4913:

A scripture passage they consider key to the advocacy of full equality of responsibility and authority for both women and men is contained in a Pauline polemic containing these three antitheses:

4836:

male and female; this difference is part of the goodness of creation, and both sexes share fully in the divine image and the commission to tend the earth. There is no sense here of hierarchy

4619:

century. Outside of these positions, "women were denied other influential public roles in the churches". The roles that women began taking began expanding. Catholic religious orders like the

3901:

Some theologians believe that these biblical reports provide evidence of women leaders active in the earliest work of spreading the Christian message, while others reject that understanding.

3966:, a Jewish missionary from Rome, who may have helped found the Christian community at Corinth. She traveled as a missionary with her husband and St Paul, and tutored the Jewish intellectual 5055:"At the heart of mature femininity is a freeing disposition to affirm, receive and nurture strength and leadership from worthy men in ways appropriate to a woman's differing relationships." 4464: 4237:

Other than the institution of the convent, monarchy was the major European institution allowing women an alternative to marriage and child rearing. Female monarchs of this period include:

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have varied since its founding. Women have played important roles in Christianity especially in marriage and in formal ministry positions within certain Christian denominations, and

2853:

Many leadership roles in the organised church have been prohibited to women, but the majority of churches now hold an egalitarian view regarding women's roles in the church. In the

3104:

From the beginning, Jewish women disciples, including Mary Magdalene, Joanna, and Susanna, had accompanied Jesus during his ministry and supported him out of their private means.

3589:

Authors Marsh and Moyise also understand this teaching of Jesus to forbid any hierarchy in all Christian relationships, even when there is no connotation of abuse of authority.

8266: 3631:

According to the New Testament, Christ saved a woman accused of adultery from an angry mob seeking to punish her, by saying: "He that is without sin among you, let him first

2845:. In 2016, it was estimated that 52–53 percent of the world's Christian population aged 20 years and over was female, with this figure falling to 51.6 percent in 2020. The 5052:"At the heart of mature masculinity is a sense of benevolent responsibility to lead, provide for and protect women in ways appropriate to a man's differing relationships. 8354: 7560:"Vatican: cinq bienheureux, dont une Française et un Belge, canonisés ce dimanche - Actualités : Toute l'actualité et l'info en France et dans le Monde-MSN&M6" 5117:

who take a more literal view of biblical interpretation. They disagree with Christian Egalitarians on theological positions related to gender, such as in holding that:

4586: 4804:

Christian Feminists take an actively feminist position from a Christian perspective. Recent generations have experienced the rise of what has been labeled by some as "

3543:

never taught nor approved of any kind of subordination of one of his followers over another. Instead, he expressly forbade it in any Christian relationship. All three

3006:

societies placed men in positions of authority in marriage, society and government. The New Testament only records males being named among the 12 original apostles of

8405: 8379: 4909:

Jesus' radical "new Covenant" view was correctly articulated by the Apostle Paul when he wrote that "...there is no male nor female, for you are all one in Christ."

3282:

which teaches submission of wives to husbands, are typically understood by egalitarians as a temporary accommodation to a harsh 1st century culture where Roman law

6820: 4381:) adopted the Lutheran faith. Many of these convents in eastern Europe were closed by communist authorities after the Second World War. They are sometimes called 8770: 4298:

swept through Europe during the 16th century. The excommunication of Protestants by leaders of the Roman Catholic Church ended centuries of unity among Western

3586:

interpret as establishing "Husband-Headship" requiring "Wife-Submission", or denying women opportunities to serve in any leadership position within the Church.

7102:"ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second - Christian Classics Ethereal Library" 783: 36: 5131:

Both Old and New Testaments set a pattern of male leadership; for instance the priestly and kingly offices of the Old Testament were restricted to males; the

4547:

country's Golden Age". In seventeenth-century Massachusetts, Anne Hutchison, a successful preacher and teacher was exiled because she usurped male authority.

3796:, because Claudius had ordered all the Jews to leave Rome. Paul went to see them, and because he was a tentmaker as they were, he stayed and worked with them. 8756: 7584: 4551: 3292:

which included wife, children, slaves, and adult dependents. That power give the father/husband the right to kill his wife under a variety of circumstances.

7525: 7203: 3642: 5218:

In Complementarian literature, the term "Christian feminism" is sometimes incorrectly used synonymously with "egalitarianism". For examples, see books by

7471: 4730:

in 2003, just six years after her death. Many Christian women and religious have been prominent advocates in social policy debates—as with American nun

2962:

has been recognised across the centuries. There were efforts by the apostles Paul and Peter to encourage brand new first-century Christians to obey the

5257: 4685:

the public stage, the campaigners who embraced the feminist cause most wholeheartedly nearly always made a break from Church and Biblical Christianity.

2128: 228: 8808: 7559: 4205:—who managed to disguise her gender until giving birth during a procession in Rome. Blainey cites the ever-growing veneration of the Virgin Mary and 7246: 4846: 699: 4812:

end of the spectrum within Christianity. In contrast to the more socially conservative Christian egalitarians, Christian feminists tend to support

4519:, King Henry VIII's dissolution of the religious houses swept away the convents which had been a feature of Christianity in England for centuries. 2917:

churches were pioneers in this matter, and have embraced allowing women to preach since their founding. Other Protestant denominations such as the

8083: 2670: 3100:

The New Testament gospels, written toward the last quarter of the first century CE, acknowledge that women were among Jesus earliest followers:

8511: 7975: 7363: 4966:

point out that in the Bible the only God-ordained restrictions on the genders is that "only the male can beget, and only the female can bear".

2824: 3877:), who had been imprisoned for their labor. Most theologians and Bible translators understand the name to be that of a woman, suggesting that 5020:, a doctor of philosophy, says that Egalitarians point out, "Few Christians take all biblical mandates literally." Basinger goes on to cite 4825: 4261:, who reigned as monarch of Poland and, within the Catholic Church, is honored as the patron saint of queens and of a "united Europe". Saint 4046: 2948:

held women in high regard and worthy of prominent positions in the church, though they were careful not to encourage anyone to disregard the

1595: 209: 201: 7516:

Canadian Woman Studies: an introductory reader, Ed. Medovarsky, A & Cranney, B., p. 1 Toronto, Canada: Inanna publications and education

5396: 4760:

views become formalized. In addition to non-Christian perspectives, four of the primary views inside Christianity on the role of women are

4515:(1662–1714) in his commentary, entertains allowing "praying, and uttering hymns inspired" by women, as such "were not teaching". Within the 4210:

celebrated in earnest from the 8th century on and composite portraits of her were built up from Gospel references to other women Jesus met.

3117:

When Jesus was arrested, women remained firm, even when his male disciples fled into hiding. Women accompanied him to the foot of the cross.

5449: 5289: 3840:, my fellow workers in Christ Jesus. They risked their lives for me. Not only I, but all the churches of the Gentiles are grateful to them. 278: 8267:"Chapter 1: A Biblical Vision of Manhood and Womanhood as Created by God | CBMW | The Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood" 4186:

took up a sword and achieved military victories for France, before being captured and tried as a "witch and heretic", after which she was

7331: 5048:, leading Complementarian theologians outlined what they consider to be biblically sanctioned definitions of masculinity and femininity: 3361:, who was the "Son" of God, and incarnated as a male human being. A related position is that while both male and female were made in the 3114:

Jesus was a frequent visitor at the home of Mary and Martha, and was in the habit of teaching and eating meals with women as well as men.

1630: 195: 3163:. Egalitarians typically argue that the dispute has arisen because of differences in interpretation of specific passages. Nevertheless, 8608:

on the question of the Admission of Women to the Ministerial Priesthood". Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, October 15, 1976.

7715: 4690: 4334:. The religion of an heir or monarch's spouse complicated intermarriage between royal houses through coming centuries. Consorts of the 3749:

There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female, for you are all one in Jesus Christ.

996: 834: 2925:, a Protestant monastic denomination that originated from the Quakers, were also distinctly egalitarian in their original leadership. 8710:

When Women were Priests: Women's Leadership in the Early Church & The Scandal of their Subordination in the Rise of Christianity.

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But I would have you know, that the head of every man is Christ; and the head of the woman is the man; and the head of Christ is God.

5069: 4714: 4627: 4319: 3904:

There are also Bible verses from Paul's letters which support the idea that women are to have a different or submissive role to men:

2936:

who is highly revered throughout Christianity, particularly in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, where she is considered the "

2854: 318: 8638:

The voice of Catholic theologians who believe that neither Scripture nor Tradition excludes the ordination of women can be heard on

7361:

The homilies: Of S. John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople, on the first epistle of St. Paul the apostle to the Corinthians (

4508:

But setting aside that extraordinary case of a special afflatus, it was, doubtless, unlawful for a woman to speak in the church.

3408:

argued in a book about gender roles that the subordination of women to men is theologically analogous to the subordination of the

3093:

Mary Magdalene was a prominent disciple and significant leader in the early Christian movement. Her designation as the very first

1168: 5839: 987: 7178: 3216:

However, some Christians disagree with the idea that women should not have leadership positions, popular female preachers like

2780: 2727: 2121: 2055: 1091: 844: 8732:, book published in January 2018 of the collective wisdom and journeys to marketplace leadership of 10 Christian Women Leaders 7694: 4023:

In early centuries, the Eastern church allowed women to participate to a limited extent in ecclesiastical office by ordaining

8431: 8358: 7934: 7843: 7046: 6762: 6568: 6216: 3656: 3632: 1248: 807: 692: 6054: 3074:

The belief that Mary Magdalene was an adulteress and a repentant prostitute can be traced back to an Easter homily given by

2702: 1280: 8496: 8409: 8383: 4735: 4278: 2665: 1347: 243: 188: 4362:

a full-time religious role for Protestant women, as well as one which had provided some women a life in academic study.

3365:, the woman shares in the divine image through the man. This is because she was created out of him, and is his "glory". 8570:

Fontaine, Carole R. (1996), "Disabilities and Illness in the Bible: A Feminist Perspective", in Athalya Brenner (ed.),

7293: 6554: 6436: 4954: 4582:. Christian women played a role in the development and running of the modern world's education and health care systems. 4563: 4322:. Rivalry between Catholic and Protestant heirs ensued. Protestantism was consolidated in England by Henry's daughter, 2817: 79: 3429:

counters this by asserting that mutual submission to the Trinity cannot be supported by scripture and church history.

3266:, God prophesied to Eve that one result of sin entering the human race would be that her husband would rule over her. 8127: 8107: 6538: 6107: 5682: 4045:

Women commemorated as saints from the early centuries of Christianity include several martyrs who suffered under the

3535: 3357:

Complementarians traditionally hold that Christian ministers should be men. This is because of the need to represent

2114: 2050: 8813: 8627: 8474: 8320: 6423: 5273: 4877: 4327: 3319:), the instruction, appearing five times in the New Testament, to greet one another with a holy kiss—among others. 3208:

She also notes a sentiment in 1 Corinthians, which exemplifies the pattern of Christianity of all varieties, where

2737: 797: 747: 685: 299: 205: 4663:, indicating a re-appraisal of the role of women within the life of that Church: the 16th-century Spanish mystic, 4190:. A papal inquiry later declared the trial illegal. A hero to the French, sympathy grew for Joan even in England. 8803: 5124:

Female exclusion from leadership over men is also justified due to her deception by the devil, which resulted in

4162:, played roles in the development of theological ideas and discussion within the church, and were later declared 3404:

has become a major focus of contemporary gender debate, specifically in relation to 1 Corinthians 11:3. In 1977,

2472: 1600: 1520: 1342: 1137: 22: 8773:

of John Paul II (1994) to the Bishops of the Roman Catholic Church on Reserving Priestly Ordination to men alone

7023: 4884:

and equal roles in marriage, and are more conservative both theologically and morally than Christian feminists.

4477: 3638: 5370: 4530:

In Europe, Portugal and Spain remained Catholic and were on the cusp of building global empires. As sponsor of

4426:. She published a series of pedagogical writings for elementary-age teaching and also wrote poetry. Calvinist 2675: 2620: 1057: 893: 233: 8290: 7475: 6701: 6276: 6171: 6137: 3962:

wrote that the early Christian texts refer to various women activists in the early church. One such woman was

8561:

Fiddes, Paul S. (1990), "'The status of women in the thought of Karl Barth'", in Janet Martin Soskice (ed.),

6167: 6163: 5513: 4702: 4524: 4390: 4342:. The throne was reserved for males, thus there was never a Holy Roman Empress regnant, though women such as 3843: 3094: 3035:, as well as 1 Timothy 3:1–7 or Ephesians 4:11–16, as evidence to the contrary. The early church developed a 2949: 2810: 2381: 2335: 2303: 1800: 1367: 7563: 6363: 5025: 5021: 4689:

While Catholicism and Orthodoxy adhered to traditional gender restrictions on ordination to the priesthood,

4174:, celebrating the body of Christ in the Eucharist, which became a major feast throughout the Church. In the 3187:

we believe the Bible is the Word of God or that we believe it is without error, but the issue is whether we

8305: 7949: 7882: 6981: 6947: 6230: 5723: 5574: 5319: 4302:. The religion of an heir to the throne became an intensely important political issue. The refusal of Pope 3866: 3774: 3142:"But women will be saved through childbearing—if they continue in faith, love and holiness with propriety." 2035: 1270: 1188: 1163: 1096: 109: 7758: 7256: 5734:

Biblical Archaeology Society Staff, "Was Mary Magdalene Wife of Jesus? Was Mary Magdalene a Prostitute?",

5596: 5585: 4726:

in 1979 for her work in "bringing help to suffering humanity". Much admired by Pope John Paul II, she was

4245:(1046–1115), remembered for her military accomplishments and for being the principal Italian supporter of 3802:: Paul stayed on in Corinth for some time. Then he left the brothers and sailed for Syria, accompanied by 8241: 7858: 6992: 6934: 6069: 5704: 5693: 4929: 4828:, a major international Christian feminist organization, values "inclusive images and language for God". 4709:

became the first woman in the world to be ordained a bishop of the Anglican Church in 1990 (although the

4672: 4422: 3616: 3021:

and that it contains no specifications for such ordination or distinction. Others cite uses of the terms

2906: 2610: 2313: 1265: 903: 69: 6510: 5761: 5651: 5014:

A limited notion of gender complementarity is held and is known as "complementarity without hierarchy".

4630:

were founded around the world and established extensive networks of hospitals and schools. The Anglican

4404:

and other nuns, Ursula (in 1528) published 69 articles justifying their reasons to leave their convent.

3853: 3183:

authority of Scripture to govern our lives is at stake in this controversy. The issue is not whether we

2901:

denominations are beginning to relax their longstanding constraints on ordaining women to be ministers (

8081: 6407: 5914: 5662: 5640: 5629: 5618: 5299: 4624: 3943: 3732: 3613:

Christianity, Mary Magdelene was the only follower of Jesus who legitimately understood his teachings.

3495: 2941: 2886: 2060: 1650: 94: 84: 8342: 8309: 8044: 7869: 6589: 6175: 6126: 6080: 6032: 4933: 4382: 3133:

notes the earliest Christian theological basis for forming a position on the roles of women is in the

8631: 8185: 6656: 6634: 6514: 6148: 5538: 5294: 5279: 4917:

There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.

3833: 3167:

and other complementarians have accused egalitarians of adopting positions which deny the authority,

3052: 2707: 2660: 2650: 2505: 2345: 2308: 1438: 768: 666: 386: 8670:

Coon, Lynda. "God's Holy Harlots: The Redemptive Lives of Pelagia of Antioch and Mary of Egypt". In

8301: 8286: 8151: 8033: 8022: 8011: 7973: 7003: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6611: 6159: 5977: 5963: 5757: 5607: 5088:

Emergence of roles for men and women in church leadership seen as nonconforming to Biblical teaching

5085:

Cultural uncertainty and confusion over complementary differences between masculinity and femininity

4485: 3479:

in the first century AD. It therefore inherited the depictions of women already existing within the

8541: 8174: 8139: 6923: 6777: 6732: 6721: 5939: 5925: 4992: 4963: 4938: 4859: 4765: 4710: 4520: 4397: 4347: 4241:, who around AD 950, became the first Russian ruler to convert to Christianity; Italian noblewoman 4086: 3995: 3974:, from Caesarea, Palestine, who were said to be prophets and to have hosted St Paul in their home. 3920: 3874: 3785: 2842: 2775: 2722: 1890: 1584: 913: 878: 631: 451: 401: 290: 137: 99: 8163: 6645: 6518: 5903: 5746: 4555: 4462:(1510–1572) also denied women the right to rule in the civic sphere, as he asserted in his famous 3830:

heard him, they took him aside and explained to him the way of God more adequately (ἀκριβέστερον).

3819: 3809: 3799: 2161: 596: 8451: 7079: 6802: 6667: 6560: 6198: 5404: 5329: 5187: 4744: 4648: 4250: 4171: 4121: 4110: 4094: 3947: 3738: 2785: 2742: 2517: 2366: 726: 621: 531: 491: 248: 160: 8702:

Stagg, Evelyn and Frank. Woman in the World of Jesus. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1978.

7824:, L.A. Starr, Charles H. Pridgeon, Phoebe Palmer, A. J. Gordon, Frances Willard, and many others 6702:"Paul's Mission And Letters | From Jesus To Christ - The First Christians | FRONTLINE" 4030: 7800: 4668: 4473: 4386: 3651:, 1618. Unusually for his epoch, Jesus is said to have provided religious instruction to women. 3111:

A Jewish woman honored him with the extraordinary hospitality of washing his feet with perfume.

3097:

of Jesus has helped promote contemporary awareness of the leadership of women in Christianity.

3075: 3011: 2933: 2655: 2467: 2350: 1243: 928: 918: 854: 416: 8532:

Bechtel, Lyn M. (1996), "A Symbolic Level of Meaning: John 2.1-11 (The Marriage in Cana)", in

7339: 6114:

principles, applicable to that culture, but the biblical principles about homosexuality to be

4664: 8590: 8331: 7673: 7251: 5804: 5304: 4660: 4615: 4401: 4163: 4146: 4078: 4066: 3971: 3253: 3036: 2959: 2605: 2411: 2396: 2320: 2209: 2174: 2145: 2080: 2025: 1955: 1935: 1920: 1790: 1312: 1275: 1047: 883: 516: 391: 104: 7723: 4149:, other influential roles became available to women. From the 5th century onward, Christian 6461: 5309: 5158:

But I permit not a woman to teach, nor to have dominion over a man, but to be in quietness.

5135:

of Jesus were all male; and Paul's instructions regarding church eldership in the epistles

4809: 4631: 4579: 4531: 4262: 3963: 3770: 3405: 3394: 3087: 3017:

Some Christians believe clerical ordination and the conception of priesthood post-date the

2431: 2204: 1965: 1960: 1905: 1855: 1840: 1725: 1615: 1565: 1445: 1006: 967: 802: 792: 778: 501: 7437: 7416: 7279: 6600: 4396:

However, other convents voluntarily folded during the Reformation. For example, following

8: 8678: 8620: 6902: 6870: 5172: 4881: 4773: 4574: 4566:, were stripped of their children so they could be raised in Catholic in an institution. 4315: 4311: 4266: 4187: 4038: 3894: 2894: 2846: 2798: 2793: 2757: 2512: 2484: 2426: 2371: 2293: 2070: 2000: 1930: 1805: 1780: 1760: 1740: 1620: 1495: 1485: 1362: 1193: 1115: 1108: 1103: 1018: 923: 908: 868: 829: 651: 576: 330: 165: 89: 4876:

was prepared in 1989 by several evangelical leaders to become the official statement of

4167: 3258:

The egalitarian and complementarian positions differ significantly in their approach to

8699:

edited by Ross Sheppard Kraemer and Mary Rose D'Angelo. Oxford: University Press, 1999.

7821: 7737: 6906: 6898: 5349: 5314: 5262: 5182: 5114: 5038: 4996: 4969: 4805: 4799: 4769: 4761: 4431: 4410: 4339: 4335: 4242: 4155: 3583: 3324: 3295: 3270: 3172: 3083: 2537: 2530: 2421: 2416: 2401: 2286: 2214: 2085: 1980: 1940: 1810: 1705: 1670: 1480: 1470: 1395: 1337: 1322: 1173: 1153: 1130: 982: 962: 741: 591: 586: 466: 411: 366: 308: 268: 142: 114: 64: 8788: 7624: 7602: 7101: 5837: 3648: 3302:

The Christian egalitarian hermeneutic has received a highly systematic treatment from

8123: 8103: 8100:

Men and Women, Equal Yet Different: A Brief Study of the Biblical Passages on Gender.

7930: 7839: 7368: 7182: 7042: 6910: 6890: 6758: 6564: 6534: 6212: 6103: 5678: 5334: 5324: 5284: 5064: 4723: 4636: 4516: 4453: 4417: 4355: 4287: 4258: 4254: 4230: 3484: 3078:

in 591, when the pope conflated Mary Magdalene, who was introduced in Luke 8:2, with

2995: 2987: 2945: 2858: 2762: 2732: 2712: 2645: 2595: 2523: 2340: 2199: 2189: 2005: 1975: 1900: 1880: 1865: 1820: 1785: 1750: 1685: 1625: 1560: 1540: 1535: 1405: 1390: 1317: 1307: 1295: 1205: 1198: 1178: 1062: 977: 933: 863: 773: 606: 581: 521: 481: 175: 5819:

Basinger, David (1988). "Gender roles, Scripture, and science: some clarification".

4430:

was a translator and poet who published the first English sonnet sequence. In 1590,

2932:

as persons of exceptional holiness venerate many women as saints. Most prominent is

7659: 6882: 6788:

Wallace, Daniel B. "Junia Among the Apostles: The Double Identification Problem in

5344: 5268: 5140: 4698: 4644: 4620: 4559: 4535: 4351: 4303: 4246: 4198: 4191: 4070: 4058: 4034: 3990:

minister were reserved for men throughout most of the church in the East and West.

3959: 3888: 3869:(formerly translated as Junias in a few Bibles) as "prominent among the apostles" ( 3766:

of the church at Cenchreae, for she had been the patron of many, including himself.

3699: 3624: 3596:

of the Bible refers to a number of women in Jesus' inner circle—notably his Mother

3544: 3332: 3209: 2747: 2640: 2391: 2263: 2194: 2090: 2075: 2065: 2045: 2015: 1950: 1925: 1850: 1830: 1825: 1770: 1690: 1655: 1640: 1605: 1590: 1570: 1515: 1500: 1490: 1475: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1400: 1377: 1220: 1215: 1001: 972: 949: 812: 661: 441: 436: 3655:

The Gospel of John provides an account of Jesus directly dealing with an issue of

3067:

have been among the women identified as key to the establishment of Christianity.

8695:

MacDonald, Margaret. "Reading Real Women through Undisputed Letters of Paul". In

8643: 8533: 8087: 7979: 7924: 7801:"Enough Rope with Andrew Denton - episode 148: Sister Helen Prejean (17/09/2007)" 7645: 6678:

Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Penguin Viking; 2011; pp 19-20

6100:

Slaves, Women & Homosexuals: Exploring the Hermeneutics of Cultural Analysis.

6058: 6051: 5843: 5244: 5239: 5132: 5125: 4903: 4374: 4307: 4179: 4159: 3737:

In his writings, the Apostle Paul included various commentaries on women. In his

3704: 3491: 3336: 3303: 3283: 3225: 3134: 3079: 3060: 2965: 2585: 2494: 2040: 2030: 2020: 1995: 1985: 1915: 1895: 1875: 1815: 1755: 1735: 1720: 1675: 1665: 1645: 1580: 1530: 1525: 1510: 1465: 1410: 1225: 898: 656: 566: 526: 456: 376: 8683: 6961: 6000:

Beyond Sex Roles: What the Bible Says about a Woman's Place in Church and Family

8764: 8665:

The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity

6550: 6044: 5339: 5017: 4974:

Beyond Sex Roles—What the Bible Says About a Woman's Place in Church and Family

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greet you warmly in the Lord, and so does the church that meets at their house.

3759: 3606: 3601: 3511: 3465: 3451: 3413: 3168: 3130: 3056: 2914: 2631: 2590: 2570: 2441: 2406: 2258: 2179: 2095: 2010: 1990: 1970: 1945: 1910: 1870: 1845: 1835: 1775: 1745: 1730: 1700: 1695: 1680: 1660: 1610: 1555: 1550: 1505: 1427: 1260: 1210: 1120: 1069: 1013: 611: 536: 511: 59: 8509:

Grudem, Wayne A. "Should We Move Beyond the New Testament to a Better Ethic?"

6886: 6789: 6395:

Jesus and the Father: Modern Evangelicals Reinvent the Doctrine of the Trinity

5094:

Nontraditional reinterpretation of apparently plain meanings of Biblical texts

4213: 8797: 8461:

Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood: A Response to Evangelical Feminism

7537: 7496: 7224: 7131: 6894: 6844: 6328: 6208:

Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood: A Response to Evangelical Feminism

5487: 5148: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4607: 4595: 4591: 4512: 4501: 4405: 4366: 4054: 4050: 3882: 3593: 3579: 3526:

setting a values-standard regarding attitudes toward and treatment of women.

3307: 3274: 3241: 3229: 3068: 3018: 2999: 2991: 2544: 2451: 2248: 2243: 2100: 1885: 1860: 1795: 1765: 1715: 1710: 1635: 1575: 1545: 1420: 1255: 1125: 1086: 1074: 1052: 1034: 849: 641: 541: 506: 431: 381: 8055:

Scholer, David M. "Galatians 3:28 and the Ministry of Women in the Church,"

6556:

Peter, Paul and Mary Magdelene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend

4290:

was a key figure in the consolidation of Protestant Christianity in England.

3086:

in Luke 7:36–50. The historical error became the generally accepted view in

8760: 8455: 7083: 6260: 6202: 5886: 5866: 5219: 5191: 5178: 4984: 4959: 4539: 4354:, the ill-fated Queen of France. With her husband she founded the Catholic 4238: 4218: 4082: 3742: 3575: 3540: 3507: 3499: 3498:

created man and woman at the same time, the second story of creation names

3480: 3469: 3461: 3426: 3362: 3358: 3259: 3164: 3156: 3007: 2902: 2500: 2273: 2153: 1385: 873: 496: 476: 446: 339: 238: 170: 5228: 4326:, who influenced the development of Anglicanism through cultivation of an 4318:

of the church in England. His female Protestant successors have served as

4257:(1174–1243), who supported the poor and the church in Eastern Europe; and 8547: 8196:

Nicole, Roger. "Biblical Egalitarianism and the Inerrancy of Scripture."

6390: 6242: 5091:

Increasing attention given what they termed to be feminist egalitarianism

4813: 4652: 4497: 4493: 4450: 4441: 4358:

who remained central players in European politics into the 20th century.

4323: 4299: 4295: 4225: 4183: 4134: 3597: 3456: 3439: 3417: 3409: 3380: 3263: 3221: 3217: 3197:

Wayne Grudem (emphases original), Evangelical Feminism and Biblical Truth

2910: 2898: 2615: 2575: 2560: 2446: 2386: 2330: 1332: 1302: 1079: 601: 426: 54: 3716:, is a consistent protest against whatever offends the dignity of women. 8072:

Association for Religious and Intellectual Life. Winter 2000-2001, 50:4

7061:

Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Penguin Viking; 2011

5211: 4817: 4790:

by the Book of Exodus for a man to sell his daughter as a maidservant.

4647:(1858–1955) worked for Native and African Americans; Polish mystic St. 4640: 4427: 4175: 4041:, whose conversion to Christianity changed the course of world history. 4007: 3987: 3983: 3610: 3278:

equality of gender roles, as succinctly articulated in Galatians 3:28.

3003: 2866: 2555: 1415: 1357: 1352: 421: 8705:

Stagg, Frank. New Testament Theology. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1962.

8068:

Eisenbaum, Pamela. "Is Paul the Father of Misogyny and Antisemitism?"

7204:"Mulieris Dignitatem, John Paul II, 15 August 1988 - Apostolic Letter" 7014:

Stagg, Frank. New Testament Theology. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1962.

6462:"Chapter 5: Bone of my Bones and Flesh of my Flesh - A Bride Prepared" 5950:

Walther, Emily, and George H. Walther. "Celebrating Our Partnership."

5518:

Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church

5121:

Man was created with "headship" over the woman by being created first.

4598:

with the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony, 1985

3721:

John Paul II, "Thoughts on Women─Address to Italian Maids," April 1979

3335:) was an expression of the creation ideal, as was Jesus' selection of 3159:

involved in the gender debate claim to adhere to the authority of the

8209: 6800: 5426: 5136: 5082:

Claims of legitimacy for illicit sexual relationships and pornography

4988: 4656: 4459: 4400:'s choice to defy her Catholic husband and smuggle Lutheran books to 4378: 4343: 4202: 4102: 4024: 3792:, a native of Pontus, who had recently come from Italy with his wife 3763: 3668: 3352: 3028: 3023: 2937: 2882: 2717: 2580: 2550: 486: 74: 8615:(On Ordination to the Priesthood)". Pope John Paul II, May 22, 1994. 8553:'Woman's head is man': a doctrinal reflection upon a Pauline text." 6377:

The New Testament teaching on the role relationship of men and women

5722:

King, Karen L. "Women In Ancient Christianity: The New Discoveries".

4389:(1697–1768) who wrote the hymn that was translated into English as " 7472:"1 Corinthians - Chapter 14 - Matthew Henry Complete Commentary on" 6043:

Doug Heidebrecht. "Distinction and Function in the Church: Reading

4821: 4130: 4129:

being armed. Catholic Europe developed the refined warrior code of

4062: 3672: 3422: 2874: 2565: 2436: 817: 8776: 8660:, updated edition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. 7991: 7695:"Teresa Benedict of the Cross Edith Stein (1891-1942) - biography" 6821:"Junia, a Female Apostle: An Examination of the Historical Record" 5202:

Although much of the contemporary literature settles on the terms

4651:(1905–1938) wrote her influential spiritual diary; and German nun 4283: 3551:

subordination of one to another, both abusive and customary, is a

were later re-established within the Anglican tradition however.

4469: 4465:

First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regimen of Women

4446: 4150: 3967: 3823: 3676: 3476: 3401: 3339:

and New Testament restrictions on church leadership to men only.

3316: 3233: 3040: 2922: 2918: 2870: 2862: 2600: 2325: 2298: 1372: 1327: 8651:

References on the history of women in the early Christian Church

8582:

The Serpent's Gift: Gnostic Reflections on the Study of Religion

8212:

Discovering Biblical Equality: Complementarity without Hierarchy

7953: 7888: 7738:"Dr Penny Jamieson | NZHistory, New Zealand history online" 7585:"Mary MacKillop to become Australia's first saint on October 17" 5231:

Discovering Biblical Equality: Complementarity without Hierarchy

3816:. He himself went into the synagogue and reasoned with the Jews. 8744:

The Virgin and the Bride: Idealized Womanhood in Late Antiquity

8624:(On the Dignity of Women)". Pope John Paul II, August 15, 1988. 8242:"The Danvers Statement on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood. 1987" 7367:). Volume 2. Pub: F. and J. Rivington (1845) Web: 17 Jan 2010. 4786: 4602: 4420:

became the first woman ever to have her writings listed on the

4370: 4126: 4098: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3683: 3664: 3237: 3064: 3030: 2921:

have also embraced female preachers since their inception; the

2890: 2752: 2253: 888: 8691:(1 ed.). London: Religious Tract Society. pp. 89–98. 8245: 7121:

Origen, Fragmenta ex commentariis in epistulam i ad Corinthios

5243:

of the historical hierarchical view." Complementarian scholar

4097:, the priesthood and the ministries dependent upon it such as 8672:

Sacred Fictions: Holy Women and Hagiography in Late Antiquity

8572:

A Feminist Companion to the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament

8538:

A Feminist Companion to the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament

7662:

and Mariana Valverde, eds (University of Toronto Press, 1991)

7417:"John Wesley's Bible Notes and Commentary - 1 Corinthians 14" 6333:

Women in the Church: A Biblical Theology of Women in Ministry

6110:. Webb understands biblical issues of slaves and women to be 4178:

movement of the thirteenth century, religious women like St.

3660: 3552: 3523: 3328: 3160: 2929: 2268: 2230: 822: 760: 8682: 3228:

have had leadership roles in Church. It is mentioned in the

8763:(1988), on the dignity and vocation of women (statement of 7078:

William Weinrich, "Women in the History of the Church", in

4976:, argues that the New Testament contains evidence of women 4106: 3870: 3846:: The churches in the province of Asia send you greetings. 2878: 7780:"Beatification Mother Teresa of Calcutta, 19 October 2003" 6310:

Good News For Women: A Biblical picture of gender equality

5870: 3745:

emphasized that Christianity is a faith open to everyone:

3432: 8574:(1st ed.), Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press 3244:, Philip was said to have four daughters who prophesied. 2909:, are tightening their constraints in reaction. Most all 7526:

Wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sisters of Mercy

5391: 5389: 5151:

which they believe support male headship include these:

4113:(441) forbade the ordination of women to the diaconate. 3758:

He commends with great affection to the Roman community

3323:

leadership seen throughout the Old Testament (i.e., the

2958:. The significance of women as the first to witness the 8674:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997. 8224:

Koessler, John. "Wounds of a Friend: Complementarian."

6263:(February 1991), "Let's stop making women presbyters", 3446: 8497:"The Basics of Biblical Equality: Belief and Practice" 6197: 4693:

has in recent decades become increasingly common. The

785:

Gender representation on corporate boards of directors

8726:

Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

7332:"Calvin, John. "A Sermon of M. Iohn Caluine upon the 6307: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5386: 5100:

Upsurge of physical and emotional abuse in the family

4233:

is the patron saint of queens in the Catholic Church.

8782: 8210:

Ronald W. Pierce; Rebecca Merrill Groothuis (eds.),

7992:"Home | Christians for Biblical Equality (CBE)" 6948:"Women in Ancient Christianity: The New Discoveries" 3891:, Mary and Persis are commended for their hard work. 3682:

Another Gospel story concerns Jesus at the house of

3517: 7884:

About the Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus

7538:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Little Sisters of the Poor" 7438:"Adam Clarke's Bible Commentary - 1 Corinthians 14" 7384:(2nd ed.), Downer's Grove, IVP, pp. 36–52 6344: 6342: 6323: 6321: 6319: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5565:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic. 2009. p.337. 5065:

Danvers Statement on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood

4980:, prophets, teachers, deacons, and administrators. 4221:

was the first Rus ruler to convert to Christianity.

3150: 2877:males serve in senior leadership positions such as 2861:

churches, only men may serve as priests or elders (

7907: 7247:"The Impact of the Reformaton on Women in Germany" 5766: 5258:African and African-American women in Christianity 4534:' 1492 mission to cross the Atlantic, the Spanish 229:African and African-American women in Christianity 5128:, for which Adam is also, or primarily, culpable. 5068:was prepared by several evangelical leaders at a 4713:have for centuries inherited the position of the 3928:in v.16 binding upon Christian conscience today?" 8795: 8746:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996. 8059:Pasadena: Fuller Theological Seminary, June 1998 7282:. Journal of Religion, Culture, and Public Life. 6757:(revised ed.). HarperCollins. p. 882. 6533:Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006. 6374: 6339: 6316: 6303: 6301: 6299: 5982: 5794:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. n.p. 5229:Rebecca Merrill Groothuis and Ronald W. Pierce, 3714:way of acting, the Gospel of his words and deeds 3659:. The passage describes a confrontation between 3082:(Luke 10:39) and the unnamed "sinful woman" who 2952:, also known as New Testament Domestic Codes or 1008:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics 8717:Paul and the Gentile Women: Reframing Galatians 8495:Groothuis, Rebecca Merrill (November 1, 2009). 7379: 5891:Evangelical feminism: a new path to liberalism? 5425:Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J., eds. (2020). 4742:and was the inspiration for the Hollywood film 3826:) began to speak boldly in the synagogue. When 3771:Priscilla, whose formal Latin name was (Prisca) 2928:Christian traditions that officially recognise 2671:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 8512:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 8406:"Men and Women and the Creation Order, Part 1" 7922: 7364:Library of Fathers of the holy Catholic church 7057: 7055: 6549: 5997: 3346: 2905:), though some large groups, most notably the 8739:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 8712:New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 1995. 7901: 7033: 7031: 6327: 6296: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5488:"Southern Baptist Convention > SBC Search" 5450:"The Gender Gap in Religion Around the World" 5004:women articulated from Genesis to Revelation. 4269:letter on the dignity and vocation of women. 4047:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 2818: 2122: 693: 8667:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. 7836:Oh, Your God! The Evil Idea That Is Religion 7833: 7759:"Press Release - The Nobel Peace Prize 1979" 7077: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 6694: 6259: 5865: 5290:List of Christian women of the patristic age 4895:Both women and men were created equal by God 4738:, who is a prominent campaigner against the 4542:conferred on them the title "Catholic". The 4006:as examples of manly feats and perfection. 3897:are called his fellow-workers in the gospel. 3010:. Yet, women were the first to discover the 2953: 8656:Brock, Sebastian and Harvey, Susan, trans. 8236: 8234: 7912:, Baylor University Press 2004, p. 237 7052: 6752: 6389: 6241: 5433:. Leiden, Boston: BRILL, Boston University. 5424: 5166: 5079:Ambivalence about motherhood and homemaking 4504:(1624–1679) concurred with Wesley, adding, 4316:Henry establish himself as supreme governor 3812:: They arrived at Ephesus, where Paul left 3287: 2971: 2963: 8565:(1st ed.), London: Marshall Pickering 8429: 8403: 7179:"Talisman World Coins and Medals Messages" 7028: 6485:The Bible, Book of Ruth and Book of Esther 6437:"Is genesis discriminatory towards women?" 6348: 6015:Beyond the Curse: Women Called to Ministry 5848: 5464:"Religion Information Data Explorer | GRF" 4705:(worldwide leader) in 1934. New Zealander 4691:Ordination of women in Protestant churches 4391:Be still, my soul, the Lord is on thy side 3937: 3671:over whether a woman, caught in an act of 3560:"You know that the rulers of the Gentiles 2825: 2811: 2160: 2129: 2115: 700: 686: 8783:Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood 8494: 8408:. Vision Forum Ministries. Archived from 8382:. Vision Forum Ministries. Archived from 8357:. Vision Forum Ministries. Archived from 7094: 7088:Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood 7064: 5831: 5070:Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood 5046:Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood 4826:Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus 4715:Supreme Governor of the Church of England 4628:Sisters of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart 4320:Supreme Governor of the Church of England 4306:to grant an annulment in the marriage of 3726: 3547:record Jesus teaching his disciples that 8785:, principal complementarian organization 8569: 8458:, "An Overview of Central Concerns," in 8231: 8092: 7967: 7132:"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Joan of Arc" 7039:Her story: women in Christian tradition. 6743:Acts 18:18-19, Acts 18:26, Romans 16:3-4 6012: 5973: 5971: 5935: 5933: 5885: 5818: 5789: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5536: 5177:Biblical patriarchy as expressed by the 5143:appear to restrict this position to men. 4601: 4585: 4573: 4282: 4224: 4212: 4120: 4029: 3637: 3615: 3506:Some women were praised in the Books of 3450: 8771:Apostolic Letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis 8531: 8503: 8190: 7603:"Florence Nightingale : Biography" 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6028: 6026: 6024: 5944: 5872:Evangelical Feminism and Biblical Truth 5792:Christianity: A Very Short Introduction 5667: 5032: 4639:was a Sudanese slave girl who became a 3970:. Others include the four daughters of 3621:Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery, 3433:Relationship between ontology and roles 3127:Christianity: A Very Short Introduction 40:"Adam and Eve" by Albrecht Dürer (1504) 8796: 8578: 8560: 7557: 7225:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Maria Theresa" 6287: 6245:(1970). "Priestesses in the Church?". 5480: 5076:A growing threat to Biblical authority 4944:Linda Woodhead claims that the modern 4932:, affirms this view. He believes that 3644:Christ in the House of Martha and Mary 3416:in the Trinity. Australian theologian 3039:which included the institution of the 200:Ordination of women in Protestantism ( 8809:Women's rights in religious movements 8677: 7838:. Pitchstone Publishing. p. 84. 7277: 7008: 6493: 6491: 6052:Direction Journal, Mennonite Brethren 5968: 5930: 5814: 5812: 5709: 5555: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5371:Authorship of the Bible#New Testament 5113:Complementarians tend to be biblical 4793: 4659:. Three Catholic women were declared 4496:(1703–1791) and Methodist theologian 3286:gave fathers enormous power over the 3247: 8789:The Passion of Perpetua and Felicity 8779:, principal egalitarian organization 8757:Apostolic Letter Mulieris Dignitatem 8203: 7474:. Searchgodsword.org. Archived from 7244: 6939: 6809:, Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 2005 6180: 6085: 6021: 6002:, Baker Academic, 2006 (3rd edition) 4779: 4385:. One notable damenstift member was 4164:Doctors of the Roman Catholic Church 4085:was a pious Christian and mother of 3475:Christianity developed as a sect of 3447:Prominent women in the Old Testament 1281:Gender representation in video games 8102:Lewis & Roth Publishers, 1999. 7671: 7497:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Isabella I" 7296:. Medieval Histories. 8 August 2014 7181:. Talismancoins.com. Archived from 7168:; Penguin Viking; 2011; pp 155-159. 6962:"Women's Roles in the Early Church" 6868: 6501:Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker, 1989 6290:New Dictionary of Biblical Theology 5539:"Women in the Pentecostal Movement" 5511: 4853: 4606:Anti-Death Penalty crusader Sister 4279:Women in the Protestant Reformation 4272: 3873:) or "well known to the apostles" ( 2666:Members Church of God International 559:Theologians and authors (by branch) 244:Transgender people and Christianity 189:Ordination of women in Christianity 13: 8430:Einwechter, William (2008-09-23). 8404:Einwechter, William (2009-04-13). 7994:. Cbeinternational.org. 2015-02-13 7622: 6488: 5809: 5437: 5214:terms are frequently encountered. 4736:Sister of Saint Joseph of Medaille 4667:; the 14th-century Italian mystic 4434:published the Lutheran psalm-book 4182:played a significant part. Later, 3881:recognised female apostles in the 3788:: There he (Paul) met a Jew named 3529: 3269:Conservative Christian theologian 3202: 196:Ordination of women in Catholicism 35: 14: 8825: 8750: 8737:Sex, Gender, and Christian Ethics 8642:, an academic website founded by 8540:(1st ed.), Sheffield, U.K.: 7562:. News.fr.msn.com. Archived from 6689:A Very Short History of the World 5369:summarising their teachings. See 4722:of Calcutta, who was awarded the 3860:and the household of Onesiphorus. 3518:Women in the New Testament Church 359:Theologians and authors (by view) 8777:Christians for Biblical Equality 8628:Catechism of the Catholic Church 8488: 8467: 8445: 8432:"The Palin Predicament Resolved" 8423: 8397: 8372: 8347: 8336: 8325: 8314: 8295: 8280: 8259: 8218: 8179: 8168: 8156: 8144: 8132: 8112: 8075: 8062: 8049: 8038: 8027: 8016: 8005: 7984: 7942: 7916: 7874: 7863: 7852: 7827: 7814: 7793: 7772: 7751: 7730: 7708: 7687: 7665: 7651: 7639: 7616: 7595: 7577: 7551: 7530: 7519: 7510: 7489: 7464: 7451: 7430: 7409: 7388: 7373: 7353: 7334:Epistle of Saint Paul, to Titus. 7324: 7312: 7286: 7271: 7238: 7217: 7196: 7171: 7158: 7145: 7124: 7115: 6945: 6424:Christians for Biblical Equality 5274:Christians for Biblical Equality 4878:Christians for Biblical Equality 4874:Men, Women and Biblical Equality 4671:and the 19th-century French nun 4478:1 Corinthians 14:34–35 4365:However, some convents (such as 4328:Elizabethan religious settlement 3977: 3952: 3151:Biblical authority and inerrancy 2792: 798:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 725: 300:Christians for Biblical Equality 8724:Women in the Earliest Churches. 8658:Holy Women of the Syrian Orient 7926:Evangelical feminism: a history 7625:"Remembering Evangelical Women" 7459:Annotations upon the Holy Bible 7166:A Short History of Christianity 7153:A Short History of Christianity 7017: 6997: 6986: 6975: 6954: 6928: 6917: 6871:"Junia: An Apostle before Paul" 6862: 6837: 6813: 6794: 6782: 6771: 6746: 6737: 6726: 6715: 6681: 6672: 6661: 6650: 6639: 6616: 6605: 6594: 6583: 6543: 6523: 6504: 6479: 6454: 6429: 6412: 6401: 6383: 6368: 6357: 6281: 6270: 6253: 6235: 6224: 6153: 6142: 6131: 6120: 6074: 6063: 6037: 6006: 5957: 5919: 5908: 5897: 5879: 5798: 5751: 5740: 5728: 5698: 5687: 5673:Stagg, Evelyn and Frank Stagg. 5656: 5645: 5634: 5623: 5612: 5601: 5590: 5579: 5568: 5427:"All Religions (global totals)" 4751: 4569: 4073:was a Christian and consort of 3564:them, and their high officials 3273:points out that throughout the 3179:I believe that ultimately, the 80:Jesus's interactions with women 8579:Kripal, Jeffrey John. (2007), 8464:(Wheaton: Crossway, 1991), 89. 7910:Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism 7155:; Penguin Viking; 2011; p 152. 6875:Journal of Biblical Literature 6807:Junia: The First Woman Apostle 6755:HarperCollins Bible Dictionary 5954:Autumn 1991 Volume 5, Issue 4. 5530: 5505: 5468:www.globalreligiousfutures.org 5456: 5418: 5362: 5197: 4594:of the United States presents 4116: 4109:, were restricted to men. The 3536:Jesus' interactions with women 3400:The Christian doctrine of the 2676:The New Church (Swedenborgian) 2621:Nondenominational Christianity 234:Christianity and homosexuality 1: 8684:"The Ministry of Women" 8525: 7382:Discovering Biblical Equality 6420:The Bible and Gender Equality 5563:Introducing the New Testament 5276:, an egalitarian organization 4888:Christian egalitarian beliefs 4655:was murdered by the Nazis at 4436:Geistliche Psalmen und Lieder 3986:, the offices of teacher and 3438:contradict this principle of 2950:New Testament household codes 7761:. Nobelprize.org. 1979-10-27 6529:Marsh, Clive, Steve Moyise. 6288:G. L. Bray, "Image of God", 5380: 5320:Women as theological figures 5265:, pioneer Christian feminist 4330:with the publication of the 3777:, Julia, and Nereus' sister. 3522:The New Testament describes 3029: 2681:Unitarians and Universalists 1249:Portrayal in American comics 840:Heads of state or government 110:Women as theological figures 7: 8697:Women and Christian Origins 8630:. Many Christians also see 8519:), 47/2 (June 2004) 299–346 8200:Vol. 20, No. 2. Spring 2006 7605:. Spartacus-Educational.com 7499:. Newadvent.org. 1910-10-01 7396:"Gill, 1 Corinthians 14:34" 7227:. Newadvent.org. 1910-10-01 6418:Rebecca Merrill Groothuis, 6308:Rebecca Merrill Groothuis. 5677:. Westminster Press, 1978. 5675:Woman in the World of Jesus 5251: 5109:Interpretation of Scripture 4955:Woman in the World of Jesus 4930:Fuller Theological Seminary 4423:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 3347:Gender and the image of God 3047: 2907:Southern Baptist Convention 70:Christian views on marriage 10: 8830: 8719:New York: Continuum, 2005. 8244:. Cbmw.org. Archived from 8228:June 2008, Vol. 52, No. 6. 7952:. Eewc.com. Archived from 7440:. Godrules.net. 2006-12-19 7419:. Godrules.net. 2006-12-19 7380:Pierce; Groothuis (2005), 6753:Achtenmeier, P.J. (1996). 6499:Beyond Sex Roles (2nd ed.) 6102:InterVarsity Press, 2001. 5821:Christian Scholar's Review 5300:List of women in the Bible 5170: 5036: 4987:, considered an expert in 4898:Neither man nor woman was 4857: 4797: 4625:Little Sisters of the Poor 4276: 4170:(1193–1252), proposed the 4145:With the establishment of 4014:(AD 185–254) stated that, 3944:Women in the patristic age 3941: 3733:Paul the Apostle and women 3730: 3533: 3385:Priestesses in the Church? 3350: 3251: 279:Evangelical and Ecumenical 95:Paul the Apostle and women 85:List of women in the Bible 8434:. Vision Forum Ministries 8380:"Vision Forum Ministries" 8355:"Vision Forum Ministries" 8057:Theology, News and Notes. 7978:January 13, 2008, at the 7320:Lectures on Genesis 3:11. 7278:Allen, Charlotte (1999). 6964:. Christian-thinktank.com 6903:10.15699/jbl.1391.2020.10 6887:10.15699/jbl.1391.2020.10 5842:October 11, 2008, at the 5295:List of women hymnwriters 5280:Female disciples of Jesus 5210:, a number of other more 4521:Anglican religious orders 4356:Habsburg-Lorraine Dynasty 3556:one's life if necessary: 3053:Mary, the Mother of Jesus 667:Katharine Jefferts Schori 387:Virginia Ramey Mollenkott 8689:The ancient Irish church 8542:Sheffield Academic Press 7908:Randall Herbert Balmer, 7803:. Abc.net.au. 2007-09-17 7206:. Vatican.va. 1988-08-15 6379:, Baker Book House, 1977 5790:Woodhead, Linda (2004). 5397:"Women and Christianity" 5373:for further information. 5355: 5208:Christian Egalitarianism 5167:Biblical patriarchy view 4939:Iliff School of Theology 4860:Christian Egalitarianism 4766:Christian egalitarianism 4476:(1690–1771) comments on 4398:Catherine of Mecklenburg 4348:Maria Theresa of Austria 4338:were given the title of 4194:canonized Joan in 1920. 4087:Saint Augustine of Hippo 4065:. The passion of Saints 3483:(known to Christians as 2843:parachurch organizations 632:Frederica Mathewes-Green 138:Christian egalitarianism 100:Rape in the Hebrew Bible 8814:Gender and Christianity 8722:Witherington, Ben III. 8499:. Cbeinternational.org. 8477:. Bible.org. 2005-04-14 7923:Pamela Cochran (2005), 7245:Cohn, Henry J. (2000). 6803:Beverly Roberts Gaventa 6561:Oxford University Press 6351:The ordination of women 5537:Theology (2015-06-04). 5431:World Religion Database 5330:Women in Church history 5269:Catharism#Role of women 4649:Maria Faustina Kowalska 4614:Amidst the backdrop of 4251:Investiture Controversy 4172:Feast of Corpus Christi 4111:first Council of Orange 4095:Eastern Orthodox Church 3948:Women in Church history 3938:Women in church history 3739:Letter to the Galatians 835:Conservatives in the US 808:Explorers and travelers 249:Women in Church history 161:Asian feminist theology 30:Christianity and gender 8804:Christianity and women 8613:Ordinatio Sacerdotalis 8214:, IVP 2004, p. 17 7726:on September 27, 2011. 7720:www.sacollectables.com 7676:. Americancatholic.org 7104:. Ccel.org. 2005-06-01 7041:Fortress Press, 2006. 7037:MacHaffie, Barbara J. 6845:"Junia in Romans 16:7" 6531:Jesus and the Gospels. 6375:George W. Knight III, 6292:, IVP, Leicester, 2000 5725:Accessed 30 July 2015. 5452:. Pew Research Center. 5233:, IVP 2004, p. 17 5012: 4950: 4925: 4687: 4673:St. Thérèse de Lisieux 4669:St. Catherine of Siena 4611: 4599: 4583: 4510: 4490: 4387:Catharina von Schlegel 4291: 4234: 4222: 4166:. The Belgian nun, St 4138: 4042: 4021: 3930: 3919:New Testament scholar 3751: 3727:Apostle Paul and women 3724: 3652: 3628: 3571: 3472: 3390: 3288: 3240:were prophets. In the 3200: 3076:Pope Gregory the Great 3012:Resurrection of Christ 2964: 2954: 1138:In Shakespeare's works 41: 8591:University of Chicago 8122:. Baker Books, 1989. 8118:Bilezikian, Gilbert. 8086:May 12, 2008, at the 7834:Joshua Kelly (2016). 7623:Brekus, Catherine A. 7398:. Biblestudytools.com 7252:University of Warwick 6869:Lin, Yii-Jan (2020). 6691:; Penguin Books, 2004 6497:Bilezikian, Gilbert. 5305:Quaker views on women 5147:Primary texts in the 5001: 4993:Christian Egalitarian 4946: 4915: 4810:theologically liberal 4682: 4661:Doctors of the Church 4616:Industrial Revolution 4605: 4589: 4577: 4544:Catholic Encyclopedia 4506: 4482: 4402:Ursula of Munsterberg 4332:Book of Common Prayer 4286: 4277:Further information: 4228: 4216: 4147:Christian monasticism 4124: 4079:Emperor Constantine I 4067:Perpetua and Felicity 4033: 4016: 3994:in chapter 55 of his 3972:Philip the Evangelist 3917: 3747: 3709: 3641: 3619: 3558: 3454: 3367: 3254:Biblical hermeneutics 3177: 3084:anointed Jesus's feet 2960:resurrection of Jesus 2940:". Both the apostles 2934:Mary, mother of Jesus 2899:mainstream Protestant 2889:. Women may serve as 2839:women in Christianity 894:Nobel Prize laureates 597:Juana Inés de la Cruz 392:Letha Dawson Scanzoni 321:Manhood and Womanhood 120:Women in Christianity 105:Stay-at-home daughter 39: 8735:Cahill, Lisa Sowle. 8708:Torjesen, Karen Jo. 8640:www.womenpriests.org 8098:Strauch, Alexander. 6563:. pp. 238–245. 6312:. Baker books, 1997. 6277:1 Corinthians 11:7–8 6172:1 Thessalonians 5:26 6138:1 Corinthians 11:5–6 5998:Gilbert Bilezikian, 5097:Unraveling marriages 5033:Complementarian view 4997:Biblical Inerrantist 4701:as its first female 4632:Florence Nightingale 4580:Florence Nightingale 4578:Anglican and nurse, 4532:Christopher Columbus 4263:Elisabeth of Hungary 4077:, and the mother of 3858:Priscilla and Aquila 3848:Aquila and Priscilla 3838:Priscilla and Aquila 3828:Priscilla and Aquila 3814:Priscilla and Aquila 3804:Priscilla and Aquila 3406:George W. Knight III 3317:Upper Room discourse 3088:Western Christianity 2518:Independent Catholic 2051:United Arab Emirates 988:in the United States 803:Economic development 793:Diversity (politics) 779:Female entrepreneurs 502:George W. Knight III 8621:Mulieris Dignitatem 8599:Catholic references 7859:Ephesians 5:22–5:24 7591:. 19 February 2010. 7280:"The Holy Feminine" 7259:on 18 February 2009 6168:2 Corinthians 13:12 6164:1 Corinthians 16:20 6017:, Hendrickson, 1989 5575:Colossians 3:18–4:1 5401:The British Library 5173:Biblical patriarchy 4983:Baptist theologian 4882:ordination of women 4774:Biblical patriarchy 4665:St. Teresa of Ávila 4556:Counter-Reformation 4336:Holy Roman Emperors 4312:Catherine of Aragon 4267:Mulieris Dignitatem 4188:burned at the stake 4075:Emperor Constantius 4039:Emperor Constantine 3895:Euodia and Syntyche 3844:1 Corinthians 16:19 3633:cast a stone at her 3232:that women such as 2996:Greco-Roman culture 2981:Rule of the Fathers 2895:consecrated virgins 2847:Pew Research Center 2799:Christianity portal 2656:Jehovah's Witnesses 2336:History of theology 2036:Trinidad and Tobago 1271:Speculative fiction 1164:Theological figures 1109:Feminist philosophy 909:Reproductive rights 715:Part of a series on 652:April Ulring Larson 577:Hildegard of Bingen 319:Council on Biblical 166:Biblical patriarchy 90:Ordination of women 8618:"Apostolic Letter 8557:31.8, 1986. 370–83 8321:1 Corinthians 11:3 8269:. CBMW. 2009-02-23 8226:Christianity Today 7822:Katharine Bushnell 7740:. Nzhistory.net.nz 7359:Chrysostom, John. 7164:Geoffrey Blainey; 7151:Geoffrey Blainey; 6801:Eldon Jay Epp and 6687:Geoffrey Blainey; 6466:www.sabbathcog.org 6265:Christianity Today 6057:2012-02-29 at the 5586:Ephesians 5:22–6:9 5512:Roebuck, David G. 5350:Women in the Bible 5315:Women and religion 5263:Katharine Bushnell 5204:Complementarianism 5183:Complementarianism 5058:Official statement 5039:Complementarianism 5009:Roger Nicole, 2006 4970:Gilbert Bilezikian 4869:Official statement 4847:Pamela R. Lightsey 4806:Christian feminism 4800:Christian Feminism 4794:Christian feminism 4770:complementarianism 4762:Christian feminism 4612: 4600: 4584: 4492:Methodist founder 4454:holiness movements 4432:Christine of Hesse 4411:Katherine von Bora 4340:Holy Roman Empress 4292: 4243:Matilda of Tuscany 4235: 4223: 4156:Catherine of Siena 4139: 4043: 3657:morality and women 3653: 3629: 3566:exercise authority 3473: 3464:, depicted in the 3296:Gilbert Bilezikian 3271:Gilbert Bilezikian 3248:Biblical inerrancy 3037:monastic tradition 2538:Church of the East 2402:Early Christianity 1601:Dominican Republic 1368:Mixed martial arts 1338:Fastpitch softball 919:Violence and abuse 904:Positions of power 592:Christine de Pizan 587:Catherine of Siena 412:Gilbert Bilezikian 223:Church and society 143:Complementarianism 115:Women in the Bible 65:Biblical womanhood 42: 8730:Threads of Wisdom 8611:Apostolic Letter 8606:Inter Insigniores 8555:Baptist Quarterly 8198:Priscilla Papers, 7936:978-0-8147-1650-2 7870:Exodus 21:7–21:11 7845:978-1-63431-064-2 7627:. 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PBS. 2015-02-13 6601:Luke 10:38–42 NIV 6570:978-0-19-974113-7 6231:1 Timothy 2:11–14 6218:978-0-89107-586-8 6211:, Crossway 1991, 6098:Webb, William J. 6070:Ephesians 5:22–24 5952:Priscilla Papers, 5705:Ephesians 4:11–16 5514:"Loose the Women" 5335:Women in Hinduism 5325:Women in Buddhism 5310:The Woman's Bible 5285:Feminist theology 4833:Genesis of Gender 4780:Secular criticism 4724:Nobel Peace Prize 4711:queens of England 4637:Josephine Bakhita 4564:Defereggen Valley 4517:Church of England 4418:Magdalena Heymair 4416:In 1569 Lutheran 4369:near the town of 4288:Queen Elizabeth I 4259:Jadwiga of Poland 4255:Hedwig of Silesia 4231:Jadwiga of Poland 3609:, a work tied to 3485:The Old Testament 2835: 2834: 2688: 2687: 2661:Latter Day Saints 2646:Iglesia ni Cristo 2611:United Protestant 2596:Plymouth Brethren 2531:Oriental Orthodox 2139: 2138: 1343:Football / soccer 1266:Fictional pirates 1058:Art history field 934:Exchange of women 710: 709: 675: 674: 607:Pope John Paul II 582:Julian of Norwich 550: 549: 522:Dorothy Patterson 350: 349: 344: 176:Womanist theology 8821: 8692: 8686: 8594: 8575: 8566: 8552: 8544: 8520: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8471: 8465: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8376: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8366: 8351: 8345: 8343:Ephesians 5:22ff 8340: 8334: 8329: 8323: 8318: 8312: 8306:1Timothy 2:12–14 8299: 8293: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8274: 8263: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8238: 8229: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8207: 8201: 8194: 8188: 8183: 8177: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8120:Beyond Sex Roles 8116: 8110: 8096: 8090: 8079: 8073: 8066: 8060: 8053: 8047: 8042: 8036: 8031: 8025: 8020: 8014: 8009: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7988: 7982: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7946: 7940: 7939: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7887:, archived from 7878: 7872: 7867: 7861: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7831: 7825: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7745: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7722:. 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Webb 5200: 5175: 5169: 5041: 5035: 5011: 5008: 4924: 4921: 4904:The Fall of Man 4862: 4856: 4802: 4796: 4782: 4754: 4572: 4472:theologian Dr. 4409:Martin Luther, 4375:Bursfelde Abbey 4308:King Henry VIII 4281: 4275: 4180:Clare of Assisi 4160:Teresa of Avila 4119: 3992:Clement of Rome 3982:From the early 3980: 3955: 3950: 3942:Main articles: 3940: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3705:Mary of Bethany 3649:Diego Velázquez 3623: 3538: 3532: 3530:Jesus and women 3520: 3492:Book of Genesis 3449: 3435: 3389: 3379: 3371: 3355: 3349: 3306:, professor of 3304:William J. Webb 3284:Patria Potestas 3256: 3250: 3226:Kathryn Kuhlman 3205: 3203:Church practice 3199: 3196: 3153: 3135:Book of Genesis 3080:Mary of Bethany 3063:and her sister 3061:Mary of Bethany 3050: 2988:Greco-Roman law 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2966:Patria Potestas 2831: 2768: 2767: 2738:Other religions 2698: 2690: 2689: 2478: 2477: 2457: 2456: 2377: 2376: 2356: 2355: 2289: 2279: 2278: 2239: 2238: 2220: 2219: 2185: 2184: 2135: 2106: 2105: 1441: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1411:Track and field 1298: 1288: 1287: 1239: 1238:Popular culture 1231: 1230: 1159: 1158: 1143: 1142: 1097:Science fiction 1043: 1042: 1024: 1023: 1007: 958: 957: 939: 938: 914:Venture capital 879:Law enforcement 784: 769:Animal advocacy 765: 745: 742:Women's history 737: 706: 677: 676: 671: 657:Catherine Booth 636: 616: 560: 552: 551: 546: 527:Paige Patterson 467:Complementarian 461: 457:William J. Webb 396: 377:Anne Eggebroten 360: 352: 351: 323: 320: 309:Complementarian 283: 280: 262: 254: 253: 224: 216: 215: 191: 181: 180: 156: 155:Other positions 148: 147: 133: 132:Major positions 125: 124: 50: 12: 11: 5: 8827: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8792: 8791: 8786: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8765:Roman Catholic 8752: 8751:External links 8749: 8748: 8747: 8742:Cooper, Kate. 8740: 8733: 8727: 8720: 8715:Wiley, Tatha. 8713: 8706: 8703: 8700: 8693: 8675: 8668: 8663:Brown, Peter. 8661: 8653: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8636: 8625: 8616: 8609: 8601: 8600: 8596: 8595: 8576: 8567: 8558: 8545: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8502: 8487: 8466: 8444: 8422: 8396: 8371: 8346: 8335: 8332:1 Timothy 2:12 8324: 8313: 8310:Romans 5:12–15 8294: 8279: 8258: 8230: 8217: 8202: 8189: 8178: 8167: 8155: 8143: 8131: 8111: 8091: 8074: 8061: 8048: 8037: 8026: 8015: 8004: 7983: 7966: 7941: 7935: 7915: 7900: 7873: 7862: 7851: 7844: 7826: 7813: 7792: 7771: 7750: 7729: 7707: 7686: 7664: 7650: 7638: 7615: 7594: 7576: 7550: 7529: 7518: 7509: 7488: 7463: 7450: 7429: 7408: 7387: 7372: 7352: 7323: 7311: 7285: 7270: 7237: 7216: 7195: 7170: 7157: 7144: 7123: 7114: 7093: 7063: 7051: 7027: 7024:1 Cor 14:33–35 7016: 7007: 6996: 6985: 6974: 6953: 6938: 6927: 6916: 6881:(1): 191–209. 6861: 6836: 6812: 6793: 6781: 6770: 6763: 6745: 6736: 6733:Rom. 16:3,7,15 6725: 6714: 6693: 6680: 6671: 6660: 6649: 6638: 6615: 6604: 6593: 6590:John 7:53–8:11 6582: 6569: 6551:Bart D. Ehrman 6542: 6522: 6503: 6487: 6478: 6453: 6428: 6411: 6400: 6382: 6367: 6356: 6338: 6315: 6295: 6280: 6269: 6252: 6234: 6223: 6217: 6179: 6152: 6141: 6130: 6127:Galatians 3:28 6119: 6116:transcultural. 6084: 6081:Ephesians 5:21 6073: 6062: 6045:Galatians 3:28 6036: 6033:Galatians 3:28 6020: 6013:Aida Spencer, 6005: 5981: 5967: 5956: 5943: 5929: 5918: 5907: 5896: 5878: 5847: 5830: 5808: 5805:1 Timothy 2:15 5797: 5765: 5750: 5739: 5727: 5708: 5697: 5686: 5666: 5655: 5652:1 Timothy 5:17 5644: 5633: 5622: 5611: 5600: 5589: 5578: 5567: 5554: 5529: 5504: 5479: 5455: 5436: 5417: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5340:Women in Islam 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5266: 5260: 5253: 5250: 5237: 5236: 5224: 5199: 5196: 5181:is similar to 5171:Main article: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5145: 5144: 5129: 5122: 5111: 5110: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5037:Main article: 5034: 5031: 5018:David Basinger 5006: 4972:, in his book 4952:In their book 4934:Galatians 3:28 4922:Galatians 3:28 4919: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4871: 4870: 4858:Main article: 4855: 4852: 4798:Main article: 4795: 4792: 4781: 4778: 4757:Linda Woodhead 4753: 4750: 4707:Penny Jamieson 4695:Salvation Army 4571: 4568: 4274: 4271: 4207:Mary Magdalene 4197:The historian 4118: 4115: 3998:(AD 90) lists 3979: 3976: 3954: 3951: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3862: 3861: 3854:2 Timothy 4:19 3851: 3841: 3831: 3817: 3807: 3797: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3767: 3731:Main article: 3728: 3725: 3718: 3698:The historian 3675:, ought to be 3607:Gospel of Mary 3602:Mary Magdalene 3534:Main article: 3531: 3528: 3519: 3516: 3496:creation story 3466:Sistine Chapel 3448: 3445: 3434: 3431: 3377: 3348: 3345: 3252:Main article: 3249: 3246: 3204: 3201: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175:of scripture: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3131:Linda Woodhead 3123: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3057:Mary Magdalene 3049: 3046: 2897:. A number of 2855:Roman Catholic 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2699: 2697:Related topics 2696: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2635: 2634: 2632:Restorationist 2628: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2488: 2487: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2407:Church Fathers 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2296: 2290: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2157: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2126: 2119: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2056:United Kingdom 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428:List of sports 1425: 1424: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1080:"Chick flicks" 1072: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1063:Women's cinema 1055: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1004: 999: 994: 993: 992: 991: 990: 975: 970: 965: 959: 956: 955: 952: 946: 945: 944: 941: 940: 937: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 860: 859: 858: 857: 847: 842: 837: 827: 826: 825: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 789: 788: 781: 771: 764: 763: 757: 756: 753: 752: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 722: 721: 717: 716: 708: 707: 705: 704: 697: 690: 682: 679: 678: 673: 672: 670: 669: 664: 659: 654: 648: 645: 644: 638: 637: 635: 634: 628: 625: 624: 618: 617: 615: 614: 612:Phyllis Zagano 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 573: 570: 569: 567:Roman Catholic 561: 558: 557: 554: 553: 548: 547: 545: 544: 539: 537:Vern Poythress 534: 529: 524: 519: 517:Jennifer Morse 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 482:John MacArthur 479: 473: 470: 469: 463: 462: 460: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 408: 405: 404: 398: 397: 395: 394: 389: 384: 379: 373: 370: 369: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 348: 347: 346: 345: 334: 333: 327: 326: 325: 324: 317: 312: 311: 305: 304: 303: 302: 294: 293: 287: 286: 285: 284: 281:Women's Caucus 277: 272: 271: 263: 260: 259: 256: 255: 252: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 225: 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 198: 192: 187: 186: 183: 182: 179: 178: 173: 168: 163: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 146: 145: 140: 134: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 60:1 Timothy 2:12 57: 51: 48: 47: 44: 43: 32: 31: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8826: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8781: 8778: 8775: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8745: 8741: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8650: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8604:"Declaration 8603: 8602: 8598: 8597: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8568: 8564: 8559: 8556: 8549: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8530: 8529: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8506: 8498: 8491: 8476: 8470: 8463: 8462: 8457: 8453: 8448: 8433: 8426: 8412:on 2013-08-15 8411: 8407: 8400: 8386:on 2015-02-18 8385: 8381: 8375: 8361:on 2014-12-14 8360: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8339: 8333: 8328: 8322: 8317: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8298: 8292: 8288: 8283: 8268: 8262: 8248:on 2010-11-03 8247: 8243: 8237: 8235: 8227: 8221: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8193: 8187: 8182: 8176: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8128:0-8010-0885-9 8125: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8108:0-936083-16-6 8105: 8101: 8095: 8089: 8085: 8082: 8078: 8071: 8065: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8041: 8035: 8030: 8024: 8019: 8013: 8008: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7956:on 2011-07-10 7955: 7951: 7945: 7938: 7932: 7929:, NYU Press, 7928: 7927: 7919: 7911: 7904: 7891:on 2011-07-10 7890: 7886: 7885: 7877: 7871: 7866: 7860: 7855: 7847: 7841: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7820:For example, 7817: 7802: 7796: 7781: 7775: 7760: 7754: 7739: 7733: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7716:"顺盈2-顺盈2注册平台" 7711: 7696: 7690: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7642: 7626: 7619: 7604: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7566:on 2013-12-03 7565: 7561: 7554: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7522: 7513: 7498: 7492: 7478:on 2011-06-09 7477: 7473: 7467: 7460: 7454: 7439: 7433: 7418: 7412: 7397: 7391: 7383: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7356: 7342:on 2009-07-07 7341: 7337: 7335: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7308: 7295: 7289: 7281: 7274: 7258: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7241: 7226: 7220: 7205: 7199: 7185:on 2011-10-08 7184: 7180: 7174: 7167: 7161: 7154: 7148: 7133: 7127: 7118: 7103: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7058: 7056: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7032: 7025: 7020: 7011: 7005: 7004:1 Cor 11:3–16 7000: 6994: 6989: 6983: 6982:1Tim. 2:11–15 6978: 6963: 6957: 6949: 6942: 6936: 6931: 6925: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6850: 6846: 6840: 6826: 6822: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6774: 6766: 6760: 6756: 6749: 6740: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6718: 6703: 6697: 6690: 6684: 6675: 6669: 6664: 6658: 6653: 6647: 6642: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6597: 6591: 6586: 6572: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6539:0-567-04073-9 6536: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6500: 6494: 6492: 6482: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6378: 6371: 6365: 6360: 6352: 6345: 6343: 6334: 6330: 6329:Stanley Grenz 6324: 6322: 6320: 6311: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6291: 6284: 6278: 6273: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6227: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6149:John 13:14–15 6145: 6139: 6134: 6128: 6123: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6108:0-8308-1561-9 6105: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047:in Context." 6046: 6040: 6034: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6016: 6009: 6001: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5979: 5974: 5972: 5965: 5960: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5936: 5934: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5915:2 Kings 22:14 5911: 5905: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5793: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5743: 5736: 5731: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5683:0-664-24195-6 5680: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5663:1 Timothy 6:1 5659: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5641:1 Timothy 3:8 5637: 5631: 5630:1 Timothy 3:1 5626: 5620: 5619:1 Timothy 2:1 5615: 5609: 5604: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5571: 5564: 5558: 5544: 5543:Fuller Studio 5540: 5533: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5407:on 2023-01-15 5406: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5385: 5372: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5241: 5232: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5149:New Testament 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5040: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4791: 4788: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4740:death penalty 4737: 4733: 4732:Helen Prejean 4729: 4725: 4721: 4720:Mother Teresa 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4681: 4678: 4677:Doctor Amoris 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4641:Canossian nun 4638: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4609: 4608:Helen Prejean 4604: 4597: 4596:Mother Teresa 4593: 4592:Ronald Reagan 4588: 4581: 4576: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4513:Matthew Henry 4509: 4505: 4503: 4502:Matthew Poole 4499: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4412: 4407: 4406:Martin Luther 4403: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4367:Ebstorf Abbey 4363: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4081:. Similarly, 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4055:Saint Cecilia 4052: 4051:Agnes of Rome 4048: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4026: 4020: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3996:First Epistle 3993: 3989: 3985: 3984:patristic age 3978:Patristic age 3975: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3964:St. Priscilla 3961: 3953:Apostolic age 3949: 3945: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3922: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3834:Romans 16:3–4 3832: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3717: 3715: 3712:... Christ’s 3708: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3594:New Testament 3590: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3444: 3441: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3344: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3308:New Testament 3305: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3275:Old Testament 3272: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3242:New Testament 3239: 3235: 3231: 3230:Old Testament 3227: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3069:Karen L. King 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3019:New Testament 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000:New Testament 2997: 2993: 2992:Old Testament 2989: 2968: 2967: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2938:Mother of God 2935: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2837:The roles of 2828: 2823: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2468:Denominations 2466: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2249:New Testament 2247: 2245: 2244:Old Testament 2242: 2241: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2109: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2061:United States 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1631:FS Micronesia 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1422: 1421:Winter sports 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1256:Film industry 1254: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1116:Photographers 1114: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 997:Organizations 995: 989: 986: 985: 984: 981: 980: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 960: 953: 951: 948: 947: 943: 942: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 924:Voting rights 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 856: 853: 852: 851: 850:Queen regnant 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 832: 831: 828: 824: 821: 820: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 787: 782: 780: 777: 776: 775: 772: 770: 767: 766: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 749: 743: 740: 739: 733: 732: 728: 724: 723: 719: 718: 714: 713: 703: 698: 696: 691: 689: 684: 683: 681: 680: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 649: 647: 646: 643: 640: 639: 633: 630: 629: 627: 626: 623: 620: 619: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 572: 571: 568: 565: 564: 556: 555: 543: 542:Owen Strachan 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 507:Albert Mohler 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 472: 471: 468: 465: 464: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 432:Stanley Grenz 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 407: 406: 403: 400: 399: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 382:Grace Jantzen 380: 378: 375: 374: 372: 371: 368: 365: 364: 356: 355: 341: 338: 337: 336: 335: 332: 329: 328: 322: 316: 315: 314: 313: 310: 307: 306: 301: 298: 297: 296: 295: 292: 289: 288: 282: 276: 275: 274: 273: 270: 267: 266: 261:Organizations 258: 257: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 220: 219: 211: 207: 203: 199: 197: 194: 193: 190: 185: 184: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 152: 151: 144: 141: 139: 136: 135: 129: 128: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 46: 45: 38: 34: 33: 29: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 8761:John Paul II 8743: 8736: 8729: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8696: 8688: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8639: 8619: 8612: 8605: 8581: 8571: 8562: 8554: 8537: 8516: 8510: 8505: 8490: 8479:. Retrieved 8469: 8459: 8456:Wayne Grudem 8447: 8436:. Retrieved 8425: 8414:. Retrieved 8410:the original 8399: 8388:. Retrieved 8384:the original 8374: 8363:. Retrieved 8359:the original 8349: 8338: 8327: 8316: 8297: 8291:1 Cor 11:2–9 8282: 8271:. Retrieved 8261: 8250:. Retrieved 8246:the original 8225: 8220: 8211: 8205: 8197: 8192: 8181: 8170: 8158: 8152:Acts 21:9–10 8146: 8134: 8119: 8114: 8099: 8094: 8077: 8069: 8064: 8056: 8051: 8040: 8029: 8018: 8007: 7996:. Retrieved 7986: 7969: 7958:. Retrieved 7954:the original 7950:"About EEWC" 7944: 7925: 7918: 7909: 7903: 7893:, retrieved 7889:the original 7883: 7876: 7865: 7854: 7835: 7829: 7816: 7805:. Retrieved 7795: 7784:. Retrieved 7782:. Vatican.va 7774: 7763:. Retrieved 7753: 7742:. Retrieved 7732: 7724:the original 7719: 7710: 7699:. Retrieved 7697:. Vatican.va 7689: 7678:. Retrieved 7667: 7653: 7641: 7629:. Retrieved 7618: 7607:. Retrieved 7597: 7588: 7579: 7568:. Retrieved 7564:the original 7558:Actualités. 7553: 7542:. 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Retrieved 6555: 6545: 6530: 6525: 6511:Mt 20:25–26a 6506: 6498: 6481: 6469:. Retrieved 6465: 6456: 6444:. Retrieved 6441:ukessays.com 6440: 6431: 6419: 6414: 6403: 6394: 6385: 6376: 6370: 6359: 6350: 6332: 6309: 6289: 6283: 6272: 6264: 6261:J. I. Packer 6255: 6246: 6237: 6226: 6207: 6203:Wayne Grudem 6176:1 Peter 5:14 6160:Romans 16:16 6155: 6144: 6133: 6122: 6115: 6111: 6099: 6076: 6065: 6048: 6039: 6014: 6008: 5999: 5978:Genesis 3:16 5964:Genesis 1:28 5959: 5951: 5946: 5921: 5910: 5899: 5890: 5887:Wayne Grudem 5881: 5871: 5867:Wayne Grudem 5833: 5824: 5820: 5800: 5791: 5758:Mark 7:24–30 5753: 5742: 5730: 5700: 5689: 5674: 5669: 5658: 5647: 5636: 5625: 5614: 5608:Titus 2:1–10 5603: 5592: 5581: 5570: 5562: 5557: 5546:. Retrieved 5542: 5532: 5521:. Retrieved 5517: 5507: 5495:. Retrieved 5491: 5482: 5471:. Retrieved 5467: 5458: 5430: 5420: 5409:. Retrieved 5405:the original 5400: 5364: 5238: 5230: 5220:Wayne Grudem 5207: 5203: 5201: 5192:Wayne Grudem 5179:Vision Forum 5176: 5146: 5115:inerrantists 5112: 5103: 5063: 5061: 5045: 5042: 5016: 5013: 5002: 4985:Roger Nicole 4982: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4960:Evelyn Stagg 4953: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4926: 4916: 4912: 4899: 4873: 4872: 4863: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4803: 4783: 4755: 4752:Modern views 4743: 4688: 4683: 4676: 4613: 4570:Modern times 4549: 4543: 4540:Alexander VI 4529: 4511: 4507: 4491: 4486:Genesis 3:16 4483: 4463: 4458: 4440: 4435: 4421: 4415: 4395: 4364: 4360: 4331: 4293: 4239:Olga of Kiev 4236: 4219:Olga of Kiev 4196: 4144: 4140: 4083:Saint Monica 4071:Saint Helena 4044: 4022: 4017: 3981: 3956: 3925: 3918: 3903: 3900: 3857: 3847: 3837: 3827: 3813: 3803: 3793: 3789: 3752: 3748: 3743:Apostle Paul 3736: 3713: 3710: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3654: 3643: 3630: 3620: 3591: 3588: 3572: 3565: 3562:lord it over 3561: 3559: 3548: 3539: 3521: 3505: 3500:Adam and Eve 3494:, the first 3489: 3481:Hebrew Bible 3474: 3470:Michelangelo 3462:Adam and Eve 3455: 3436: 3427:Wayne Grudem 3399: 3391: 3384: 3368: 3363:image of God 3359:Jesus Christ 3356: 3341: 3321: 3313: 3301: 3294: 3280: 3268: 3260:hermeneutics 3257: 3215: 3206: 3178: 3165:Wayne Grudem 3157:evangelicals 3154: 3126: 3124: 3099: 3092: 3073: 3051: 3022: 3016: 3008:Jesus Christ 2927: 2852: 2838: 2836: 2703:Civilization 2543: 2536: 2529: 2522: 2513:Old Catholic 2493: 2351:Universalism 2274:New Covenant 2210:Resurrection 2154:Christianity 2081:Vatican City 2026:Turkmenistan 1956:South Africa 1936:Sierra Leone 1921:Saudi Arabia 1386:Roller derby 1184:Christianity 1183: 1169:Baháʼí Faith 1048:Architecture 748:legal rights 497:Wayne Grudem 447:Roger Nicole 340:Vision Forum 239:Fallen woman 210:Presbyterian 171:New feminism 119: 15: 8679:Healy, John 8186:Rom. 16:1–2 7631:3 September 7589:news.com.au 7300:20 November 6935:Phil. 4:2–3 6515:Mk 10:42–43 6397:, Zondervan 6391:Kevin Giles 6249:. Eerdmans. 6243:C. S. Lewis 5940:Genesis 1–2 5926:Acts 21:8–9 5875:, Multnomah 5492:www.sbc.net 5198:Terminology 5162:everything. 4964:Frank Stagg 4814:LGBT rights 4653:Edith Stein 4554:during the 4525:Sisterhoods 4498:Adam Clarke 4494:John Wesley 4451:Pentecostal 4442:John Calvin 4324:Elizabeth I 4304:Clement VII 4300:Christendom 4296:Reformation 4249:during the 4184:Joan of Arc 4135:Middle Ages 4133:during the 4117:Middle ages 4025:deaconesses 3988:sacramental 3921:Frank Stagg 3865:He praises 3786:Acts 18:2–3 3440:ontological 3418:Kevin Giles 3381:C. S. 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