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hesitate to capture other women as if these women were their booty. The connection of the rape and the resulting revenge clarifies that no easy solutions are available to stop rapists and rape-prone behavior. In this regard
Genesis 34 invites contemporary readers to address the prevalence of rape through the metaphoric language of a story." In a different work, Scholz (2010) writes that "During its extensive history of interpretation, Jewish and Christian interpreters mainly ignored Dinah. in many interpretations, the fraternal killing is the criminal moment, and in more recent years scholars have argued explicitly against the possibility that Shechem rapes Dinah. They maintain that Shechem's love and marriage proposal do not match the 'scientifically documented behavior of a rapist'." Scholz (2000) argued that Dinah's silence does not mean she consented: "The literary analysis showed, however, that despite this silence Dinah is present throughout the story. Indeed, everything happens because of her. Informed by feminist scholarship, the reading does not even require her explicit comments."
3285:, generally interpreted and celebrated as an erotic poem of perfect love, have long struggled to understand the meaning of verse 5:7, with Exum (2012) writing: 'Because what happens in Song 5.7 seems out of place in the idyllic world of the Song, this verse has long been a stumbling block for commentators.' The female protagonist in chapter 5, speaking in the first person, says she was waiting for her lover to visit her home in Jerusalem, but he did not appear. When she went looking for him, 'The watchmen found me, Those who go the rounds of the city; they struck me, injured me, took my wrap from me, the watchmen of the walls.' In a parallel episode in Songs 3:1–5, the woman also meets the watchmen, but here they don't do anything; instead, the protagonist finds her lover soon afterwards. Most scholars have interpreted this as something that happened to the protagonist in a dream rather than in real life, pointing out that she says in verse 2: 'I was sleeping but my heart was awake', usually reasoning the scene should be understood as a metaphor.
1840:(1985) characterise the woman's repetitive behaviour towards Joseph as sexual assault. Feminist scholar, Judith McKinlay (1995), noted that Potiphar's wife is treated as an object in his master's possession (Gen 39:8–9), and the reason Joseph refuses is not because he does not want to have sex with her, but because it would violate his master's trust and be a sin against Yahweh. It could be argued that the woman is trying to assert herself as a subject who makes her own choices instead of remaining an object owned by her husband, and invites Joseph to join her in this action which the narrative frames as a 'sin.' Simultaneously, however, she abuses her position of power as the slave master's wife to proposition Joseph, and to punish him for refusal. Susan Tower Hollis (1989) suggests that the narrative of Potiphar's wife 'is in line with certain ancient folk-tales, where a 'woman makes vain overtures to a man and then accuses him of attempting to force her', with the man 'unjustly punished for his alleged attempt to seduce the woman.'
2964:, titled "An Unnamed Woman: The Extravagance of Violence". About the rape of the concubine itself, she wrote, "The crime itself receives few words. If the storyteller advocates neither pornography or sensationalism, he also cares little about the women's fate. The brevity of this section on female rape contrasts sharply with the lengthy reports on male carousing and male deliberations that precede it. Such elaborate attention to men intensifies the terror perpetrated upon the woman." After noting that differences in the Greek and Hebrew versions of the Bible make it unclear whether or not the concubine was dead the following morning ("the narrator protects his protagonist through ambiguity"), Trible writes that "Neither the other characters nor the narrator recognizes her humanity. She is property, object, tool, and literary device. In the end, she is no more than the oxen that Saul will later cut in pieces and send throughout all the territory of Israel as a call to war."
2886:. He argued that the laws do support the role of women in the situation, writing, "even though the woman apparently consents to engage in sexual intercourse with the man in these situations, the man nonetheless has 'afflicted/humbled/violated her'. The Edenic divine design that a woman's purity be respected and protected has been violated. Even though the woman may have acquiesced to her seducer, nonetheless according to the law, the dowry is 'equal to the bride wealth for virgins' (Exodus 22:16): she is treated financially as a virgin would be! Such treatment upholds the value of a woman against a man taking unfair advantage of her, and at the same time discourages sexual abuse." Valerie Tarico (2015) was critical of Deuteronomy 22:28–29, saying that "The punishments for rape have to do not with compassion or trauma to the woman herself but with honor, tribal purity, and a sense that a used woman is damaged goods."
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3432:
God speaks, accuses his wife of adultery, and prescribes the punishment in the form of public stripping, violation, and killing. In the prophetic imagination, the woman is not given an opportunity to reply. God expresses satisfaction of her being thus punished." Regarding
Ezekiel 23, a story about two adulterous sisters who are eventually killed, she decries the language used in the passage, especially Ezekiel 23:48, which serves as a warning to all women about adultery. "The prophetic rape metaphor turns the tortured, raped, and murdered wives into a warning sign for all women. It teaches that women better obey their husbands, stay in their houses, and forgo any signs of sexual independence. This prophetic fantasy constructs women as objects, never as subjects, and it reduces women to sexualized objects who bring God's punishment upon themselves and fully deserve it."
3230:) steers us in the direction of primary interest, even sympathy, for the men all around her. Even the poignancy of Tamar's humiliation is drawn out for the primary purpose of justifying Absalom's later murder of Amnon and not for its own sake." She opined that "Sympathy for Tamar is not the narrator's primary interest. The forcefulness of Tamar's impression is drawn out, not to illuminate her pain, but to justify Absalom's anger at Amnon and subsequent murder of him." Cooper-White also states that after the incestuous rape, the narrative continues to focus on Amnon, writing, "The story continues to report the perpetrator's viewpoint, the thoughts and feelings after the incident of violence; the victim's viewpoint is not presented. We are given no indication that he ever thought about her again—even in terms of fear of punishment or reprisal."
1940:
3744:, where Yahweh is prophesied to rally all the nations against Jerusalem, which will fall to a siege and its women will be raped. This sudden change of Yahweh's stance from defender to attacker of Jerusalem has puzzled scholars. Boda (2004) stated that Zechariah 14 does not indicate why Jerusalem is subjected to this violence, 'but one must assume that it is linked to misdeeds of the people in the city.' Foster (2012) said: 'My argument is that, as one follows the justice discourse in Zechariah, we find the reason given in the whole of Zechariah for this judgment on Jerusalem'. 'hen the people fail to do justice, the past judgments of YHWH catch up with the present generation, with wars and siege and rape and exile'.
1808:
3802:. Gordon and Washington (1995) remarked: 'he city as an object of violence is always a feminine Other, reinforcing the status of the feminine as secondary, and facilitating a pornographic objectification of women by setting the female as the model victim.' Scholz (2021) argued that these threats of rape and other punishments do not only serve as a warning to the Israelites and Judahites or to foreign peoples not to fall into sin lest they be judged and punished, but especially towards all women. Ezekiel 16 and 23 in particular send a double message to not just Israelite and Judahite society in general not to be unfaithful to Yahweh, but to women in those societies not to be
1847:, refers to the Ten Commandments for the reason behind Joseph's rejection of the advances from Potiphar's wife: "Adultery would also be sin against God. Adultery did not become sinful with the publication of the Ten Commandments (Exod 20:14; Deut 5:18). The Ten Commandments simply formalize God’s will for his people at the point when the people of God become a nation state." In his chapter on Genesis 2 (named "The Nature of Marriage and the Gift of Sex"), Longman writes that "sex is God’s gift to married couples"; Joseph's actions therefore demonstrated respect for Potiphar's marriage, although they were ultimately motivated by obedience to the creator God, Yahweh.
1869:
1717:(2008) argues that the abrupt transition between Genesis 34:2 and 34:3 was a storytelling technique due to the fact that the narrative focused on the men, a pattern which he perceives in other rape narratives as well, also arguing that the men's responses are depicted in a mixed light. "The rape of Dinah is narrated in a way that suggests there are social forces at work, which complicate the initial seal violation and will make problematic the resulting male responses. The abrupt transition from rape to marriage, however, creates a tension in the reader's mind...the unresolved issue of punishment anticipates the response of Simeon and Levi."
2732:(2008) opined that Deuteronomy 22:23–24, which commands punishment for the engaged virgin woman if the act takes place in the city, was not about rape, but adultery, because the engaged woman was already considered to be the reserved property of her future husband. He also argued that the Deuteronomic laws treat women as the property of men, and that "the Deuteronomic laws do not address the crime of rape as sexual violence against a woman as such", but as an economic crime against her father or (future) husband. Because it was the father's prerogative to marry his daughter off to a man of his choice, payment of a
1750:, literally meaning "and he spoke to the young woman's heart". While many translations render this as "he spoke tenderly to her" (NRSV), Scholz followed Georg Fischer (1984), who noted the same phrase in the Hebrew Bible always appears when "the situation is wrong, difficult, or danger is in the air", and should be understood as "to try to talk against a negative opinion" or "to change a person's mind". Therefore, Scholz argued that Shechem tried to calm down Dinah after the rape and to change her negative opinion by talking to her, and rendered the last part of verse 3 as "He tried to quiet down the young woman."
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3259:
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texts in the Bible and needs to be evaluated critically on the basis of the fact that it incorporates (as does much of 1 and 2 Samuel) obviously patriarchal notions about the sexual use of women. In this instance, moreover, such views are not simply presupposed by the narrator or held by male human characters, but are projected onto the male divine character, Yhwh. Inasmuch as Yhwh uses the rape of ten women to humiliate, and thereby punish, David, Yhwh seems no more concerned about the actual fate of those women than are
Absalom, Ahithophel or for that matter David.
1833:
eventually demands that he come to bed with her and grabs at his clothing (Genesis 39:12). Joseph escapes, leaving the article of clothing with her (different translations describe the article of clothing as, for example, Joseph's "garment", "robe", "coat", or even simply "clothes"). Potiphar's wife then tells first her servants, and then her husband, that Joseph had attacked her (Genesis 39:13–18). Joseph is sent to prison (Genesis 39:19–20), where he remains until his God-given ability to interpret dreams leads the
Pharaoh to ask for his help (Genesis 41:14).
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2991:
39:
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capturing her. Further, these sons of David compete with each other through the beautiful woman." She also wrote that the language the original Hebrew uses to describe the rape is better translated as "He laid her" than "He lay with her." Scholz (2010) wrote that "Many scholars make a point of rejecting the brutality with which Amnon subdues his sister", going on to criticize an interpretation by Pamela
Tamarkin Reis that blames Tamar, rather than Amnon, for what happened to her.
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desired, conquered, female other." He argues that after the defeat of her nation in war, marrying the victors "may be the best way for a woman to advance her own interests in a calamitous political and social situation." According to
Kawashima (2011), by treating her as a wife, rather than as a slave, the law seeks to compensate for the soldier's having "violated her" by his failure to procure her father's approval, which was precluded by the state of war.
682:
1759:
8323:
3605:
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3806:(especially by having sex with foreign men); women who do, will be publicly raped, shamed and executed by foreign soldiers to deter other women from marital infidelity. Along the same lines, J.K. Kim (1999) stated about the Whore of Babylon: 'The whore metaphor does not simply stand for the imperial city of Rome but also stands for women sexually involved in a colonizing context.' In
3782:, and thus deserves various punishments, almost always including being subjected to rape. This judgement and punishment is usually applied when the city is subjected to a siege and conquered by foreign soldiers. Although this metaphor, in which Yahweh often addresses a city as if it were his wife or virgin daughter who has forsaken him and her own honour, is often applied to
1116:= to be strong(er), to become strong/powerful, to prevail/overpower, to seize/catch, to hold/retain, to strengthen/harden (oneself, someone else, or an object e.g. Pharaoh's heart in Exodus 4–14), to repair/fortify (a defensive structure, 2 Kings 12, 2 Chronicles 11;24;26, Nehemiah), to be courageous, to encourage/persuade. Scholars debate whether the combination of
1729:, frequently translated as 'to love (someone)', is never translated like that elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, but as 'to cling to (someone)' (Ruth 1:14 NRSV), 'to keep close to (someone)' (Ruth 2:23 NRSV), 'to remain close to (someone)' (Psalm 101:3 A. A. Anderson), 'to retain (the inheritance)' (Numbers 36:7,9 NRSV), or 'to keep something (possession)' according to
2649:
clothes she was wearing when captured. After she has lived in your house and mourned her father and mother for a full month, then you may go to her and be her husband and she shall be your wife. If you are not pleased with her, let her go wherever she wishes. You must not sell her or treat her as a slave, since you have dishonored her. (Deuteronomy 21:10–14 NIV)
3537:; a perfect reconciliation. According to Weems (1995), the poem claims that Hosea is 'the true victim in the marriage', namely 'a man driven to extreme behavior by his unfaithful wife'; it rhetorically presents his actions as all her fault, and seeks to convince the audience to side with the 'humiliated husband' rather than the 'battered wife'.
3246:
situation is given credibility; indeed Amnon's lying with her proved to be violating her. Simultaneously with increasing Tamar's credibility, the narrator discredits Amnon." Trible opined that " words are honest and poignant; they acknowledge female servitude." She also writes that "the narrator hints at her powerlessness by avoiding her name."
2752:§26. He noted that "if no one else was present as a witness of her innocence but she was clearly violated, biblical law assumes innocence without requiring witnesses (22:27); she does not bear the burden of proof to argue that she did not consent. If the couple definitely had intercourse, the man was guilty either way, but if the woman
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devastating effects of the preceding night's events, emphasizing her desolate state. The woman's raped and exhausted body becomes a symbol of the wrong that is committed when 'every man did what was right in his own eyes.' The image of this woman struggling to the door demands a response from the participants in the story."
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the reader no information about Dinah's thoughts or feelings or her reactions to what has taken place. Shechem is not only the focalizor but also the primary actor...The narrator leaves no room for doubt that
Shechem is the center of these verses. Dinah is the object (or indirect object) of Shechem's actions and desires."
802:, sought to refute Paine's arguments: "I see nothing in this proceeding, but good policy, combined with mercy. The women-children were not reserved for the purposes of debauchery, but of slavery." In any case, Paine was not so much focused on sexual violence in particular; this example was part of his general critique of
3708:) destroyed by a foreign enemy is portrayed as a sexually promiscuous woman who receives sexual violence and the resulting shame as a just punishment for her sins. Even though the Israelite god Yahweh had no previous relationship with Nineveh that the latter could be 'unfaithful' to, it is presented as revenge for the
3533:), and threatens Gomer with severe physical and psychological violence, which includes a sexual component according to several scholars. In the second half, Hosea imagines how he will accept his ex-wife back with open arms as if nothing has happened and the world will be created anew, with language that refers to the
3214:
his daughter's union with Amnon. When, after the rape, Amnon tells Tamar to leave, she says: "No! Sending me away would be a greater wrong than what you have already done to me" (2 Samuel 13:16 NIV), indicating that her expectation, in accordance with the conventions of the time, is to remain in his house as his wife.
3428:, Ezekiel 16:2–3; 23:4,33) to not ethnically mix with foreigners through sexual or cultural exchange, but more specifically to warn all Judahite/Israelite women not to be unfaithful to their husbands and engage in "whoredom" and "adultery" (particularly Ezekiel 16:40; 23:48), or otherwise suffer said "punishment".
990:, but especially if the context of the narrative adds forms of coercion (such as violence and intimidation) upon someone, or claims that this serves as a 'punishment', then 'to rape' becomes a plausible translation. Likewise, nouns such as 'skirts', 'nakedness' and 'shame' may be euphemisms for 'women's genitals'.
3463:
F. B. Huey, Jr. (1993), commenting on
Jeremiah 13, wrote, "The crude description is that of the public humiliation inflicted on a harlot, an appropriate figure for faithless Judah (cf. Isa 47:3; Hos 2:3,10; Nah 3:5). It could also describe the violence done to women by soldiers of a conquering army.
3440:
wrote that "the backdrop of divine judgment can be appreciated only against the backdrop of his grace. If the text had begun at v. 36 one might understandably had accused God of cruelty and undue severity. But the zeal of his anger is a reflex of the intensity of his love. God had poured out his love
3249:
Similarly, Yamada argues that the narrator aligns with Tamar and makes the reader sympathize with her. "The combination of Tamar's pleas with Amnon's hatred of his half-sister after the violation aligns the reader with the victim and produce scorn toward the perpetrator. The detailed narration of the
3117:, literally "come/go (in)to") your father's concubines whom he left to take care of the palace. Then all Israel will hear that you have made yourself obnoxious to your father, and the hands of everyone with you will be more resolute." So they pitched a tent for Absalom on the roof, and he slept with (
3033:
notes that the text does not describe
Bathsheba's protest, as it does Tamar's in 2 Samuel 13, and argues that this silence indicates that "Bathsheba willingly cooperated with David in adultery". George Nicol goes even further and suggests that "Bathsheba's action of bathing in such close proximity to
2716:
Clearly, these laws do not take into account the female's perspective. After a rape, would undoubtedly see herself as the injured party and would probably find marriage to her rapist to be distasteful, to say the least. Arguably, there are cultural and historical reasons why such a law made sense at
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When you go to war against your enemies and your God delivers them into your hands and you take captives, if you notice among the captives a beautiful woman and are attracted to her, you may take her as your wife. Bring her into your home and have her shave her head, trim her nails and put aside the
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Moses, Eleazar the priest and all the leaders of the community went to meet them outside the camp. Moses was angry with the officers of the army—the commanders of thousands and commanders of hundreds—who returned from the battle. "Have you allowed all the women to live?" he asked them. "They were the
1795:
justifiably strong emotions of outrage, anger, and possible compassion." Therefore, Rapoport regards
Genesis 34 as condemning rape strongly, writing, "The brothers' revenge killings of Shechem and Hamor, while they might remind modern readers of frontier justice and vigilantism, are an understandable
1766:
Shechem's rape of Dinah in Genesis 34 is described in the text itself as "a thing that should not be done." Susanne Scholz (2000) writes that "The brothers' revenge, however, also demonstrates their conflicting views about women. On the one hand they defend their sister. On the other hand they do not
3237:
to Tamar, subtitled "The Royal Rape of Wisdom". She noted that Tamar is the lone female in the narrative and is treated as part of the stories of Amnon and Absalom. "Two males surround a female. As the story unfolds, they move between protecting and polluting, supporting and seducing, comforting and
3185:
But when she took it to him to eat, he grabbed her and said, 'Come to bed with me, my sister.' 'No, my brother!' she said to him. 'Don't force me! Such a thing should not be done in Israel! Don't do this wicked thing. What about me? Where could I get rid of my disgrace? And what about you? You would
2900:
Deuteronomy 28:15–64 contains "curses for disobedience"; things that will happen, according to verse 15, 'if you do not obey Yahweh your God and do not carefully follow all his commands and decrees I am giving you today, all these curses will come on you and overtake you.' In particular, Deuteronomy
2661:
David Resnick (2004) praises the passage for its nobility, calling it "evidently the first legislation in human history to protect women prisoners of war" and "the best of universalist Biblical humanism as it seeks to manage a worst case scenario: controlling how a conquering male must act towards a
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meant 'as servants.' Later apologists, both Jewish and Christian, adopted the latter interpretation." In addition, the Israelite soldiers were immediately commanded to purify themselves and their spoil, including the captives, in Numbers 31:19 so they could be reminded of how "disruptive" death was.
7122:
Reis was not trained as a biblical scholar (...), she refers to herself as an amateur rather than a professional biblical scholar (p. 14). (...) Her recurring declaration that there are 'no mistakes in the Torah' (pp. 4, 9) or that 'the author made no mistakes' (pp. 17, 30, 150) is a presupposition
3288:
Fiona Black (2001) commented: 'The "finding" and stripping, beating and "wounding" of a woman at night by a group of men is extremely suggestive of rape … and this is a possibility that should not be excluded from this scene'. Exum stated that whether or not it is a dream shouldn't be the question,
3213:
Kawashima (2011) notes that "one might interpret remarkably articulate response as mere rhetoric, an attempt to forestall the impending assault, but the principle of verisimilitude still suggests that David, as patriarch of the house, is the legal entity who matters" when it comes to consenting to
2971:
since this narrative is not a 'historical' or 'accurate' report about actual events, the answers to these questions reveal more about a reader's assumptions regarding gender, androcentrism, and sociopolitical practices than can be known about ancient Israelite life based on Judges 19. Predictably,
2850:
through 'seduction', also comparing it to Exodus 22:16–17 which mentions that the woman's father can turn down this offer of marriage. However, even though almost all scholars agree that Exodus 22:16–17 describes a consensual situation, it does not specify that the man "violated" the woman, whereas
2657:
The idea that the captive woman will be raped is, according to Reeder, supported by the fact that in passages like Isaiah 13:16 and Zechariah 14:2, sieges lead to women being "ravished". M.I. Rey (2016) notes that the passage "conveniently provides a divorce clause to dispose of her (when she is no
1712:
Mary Anna Bader (2006) notes the division between verses 2 and 3, and writes that "It is strange and upsetting for the modern reader to find the verbs 'love' and 'dishonor' together, having the same man as their subject and the same woman as their object." Later, she writes that "The narrator gives
3720:
in the 730s BCE. Scholz, Francisco O. García-Treto, and other scholars have commented that this poem, in which God presents himself as a rapist who violates and humiliates a woman in order to punish her, 'is particularly abhorrent to modern readers', adding that 'these verses in the book of Nahum
3459:
Amy Kalmanofsky (2015) opined that Jeremiah 13 treats the naked female body as an object of disgust: "I conclude that Jer 13 is an example of obscene nudity in which the naked female body is displayed not as an object of desire, but of disgust. In Jer 13, as in the other prophetic texts, Israel is
3431:
Scholz (2010) refers to both passages in Ezekiel as "pornographic objectification of Jerusalem as the wife of her husband, Yahweh". On Ezekiel 16, she wrote, "These violent words obscure the perspective of the woman, and the accusations are presented solely through the eyes of the accuser, Yahweh.
3338:
are clear enough, despite the old-fashioned language: I'm angry and you're going to suffer for it. You deserve to be raped because of your sexual exploits. You're a slut and it was just a matter of time till you suffered the consequences. Let this be a lesson to you and to all other uppity women."
3141:
One can quite plausibly conclude that what we have in 2 Samuel 16 is a representation of rape, which is understood within the logic of the narrative of 2 Samuel as having been initiated by God. When considered from that point of view, the story in 2 Samuel 16 is arguably one of the most disturbing
2635:
In their human rights study of wartime sexual violence, Kennedy‐Pipe & Stanley (2000) referred to Deuteronomy 20:14 when stating: 'The advocacy of rape in war was prevalent throughout ancient Near East history and is evident in the Hebrew Bible: women are frequently depicted as mere objects of
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even attributes Shechem's three languages of love in verse 3 to God's love for the Children of Israel." She also put forth that "Shechem's character is complex. He is not easily characterized as unqualifiedly evil. It is this complexity that creates unbearable tension for the reader and raises the
985:
that may be difficult for modern readers to understand. 'To lie with', 'to know', 'to come to', and 'to uncover the nakedness of' are such examples which, in particular contexts, mean 'to have sex'. Such phrases do not necessarily imply that this sex is forced by one person upon another, and could
2760:
Robert S. Kawashima noted (2011) that regardless of whether the rape of a girl occurs in the country or the city, these verses imply that she "can be guilty of a crime, but not, technically speaking, a victim of a crime, for which reason her noncomplicity does not add to the perpetrator's guilt."
814:(1926, 1940), commonly cited by scholars for information about Israelite sexual mores, never mentioned rape, only 'forbidden degrees of relationship'. Several Bible passages, which were later widely recognised as 'rape texts', were referred to by Pedersen as 'inappropriate marriage arrangements'.
793:
to kill all Midianites except the virgin girls, whom they could keep for what Paine termed "debauchery": "Among the detestable villains that in any period of the world would have disgraced the name of man, it is impossible to find a greater than Moses, if this account be true. Here is an order to
3739:
depicts the god Yahweh as the defender and protector of Jerusalem, for example in the verses 2:9 and 9:8. Peterson (1995) wrote: 'In v. 8 the author adopts the language of military encampment to describe the way in which Yahweh will be present at Jerusalem and against any enemy forces'. The only
3435:
Conversely, Corrine Patton (2000) argued that "this text does not support domestic abuse; and scholars, teachers, and preachers must continue to remind uninformed readers that such an interpretation is actually a misreading" and that "the theological aim of the passage is to save Yahweh from the
1628:, but how this text is to be exactly translated and understood is the subject of scholarly controversy. Most modern scholars claim that it describes rape, and many modern translations render it as 'raped' (or with similar verbiage of sexual forcing), while some earlier commentators also proposed
3455:
Regarding Jeremiah 13, Scholz (2010) wrote, "The poem proclaims that the woman brought this fate upon herself and she is to be blamed for it, while the prophet sides with the sexually violent perpetrators, viewing the attack as deserved and God as justifying it. Rape poetics endorses 'masculine
3419:
always refers to sexual activity (and is commonly translated as such), and the women in Ezekiel 16:39 and 23:26 do not consent, but are submitted to this sexual activity by coercion as one of several violent acts (also including mutilation, robbery and murder) of "punishment" (Ezekiel 16:38,41;
2653:
This passage is grouped with laws concerning sons and inheritance, suggesting that the passage's main concern is with the regulation of marriage in such a way as to transform the woman taken captive in war into an acceptable Israelite wife, in order to beget legitimate Israelite children. Caryn
1782:
It was a society in which the victim's shame had to be accounted for, and marriage did erase the shame attendant upon the loss of virginity. But this is shame of an empathically male construction and stunningly lacking in sympathy for the woman victim. There is little face to be gained from the
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is repeatedly propositioned by the wife of his master Potiphar. Joseph refuses to have sex with her ("although she spoke to Joseph day after day, he would not consent" (Genesis. 39:10)), as he has no marital right to do so and it would be a sin against Yahweh (Genesis 39:6–10). Potiphar's wife
3245:
is an unmitigatedly detestable figure. Literarily, he is the evil foil to Tamar's courageous innocence. The Bible wants the reader to simultaneously appreciate, mourn, and cheer for Tamar as we revile and despise Amnon." Regarding the same passage, Bader wrote that "Tamar's perception of the
3133:) his father's concubines in the sight of all Israel.' (2 Samuel 16:21–22 NIV). Scholz (2021) pointed out that interpreters such as McCarter and Anderson did not view Absalom's acts with David's concubines as rape, but that he 'illegally claimed' or 'royally married' them. On the other hand,
2976:
Yamada believes that the language used to describe the plight of the concubine make the reader sympathize with her, especially during the rape and its aftermath. "Thus, the narrator's elaborate description of the woman's attempt to return to the old man's house highlights for the reader the
3411:; usually literally translated as "They will also strip you of your clothes" (NIV)) leads to the conclusion that they mean "They will (also) rape you". Some of the main arguments for this reading include the fact that the very similar phrase of "uncovering the nakedness" of a person in
3225:
criticizes the Bible's depiction of Tamar for its emphasis on the male roles in the story and the perceived lack of sympathy given to Tamar. "The narrator of 2 Samuel 13 at times portrays poignantly, eliciting our sympathy for the female victim. But mostly, the narrator (I assume
3024:
Since consent was impossible, given her powerless position, David in essence raped her. Rape means to have sex against the will, without the consent, of another – and she did not have the power to consent. Even if there was no physical struggle, even if she gave in to him, it was
2842:) for "to lay hold on". He thought the former was more 'enticing' and 'loving' (comparing it to Exodus 22:16, which he deemed consensual) and the latter more 'forceful' and 'violent'; he concluded that verse 25 described rape and verse 28 consensual sex. Similarly, theologian
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have been innocent, her innocence must be assumed." Davidson (2011) added, "Thus the Mosaic law protects the sexual purity of a betrothed woman (and protects the one to whom she is betrothed), and prescribing the severest penalty to the man who dares to sexually violate her."
2901:
28:30 states: 'You will be pledged to be married to a woman, but another will take her and rape her. You will build a house, but you will not live in it. You will plant a vineyard, but you will not even begin to enjoy its fruit.' (New International Version). The word used is
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ones who followed Balaam's advice and enticed the Israelites to be unfaithful to in the Peor incident, so that a plague struck 's people. Now kill all the boys. And kill every woman who has slept with a man, but save for yourselves every girl who has never slept with a man.
2721:
Verse 22:22 does not specifically address the wife's complicity, and therefore Adele Berlin's interpretation (2008) is that even if she was raped, the law dictates she must be put to death since she has been defiled by the extramarital encounter. However, according to the
3309:
means, and what else – if anything – the woman might have been wearing). Exum cited Moreau's painting in support of her analysis that this verse does indeed describe sexual assault, but it is so gratuituous and random that its inclusion in the story may defy explanation.
1482:" him in his sleep. The same explanations are found in three Greek translations of the Bible, which replace the word "see" in verse 22 with another word denoting homosexual relations. Because of what happened, Noah put a curse on Ham's son Canaan and his descendents, the
1741:
is better translated as 'to lust after (someone)' or 'to desire (someone)' rather than 'to love (someone)', as this feeling is sexual rather than romantic and entirely one-sided from a controlling subject to a sexually forced object. The third verb is part of a phrase,
7123:
that many would find difficult to endorse. While she says that her approach is literary rather than religious (p. 9) and that she is not a religious fundamentalist (p. 27), her attribution of an error free text gives the biblical text a unique and undefended status.
2875:
is in the pi'el. In several other cases in the Hebrew Bible where this word is used to describe a man and a woman interacting, for example Judges 20:5 and 2 Samuel 13:14, it is usually describing a man forcing a woman to have sex against her will (that is, rape).
2921:(written around 675 BCE) served as a literary model for these curses in Deuteronomy 28, as well as content in Deuteronomy 13, due to strong textual similarities. Steymans (2013) concluded that this text was therefore probably written between the death of
3525:) for leaving him for another man. In the first half, Hosea is afraid to lose control over his wife's sexual behaviour, and when he does lose control, he accuses her of being a 'whore'/'adulteress' (in the same way that Yahweh accuses the Israelites of '
2736:
of fifty shekels of silver to the deflowered woman's father is mentioned in Deuteronomy 22:28–29 as a restitution for her unplanned loss of virginity. Yamada pointed out that there was no death penalty for either party in this latter scenario, but a
2658:
longer sexually gratifying) without providing her food or shelter or returning her to her family... In this way, the foreign captive is divorced not for objectionable actions like other (Israelite/Hebrew) wives but for reasons beyond her control."
967:
usually means 'to rape, to force/violate sexually', but in some non-sexual contexts is best translated as 'to oppress', 'to weaken', and so on. On the other hand, normally non-sexual words may sometimes describe something sexual; a verb such as
3601:), with houses destroyed by fire and citizens subjected to killing by the sword, sexual harassment and rape. In verses 3:5–7, the god Yahweh appears to threaten Nineveh (who is portrayed as a woman) with sexual violence, as Scholz translates:
1733:. Scholz concluded: "...'to love' is entirely inadequate. A better translation emphasizes spatial closeness: 'Shechem stayed with Dinah' or "Shechem kept Dinah,' in the sense of not allowing her to leave." In the given context, the middle verb
4298:
Laws of Eshnunna §26: 'If a man gives bride-money for a(nother) man's daughter, but another man seizes her forcibly without asking permission of her father and her mother and deprives her of her virginity, it is a capital offence and he shall
3441:
on this woman, rescuing her from certain death, entering into covenant relationship with her, pledging his troth, lavishing on her all the benefits she could enjoy. He had loved intensely. He could not take contempt for his grace lightly."
3436:
scandal of being a cuckolded husband, i.e. a defeated, powerless, and ineffective god. It is a view of God for whom no experience, not even rape and mutilation in wartime, is beyond hope for healing and redemption." Regarding Ezekiel 16,
2691:
24. you shall take both of them to the gate of that town and stone them to death—the young woman because she was in a town and did not scream for help, and the man because he violated another man's wife. You must purge the evil from among
2676:
Scholz (2021) stated that the texts of Deuteronomy 22:25–29 'are widely recognized as rape legislation', while Deuteronomy 22:22–24 as well as Deuteronomy 21:10–14 'are more contested and are not usually characterized as rape laws'. The
2863:, which (depending on the context) can mean "to rape, to force , to defile, to violate, to ravish, to mistreat, to afflict, to humble/humiliate, to oppress, to subject/submit/subdue, to weaken". Especially when a Hebrew verb is in the
3206:) her'. The scholarly consensus is that Amnon is guilty of raping Tamar. Although Pamela Tamarkin Reis (2002) claimed that Tamar consented and in fact is to blame for what happened, Reis is not an academically trained scholar, but a
1517:
in the pi'el, is sometimes used elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible to mean "to rape", "to mistreat" or "to oppress" (amongst other things), depending on the context. Trible rejected that idea, reasoning that it simply meant 'oppression';
1783:
dubious honor of marrying your rapist. At least Dinah's brothers agree with this last point, if not with how I arrived there. I do not believe rape was an issue for them. Shame and control were their buttons. Rape is one of ours.
950:
Scholars such as Susanne Scholz (2021) have pointed out that the meanings of words in the Hebrew Bible always depend on their context, and Bible translators or commentators often misinterpret terms, miss important nuances, or use
1787:
Sandra E. Rapoport (2011) argues that "The Bible text is sympathetic to Shechem in the verses following his rape of Dinah, at the same time that it does not flinch from condemning the lawless predatory behavior towards her. One
3548:
in Hosea 2:14 (2:16 in Hebrew texts), which is usually translated as 'to allure/entice/persuade/seduce/attract' or 'to trick/deceive/mislead'. But in this verse, as well as in Judges 14:15 and Judges 16:5, the verb is in the
7954:
3186:
be like one of the wicked fools in Israel. Please speak to the king; he will not keep me from being married to you.' But he refused to listen to her, and since he was stronger than she, he raped her. (2 Samuel 13:11–14 NIV)
3420:
23:24,45,49) perpetrated by invading foreign men. Gravett insisted that both narratives are not just a metaphorical warning to all Juhadites and Israelites (with whom the women are identified through the capital cities of
3169:
to come into his bedroom alone, seizes her by the hand and tells her to go to bed with him, but Tamar refuses and resists, telling Amnon to marry her first; however, Amnon proceeds to overpower her and rape her anyway.
959:, the verb 'to rape' does not necessarily always refer to sexual violence, but could be used metaphorically to describe being subjected to a deeply unpleasant yet non-sexual experience. Similarly, a Hebrew verb such as
976:
usually means 'to crush, to destroy, to oppress', but in one particular Bible verse (Isaiah 23:12) may actually mean 'to rape' in connection with the term 'virgin daughter', as the latter has a special sexual meaning.
3301:("The Song of Songs") has visualised the scene of Songs 5.7 as sexual aggression as well, since the woman is beaten and injured by the watchmen, and some of her clothes are stripped away (although it is unclear what
3373:(1995). They and other scholars such as Johnny Miles (2006) conclude that this stripping of women's clothes to expose their genitals refers to sexual violence as God's punishment for women's arrogance and pride.
2630:
As for the women, the children, the livestock and everything else in the city, you may take these as plunder for yourselves. And you may use the plunder your God gives you from your enemies. (Deuteronomy 20:14
1010:) to rape, to force , to defile, to violate, to ravish, to mistreat, to afflict, to humble/humiliate, to oppress, to subject/submit/subdue, to weaken; probably means 'to rape' in Judges 20:5 and 2 Samuel 13:14.
2929:
in 622 BCE. Deuteronomy 28:30 corresponds to Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty (SAA 2 6) 11.425-426 (§41), in which the accursed man's fiancée would also be raped, and his house and vineyard would also be lost.
1720:
Contrary to Bader and Yamada, however, Scholz (2021) asserted that, despite being a passive object, Dinah rather than Shechem is central in the narrative, and the verbs in verse 3 are widely mistranslated.
934:(2011) wrote: "What should not be in doubt is the biblical view of rape: it is horrid. It is decried in the Bible's stories. It is not tolerated in the Bible's laws." In the other camp are scholars such as
1571:
shows them hospitality. However, the men of the city gathered around Lot's house and demanded that he give them the two guests so that they could rape them. In response to this, Lot offers the mob his
1600:(1986) has suggested that because the Hebrew Bible takes for granted Lot's right to offer his daughters for rape, we can assume that it reflected a historical reality of a father's power over them.
2811:
made it "he raped her". Irrespective of whether or not the woman had given consent to the sexual act, or will give consent to marriage, the man is required to marry her by paying her parents a
3062::9). Not only would Yahweh strike the newborn child of Bathsheba and David with illness so that it died after seven days (2 Samuel 12:13–18), but Yahweh says that he would let someone close (
747:
Until well into the 20th century, most translators and commentators did not recognise any texts in the Hebrew Bible as containing acts of rape, that is, sexual actions performed without the
4308:'The watchmen found me as they made their rounds in the city. "Have you seen the one my heart loves?" Scarcely had I passed them when I found the one my heart loves.' (Song of Songs 3:4–5)
2717:
the time. Just the same, the law communicates the message that faith tradition does not (and should not) consider the possibility that women might have different yet valid perspectives.
2918:
3573:
in these verses as 'to coax'. Scholz reasoned that in both these Judges verses (about Samson and Delilah) and in Exodus 22:16 (about premarital sex; unclear if forced or consensual),
3137:(1994) entertained the possibility of rape, as 'there is no reason to think that these women would have been willing participants.' Thomas Bohache (2006) went even further, stating:
2704:
29. he shall pay her father fifty shekels of silver. He must marry the young woman, for he has violated her. He can never divorce her as long as he lives. (Deuteronomy 22:22–29 NIV)
1850:
Joseph's experience - harassment / assault, false accusations and imprisonment before eventually being released, promoted and honoured - is commonly seen as a 'type' of Christ (see
3460:
not sexually excited by having her nakedness exposed. She is shamed. Moreover, those who witness Israel's shame do not desire Israel's exposed body. They are disgusted by it."
1854:) and, for Longman III, it demonstrates the major theme of (the rest of) Joseph's story: "God can bring salvation even using evil acts of those who want to harm God’s people".
1478:, "saw" his father's "nakedness", a phrase which elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible can mean "had sex with". Some interpretations conclude that Ham had sex with Noah, perhaps even "
4289:
Namely, in Genesis 34:3; 50:21; Judges 19:3; 1 Samuel 1:13; 2 Samuel 19:8; Isaiah 40:2; Hosea 2:16; Ruth 2;13; and 2 Chronicles 30:22; 32:6, according to Georg Fischer (1984).
3289:
but rather: 'Why did the poet, whose creations the lovers are and whose poem is a carefully crafted work of art, choose to depict such an outrageous incident in a love poem?'
2636:
male possession and control. Biblical references clearly illustrate this point in relation to the treatment of women in wartime, where they were regarded as 'spoils of war'.'
3810:, Yahweh seems to be threatening to personally rape the city of Nineveh himself instead of having foreign soldiers do it by his orders or with his endorsement. Similarly in
365:
1509:
and Suzanne Scholz, but rejected by others. Some have even considered the possibility that verse 16:6 is saying that Sarah "raped" Hagar as well, since the verb used,
1190:= to remove/strip (clothes or other objects), to take/put away, to behead/decapitate, to separate, to turn aside (or: to decline), to withdraw/retract, to depart/leave
7647:
Patton, Corrine (2000). ""Should Our Sister Be Treated Like a Whore"? A Response to Feminist Critiques of Ezekiel 23". In Odell, Margaret S.; Strong, John T. (eds.).
1939:
1079:) to sexually violate (e.g. in Genesis 34:7, Judges 19–21, 2 Samuel 13:12, and 3 Nahum 6), to make vile, to disgrace, to treat contemptuously, to make foolish
7087:
3361:
as "forehead" or "scalp". Also often translated as "genitals" or "secret parts", Scholz believes that a more accurate translation of the word in context is "
4268:'During the night the men of Gibeah came after me and surrounded the house, intending to kill me. They raped my concubine, and she died.' (Judges 20:5 NIV)
1828:
A rare Biblical instance of sexual harassment and assault perpetrated against a man by a woman may be found in Genesis 39. In this chapter, the enslaved
2131:
2602:
871:
2685:
22. If a man is found sleeping with another man's wife, both the man who slept with her and the woman must die. You must purge the evil from Israel.
1093:= to entice, to seduce, to persuade, to deceive, to fool, to flatter? (Proverbs 20:19), to prevail? (Ezekiel 14:9), to (al)lure? (Hosea 2:14), (in
1575:
instead. The mob refuses Lot's offer, but the angels strike them with blindness, God eventually destroys the city, and Lot and his family escape.
4355:
2694:
25. But if out in the country a man happens to meet a young woman pledged to be married and rapes her, only the man who has done this shall die.
7563:
1301:) to act as a harlot/whore, to play a/the harlot/whore, to go a whoring, to commit fornication, to commit whoredom, to be unfaithful/adulterous
8477:
2803:
is almost universally translated as "to humble" in older English translations, but almost always as "to violate" in modern translations. The
2112:
2104:
2696:
26. Do nothing to the woman; she has committed no sin deserving death. This case is like that of someone who attacks and murders a neighbor,
2181:
1872:
Midianite women, children and livestock taken captive by Israelite soldiers after all Midianite men had been killed and their towns burnt.
343:
6360:
Kawashima, Robert S (2011). "Could a Woman Say "No" in Biblical Israel? On the Genealogy of Legal Status in Biblical Law and Literature".
2654:
Reeder (2017) notes, "The month-long delay before the finalization of the marriage would thus act in part as a primitive pregnancy test."
8508:
3173:
2098:
1525:(1993) accepted it as the sexual violation of her physical integrity; Scholz concluded that 'the story does not provide a clear answer'.
1222:= to take, to catch, to capture, to grab/grasp, to seize, to lay hold, to arrest, to occupy, to profane, to handle/wield/play (an object)
390:
6983:
4375:
6496:(1996). "Some Biblical Reflections on Justice, Rape, and an Insensitive Society". In Kroeger, Catherine Clark; Beck, James R. (eds.).
3318:
Scholars such as Kate Blanchard, Pamela Gordon and Harold C. Washington, and Scholz have noted that there are several passages in the
1707:
2221:
845:
depicted sexual violence or not. Some of the most notable works in this formative era in the study of biblical rape literature were:
3334:, that utilize rape metaphors. Blanchard expressed outrage over this fact, writing: "The translations of these shining examples of
2723:
1904:
understood the passage 'correctly'. On the other hand, he noted that other rabbinical commentaries such as B. and Y. Qiddushin and
2698:
27. for the man found the young woman out in the country, and though the betrothed woman screamed, there was no one to rescue her.
1695:
And he stayed with/kept Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, and he lusted after the young woman, and he tried to quiet the young woman.
942:(1998) concluded: "The laws do not interdict sexual violence; rather they stipulate the terms under which a man may commit rape."
8337:
6055:
710:
506:
412:
4543:"'Lest he die in the battle and another man take her': Violence and the construction of gender in the laws of Deuteronomy 20–22"
8402:
7682:
312:
193:
188:
940:'Lest he die in the battle and another man take her': Violence and the construction of gender in the laws of Deuteronomy 20–22
8214:
8175:
8100:
8075:
8049:
8018:
7994:
7072:
Fokkelien van Dijk-Hemmes, "Tamar and the Limits of Patriarchy Between Rape and Seduction (2 Samuel 13 and Genesis 38)". In:
4518:
2595:
180:
8560:
8407:
2967:
Scholz notes the linguistic ambiguity of the passage and the variety of interpretations that stem from it. She wrote that:
2775:
Deuteronomy 22:28–29 has been a rather controversial part of this chapter, with some modern scholars arguing that it is a
1667:וַיַּ֨רְא אֹתָ֜הּ שְׁכֶ֧ם בֶּן־חֲמֹ֛ור הַֽחִוִּ֖י נְשִׂ֣יא הָאָ֑רֶץ וַיִּקַּ֥ח אֹתָ֛הּ וַיִּשְׁכַּ֥ב אֹתָ֖הּ וַיְעַנֶּֽהָ׃
8440:
8247:
4429:
An Apology for the Bible, in a series of letters, addressed to Thomas Paine, author of a book entitled, The Age of Reason
3704:.' Moreover, Nahum 3 mirrors other Hebrew prophetic poems in which a city (with Nineveh here being representative of the
2146:
2091:
1672:
And when Shechem the son of Hamor the Hivite prince of the country saw her he took her and lay with her and defiled her.
799:
441:
8039:
6515:
1285::18, where the phrase 'women children who have not known a man in bed' is sometimes translated simply as 'virgin girls')
8590:
8575:
8208:
8130:
7964:
1982:
216:
211:
1594:(2003) suggests that the text presents Lot's daughters as the "initiators and perpetrators of the incestuous 'rape'."
8452:
8435:
8392:
8151:
7752:
7721:
6611:
6527:
6093:
5825:
5500:
5460:
5382:
4395:
1678:
When Shechem son of Hamor the Hivite, prince of the region, saw her, he took her, and he laid her, and he raped her.
359:
224:
6952:
6318:
Rey, M. I. (2016). "Reexamination of the Foreign Female Captive: Deuteronomy 21:10–14 as a Case of Genocidal Rape".
8425:
2787:
as "to rape", where older translations usually preferred "to lie with". Similarly, most modern translations render
2588:
2202:
2108:
635:
116:
6137:
Resnick, David (1 September 2004). "A case study in Jewish moral education: (non-)rape of the beautiful captive".
2917:, meaning 'to ravish, to rape, to violate', or euphemistically translated 'to lie with'. Some scholars think that
8565:
8550:
8519:
3581:
refers to sex, and so verse 14 should be translated as "Therefore, behold, it is I who will enforce sex on her."
1925:
1807:
825:, that feminist scholars reached the consensus that some texts in the Hebrew Bible referred to rape, such as the
675:
545:
307:
6981:
Nicol, George G. (1997). "The Alleged Rape of Bathsheba: Some Observations on Ambiguity in Biblical Narrative".
3086:) them in broad daylight (literally "in the eyes of the sun") for everyone in Israel to see (2 Samuel 12:9–12).
2741:, which he compared to Shechem's offer of marriage including a bride price after raping Dinah in Genesis 34:12.
1689:
And his soul clave unto Dinah the daughter of Jacob, and he loved the damsel, and spake kindly unto the damsel.
7709:
7652:
3562:
2136:
1684:וַתִּדְבַּ֣ק נַפְשֹׁ֔ו בְּדִינָ֖ה בַּֽת־יַעֲקֹ֑ב וַיֶּֽאֱהַב֙ אֶת־הַֽנַּעֲרָ֔ וַיְדַבֵּ֖ר עַל־לֵ֥ב הַֽנַּעֲרָֽ׃
807:
384:
8580:
5987:
2700:
28. If a man happens to meet a virgin who is not pledged to be married and rapes her and they are discovered,
511:
8585:
6116:
3554:
3207:
3134:
2012:
7796:
4240:
2770:
8531:
8472:
8447:
8347:
7744:
5907:
4280:'But he refused to listen to her, and since he was stronger than she, he raped her.' (2 Samuel 13:14 NIV)
4181:
4119:
4034:
3713:
3610:
3598:
3522:
3488:
1972:
703:
550:
2972:
interpreters deal differently with the meaning of the story, depending on their hermeneutical interests.
407:
8570:
8457:
3534:
2779:. Bible translations interpret the passage differently, with many modern editions translating the term
1997:
1987:
1578:
Genesis 19 goes on to relate how Lot's daughters get him drunk and have sex with him. As a result, the
1461:
7539:
1505::1–4 was a rape narrative, a conclusion later supported by some feminist biblical researchers such as
8503:
5618:
5558:
3701:
3558:
3517:(who is compared to the god Yahweh) is portrayed as fantasising about how he will punish his ex-wife
3395:
Sandra Lynne Gravett (1994) argued that a proper understanding of the phrases used in Ezekiel 16:39 (
3166:
3152:
3046:
to be killed in battle, and that David has taken Bathsheba as his wife (2 Samuel 11:26–27). He sends
2808:
2678:
2569:
2289:
1655:
1621:
1212:) to have illicit sex with someone / to be subjected to illicit sex by someone (by seduction or rape)
857:
630:
1892:
This has been interpreted as a passage making rape 'a normative practice in war'. Rabbi and scholar
1815:
1692:
His heart was drawn to Dinah daughter of Jacob; he loved the young woman and spoke tenderly to her.
38:
8302:
7800:
4245:
2534:
2354:
2304:
2193:
2040:
1590:, recurring enemies of Israel, were born. A number of commentators describe their actions as rape.
927:
396:
354:
198:
5902:
3456:
authoritarianism' and the 'dehumanization of women,' perhaps especially when the subject is God."
2726:(1882–1925), the crime committed was consensual adultery, and therefore both parties were guilty.
2499:
1675:
When Shechem son of Hamor the Hivite, the ruler of that area, saw her, he took her and raped her.
8467:
8307:
8240:
7905:
6920:
6444:
5627:
5567:
4510:
3097:, who is rebelling against his father and seeking to seize the kingship for himself. His advisor
2621:
2524:
2434:
2394:
2151:
2063:
1868:
1467:
841:). However, they also initially disagreed whether some narratives such as Dinah (Genesis 34) and
600:
585:
535:
370:
170:
158:
139:
7983:
Sexual Violation in the Hebrew Bible: A Multi-Methodological Study of Genesis 34 and 2 Samuel 13
6660:
6198:
3353:
On Isaiah 3:17–18, Scholz (2010) wrote that there is a common mistranslation of the Hebrew word
8387:
8382:
8352:
8200:
8092:
7986:
3791:
3425:
2847:
2819:
2319:
834:
696:
659:
651:
595:
565:
402:
375:
103:
7837:
7738:
7375:
Pamela Gordon and Harold C. Washington, "Rape as a Military Metaphor in the Hebrew Bible," in
6083:
5815:
5492:
5450:
5372:
3339:
Scholz discussed four passages—Isaiah 3:16-17, Jeremiah 13:22,26, Ezekiel 16, and Ezekiel 23.
1896:(1999) argued that "the implications of Numbers 31:17–18 are unambiguous we may be sure that
1533:
874:, Dinah (Genesis 34), Samson and Delilah (Judges 16), the Levite's concubine (Judges 19), and
8555:
8397:
8357:
4427:
4172:
3966:
3900:
3697:
3518:
3504:
3484:
3258:
2939:
2804:
2776:
2738:
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23. If a man happens to meet in a town a virgin pledged to be married and he sleeps with her,
2419:
2294:
2022:
2007:
1775:
1615:
1568:
826:
590:
580:
479:
8141:
6714:
6634:
6601:
1236:) to laugh, to jest/mock, to sport, to caress / make love / have sex (Genesis 26:8), to play
856:(1984), the first feminist scholarly publication which posited that Hagar (Genesis 16; 21),
8367:
6272:
3971:
3906:
2404:
935:
822:
530:
516:
431:
338:
265:
2795:
as "to seize" , whereas older translations generally preferred "to lay hold on". Finally,
8:
8430:
8372:
8362:
8342:
8004:
7541:
That all women may be warned: Reading the sexual and ethnic violence in Ezekiel 16 and 23
6060:
5785:
Gruber, Mayer I. (1999). "A Re-examination of the Charges against Shechem son of Hamor".
5749:
4213:
4140:
4108:
3787:
3709:
3705:
3689:
3550:
3390:
3222:
2999:
2879:
2554:
2479:
2233:
2068:
1992:
1851:
1844:
1537:
1522:
1519:
1094:
1072:
926:
chapters 20 to 22, two schools of thought have emerged. In one camp are scholars such as
560:
555:
540:
521:
456:
451:
244:
8197:
Configurations of Rape in the Hebrew Bible: A Literary Analysis of Three Rape Narratives
7956:
Ancient Laws and Contemporary Controversies: The Need for Inclusive Bible Interpretation
6774:"Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty as the Source for the Canon Formula in Deuteronomy 13:1"
5817:
The Genesis of Ethics: How the Tormented Family of Genesis Leads Us to Moral Development
3464:
Jeremiah reminded that they were going to be exposed for all to see their adulteries."
3403:; usually translated as "They will strip you of your clothes" (NIV)) and Ezekiel 23:26 (
2710:
Ancient Laws and Contemporary Controversies: The Need for Inclusive Bible Interpretation
2626:
Deuteronomy 20:14 indicates that all women and child captives become enslaved property:
8377:
8312:
8287:
8233:
7557:
6785:
6377:
6335:
6300:
6218:
6154:
5924:
4401:
4219:
3717:
3684:. Scholz reasons that 'the sentence "I will sexually violate you" uses the Hebrew verb
2494:
2489:
2369:
2314:
2269:
2211:
2171:
2045:
2017:
1967:
1823:
1649:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1554:
1548:
915:
818:
664:
646:
605:
421:
240:
134:
124:
6575:
6550:
3250:
rape and post-rape responses of the two characters makes this crime more deplorable."
8204:
8171:
8147:
8126:
8122:
8096:
8071:
8045:
8014:
7990:
7960:
7748:
7717:
7656:
6927:
6607:
6523:
6381:
6339:
6304:
6292:
6222:
6158:
6089:
5928:
5821:
5496:
5485:
5456:
5378:
4514:
4405:
4391:
4349:
3736:
3043:
2509:
2484:
2424:
2384:
2078:
1901:
1893:
1471:
777:
497:
436:
203:
8498:
8292:
7849:
7106:
6916:
6836:
6826:
6369:
6327:
6284:
6210:
6146:
5916:
5351:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
5325:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
5299:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
5273:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
5208:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
5157:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
5131:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
5105:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
5079:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
5053:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
5027:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
5001:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
4975:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
4946:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
4908:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
4882:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
4813:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
4775:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
4749:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
4723:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
4649:
The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament / Biblehub.com
4383:
4151:
4087:
4028:
4018:
3997:
3871:
3861:
3819:
3492:
3327:
3047:
3042:
Yahweh is displeased with the fact that David has arranged for Bathsheba's husband
3017:
2843:
2749:
2564:
2344:
2339:
1829:
1730:
897:
838:
803:
348:
326:
255:
175:
129:
7740:
Lamentations, Jeremiah: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture
7508:
7458:
7433:
6331:
5177:
3277:
as depicting the watchmen's sexual assault of the female protagonist in Songs 5:7.
3050:
to inform David that he will receive divine punishment for taking away / seizing (
922:
With regards to the Hebrew Bible's attitude to rape, particularly the sex laws in
8192:
8165:
8086:
8008:
7674:
6948:
6516:"Sexual Abuse in the Old Testament: An Overview of Laws, Narratives, and Oracles"
6493:
5516:
4504:
4341:
4058:
3771:
3759:
3437:
3331:
3319:
3030:
2745:
2729:
2559:
2469:
2429:
2359:
2279:
1771:
1714:
1643:
978:
907:
901:
885:
771:) rather than rape stories. An example of a rare exception to this is a claim by
732:
6150:
3589:
According to a distinctive interpretation put forward by Suzanne Scholz (2021),
2949:
918:(Genesis 19), Dinah (Genesis 34), and Tamar (2 Samuel 13) as three rape stories.
8523:
8493:
8297:
8035:
5920:
5346:
5320:
5294:
5268:
5203:
5152:
5126:
5048:
5022:
4996:
4970:
4941:
4903:
4877:
4770:
4718:
4644:
4047:
4013:
3366:
3335:
3323:
3294:
3290:
3270:
3266:
3262:
2961:
2883:
2807:
even rendered the passage as "he forced her to have intercourse with him", and
2671:
2514:
2439:
2414:
1962:
1900:
means that the warriors may 'use' their virgin captives sexually", adding that
1837:
1796:
1506:
1494:
987:
956:
863:
849:
748:
570:
446:
260:
51:
22:
7483:
6744:
6407:
6373:
6243:
6214:
6172:
5452:
Sexual Politics in the Biblical Narrative: Reading the Hebrew Bible as a Woman
4833:
4744:
4615:
4387:
3774:
this city as a woman who has committed various sins, so that she has become a
3682:
I will cast abominable filth upon you, make you vile, and make you a spectacle
8544:
8273:
8269:
7853:
6296:
6288:
5622:
5562:
3928:
3767:
3510:
3282:
2990:
2544:
2444:
2409:
2334:
2284:
1166:) to lie with (Deuteronomy 28:30, Isaiah 13:16, Jeremiah 3:2, Zechariah 14:2)
893:
830:
94:
89:
7660:
3818:, the Israelite god himself is threatening to sexually assault or rape the "
3472:
8527:
8265:
7595:
7031:
6520:
The Long Journey Home: Understanding and Ministering to the Sexually Abused
5446:
3775:
3741:
3730:
3553:, which adds force or coercion; therefore, some Bible translations such as
3416:
3412:
2846:(1897) interpreted Deuteronomy 22:28–29 as a law concerning the offense of
2399:
2379:
2349:
2242:
2141:
2073:
1597:
1591:
1034:) to have sex with, to enter/insert, to bring, to go, to go down (the sun)
982:
772:
736:
724:
686:
302:
297:
286:
108:
63:
7577:
6088:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 255–256.
6021:
860:(2 Samuel 13) and the Levite's concubine (Judges 19) were rape narratives.
794:
butcher the boys, to massacre the mothers, and debauch the daughters." In
7898:"Just a Whore. The Annihilation of Babylon According to Revelation 17:16"
6831:
6814:
6498:
Women, Abuse, and the Bible: How Scripture Can be Used to Hurt or to Heal
3984:
3815:
3450:
3158:
3090:
3059:
3029:
Other scholars, however, suggest that Bathsheba came to David willingly.
3013:
2504:
2329:
1957:
923:
7897:
6789:
6773:
5653:
5593:
4808:
2925:
in 672 BCE and the probable adoption of the Book of Deuteronomy by king
8322:
7311:
6051:
5787:
5100:
5074:
4135:
4103:
4074:
3803:
3754:
3386:
3382:
3098:
2948:
The Levite finds his gang-raped concubine dead on his doorstep. Art by
2922:
2324:
1863:
1758:
1502:
1483:
1282:
790:
782:
625:
275:
73:
8218:
6841:
4542:
1020:= to crush, to destroy, to oppress, (+ virgin) to rape? (Isaiah 23:12)
7902:
Lectio Difficilior. European Electronic Journal for Feminist Exegesis
7110:
4146:
4082:
4023:
3992:
3953:
3937:
3920:
3887:
3866:
3783:
3421:
3009:
2389:
1977:
1629:
1560:
952:
875:
768:
2851:
Deuteronomy 22:29 does. The Hebrew word used here for "violated" is
1132:, for example in Jeremiah 20:7, should be understood as rape or not.
8068:
Biblical Seductions: Six Stories Retold Based on Talmud and Midrash
7931:
6719:
3856:
3811:
3779:
3526:
3348:
2944:
2864:
1101:)) to coax/force sexually? (Judges 14:15, Judges 16:5, Hosea 2:14)
993:
280:
8167:
Texts of Terror: Literary-Feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives
8010:
The Cry of Tamar: Violence Against Women and the Church's Response
7423:
in the Hebrew Bible is 1 Kings 7:50, where it means "door socket".
6085:
The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties
3747:
3604:
3219:
The Cry of Tamar: Violence Against Women and the Church's Response
854:
Texts of Terror: literary-feminist readings of Biblical narratives
767:(Genesis 34) were even interpreted to be love stories (e.g. about
7649:
The Book of Ezekiel: Theological and Anthropological Perspectives
4208:
4200:
4167:
4114:
3961:
3895:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3594:
3590:
3500:
3094:
2895:
1905:
1790:
890:
Battered Love: Marriage, Sex, and Violence in the Hebrew Prophets
760:
756:
492:
292:
78:
7714:
Jeremiah Invented: Constructions and Deconstructions of Jeremiah
7710:"Bare Naked: A Gender Analysis of the Naked Body in Jeremiah 13"
7074:
Anti-Covenant. Counter-Reading Women's Lives in the Hebrew Bible
912:
The Harlot by the Side of the Road: Forbidden Tales of the Bible
8038:(2012). "Toward a Genuine Dialogue Between the Bible and Art".
3763:
3480:
3241:
Regarding the rape of Tamar in 2 Samuel, Rapoport states that "
2926:
2867:(intensifying) form, this adds force, and in Deuteronomy 22:29
1479:
868:
Fragmented Women: Feminist (Sub)versions of Biblical Narratives
752:
487:
270:
7959:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
7002:
7000:
6998:
8256:
7876:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7383:, 8 (Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995), 308–325.
4192:
3932:
3693:
3514:
3476:
3242:
3162:
3005:
2812:
2733:
1625:
1609:
1587:
1498:
879:
842:
786:
764:
68:
30:
8225:
7838:"Undoing the Future: The Theology of the Book of Zechariah*"
4856:
4854:
4547:
Gender and Law in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East
7371:
7369:
6995:
6199:"Rape in war: Lessons of the Balkan conflicts in the 1990s"
3530:
3362:
2822:(1746–63) observed that a different verb is used in 22:28 (
1583:
1475:
1413:= rape, disgraceful act/thing, folly, villainy, foolishness
1371:
817:
It was not until the late 1970s, with the emergence of the
728:
7919:
7867:
7773:
7761:
6815:"Deuteronomy 28 and Tell Tayinat : original research"
6661:"Deuteronomy 22 Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers"
5541:
5539:
5537:
4457:
2748:(1996) considered it a rape scenario, comparing it to the
1497:(1984) was the first scholar to suggest that the story of
6684:
6682:
4921:
4851:
4788:
4474:
4472:
2882:(2011) regarded Deuteronomy 22:28-29 as a law concerning
7366:
7354:
7330:
7277:
7248:
7128:
5238:
5236:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4588:
3093::20–23, this man close to David turns out to be his son
1277:) to know intimately/carnally / to know by lying with, (
930:
and Shawna Dolansky, who concerning "Women's Status" in
7294:
7292:
7267:
7265:
7263:
5731:
5719:
5707:
5534:
5427:
4669:
4667:
4665:
3190:
Literally, the Hebrew text states 'he forced/violated (
751:
of both participants. Some narratives such as those of
7806:
7056:
7054:
7052:
6694:
6679:
4502:
4484:
4469:
4445:
3794:), it is also applied to non-Israelite cities such as
1708:
Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible § Genesis 34
739:, its historical narratives and its prophetic poetry.
7012:
6474:
6388:
5415:
5248:
5233:
5221:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4638:
4636:
4585:
4573:
4561:
3766:
speak his judgement over a capital city (using it as
2994:
David and Bathsheba. Anonymous 17th-century painting.
7342:
7289:
7260:
5391:
4662:
3210:, and her views are generally rejected by scholars.
8170:. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press. pp. 37–64.
8088:
Rape Plots: A Feminist Cultural Study of Genesis 34
7891:
7889:
7090:
Reading the Lines: A Fresh Look at the Hebrew Bible
7049:
6359:
6196:
5403:
4321:
1762:
Shechem seizes Dinah. Italian artist, 17th century.
892:(1995) on sexual violence in marriage metaphors in
5988:"Seeing Joseph as a Type of Christ | BJU Seminary"
5648:
5646:
5588:
5586:
5484:
4679:
4633:
4503:Elliot Freeman, Richard; Dolansky, Shawna (2011).
4248:, a biblical figure subjected to sexual harassment
4189:Dehydration, captivity, theft, public shame, rape
2132:African and African-American women in Christianity
8013:(2nd ed.). Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.
4276:
4274:
4156:Marital infidelity, mixing with foreign cultures
4124:Marital infidelity, mixing with foreign cultures
4092:Marital infidelity, mixing with foreign cultures
1208:) to defile (someone, oneself) / to be defiled, (
8542:
7886:
6117:"Numbers 31:19 Dr. Constable's Expository Notes"
4834:"מילון מורפיקס | פתה באנגלית | פירוש פתה בעברית"
4616:"מילון מורפיקס | ענה באנגלית | פירוש ענה בעברית"
3828:Personified capital cities threatened with rape
3692:, which appears also in rape narratives such as
3078:) all his wives and have him sleep with / rape (
3034:the royal palace was deliberately provocative".
1204:) to become unclean, to be pronounced unclean, (
994:Verbs that could mean 'to rape' or 'to have sex'
7895:
6739:
6737:
6197:Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline; Stanley, Penny (2000).
5643:
5583:
4063:"Wickedness" (vassalage to Babylonia 605 BCE?)
4039:Rape? Public shame, sacrilege, mixing cultures
3752:Scholars have long recognised that many of the
3748:Personified capital cities threatened with rape
1057:= to uncover (nakedness), to strip (clothes), (
7712:. In Holt, Else K.; Sharp, Carolyn J. (eds.).
7618:
7616:
6136:
5611:
5551:
4339:
4271:
4264:
4262:
4159:Mutilation, rape, public shame, murder, arson
4127:Mutilation, rape, public shame, murder, arson
4095:Mutilation, rape, public shame, murder, arson
1753:
8241:
7312:"Song of Solomon 3 New International Version"
6921:"Bathsheba's Story: Surviving Abuse and Loss"
6509:
6507:
6266:
6264:
5344:
5318:
5292:
5266:
5201:
5150:
5124:
5098:
5072:
5046:
5020:
4994:
4968:
4939:
4901:
4875:
4806:
4768:
4742:
4716:
4642:
3371:The Ethics of Biblical Violence against Women
2596:
704:
6808:
6806:
6767:
6765:
6745:"Deuteronomy 28 (New International Version)"
6734:
6600:Newsom, Carol Ann; Ringe, Sharon H. (1998).
6408:"Deuteronomy 22 (New International Version)"
6244:"Deuteronomy 21 (New International Version)"
6173:"Deuteronomy 20 (New International Version)"
5952:. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers. 1989.
5950:The Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version
5617:
5557:
3625:I will take off your skirts over your face.
7707:
7613:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7419:, p. 182–183. The only other appearance of
7377:A Feminist Companion to the Latter Prophets
6606:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 64.
6599:
5967:. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. p. 480.
5962:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
4354:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4259:
4186:Marital infidelity, worshipping other gods
3762:in the Hebrew Bible have the Israelite god
1462:Curse of Ham § Seeing Noah's nakedness
8321:
8248:
8234:
8070:. Jersey City, NJ: KTAV Publishing House.
7831:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7823:
7821:
7562:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6984:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
6915:
6522:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 136.
6504:
6277:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
6273:"Deuteronomy 21.10–14 and/as Wartime Rape"
6261:
6132:
6130:
4540:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4225:Public rape, shame and abandonment, arson
3630:I will let nations look at your genitals ,
2603:
2589:
1799:in the context of the ancient Near East."
829:and the Benjamites seizing the virgins of
711:
697:
7736:
7032:"2 Samuel 13 (New International Version)"
6840:
6830:
6803:
6784:(3). American Oriental Society: 337–347.
6762:
6203:The International Journal of Human Rights
6046:
6044:
6042:
5377:. Harvard University Press. p. 222.
4964:
4962:
4871:
4869:
3942:Avarice, materialism (wealth from trade)
3721:must be treated as dangerous territory'.
3655:Then all who see you will shrink from you
2771:Marry-your-rapist law § Hebrew Bible
1774:(2010) stated that the story describes a
1634:
742:
8143:Sacred Witness. Rape in the Hebrew Bible
8119:Sacred Witness: Rape in the Hebrew Bible
7526:
6812:
6778:Journal of the American Oriental Society
6771:
6513:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6022:"Numbers 31 (New International Version)"
5900:
5877:
5813:
4373:
3603:
3471:
3257:
3172:
2989:
2943:
2724:Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
1867:
1806:
1757:
1532:
1400:
1281:) to have sex(ual relations) with (e.g.
1045:= in, into. Examples: 2 Samuel 16:21–22.
872:wife-sister stories (Genesis 12; 20; 26)
8338:Allegorical interpretation of the Bible
7818:
7803:: "I will ... treat you with contempt".
7537:
7105:(1). Monash University Press: 121–123.
6706:
6320:Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion
6127:
4382:. Cambridge University Press: 165–172.
4362:
4342:"The Age of Reason, Part II, Chapter 1"
3620:I am against you, says Yahweh of hosts.
3180:. Anonymous late 17th-century painting.
1943:"Adam and Eve" by Albrecht Dürer (1504)
1180:) to lie/sleep with, (+ force) to rape.
8543:
8139:
7937:
7925:
7880:
7835:
7812:
7784:
7767:
7683:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
7646:
7134:
7085:
7018:
7006:
6947:
6712:
6700:
6688:
6492:
6480:
6394:
6270:
6050:
6039:
5784:
5737:
5725:
5713:
5545:
5482:
5433:
5421:
5397:
5254:
5242:
5227:
4959:
4927:
4895:
4866:
4860:
4794:
4704:
4673:
4602:
4579:
4567:
4490:
4478:
4463:
4451:
4425:
4327:
4162:Foreign soldiers (endorsed by Yahweh)
4130:Foreign soldiers (endorsed by Yahweh)
4098:Foreign soldiers (endorsed by Yahweh)
4042:Foreign soldiers (endorsed by Yahweh)
3979:Foreign soldiers (endorsed by Yahweh)
3976:Futile resistance, rape, public shame
3948:Foreign soldiers (endorsed by Yahweh)
3915:Foreign soldiers (endorsed by Yahweh)
3675:Where shall I seek comforters for you?
2103:Ordination of women in Protestantism (
1701:
800:Richard Watson, the Bishop of Llandaff
8229:
7673:
6980:
6346:
6081:
5901:McKinlay, Judith (1 September 1995).
5445:
5370:
3529:' for worshipping other gods such as
3037:
1305:
8034:
7544:. Ann Arbor, Michigan. pp. 1–24
7484:"Ezekiel 23:26 Hebrew Text Analysis"
7459:"Ezekiel 16:39 Hebrew Text Analysis"
7360:
7348:
7336:
7298:
7283:
7271:
7254:
6813:Steymans, Hans U. (1 January 2013).
5409:
4241:Marry-your-rapist law § Hebrew Bible
3397:וְהִפְשִׁ֤יטוּ אֹותָךְ֙ בְּגָדַ֔יִךְ
3376:
3253:
3233:Trible allocates another chapter in
3000:Bathsheba § Critical commentary
2960:to the rape of the concubine in the
1441:) gazingstock, spectacle, appearance
1378:) private parts, (fore)head/scalp, (
1250:) to have sex(ual relations) with, (
8044:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 473–503.
7381:The Feminist Companion to the Bible
6713:Tarico, Valerie (1 November 2012).
6317:
5623:"Genesis 34:3 Hebrew Text Analysis"
5563:"Genesis 34:2 Hebrew Text Analysis"
5491:. Oxford University Press. p.
3680:Verse 6 is typically translated as
3401:wə-hip̄-šî-ṭū ’ō-w-ṯāḵ bə-ḡā-ḏa-yiḵ
2764:
2462:Theologians and authors (by branch)
2147:Transgender people and Christianity
2092:Ordination of women in Christianity
1162:) to ravish, to rape, to violate, (
727:contains a number of references to
13:
7896:Vander Stichele, Caroline (2000).
7679:The Book of Ezekiel, Chapters 1-24
6635:"Deuteronomy 22 Gill's Exposition"
4432:. London: T. Evans. pp. 26–27
3740:exception is in the last chapter,
3540:Scholz (2021) focused on the verb
3313:
2099:Ordination of women in Catholicism
1938:
1030:= to come (on) to, to come upon, (
14:
8602:
8393:Internal consistency of the Bible
8003:
7170:
7158:
7146:
7088:"Review of Pamela Tamarkin Reis'
6518:. In Schmutzer, Andrew J. (ed.).
5903:"Potiphar's Wife in Conversation"
3912:Murder, infanticide, rape, arson
3405:וְהִפְשִׁיט֖וּךְ אֶת־בְּגָדָ֑יִךְ
3004:Some scholars see the episode of
2889:
2665:
2639:
2615:
2262:Theologians and authors (by view)
1744:וַיְדַבֵּ֖ר עַל־לֵ֥ב הַֽנַּעֲרָֽ׃
1559:Genesis 19 features an attempted
1332:= nakedness, bare flesh, genitals
7790:
7730:
7701:
7689:
7667:
7640:
7628:
7570:
7501:
7476:
7451:
7426:
7410:
7398:
7386:
7304:
7236:
7224:
7212:
7200:
7188:
7176:
7164:
7152:
7140:
7079:
7066:
7024:
6974:
6941:
6909:
6897:
6885:
6873:
6861:
6849:
6715:"What the Bible Says about Rape"
6653:
6627:
6593:
6568:
6543:
6486:
4374:Prickett, Stephen (March 2019).
4302:
4292:
3892:(Pride & glory Babylonians)
3879:Public sexual assault and shame
3409:wə-hip̄-šî-ṭūḵ ’eṯ- bə-ḡā-ḏā-yiḵ
3058:) Uriah's wife as his own wife (
2203:Christians for Biblical Equality
1748:way-ḏab-bêr ‘al-lêḇ han-na-‘ă-rā
1466:In Genesis 9:22, just after the
680:
37:
6462:
6437:
6425:
6400:
6311:
6271:Reeder, Caryn A. (March 2017).
6236:
6209:(3–4). Taylor and Francis: 68.
6190:
6165:
6109:
6075:
6014:
6005:
5980:
5971:
5956:
5942:
5865:
5853:
5841:
5820:. Harmony/Rodale. p. 247.
5807:
5795:
5778:
5766:
5754:
5743:
5695:
5683:
5671:
5509:
5476:
5439:
5364:
5338:
5312:
5286:
5260:
5195:
5170:
5144:
5118:
5092:
5066:
5040:
5014:
4988:
4933:
4826:
4800:
4762:
4736:
4710:
4608:
4549:. Sheffield Academic Press: 211
4534:
4283:
4218:"Prostitution and witchcraft" (
3724:
3650:I will make you a gazing stock.
3635:and kingdoms at your disgrace .
3597:succumbs to a military attack (
1983:Jesus's interactions with women
981:is also full of euphemisms and
676:Outline of Bible-related topics
7946:
7799:: New King James Version, cf.
7653:Society of Biblical Literature
7538:Gravett, Sandra Lynne (1994).
5915:(10). SAGE Publishing: 69–80.
5455:. A&C Black. p. 209.
4541:Washington, Harold C. (1998).
4496:
4419:
4333:
3822:" (women of Jerusalem/Judah).
3444:
3146:
3070:) to David take away / seize (
2985:
2919:Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty
2137:Christianity and homosexuality
1916:
1423:= disgrace, dishonour, shame (
1144:= to see (exposed genitals), (
945:
882:(2 Samuel 11) as rape stories.
385:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1:
8255:
8065:
8041:Congress Volume Helsinki 2010
7952:
7842:Horizons in Biblical Theology
7206:
7099:The Bible and Critical Theory
6825:(2). University of Pretoria.
6772:Levinson, Bernard M. (2010).
6514:Davidson, Richard M. (2011).
6431:
6332:10.2979/jfemistudreli.32.1.04
5963:Longman III, Tremper (2016).
5871:
5859:
5847:
4315:
3824:
3645:I will sexually violate you ,
3101:tells Absalom: '"Sleep with (
2708:Cheryl Anderson, in her book
2644:Deuteronomy 21:10–14 states:
1857:
1802:
1603:
1528:
1489:
955:for sexual violence. Even in
512:Historical-grammatical method
8116:
8084:
7695:
7634:
7622:
7416:
7404:
7392:
7194:
6891:
6576:"Deuteronomy 22:29 Parallel"
6551:"Deuteronomy 22:28 Parallel"
5814:Visotzky, Burton L. (2010).
5801:
5772:
5760:
3804:unfaithful to their husbands
2956:Trible devotes a chapter in
2013:Women as theological figures
1455:
1206:active, passive or reflexive
1176:= to lie (down), to sleep, (
812:Israel, Its Life and Culture
7:
8561:Bible-related controversies
8348:The Bible and homosexuality
8191:
8163:
7940:, p. 116–123, 214–235.
7745:Lifeway Christian Resources
7242:
7230:
7182:
7060:
6953:"Bathsheba: The Real Story"
6903:
6879:
6867:
6855:
6468:
6445:"Deuteronomy 22 Commentary"
6151:10.1080/0305724042000733073
6082:Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1999).
5791:(in Hebrew) (157): 119–127.
5701:
5153:"4904. מִשְׁכָּב (mishkab)"
4234:
4182:Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
4120:Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
3770:for the state it governs),
3714:Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
3599:Battle of Nineveh (612 BCE)
3523:Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
3342:
2980:
2739:marry-your-rapist provision
1973:Christian views on marriage
1754:Historical-ethical analysis
1445:
1368:only in Isaiah 3:17, vulgar
10:
8607:
7980:
7716:. Bloomsbury. p. 62.
7681:. Grand Rapids, Michigan:
7218:
6139:Journal of Moral Education
6056:"God, the Bible, and Rape"
5921:10.1177/096673509500001007
5689:
5677:
5487:The Creation of Patriarchy
4069:Foreign soldiers / Yahweh
4019:Virgin daughter Zion/Judah
3836:Woman, relation to Yahweh
3728:
3640:I will throw filth at you,
3593:describes how the city of
3584:
3535:Genesis creation narrative
3498:
3467:
3448:
3380:
3346:
3208:presuppositional apologist
3150:
2997:
2937:
2893:
2768:
2669:
2619:
2182:Evangelical and Ecumenical
1998:Paul the Apostle and women
1988:List of women in the Bible
1861:
1821:
1812:José y la mujer de Putifar
1705:
1613:
1607:
1552:
1546:
1459:
1450:
507:Allegorical interpretation
8591:Women in the Hebrew Bible
8576:Mythological rape victims
8517:
8486:
8478:Witchcraft and divination
8418:
8330:
8319:
8280:
8263:
8066:Rapoport, Sandra (2011).
7981:Bader, Mary Anna (2006).
7953:Anderson, Cheryl (2009).
7708:Kalmanofsky, Amy (2015).
7086:Conrad, Edgar W. (2006).
6374:10.1017/S0364009411000055
6215:10.1080/13642980008406893
5295:"5039. נְבָלָה (nebalah)"
5023:"5493. סוּר (sur or sur)"
4388:10.1017/9781316534946.019
4035:military defeat (587 BCE)
3827:
3574:
3566:
3541:
3404:
3396:
3365:", as first suggested by
3354:
3302:
3299:Le Cantique des cantiques
3275:Le Cantique des cantiques
3199:
3191:
3153:Tamar (daughter of David)
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3051:
3016:as an account of a rape.
2933:
2910:
2902:
2868:
2852:
2831:
2823:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2681:renders them as follows:
2570:Katharine Jefferts Schori
2290:Virginia Ramey Mollenkott
1743:
1734:
1722:
1683:
1666:
1656:New International Version
1637:
1510:
1430:
1416:
1406:
1385:
1359:
1349:
1335:
1321:
1311:
1290:
1279:modern Bible translations
1258:
1239:
1225:
1215:
1193:
1183:
1169:
1151:
1137:
1125:
1117:
1105:
1082:
1064:
1050:
1038:
1023:
1013:
999:
969:
960:
8303:Historicity of the Bible
8164:Trible, Phyllis (1984).
8140:Scholz, Susanne (2021).
8117:Scholz, Susanne (2010).
8085:Scholz, Susanne (2000).
7854:10.1163/187122012X602530
7801:English Standard Version
7743:. Nashville, Tennessee:
7737:Huey, Jr., F.B. (1993).
7509:"Ezekiel 23:26 Parallel"
7434:"Ezekiel 16:39 Parallel"
7379:; Athalya Brenner, ed.,
6603:Women's Bible Commentary
6289:10.1177/0309089216661171
5371:Kugel, James L. (1998).
5178:"Numbers 31:18 Parallel"
4426:Watson, Richard (1797).
4380:William Blake in Context
4376:"Chapter 18 - The Bible"
4252:
3925:Virgin daughter (Sidon)
3521:(who is compared to the
2909:, derived from the verb
2535:Frederica Mathewes-Green
2041:Christian egalitarianism
2003:Rape in the Hebrew Bible
1275:older Bible translations
1257:sometimes combined with
1104:sometimes combined with
1037:sometimes combined with
928:Richard Elliott Friedman
796:An Apology for the Bible
397:Novum Testamentum Graece
199:Composition of the Torah
8308:Chronology of the Bible
7906:University of Amsterdam
7836:Foster, Robert (2012).
5654:"Genesis 34:3 Parallel"
5594:"Genesis 34:2 Parallel"
5517:"Genesis 34:2 Parallel"
5374:Traditions of the Bible
4997:"7901. שָׁכַב (shakab)"
4971:"7693. שָׁגַל (shagel)"
4878:"6601. פָּתָה (pathah)"
4511:Oxford University Press
4228:Yahweh (God of Israel)
4008:Yahweh (God of Israel)
3882:Yahweh (God of Israel)
3165:tricks his half-sister
3018:David and Diana Garland
2622:Wartime sexual violence
2152:Women in Church history
2064:Asian feminist theology
1933:Christianity and gender
1874:The Bible and its story
1797:measure-for-measure act
1563:. Two angels arrive in
1468:Genesis flood narrative
1376:euphemistic translation
1164:euphemistic translation
8566:Christianity and women
8551:Sexuality in the Bible
8388:Criticism of the Bible
8383:Muhammad and the Bible
8353:The Bible and violence
5483:Lerner, Gerda (1986).
5345:George Wigram (1843).
5321:"7036. קָלוֹן (qalon)"
5319:George Wigram (1843).
5293:George Wigram (1843).
5267:George Wigram (1843).
5202:George Wigram (1843).
5151:George Wigram (1843).
5125:George Wigram (1843).
5099:George Wigram (1843).
5073:George Wigram (1843).
5047:George Wigram (1843).
5021:George Wigram (1843).
4995:George Wigram (1843).
4969:George Wigram (1843).
4940:George Wigram (1843).
4902:George Wigram (1843).
4876:George Wigram (1843).
4807:George Wigram (1843).
4771:"1540. גָּלָה (galah)"
4769:George Wigram (1843).
4743:George Wigram (1843).
4719:"6231. עָשַׁק (ashaq)"
4717:George Wigram (1843).
4643:George Wigram (1843).
3938:Phoenician city-states
3615:
3496:
3278:
3188:
3181:
3144:
3027:
2995:
2974:
2953:
2848:premarital intercourse
2815:to settle the matter.
2809:God's Word Translation
2719:
2706:
2651:
2633:
1944:
1890:
1877:
1819:
1785:
1776:marry-your-rapist rule
1763:
1661:Susanne Scholz (2014)
1544:
743:History of scholarship
660:Criticism of the Bible
403:Documentary hypothesis
8398:Biblical hermeneutics
8358:The Bible and slavery
7552:– via ProQuest.
5204:"2181. זָנָה (zanah)"
4466:, pp. 19–20, 25.
4066:Made drunk and raped
4005:Rape, victim-blaming
3967:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3905:Arrogance and pride (
3901:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3670:who will bemoan her?"
3607:
3505:Gomer (wife of Hosea)
3499:Further information:
3475:
3449:Further information:
3381:Further information:
3347:Further information:
3261:
3198:pi'el) her and laid (
3183:
3176:
3139:
3022:
2998:Further information:
2993:
2969:
2947:
2805:Good News Translation
2777:marry-your-rapist law
2769:Further information:
2714:
2683:
2670:Further information:
2646:
2628:
2500:Juana Inés de la Cruz
2295:Letha Dawson Scanzoni
2224:Manhood and Womanhood
2023:Women in Christianity
2008:Stay-at-home daughter
1942:
1887:Numbers 31:13–18 NIV)
1879:
1871:
1843:Reformed theologian,
1810:
1780:
1761:
1706:Further information:
1616:Marry-your-rapist law
1553:Further information:
1542:Lot and his daughters
1536:
1470:, it is written that
1401:Nouns for humiliation
1356:= nakedness, genitals
413:NT textual categories
8581:Mythological rapists
8436:Crime and punishment
8368:Alcohol in the Bible
8343:The Bible and ethics
8005:Cooper-White, Pamela
7747:. pp. 149–150.
6919:; Garland, Diana R.
6832:10.4102/ve.v34i2.870
5628:Strong's Concordance
5568:Strong's Concordance
5347:"7210. רֹ֫אּי (roi)"
5269:"6596. פּוֹת (poth)"
5127:"3045. יָדַע (yada)"
5049:"2930. טָמֵא (tame)"
4942:"7200. רָאָה (raah)"
4645:"6031. עָנָה (anah)"
4340:Thomas Paine, 1794.
4002:Arrogance and pride
3972:Babylonian captivity
3907:Babylonian captivity
3876:Arrogance and pride
3614:, John Martin (1829)
3509:In chapter 2 of the
2744:Regarding 22:25–27,
2405:George W. Knight III
1573:two virgin daughters
1380:only in 1 Kings 7:50
1254:) (+ force) to rape
936:Harold C. Washington
823:second-wave feminism
360:Internal consistency
266:Samaritan Pentateuch
8586:Hebrew Bible topics
8373:Ethics in the Bible
8363:The Bible and humor
8121:. Minneapolis, MN:
7848:(1). Brill: 59–72.
7363:, pp. 491–496.
7339:, pp. 493–494.
7286:, pp. 491–492.
7257:, pp. 492–494.
7171:Cooper-White (1995)
7159:Cooper-White (1995)
7147:Cooper-White (1995)
7009:, p. 101, 265.
6061:The Huffington Post
6054:(15 January 2013).
4214:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3706:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3665:"Wasted is Nineveh;
3391:Oholah and Oholibah
3223:Pamela Cooper-White
2880:Richard M. Davidson
2555:April Ulring Larson
2480:Hildegard of Bingen
2222:Council on Biblical
2069:Biblical patriarchy
1993:Ordination of women
1852:Typology (theology)
1845:Tremper Longman III
1814:, oil on canvas by
1702:Linguistic analysis
1580:eponymous ancestors
1538:Jan Wellens de Cock
1523:Delores S. Williams
1520:womanist theologian
1273:) to know in bed, (
1269:"lying (down)") = (
731:and other forms of
194:New Testament canon
189:Old Testament canon
117:Chapters and verses
8378:Women in the Bible
8313:Biblical authority
8288:Biblical criticism
8146:. Fortress Press.
7928:, p. 214–218.
7883:, p. 214–235.
7787:, p. 233–234.
7770:, p. 116–123.
6819:Verbum et Ecclesia
6011:Longman III, p.497
4930:, p. 237–240.
4863:, p. 119–120.
4797:, p. 223–234.
4220:Assyrian captivity
3842:State personified
3778:, a "whore" or an
3718:Assyrian captivity
3660:and they will say:
3616:
3497:
3293:(1985) noted that
3279:
3182:
3048:Nathan the prophet
3038:2 Samuel 12 and 16
2996:
2954:
2940:Levite's concubine
2712:(2009), said that:
2495:Christine de Pizan
2490:Catherine of Siena
2315:Gilbert Bilezikian
2126:Church and society
2046:Complementarianism
2018:Women in the Bible
1968:Biblical womanhood
1945:
1878:
1820:
1770:Rabbi and scholar
1764:
1650:King James Version
1555:Sodom and Gomorrah
1545:
1425:also euphemism for
1394:also euphemism for
1306:Nouns for genitals
986:actually describe
827:Levite's concubine
819:anti-rape movement
775:, who asserted in
665:Biblical authority
546:Capital punishment
422:Biblical criticism
391:Rahlfs' Septuagint
95:New Testament (NT)
90:Old Testament (OT)
8571:Judaism and women
8538:
8537:
8177:978-0-8006-1537-6
8102:978-0-8204-4154-2
8077:978-1-60280-154-7
8051:978-90-04-22113-0
8020:978-0-8006-9734-1
7996:978-0-8204-7873-9
7596:"Leviticus 20:17"
6957:Biblical Horizons
6928:Baylor University
6917:Garland, David E.
5977:Longman III, p.55
5908:Feminist Theology
5436:, pp. 77–78.
4745:"935. בּוֹא (bo)"
4520:978-0-19-531163-1
4493:, pp. 33–38.
4481:, pp. 19–20.
4454:, pp. 21–22.
4232:
4231:
3862:Daughters of Zion
3820:Daughters of Zion
3737:Book of Zechariah
3710:Assyrian conquest
3377:Ezekiel 16 and 23
3297:'s 1853 painting
3273:'s 1853 painting
3254:Song of Songs 5:7
3044:Uriah the Hittite
3008:'s adultery with
2830:) than in 22:25 (
2613:
2612:
2578:
2577:
2510:Pope John Paul II
2485:Julian of Norwich
2453:
2452:
2425:Dorothy Patterson
2253:
2252:
2247:
2079:Womanist theology
1902:Shimon bar Yochai
1894:Shaye J. D. Cohen
1836:Scholars such as
1699:
1698:
1427:women's genitals)
1396:women's genitals)
808:Johannes Pedersen
778:The Age of Reason
721:
720:
536:Conspiracy theory
465:
464:
204:Mosaic authorship
8598:
8403:African American
8325:
8293:Biblical studies
8250:
8243:
8236:
8227:
8226:
8222:
8193:Yamada, Frank M.
8188:
8186:
8184:
8158:(E-book edition)
8157:
8136:
8113:
8111:
8109:
8081:
8062:
8060:
8058:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8000:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7893:
7884:
7878:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7833:
7816:
7810:
7804:
7794:
7788:
7782:
7771:
7765:
7759:
7758:
7734:
7728:
7727:
7705:
7699:
7693:
7687:
7686:
7675:Block, Daniel I.
7671:
7665:
7664:
7644:
7638:
7632:
7626:
7620:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7578:"Leviticus 18:6"
7574:
7568:
7567:
7561:
7553:
7551:
7549:
7535:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7480:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7469:
7455:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7430:
7424:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7384:
7373:
7364:
7358:
7352:
7346:
7340:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7287:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7234:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7156:
7150:
7144:
7138:
7137:, p. 57–61.
7132:
7126:
7125:
7119:
7117:
7111:10.2104/bc060012
7096:
7083:
7077:
7070:
7064:
7058:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7028:
7022:
7016:
7010:
7004:
6993:
6992:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6949:Jordan, James B.
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6925:
6913:
6907:
6901:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6834:
6810:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6769:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6741:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6710:
6704:
6698:
6692:
6686:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6597:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6511:
6502:
6501:
6494:Keener, Craig S.
6490:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6404:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6357:
6344:
6343:
6315:
6309:
6308:
6268:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6134:
6125:
6124:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6079:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6048:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6018:
6012:
6009:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5992:seminary.bju.edu
5984:
5978:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5898:
5875:
5869:
5863:
5857:
5851:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5740:, p. 55–56.
5735:
5729:
5728:, p. 54–55.
5723:
5717:
5716:, p. 53–54.
5711:
5705:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5650:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5590:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5555:
5549:
5548:, p. 49–56.
5543:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5490:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5231:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4966:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4904:"חָזַק (chazaq)"
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4873:
4864:
4858:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4838:www.morfix.co.il
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4677:
4671:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4620:www.morfix.co.il
4612:
4606:
4600:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4371:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4309:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4269:
4266:
4152:Kingdom of Judah
4088:Kingdom of Judah
4029:Kingdom of Judah
3998:Kingdom of Judah
3958:Virgin daughter
3872:Kingdom of Judah
3825:
3712:of the northern
3576:
3568:
3543:
3493:Bible Historiale
3406:
3398:
3356:
3328:Book of Jeremiah
3304:
3201:
3193:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3053:
2912:
2904:
2870:
2854:
2844:Charles Ellicott
2833:
2825:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2765:Verses 28 and 29
2750:Laws of Eshnunna
2605:
2598:
2591:
2565:Lise-Lotte Rebel
2525:Eastern Orthodox
2466:
2465:
2340:Kenneth E. Hagin
2266:
2265:
2245:
2168:
2167:
1921:
1920:
1888:
1745:
1736:
1731:Wilhelm Gesenius
1724:
1685:
1668:
1635:
1512:
1432:
1418:
1408:
1387:
1361:
1351:
1337:
1323:
1313:
1292:
1260:
1241:
1227:
1217:
1195:
1185:
1171:
1153:
1139:
1127:
1119:
1107:
1084:
1066:
1052:
1040:
1025:
1015:
1001:
971:
962:
804:Christian ethics
789:as ordering the
759:(Judges 16) and
713:
706:
699:
687:Bible portal
685:
684:
683:
408:Synoptic problem
332:
331:
327:Biblical studies
256:Dead Sea scrolls
217:Petrine epistles
212:Pauline epistles
41:
18:
17:
8606:
8605:
8601:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8596:
8595:
8541:
8540:
8539:
8534:
8513:
8487:Christian Bible
8482:
8414:
8326:
8317:
8276:
8259:
8254:
8211:
8182:
8180:
8178:
8154:
8133:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8078:
8056:
8054:
8052:
8036:Exum, J. Cheryl
8025:
8023:
8021:
7997:
7971:
7969:
7967:
7949:
7944:
7936:
7932:
7924:
7920:
7910:
7908:
7894:
7887:
7879:
7868:
7858:
7856:
7834:
7819:
7811:
7807:
7795:
7791:
7783:
7774:
7766:
7762:
7755:
7735:
7731:
7724:
7706:
7702:
7694:
7690:
7672:
7668:
7655:. p. 238.
7651:. Atlanta, GA:
7645:
7641:
7633:
7629:
7621:
7614:
7604:
7602:
7594:
7593:
7586:
7584:
7576:
7575:
7571:
7555:
7554:
7547:
7545:
7536:
7527:
7517:
7515:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7492:
7490:
7482:
7481:
7477:
7467:
7465:
7457:
7456:
7452:
7442:
7440:
7432:
7431:
7427:
7415:
7411:
7403:
7399:
7391:
7387:
7374:
7367:
7359:
7355:
7347:
7343:
7335:
7331:
7321:
7319:
7310:
7309:
7305:
7297:
7290:
7282:
7278:
7270:
7261:
7253:
7249:
7241:
7237:
7229:
7225:
7217:
7213:
7207:Rapoport (2011)
7205:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7181:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7157:
7153:
7145:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7115:
7113:
7094:
7084:
7080:
7076:(1989), p. 145.
7071:
7067:
7059:
7050:
7040:
7038:
7030:
7029:
7025:
7017:
7013:
7005:
6996:
6979:
6975:
6965:
6963:
6946:
6942:
6932:
6930:
6923:
6914:
6910:
6902:
6898:
6890:
6886:
6878:
6874:
6866:
6862:
6854:
6850:
6811:
6804:
6794:
6792:
6770:
6763:
6753:
6751:
6743:
6742:
6735:
6725:
6723:
6711:
6707:
6699:
6695:
6687:
6680:
6670:
6668:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6644:
6642:
6633:
6632:
6628:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6598:
6594:
6584:
6582:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6559:
6557:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6512:
6505:
6491:
6487:
6479:
6475:
6467:
6463:
6453:
6451:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6432:Anderson (2009)
6430:
6426:
6416:
6414:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6393:
6389:
6358:
6347:
6316:
6312:
6269:
6262:
6252:
6250:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6227:
6225:
6195:
6191:
6181:
6179:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6135:
6128:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6080:
6076:
6066:
6064:
6049:
6040:
6030:
6028:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6010:
6006:
5996:
5994:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5976:
5972:
5961:
5957:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5933:
5931:
5899:
5878:
5872:Rapoport (2011)
5870:
5866:
5858:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5812:
5808:
5800:
5796:
5783:
5779:
5771:
5767:
5759:
5755:
5748:
5744:
5736:
5732:
5724:
5720:
5712:
5708:
5700:
5696:
5688:
5684:
5676:
5672:
5662:
5660:
5652:
5651:
5644:
5634:
5632:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5592:
5591:
5584:
5574:
5572:
5556:
5552:
5544:
5535:
5525:
5523:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5503:
5481:
5477:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5444:
5440:
5432:
5428:
5420:
5416:
5408:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5343:
5339:
5329:
5327:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5301:
5291:
5287:
5277:
5275:
5265:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5241:
5234:
5226:
5222:
5212:
5210:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5184:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5159:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5133:
5123:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5101:"6711. tsachaq"
5097:
5093:
5083:
5081:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5045:
5041:
5031:
5029:
5019:
5015:
5005:
5003:
4993:
4989:
4979:
4977:
4967:
4960:
4950:
4948:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4900:
4896:
4886:
4884:
4874:
4867:
4859:
4852:
4842:
4840:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4805:
4801:
4793:
4789:
4779:
4777:
4767:
4763:
4753:
4751:
4741:
4737:
4727:
4725:
4715:
4711:
4703:
4680:
4672:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4641:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4601:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4550:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4485:
4477:
4470:
4462:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4435:
4433:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4408:
4398:
4372:
4363:
4347:
4346:
4338:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4272:
4267:
4260:
4255:
4237:
4059:Kingdom of Edom
3839:City addressed
3760:prophetic books
3750:
3733:
3727:
3611:Fall of Nineveh
3587:
3507:
3470:
3453:
3447:
3438:Daniel I. Block
3393:
3379:
3351:
3345:
3332:Book of Ezekiel
3320:prophetic books
3316:
3314:Prophetic books
3281:Readers of the
3256:
3235:Texts of Terror
3178:Amnon and Tamar
3155:
3149:
3040:
3031:James B. Jordan
3002:
2988:
2983:
2958:Texts of Terror
2942:
2936:
2903:יִשְׁכָּבֶ֔נָּה
2898:
2892:
2773:
2767:
2746:Craig S. Keener
2730:Frank M. Yamada
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2674:
2668:
2642:
2624:
2618:
2609:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2560:Catherine Booth
2539:
2519:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2430:Paige Patterson
2370:Complementarian
2364:
2360:William J. Webb
2299:
2280:Anne Eggebroten
2263:
2255:
2254:
2226:
2223:
2212:Complementarian
2186:
2183:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2094:
2084:
2083:
2059:
2058:Other positions
2051:
2050:
2036:
2035:Major positions
2028:
2027:
1953:
1919:
1889:
1886:
1866:
1860:
1826:
1824:Potiphar's wife
1805:
1772:Burton Visotzky
1756:
1715:Frank M. Yamada
1710:
1704:
1644:Leningrad Codex
1638:Genesis 34:2–3
1620:In Genesis 34,
1618:
1612:
1606:
1557:
1551:
1549:Lot's daughters
1531:
1492:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1403:
1346:= shame, vagina
1318:= womb, abdomen
1308:
996:
979:Biblical Hebrew
948:
916:Lot's daughters
908:Jonathan Kirsch
886:Renita J. Weems
837:as gang rapes (
745:
733:sexual violence
717:
681:
679:
678:
670:
669:
656:
642:
620:
612:
611:
610:
526:
502:
475:
467:
466:
461:
380:
364:
353:
329:
319:
318:
317:
250:
249:
230:
229:
225:Johannine works
221:
185:
165:
164:
161:and development
148:
147:
146:
113:
99:
85:
58:
57:
12:
11:
5:
8604:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8536:
8535:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8490:
8488:
8484:
8483:
8481:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8441:Capital crimes
8433:
8428:
8422:
8420:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8410:
8408:Asian American
8405:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8334:
8332:
8328:
8327:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8298:Biblical canon
8295:
8290:
8284:
8282:
8278:
8277:
8264:
8261:
8260:
8253:
8252:
8245:
8238:
8230:
8224:
8223:
8210:978-1433101670
8209:
8189:
8176:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8152:
8132:978-0800638610
8131:
8123:Fortress Press
8114:
8101:
8082:
8076:
8063:
8050:
8032:
8019:
8001:
7995:
7978:
7966:978-0195305500
7965:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7942:
7930:
7918:
7885:
7866:
7817:
7815:, p. 234.
7805:
7789:
7772:
7760:
7753:
7729:
7722:
7700:
7688:
7685:. p. 498.
7666:
7639:
7627:
7612:
7569:
7525:
7500:
7475:
7450:
7425:
7409:
7397:
7385:
7365:
7353:
7351:, p. 494.
7341:
7329:
7303:
7301:, p. 492.
7288:
7276:
7274:, p. 493.
7259:
7247:
7235:
7223:
7211:
7199:
7187:
7175:
7163:
7151:
7139:
7127:
7078:
7065:
7048:
7023:
7011:
6994:
6973:
6940:
6908:
6896:
6884:
6872:
6860:
6848:
6802:
6761:
6733:
6705:
6703:, p. 120.
6693:
6691:, p. 141.
6678:
6652:
6626:
6612:
6592:
6567:
6542:
6528:
6503:
6500:. p. 126.
6485:
6483:, p. 147.
6473:
6461:
6436:
6424:
6399:
6397:, p. 132.
6387:
6345:
6310:
6283:(3): 313–336.
6260:
6235:
6189:
6164:
6145:(3): 307–319.
6126:
6121:StudyLight.org
6108:
6094:
6074:
6038:
6013:
6004:
5979:
5970:
5955:
5941:
5876:
5864:
5852:
5840:
5826:
5806:
5794:
5777:
5765:
5753:
5742:
5730:
5718:
5706:
5694:
5682:
5670:
5642:
5631:. Biblehub.com
5610:
5582:
5571:. Biblehub.com
5550:
5533:
5508:
5501:
5475:
5461:
5438:
5426:
5424:, p. 482.
5414:
5412:, p. 484.
5402:
5390:
5383:
5363:
5337:
5311:
5285:
5259:
5257:, p. 215.
5247:
5245:, p. 232.
5232:
5230:, p. 231.
5220:
5194:
5169:
5143:
5117:
5091:
5075:"8610. taphas"
5065:
5039:
5013:
4987:
4958:
4932:
4920:
4894:
4865:
4850:
4825:
4809:"5034a. nabal"
4799:
4787:
4761:
4735:
4709:
4678:
4661:
4632:
4607:
4605:, p. 233.
4584:
4582:, p. 235.
4572:
4570:, p. 211.
4560:
4533:
4519:
4513:. p. 94.
4495:
4483:
4468:
4456:
4444:
4418:
4396:
4361:
4332:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4301:
4291:
4282:
4270:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4243:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4179:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4052:Daughter Edom
4050:
4048:Lamentations 4
4044:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4014:Lamentations 1
4010:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3926:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3833:Bible chapter
3830:
3829:
3749:
3746:
3729:Main article:
3726:
3723:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3586:
3583:
3513:, the prophet
3469:
3466:
3446:
3443:
3378:
3375:
3367:J. Cheryl Exum
3344:
3341:
3336:victim-blaming
3324:Book of Isaiah
3322:, such as the
3315:
3312:
3295:Gustave Moreau
3291:Michael V. Fox
3271:Gustave Moreau
3255:
3252:
3151:Main article:
3148:
3145:
3039:
3036:
3020:suggest that:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2962:Book of Judges
2938:Main article:
2935:
2932:
2891:
2890:Deuteronomy 28
2888:
2884:statutory rape
2766:
2763:
2672:Deuteronomy 22
2667:
2666:Deuteronomy 22
2664:
2641:
2640:Deuteronomy 21
2638:
2617:
2616:Deuteronomy 20
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2515:Phyllis Zagano
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:Roman Catholic
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2440:Vern Poythress
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2420:Jennifer Morse
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:John MacArthur
2382:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:Women's Caucus
2180:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1963:1 Timothy 2:12
1960:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1918:
1915:
1910:for yourselves
1908:claimed "that
1898:for yourselves
1884:
1862:Main article:
1859:
1856:
1838:Meir Sternberg
1822:Main article:
1804:
1801:
1755:
1752:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1608:Main article:
1605:
1602:
1547:Main article:
1530:
1527:
1507:J. Cheryl Exum
1495:Phyllis Trible
1491:
1488:
1460:Main article:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1428:
1414:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1383:
1357:
1347:
1333:
1319:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1237:
1223:
1213:
1191:
1181:
1167:
1149:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1080:
1062:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1021:
1011:
995:
992:
988:consensual sex
957:modern English
947:
944:
920:
919:
905:
883:
870:(1993) on the
864:J. Cheryl Exum
861:
850:Phyllis Trible
744:
741:
735:, both in the
719:
718:
716:
715:
708:
701:
693:
690:
689:
672:
671:
668:
667:
662:
655:
654:
649:
643:
641:
640:
639:
638:
628:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
527:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
503:
501:
500:
495:
490:
484:
483:
482:
476:
474:Interpretation
473:
472:
469:
468:
463:
462:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
428:
425:
424:
418:
417:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
393:
388:
379:
378:
373:
368:
362:
357:
351:
346:
341:
335:
330:
325:
324:
321:
320:
316:
315:
310:
308:English Bibles
305:
300:
295:
290:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
261:Masoretic Text
258:
252:
251:
248:
247:
237:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
220:
219:
214:
208:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
184:
183:
178:
173:
167:
166:
163:
162:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
144:
143:
142:
137:
132:
121:
120:
119:
112:
111:
106:
100:
98:
97:
92:
86:
84:
83:
82:
81:
76:
71:
60:
59:
56:
55:
48:
47:
46:
43:
42:
34:
33:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8603:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8516:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8489:
8485:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8453:Homosexuality
8451:
8449:
8446:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8417:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8329:
8324:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8274:New Testament
8271:
8270:Old Testament
8267:
8262:
8258:
8251:
8246:
8244:
8239:
8237:
8232:
8231:
8228:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8179:
8173:
8169:
8168:
8162:
8155:
8153:9781506482033
8149:
8145:
8144:
8138:
8137:
8134:
8128:
8124:
8120:
8115:
8104:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8089:
8083:
8079:
8073:
8069:
8064:
8053:
8047:
8043:
8042:
8037:
8033:
8022:
8016:
8012:
8011:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7979:
7968:
7962:
7958:
7957:
7951:
7950:
7939:
7934:
7927:
7922:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7892:
7890:
7882:
7877:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7824:
7822:
7814:
7809:
7802:
7798:
7793:
7786:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7769:
7764:
7756:
7754:9781433675584
7750:
7746:
7742:
7741:
7733:
7725:
7723:9780567259172
7719:
7715:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7696:Scholz (2010)
7692:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7670:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7643:
7636:
7635:Scholz (2010)
7631:
7624:
7623:Scholz (2010)
7619:
7617:
7601:
7597:
7583:
7579:
7573:
7565:
7559:
7543:
7542:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7514:
7510:
7504:
7489:
7485:
7479:
7464:
7460:
7454:
7439:
7435:
7429:
7422:
7418:
7417:Scholz (2010)
7413:
7406:
7405:Scholz (2010)
7401:
7394:
7393:Scholz (2010)
7389:
7382:
7378:
7372:
7370:
7362:
7357:
7350:
7345:
7338:
7333:
7317:
7313:
7307:
7300:
7295:
7293:
7285:
7280:
7273:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7256:
7251:
7244:
7243:Yamada (2008)
7239:
7232:
7231:Trible (1984)
7227:
7220:
7215:
7208:
7203:
7196:
7195:Scholz (2010)
7191:
7184:
7183:Trible (1984)
7179:
7172:
7167:
7160:
7155:
7148:
7143:
7136:
7131:
7124:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7093:
7091:
7082:
7075:
7069:
7062:
7061:Trible (1984)
7057:
7055:
7053:
7037:
7033:
7027:
7021:, p. 57.
7020:
7015:
7008:
7003:
7001:
6999:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6977:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6944:
6929:
6922:
6918:
6912:
6905:
6904:Yamada (2008)
6900:
6894:, pp. 139-144
6893:
6892:Scholz (2010)
6888:
6881:
6880:Trible (1984)
6876:
6869:
6868:Trible (1984)
6864:
6857:
6856:Trible (1984)
6852:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6809:
6807:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6768:
6766:
6750:
6746:
6740:
6738:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6709:
6702:
6697:
6690:
6685:
6683:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6615:
6613:9780664257811
6609:
6605:
6604:
6596:
6581:
6577:
6571:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6531:
6529:9781621893271
6525:
6521:
6517:
6510:
6508:
6499:
6495:
6489:
6482:
6477:
6470:
6469:Yamada (2008)
6465:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6433:
6428:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6396:
6391:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6267:
6265:
6249:
6245:
6239:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6193:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6131:
6122:
6118:
6112:
6097:
6095:9780520926271
6091:
6087:
6086:
6078:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6008:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5974:
5966:
5959:
5951:
5945:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5874:, pp. 127-128
5873:
5868:
5861:
5856:
5850:, pp. 103-104
5849:
5844:
5829:
5827:9780307556318
5823:
5819:
5818:
5810:
5803:
5802:Scholz (2000)
5798:
5790:
5789:
5781:
5774:
5773:Scholz (2010)
5769:
5763:, pp. 168-169
5762:
5761:Scholz (2000)
5757:
5751:
5746:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5722:
5715:
5710:
5703:
5702:Yamada (2008)
5698:
5691:
5686:
5679:
5674:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5614:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5587:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5547:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5504:
5502:9780195051858
5498:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5479:
5464:
5462:9780567042873
5458:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5447:Fuchs, Esther
5442:
5435:
5430:
5423:
5418:
5411:
5406:
5400:, p. 34.
5399:
5394:
5386:
5384:9780674791510
5380:
5376:
5375:
5367:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5326:
5322:
5315:
5300:
5296:
5289:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5251:
5244:
5239:
5237:
5229:
5224:
5209:
5205:
5198:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5132:
5128:
5121:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5002:
4998:
4991:
4976:
4972:
4965:
4963:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4924:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4870:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4791:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4676:, p. 78.
4675:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4637:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4595:
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4591:
4589:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4564:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4506:The Bible Now
4499:
4492:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4460:
4453:
4448:
4442:(8th edition)
4431:
4430:
4422:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4397:9781316534946
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4351:
4343:
4336:
4330:, p. 19.
4329:
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4320:
4305:
4295:
4286:
4277:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4258:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
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4202:
4199:
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4191:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
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4165:
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4158:
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4150:
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4145:
4142:
4139:
4137:
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4129:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
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3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:Alleged sins
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3768:pars pro toto
3765:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
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3676:
3673:
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3668:
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3656:
3653:
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3648:
3646:
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3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3511:Book of Hosea
3506:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3283:Song of Songs
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2992:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2772:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2673:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
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2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2446:
2445:Owen Strachan
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Albert Mohler
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Stanley Grenz
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Grace Jantzen
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2164:Organizations
2161:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1883:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1709:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1624:had sex with
1623:
1617:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1382:) door socket
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1005:
998:
997:
991:
989:
984:
980:
975:
966:
958:
954:
943:
941:
937:
933:
932:The Bible Now
929:
925:
917:
913:
909:
906:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:
859:
855:
851:
848:
847:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:Jabesh-Gilead
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
694:
692:
691:
688:
677:
674:
673:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
652:Infallibility
650:
648:
645:
644:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
616:
615:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
551:Homosexuality
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
481:
478:
477:
471:
470:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
427:
426:
423:
420:
419:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:
394:
392:
389:
387:
386:
382:
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
363:
361:
358:
356:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
334:
333:
328:
323:
322:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
288:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
246:
242:
239:
238:
234:
233:
226:
223:
222:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
160:
157:
156:
152:
151:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
118:
115:
114:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
53:
50:
49:
45:
44:
40:
36:
35:
32:
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
8556:Biblical law
8462:
8426:Commentaries
8419:Hebrew Bible
8266:Hebrew Bible
8199:. New York:
8196:
8181:. Retrieved
8166:
8142:
8118:
8106:. Retrieved
8091:. New York:
8087:
8067:
8055:. Retrieved
8040:
8024:. Retrieved
8009:
7985:. New York:
7982:
7970:. Retrieved
7955:
7933:
7921:
7909:. Retrieved
7901:
7857:. Retrieved
7845:
7841:
7808:
7792:
7763:
7739:
7732:
7713:
7703:
7691:
7678:
7669:
7648:
7642:
7630:
7603:. Retrieved
7600:Biblehub.com
7599:
7585:. Retrieved
7582:Biblehub.com
7581:
7572:
7546:. Retrieved
7540:
7516:. Retrieved
7513:Biblehub.com
7512:
7503:
7491:. Retrieved
7488:Biblehub.com
7487:
7478:
7466:. Retrieved
7463:Biblehub.com
7462:
7453:
7441:. Retrieved
7438:Biblehub.com
7437:
7428:
7420:
7412:
7400:
7388:
7380:
7376:
7356:
7344:
7332:
7320:. Retrieved
7316:biblehub.com
7315:
7306:
7279:
7250:
7238:
7226:
7219:Bader (2006)
7214:
7202:
7190:
7178:
7166:
7154:
7142:
7130:
7121:
7114:. Retrieved
7102:
7098:
7089:
7081:
7073:
7068:
7039:. Retrieved
7036:Biblehub.com
7035:
7026:
7014:
6988:
6982:
6976:
6964:. Retrieved
6960:
6956:
6943:
6931:. Retrieved
6911:
6899:
6887:
6875:
6863:
6851:
6822:
6818:
6793:. Retrieved
6781:
6777:
6752:. Retrieved
6749:Biblehub.com
6748:
6724:. Retrieved
6718:
6708:
6696:
6669:. Retrieved
6665:Biblehub.com
6664:
6655:
6643:. Retrieved
6638:
6629:
6617:. Retrieved
6602:
6595:
6583:. Retrieved
6580:Biblehub.com
6579:
6570:
6558:. Retrieved
6555:Biblehub.com
6554:
6545:
6533:. Retrieved
6519:
6497:
6488:
6476:
6471:, pp. 22–24.
6464:
6452:. Retrieved
6449:Biblehub.com
6448:
6439:
6427:
6415:. Retrieved
6412:Biblehub.com
6411:
6402:
6390:
6365:
6361:
6326:(1): 37–53.
6323:
6319:
6313:
6280:
6276:
6251:. Retrieved
6248:Biblehub.com
6247:
6238:
6226:. Retrieved
6206:
6202:
6192:
6180:. Retrieved
6177:Biblehub.com
6176:
6167:
6142:
6138:
6120:
6111:
6099:. Retrieved
6084:
6077:
6065:. Retrieved
6059:
6029:. Retrieved
6026:Biblehub.com
6025:
6016:
6007:
5995:. Retrieved
5991:
5982:
5973:
5964:
5958:
5949:
5944:
5932:. Retrieved
5912:
5906:
5867:
5855:
5843:
5831:. Retrieved
5816:
5809:
5797:
5786:
5780:
5768:
5756:
5750:Genesis 34:7
5745:
5733:
5721:
5709:
5697:
5690:Bader (2006)
5685:
5678:Bader (2006)
5673:
5661:. Retrieved
5658:Biblehub.com
5657:
5633:. Retrieved
5626:
5619:James Strong
5613:
5601:. Retrieved
5598:Biblehub.com
5597:
5573:. Retrieved
5566:
5559:James Strong
5553:
5524:. Retrieved
5521:Biblehub.com
5520:
5511:
5486:
5478:
5466:. Retrieved
5451:
5441:
5429:
5417:
5405:
5393:
5373:
5366:
5354:. Retrieved
5350:
5340:
5328:. Retrieved
5324:
5314:
5302:. Retrieved
5298:
5288:
5276:. Retrieved
5272:
5262:
5250:
5223:
5211:. Retrieved
5207:
5197:
5185:. Retrieved
5182:Biblehub.com
5181:
5172:
5160:. Retrieved
5156:
5146:
5134:. Retrieved
5130:
5120:
5108:. Retrieved
5104:
5094:
5082:. Retrieved
5078:
5068:
5056:. Retrieved
5052:
5042:
5030:. Retrieved
5026:
5016:
5004:. Retrieved
5000:
4990:
4978:. Retrieved
4974:
4949:. Retrieved
4945:
4935:
4923:
4911:. Retrieved
4907:
4897:
4885:. Retrieved
4881:
4841:. Retrieved
4837:
4828:
4816:. Retrieved
4812:
4802:
4790:
4778:. Retrieved
4774:
4764:
4752:. Retrieved
4748:
4738:
4726:. Retrieved
4722:
4712:
4652:. Retrieved
4648:
4623:. Retrieved
4619:
4610:
4575:
4563:
4551:. Retrieved
4546:
4536:
4524:. Retrieved
4505:
4498:
4486:
4459:
4447:
4434:. Retrieved
4428:
4421:
4409:. Retrieved
4379:
4335:
4323:
4304:
4294:
4285:
3945:Rape? Arson
3848:Punishments
3780:"adulteress"
3776:"prostitute"
3772:personifying
3753:
3751:
3742:Zechariah 14
3734:
3731:Zechariah 14
3725:Zechariah 14
3698:Judges 19–21
3685:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3608:
3588:
3578:
3570:
3545:
3539:
3508:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3434:
3430:
3413:Leviticus 18
3408:
3400:
3394:
3370:
3358:
3352:
3317:
3306:
3298:
3287:
3280:
3274:
3269:interpreted
3248:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3203:
3195:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3156:
3140:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3088:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3055:
3041:
3028:
3023:
3003:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2955:
2950:Gustave Doré
2914:
2906:
2899:
2878:
2872:
2860:
2856:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2817:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2774:
2759:
2753:
2743:
2728:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2688:
2684:
2675:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2400:Wayne Grudem
2350:Roger Nicole
2243:Vision Forum
2142:Fallen woman
2113:Presbyterian
2074:New feminism
2002:
1909:
1897:
1891:
1880:
1873:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1811:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1769:
1765:
1747:
1738:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1619:
1598:Gerda Lerner
1596:
1592:Esther Fuchs
1577:
1558:
1541:
1514:
1493:
1465:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1298:
1294:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:colloquially
1266:
1262:
1251:
1247:
1246:= to know, (
1243:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1068:
1058:
1054:
1042:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1007:
1003:
983:sexual slang
973:
964:
949:
939:
931:
921:
911:
889:
867:
853:
839:Judges 19–21
816:
811:
795:
781:(1795) that
776:
773:Thomas Paine
746:
737:Law of Moses
725:Hebrew Bible
722:
619:Perspectives
575:
480:Hermeneutics
395:
383:
303:Luther Bible
298:Gothic Bible
287:Vetus Latina
285:
241:Translations
181:Hebrew canon
109:Antilegomena
104:Deuterocanon
15:
8532:WikiProject
8509:Development
7947:Works cited
7938:Scholz 2021
7926:Scholz 2021
7881:Scholz 2021
7859:15 November
7813:Scholz 2021
7785:Scholz 2021
7768:Scholz 2021
7135:Scholz 2021
7116:26 December
7041:26 December
7019:Scholz 2021
7007:Scholz 2021
6870:, pp. 59-60
6795:12 November
6754:12 November
6701:Scholz 2021
6689:Scholz 2021
6671:22 December
6645:17 December
6585:20 December
6560:17 December
6481:Scholz 2021
6454:22 December
6417:17 December
6395:Scholz 2021
6368:(1): 1–22.
6253:17 December
6228:14 November
6182:17 December
6067:17 December
6052:Gafney, Wil
6031:17 December
5775:, pp. 32-33
5738:Scholz 2021
5726:Scholz 2021
5714:Scholz 2021
5546:Scholz 2021
5434:Scholz 2021
5422:Scholz 2021
5398:Scholz 2021
5255:Scholz 2021
5243:Scholz 2021
5228:Scholz 2021
5110:15 November
5084:15 November
4928:Scholz 2021
4861:Scholz 2021
4795:Scholz 2021
4705:Scholz 2021
4674:Scholz 2021
4603:Scholz 2021
4580:Scholz 2021
4568:Scholz 2021
4553:27 December
4491:Scholz 2021
4479:Scholz 2021
4464:Scholz 2021
4452:Scholz 2021
4328:Scholz 2021
3985:Jeremiah 13
3816:Jeremiah 13
3702:2 Sam 13:12
3451:Jeremiah 13
3445:Jeremiah 13
3159:2 Samuel 13
3147:2 Samuel 13
3091:2 Samuel 16
3060:2 Samuel 12
3014:2 Samuel 11
2986:2 Samuel 11
2907:yiškāḇennāh
2818:Theologian
2505:Edith Stein
2415:Douglas Moo
2355:Frank Stagg
2345:Paul Jewett
2330:Kevin Giles
2305:Egalitarian
2234:Patriarchal
2194:Egalitarian
1958:Proverbs 31
1917:Deuteronomy
1474:, a son of
946:Terminology
924:Deuteronomy
517:Inspiration
355:Historicity
313:by language
245:manuscripts
8545:Categories
8499:Protestant
8219:143310167X
8201:Peter Lang
8093:Peter Lang
7987:Peter Lang
6842:2263/33483
6362:AJS Review
5788:Beit Mikra
4316:References
4136:Ezekiel 23
4104:Ezekiel 23
4075:Ezekiel 16
3565:translate
3387:Ezekiel 23
3383:Ezekiel 16
3099:Ahithophel
2923:Esarhaddon
2894:See also:
2620:See also:
2545:Protestant
2435:John Piper
2395:John Frame
2380:Don Carson
2325:Gordon Fee
1864:Numbers 31
1858:Numbers 31
1803:Genesis 39
1614:See also:
1604:Genesis 34
1529:Genesis 19
1503:Genesis 16
1490:Genesis 16
1484:Canaanites
1439:pejorative
1299:pejorative
1283:Numbers 31
1099:adds force
953:euphemisms
914:(1997) on
791:Israelites
785:portrayed
783:Numbers 31
522:Literalism
432:Historical
339:Archeology
276:Septuagint
171:Authorship
159:Authorship
8257:The Bible
8007:(2012) .
7797:Nahum 3:6
7558:cite book
7361:Exum 2012
7349:Exum 2012
7337:Exum 2012
7299:Exum 2012
7284:Exum 2012
7272:Exum 2012
7255:Exum 2012
6535:7 October
6434:, p. 3–4.
6382:162579933
6340:147056628
6305:172022884
6297:0309-0892
6223:145485960
6159:216113889
5997:11 August
5929:144070141
5410:Exum 2012
4406:240910636
4195:/ Yahweh
4147:Jerusalem
4083:Jerusalem
4024:Jerusalem
3993:Jerusalem
3954:Isaiah 47
3921:Isaiah 23
3888:Isaiah 13
3867:Jerusalem
3851:Punisher
3784:Jerusalem
3422:Jerusalem
3303:רְדִידִי֙
3135:Ken Stone
3010:Bathsheba
2820:John Gill
2801:anah/inah
2390:Susan Foh
2320:Greg Boyd
2246:(defunct)
2109:Methodist
1978:Deaconess
1630:elopement
1561:gang rape
1480:sodomised
1456:Genesis 9
1392:= skirt (
1324: '
1271:literally
1259:מִשְׁכָּב
1252:euphemism
1248:euphemism
1178:euphemism
1148:) to rape
1061:) to rape
1032:euphemism
972: '
876:Bathsheba
769:elopement
647:Inerrancy
457:Canonical
452:Redaction
344:Artifacts
125:Apocrypha
54:and books
8524:Category
8494:Catholic
8431:Covenant
8281:Overview
8195:(2008).
7698:, p. 184
7677:(1997).
7661:44794865
7637:, p. 191
7625:, p. 188
7407:, p. 182
7395:, p. 181
7245:, p. 114
7221:, p. 147
7209:, p. 352
7173:, p. 31.
7161:, p. 30.
7149:, p. 29.
6951:(1997).
6790:23044955
6720:AlterNet
6639:Biblehub
6619:4 August
6101:20 March
5862:, p. 104
5860:Rapoport
5848:Rapoport
5804:, p. 168
5621:(1890).
5561:(1890).
5449:(2003).
4436:20 March
4411:20 March
4350:cite web
4235:See also
4205:(enemy)
4141:Oholibah
4033:"Sins",
3857:Isaiah 3
3812:Isaiah 3
3716:and the
3694:Gen 34:7
3577:
3569:
3544:
3527:idolatry
3483:) grabs
3407:
3399:
3357:
3349:Isaiah 3
3343:Isaiah 3
3307:rə-ḏî-ḏî
3305:
3221:(1995),
3202:
3194:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3054:
2981:2 Samuel
2913:
2905:
2871:
2869:עִנָּ֔הּ
2855:
2834:
2826:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2270:Feminist
2172:Feminist
2105:Anglican
1952:Theology
1926:a series
1924:Part of
1885:—
1816:Esquivel
1746:
1737:
1725:
1686:
1669:
1513:
1446:Examples
1433:
1419:
1409:
1388:
1362:
1352:
1338:
1336:חֶרְפָּה
1314:
1293:
1265:("bed",
1261:
1242:
1234:positive
1228:
1218:
1210:implicit
1196:
1186:
1172:
1154:
1146:implicit
1140:
1128:
1120:
1108:
1085:
1077:explicit
1067:
1059:implicit
1053:
1041:
1026:
1016:
1008:explicit
1002:
963:
938:, who in
898:Jeremiah
810:'s work
798:(1796),
596:Violence
581:Serpents
571:Prophecy
566:Muhammad
281:Peshitta
271:Targumim
23:a series
21:Part of
8520:Outline
8473:Warfare
8057:11 June
7322:11 June
7233:, p. 33
7197:, p. 39
7185:, p. 26
7063:, p. 34
6966:11 July
6933:11 July
6906:, p. 90
6882:, p. 61
6858:, p. 56
5965:Genesis
5704:, p. 45
5692:, p. 92
5680:, p. 91
5468:10 July
4843:12 June
4625:12 June
4246:Susanna
4209:Nineveh
4201:Nahum 3
4175:, wife
4168:Hosea 2
4143:, wife
4115:Samaria
4111:, wife
3962:Babylon
3896:Babylon
3808:Nahum 3
3800:Nineveh
3796:Babylon
3792:Samaria
3755:Nevi'im
3688:in the
3595:Nineveh
3591:Nahum 3
3585:Nahum 3
3501:Hosea 2
3495:(1372).
3468:Hosea 2
3426:Samaria
3095:Absalom
2952:(1880).
2911:שָׁכַב
2896:Ki Tavo
2873:‘in-nāh
2824:תָּפַשׂ
2789:תָּפַשׂ
1906:Yevamot
1876:(1908).
1791:midrash
1658:(1978)
1652:(1611)
1646:(1008)
1622:Shechem
1451:Genesis
1411:nebalah
1407:נְבָלָה
1386:שֹׁ֛בֶל
1344:cherpah
1322:עֶרְוָה
1312:בָּ֫טֶן
1263:miš-kaḇ
1230:tsachaq
1216:תָּפַשׂ
1202:passive
902:Ezekiel
821:due to
761:Shechem
757:Delilah
749:consent
636:Quranic
631:Islamic
626:Gnostic
601:Warfare
591:Slavery
531:Alcohol
493:Midrash
437:Textual
293:Vulgate
79:Ketuvim
74:Nevi'im
8528:Portal
8504:Canons
8458:Prayer
8448:Events
8331:Topics
8217:
8207:
8183:12 May
8174:
8150:
8129:
8108:2 June
8099:
8074:
8048:
8026:1 June
8017:
7993:
7972:25 May
7963:
7911:28 May
7751:
7720:
7659:
7605:26 May
7587:26 May
7548:26 May
7518:26 May
7493:26 May
7468:26 May
7443:26 May
7318:. 2011
6788:
6726:12 May
6667:. 1897
6641:. 1763
6610:
6526:
6380:
6338:
6303:
6295:
6221:
6157:
6092:
5934:26 May
5927:
5833:30 May
5824:
5663:1 June
5635:1 June
5603:1 June
5575:1 June
5526:3 June
5499:
5459:
5381:
5356:30 May
5330:30 May
5304:30 May
5278:30 May
5213:29 May
5187:3 June
5162:3 June
5136:30 May
5058:3 June
5032:29 May
5006:30 May
4980:30 May
4951:30 May
4913:8 June
4887:1 June
4818:30 May
4780:30 May
4754:28 May
4728:30 May
4654:28 May
4526:7 June
4517:
4404:
4394:
4109:Oholah
3764:Yahweh
3700:, and
3579:pathah
3575:פָּתָה
3571:pathah
3567:פָּתָה
3546:pathah
3542:פָּתָה
3489:Israel
3481:Yahweh
3389:, and
3330:, and
3200:שָׁכַב
3080:שָׁכַב
3076:laqach
3056:laqach
2934:Judges
2927:Josiah
2840:chazaq
2828:tāphaś
2793:tāphaś
2781:שָׁכַב
1830:Joseph
1818:(1854)
1723:דָּבַק
1567:, and
1511:עִנָה
1431:רֹ֫אּי
1417:קָלוֹן
1390:šō-ḇel
1350:מַ֫עַר
1220:tāphaś
1170:שָׁכַב
1160:vulgar
1152:שָׁגַל
1118:פָּתָה
1114:chazaq
1091:pithah
1083:פִּתָה
1051:גָּלָה
1014:עָשַׁק
970:עָשַׁק
900:, and
835:Shiloh
753:Samson
561:Incest
541:Ethics
498:Pardes
488:Pesher
442:Source
371:Places
366:People
349:Dating
176:Dating
130:Jewish
64:Tanakh
52:Canons
25:on the
7904:(1).
7095:(PDF)
6991:: 44.
6924:(PDF)
6786:JSTOR
6378:S2CID
6336:S2CID
6301:S2CID
6219:S2CID
6155:S2CID
5925:S2CID
4402:S2CID
4299:die.'
4253:Notes
4193:Hosea
4173:Gomer
4079:Wife
3933:Sidon
3786:(and
3686:nābal
3551:pi'el
3519:Gomer
3515:Hosea
3485:Gomer
3477:Hosea
3355:פּוֹת
3243:Amnon
3204:šākab
3192:עָנָה
3167:Tamar
3163:Amnon
3119:בּוֹא
3103:בּוֹא
3084:šākab
3072:לָקַח
3052:לָקַח
3025:rape.
3006:David
2915:šāgal
2865:pi'el
2853:עָנָה
2836:ḥāzaq
2832:חָזַק
2813:dowry
2797:עָנָה
2785:šākab
2754:might
2734:dowry
1735:אָהַב
1727:dabaq
1626:Dinah
1610:Dinah
1588:Ammon
1565:Sodom
1499:Hagar
1421:qālôn
1360:פּוֹת
1354:ma'ar
1340:ḥerpâ
1330:ervah
1316:beṭen
1295:zanah
1291:זָנָה
1240:יָדַע
1226:צָחַק
1194:טָמֵא
1174:šākab
1156:šāgal
1138:רָאָה
1130:ḥāzaq
1126:חָזַק
1110:ḥāzaq
1106:חָזַק
1095:pi'el
1075:) = (
1073:pi'el
1069:nābal
1065:נָבֵל
1024:בּוֹא
1000:עִנָה
961:עָנָה
894:Hosea
880:David
858:Tamar
843:Hagar
787:Moses
765:Dinah
606:Women
556:Humor
376:Names
69:Torah
31:Bible
8463:Rape
8215:ASIN
8205:ISBN
8185:2015
8172:ISBN
8148:ISBN
8127:ISBN
8110:2015
8097:ISBN
8072:ISBN
8059:2024
8046:ISBN
8028:2015
8015:ISBN
7991:ISBN
7974:2015
7961:ISBN
7913:2021
7861:2021
7749:ISBN
7718:ISBN
7657:OCLC
7607:2021
7589:2021
7564:link
7550:2021
7520:2021
7495:2021
7470:2021
7445:2021
7324:2024
7118:2021
7043:2021
6968:2015
6935:2015
6797:2021
6756:2021
6728:2015
6673:2021
6647:2021
6621:2017
6608:ISBN
6587:2021
6562:2021
6537:2015
6524:ISBN
6456:2021
6419:2021
6293:ISSN
6255:2021
6230:2021
6184:2021
6103:2021
6090:ISBN
6069:2021
6033:2021
5999:2024
5936:2021
5835:2021
5822:ISBN
5665:2021
5637:2021
5605:2021
5577:2021
5528:2021
5497:ISBN
5470:2015
5457:ISBN
5379:ISBN
5358:2021
5332:2021
5306:2021
5280:2021
5215:2021
5189:2021
5164:2021
5138:2021
5112:2021
5086:2021
5060:2021
5034:2021
5008:2021
4982:2021
4953:2021
4915:2021
4889:2021
4845:2021
4820:2021
4782:2021
4756:2021
4730:2021
4656:2021
4627:2021
4555:2021
4528:2016
4515:ISBN
4438:2021
4413:2021
4392:ISBN
4356:link
3929:Tyre
3814:and
3798:and
3788:once
3735:The
3690:piel
3609:The
3561:and
3555:NRSV
3531:Baal
3503:and
3424:and
3415:and
3363:cunt
3267:Exum
3265:and
3196:inah
3064:רֵעַ
2861:inah
2857:anah
2692:you.
2631:NIV)
1739:aheb
1586:and
1584:Moab
1515:inah
1476:Noah
1372:cunt
1326:erwâ
1244:yada
1198:tame
1184:סוּר
1142:rā'â
1124:and
1122:pātâ
1087:pitâ
1055:gālâ
1018:āšaq
1004:inah
974:āšaq
965:anah
878:and
833:and
763:and
755:and
729:rape
723:The
576:Rape
447:Form
243:and
8522:•
8468:Sex
7850:doi
7421:pōt
7107:doi
6837:hdl
6827:doi
6782:130
6370:doi
6328:doi
6285:doi
6211:doi
6147:doi
5917:doi
5493:173
4384:doi
4222:?)
3909:?)
3790:to
3758:or
3563:ISV
3559:NIV
3491:).
3369:'s
3359:pōt
3263:Fox
3217:In
3157:In
3127:אֵל
3111:אֵל
3089:In
3068:rea
3012:in
2859:or
2679:NIV
1582:of
1569:Lot
1501:in
1472:Ham
1437:= (
1435:roi
1374:, (
1366:= (
1364:pōt
1297:= (
1232:= (
1200:= (
1188:sur
1158:= (
1039:אֵל
1006:= (
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