499:, Gombrowicz returned to Europe in 1963. In April 1963 he embarked on an Italian ship, landing at Cannes and then taking a train to Paris. A record of the journey can be found in his diary. Gombrowicz stayed for a year in West Berlin, where he endured a slanderous campaign organised by the Polish authorities. His health deteriorated during this stay, and he was unable to return to Argentina. He went back to France in 1964 and spent three months in Royaumont Abbey, near Paris, where he met Rita Labrosse, a Canadian from Montreal who studied contemporary literature. In 1964 he moved to the Côte d'Azur in the south of France with Labrosse, whom he employed as his secretary. He spent the rest of his life in
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In his work, Gombrowicz struggled with Polish traditions and the country's difficult history. This battle was the starting point for his stories, which were deeply rooted in this tradition and history. Gombrowicz is remembered by scholars and admirers as a writer and a man unwilling to sacrifice his
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The salient characteristics of
Gombrowicz's writing include incisive descriptions of characters' psychological entanglement with others, an acute awareness of conflicts that arise when traditional cultural values clash with contemporary values, and an exasperated yet comedic sense of the absurd.
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presents many themes explored in his later work: the problems of immaturity and youth, the masks people wear, and an ironic, critical examination of class roles in Polish society and culture, specifically the nobility and provincials. It provoked sharp critical reactions and immediately divided
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When
Gombrowicz returned to Poland, he began applying for legal positions with little success. In the 1920s he started writing. He soon rejected the legendary novel, whose form and subject matter were supposed to manifest his "worse" and darker side of nature. Similarly, his attempt to write a
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he discusses form as a universal category that is understood in philosophical, sociological, and aesthetic senses, and is a means of enslavement of the individual by other people and society as a whole. Certain turns of phrase in the novel became common usage in Polish, such as
537:, his diary, in which he described their attacks on him. Because he refused publication in Poland, he remained largely unknown to the general reading public until the first half of the 1970s. Still, his works were printed in Polish by the Paris Literary Institute of
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Gombrowicz juxtaposes the traditional vision of a human who serves values with a new vision according to which an individual frees oneself of this service and fulfills oneself. The representative of this model of humanity is the eccentric millionaire
Gonzalo.
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is
Gombrowicz's most complex and ambiguous work. In it he portrays how human beings create a vision of the world, what forces, symbolic order, and passion take part in this process and how the novel form organises itself in the process of creating sense.
773:), not only as a literary work but also philosophical: "The affectingly cool critic of European tradition, the diagnostician of the disease afflicting contemporary thought, the great artist and moralist. If I were to designate a worthy successor to the
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shows Poland in wartime, when the eternal order of traditional culture, based on faith in God, collapsed. In its place appears a new reality where the elderly and the young cooperate to realise their cruel fascinations streaked with eroticism.
437:, in which the subject of national identity on emigration was controversially raised. After October 1956 four of Gombrowicz's books appeared in Poland and brought him great renown, even though the authorities did not allow the publication of
391:. This version of the novel is now considered a significant event in the history of Argentine literature, but at the time of its publication it did not bring Gombrowicz any great renown, nor did the 1948 publication of his drama
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can be read as a satire of various Polish communities: progressive bourgeoisie, rustic, conservative. The satire presents the human either as a member of a society or an individual who struggles with himself and the world.
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At the end of the 1940s
Gombrowicz was trying to gain a position in Argentine literary circles by publishing articles, giving lectures at the Fray Mocho café, and, finally, by publishing in 1947 a Spanish translation of
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For many critics and theorists, the most engaging aspects of
Gombrowicz's work are the connections with European thought in the second half of the 20th century, which link him with the intellectual heritage of
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and other works of
Gombrowicz were presented by many theatres, especially before 1986, when the first nine volumes of his works were published. It was the only official way to gain access to his work.
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In the story "Pamiętnik z okresu dojrzewania" Gombrowicz engages in paradoxes that control the entrance of the individual into the social world and the repressed passions that rule human behaviour. In
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Gombrowicz's health prevented him from thoroughly benefiting from his late renown. It worsened notably in spring 1964; he became bedridden and was unable to write. In May 1967 he was awarded the
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until it was over; he reported to the Polish legation in 1941 but was considered unfit for military duties. He stayed in
Argentina until 1963—often, especially during the war, in poverty.
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popular novel in collaboration with
Tadeusz Kępiński was a failure. At the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, Gombrowicz began to write short stories, later printed under the title
797:, views on politics, national culture, religion, tradition, and many other themes. He writes in ostensibly casual anecdotes and uses a wide range of literary devices.
319:). He was less than diligent in his studies, but his time in France brought him in constant contact with other young intellectuals. He also visited the Mediterranean.
331:, the street where he lived during his exile in Argentina. From the moment of this literary debut, his reviews and columns began appearing in the press, mainly the
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Gombrowicz wrote in Polish, but he did not allow his works to be published in Poland until the authorities lifted the ban on the unabridged version of
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299:). In 1911 his family moved to Warsaw. After completing his education at Saint Stanislaus Kostka's Gymnasium in 1922, Gombrowicz studied law at
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Gombrowicz's works are characterised by deep psychological analysis, a certain sense of paradox, and an absurd, anti-nationalist flavor.
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from 1953 to 1969. It is not only
Gombrowicz's record of life but also a philosophical essay, polemic, collection of auto-reflection on
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and translated into more than 30 languages. Moreover, his dramas were repeatedly staged around the world by prominent directors such as
456:, particularly his experiences with young men from the lower class, a theme he picked up again when interviewed by Dominique de Roux in
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617:. But it is owing to the popularization of Sartrean concepts that this aspect of my book has been better understood and assimilated."
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The Palace of the Commonwealth. Three times opened. Treasures from the National Library of Poland at the Palace of the Commonwealth
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Just before the outbreak of the Second World War, Gombrowicz took part in the maiden voyage of the Polish transatlantic liner
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of 1863. He later described his family origins and social status as early instances of a lifelong sense of being "between" (
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405:). From December 1947 to May 1955 Gombrowicz worked as a bank clerk in Banco Polaco, the Argentine branch of
339:). Gombrowicz met with other young writers and intellectuals, forming an artistic café society in Zodiak and
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He gained fame only during the last years of his life, but is now considered one of the foremost figures of
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1271:); released in 1997, the film follows the patients and staff as they stage a production of Gombrowicz's
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of Nietzschean criticism and poetry in twentieth century literature, I would answer: Gombrowicz in his
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In the 1960s Gombrowicz became recognised globally, and many of his works were translated, including
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written in the form of a stylised 19th-century diary, followed by a parody of a traditional fable.
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492:). His dramas were staged in theatres around the world, especially in France, Germany and Sweden.
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Commemorative plaque on the building located on Calle Venezuela 615, where Gombrowicz lived
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1605:"85 lat temu we włoskiej stoczni w Monfalcone nad Adriatykiem położono stępkę MS "Batory""
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in interactions with others, and an ironic, critical examination of class roles in
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imagination or his originality for any price, person, god, society, or doctrine.
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The Rhetoric of Failure: Deconstruction of Skepticism, Reinvention of Modernism
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In 1939 he published in installments in two daily newspapers the popular novel
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1584:""Bywa, iż sobą zdumiewam siebie." – 50. rocznica śmierci Witolda Gombrowicza"
1010:, tr. Carolyn French and Nina Karsov, Yale University Press (reprint), 1995,
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but were displaced after his grandfather was accused of participating in the
717:’s theatre. He also critically undertook the theme of the romantic theatre (
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452:(1953–69) he wrote about his adventures in the homosexual underworld of
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Gombrowicz had affairs with both men and women. In his later serialised
2195:(West Columbia, SC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017,
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2004, the centenary of his birth, was declared the Year of Gombrowicz.
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Gombrowicz's novels and plays have been translated into 35 languages.
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1688:"Gombrowicz w Berlinie : czyli Gombrowicz uwikłany w historię"
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Witold Gombrowicz, and to Hell with Culture, Benjamin Paloff essay
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was published in 1937 before Sartre formulated his theory of the
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made a documentary set in the radical French psychiatric clinic
1190:, tr. Alastair Hamilton, Dalkey Archive Press (reprint), 2007,
417:, and in 1951 he began to publish work in the Parisian journal
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212:. His diaries were published in 1969 and are, according to the
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Gombrowicz uses first-person narrative in his novels, except
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and Alastair Hamilton, Grove Press (reissue edition), 1994,
349:, his first novel, brought him acclaim in literary circles.
1907:, tr. Lillian Vallee, Northwestern University Press, 1988,
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in 1927. He spent a year in Paris, where he studied at the
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709:, written just after the war, Gombrowicz used the form of
656:(a personality or an authentic role imposed on somebody).
230:, "his most accomplished novel". He was nominated for the
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Gombrowicz's audience into worshipers and sworn enemies.
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According to many scholars, his most outstanding work is
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Memorial plaque at the Gombrowicz's Warsaw home (1935–39)
179:(August 4, 1904 – July 24, 1969) was a Polish writer and
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Kierkegaard's Influence on Literature, Criticism and Art
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A Guide to Philosophy in Six Hours and Fifteen Minutes
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permanent exhibition in the Palace of the Commonwealth
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Gombrowicz's clear and precise descriptions criticise
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Gombrowicz's Grimaces: Modernism, Gender, Nationality
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1093:, tr. Danuta Borchardt, Yale University Press, 2005,
1024:, tr. Danuta Borchardt, Yale University Press, 2014,
2111:, Sabine Azéma, Jean-François Balmer, Jonathan Genet
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Guide to philosophy in six hours and fifteen minutes
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on May 23, 2013. From May 2024, a manuscript of the
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Three of Gombrowicz's novels were adapted for film:
327:, edited by Gombrowicz and published under the name
2048:. Warsaw: National Library of Poland. p. 208.
1919:, State University of New York Press, 1998, p. 6,
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1176:, tr. Bill Johnston, Yale University Press, 2004,
1048:, Danuta Borchardt translator, Grove Press, 2009,
2220:(in Polish, French, Spanish, English, and German)
1877:Three Novels: Ferdydurke, Pornografia, and Cosmos
963:Possessed: The Secret of Myslotch: A Gothic Novel
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1746:"Modernism: Representations of national culture"
2064:Gęba Erosa. Tajemnice stylu Witolda Gombrowicza
1341:, premiered in 2004 at Theaterhaus de Stuttgart
873:Oeuvre: bibliography, translations, adaptations
187:flavor. In 1937, he published his first novel,
2361:20th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights
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899:, tr. Bill Johnston, Archipelago Books, 2004,
565:, and he once claimed he wrote in defiance of
2229:, exhibition at Yale's Beinecke Library, Yale
2021:"Palace of the Commonwealth open to visitors"
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218:, "widely considered his masterpiece", while
1721:"O krok od Polski : Berlin (1963-1964)"
965:, tr. J.A. Underwood (Marion Boyars, 1980),
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1249:. Won award for directing in Locarno, 2015.
1903:introductory essay in: Witold Gombrowicz,
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1131:, tr. Lillian Vallee, introductory essay:
317:Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales
2386:People associated with Kultura (magazine)
2248:About Witold Gombrowicz's unknown journal
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1162:translator, Yale University Press, 2004,
758:form to grotesquely present 20th-century
702:with that of sensational modern romance.
698:, in which he interlaced the form of the
309:Institute of Higher International Studies
2104:
2023:. National Library of Poland. 2024-05-28
1767:"What You Didn't Know About Gombrowicz…"
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1489:Nomination Archive (27 September 2022).
1327:, premiered in 2003 at Grand Théâtre de
1022:Trans-Atlantyk: An Alternate Translation
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1508:Gombrowicz, Witold (1 September 2007).
1135:, Northwestern University Press, 1988,
495:Having received a scholarship from the
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2331:Polish LGBT dramatists and playwrights
2296:Polish male dramatists and playwrights
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2233:Culture.pl Profiles: Witold Gombrowicz
2088:"witoldgombrowicz - Witold Gombrowicz"
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1803:Ziarek, Ewa Płonowska (January 1995),
886:(short stories, 1933); original title
2253:What You Didn't Know About Gombrowicz
2130:"Locarno Interview: Andrzej Żuławski"
1337:(2003), a cappella opera composed by
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679:Gombrowicz's first dramatic text was
387:, with the help of friends including
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343:, both in Warsaw. The publication of
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1514:. Dalkey Archive Press. p. 28.
1310:, premiered on 27 April 1975 at the
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573:). Gombrowicz's work has links with
2321:Bisexual dramatists and playwrights
2128:Pinkerton, Nick (August 14, 2015).
1541:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 140.
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557:and Jerzy Grzegorzewski in Poland.
13:
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1436:Piepenbring, Dan (4 August 2014).
1312:Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden
1073:Cosmos and Pornografia: Two Novels
834:Gombrowicz's last extensive work,
14:
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1979:"2004 rokiem Witolda Gombrowicza"
1851:"BIBLIOGRAFIA WITOLDA GOMBOWICZA"
1359:, Vienna, Austria, on 19 February
279:). In an autobiographical piece,
2366:20th-century Polish male writers
2136:. Film Society of Lincoln Center
2105:Zulawski, Andrzej (2015-12-03),
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789:was published in serial form in
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2376:20th-century Polish LGBT people
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2044:; Sapała, Patryk, eds. (2024).
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1646:Franklin, Ruth (23 July 2012).
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1412:List of Polish-language authors
938:, Yale University Press, 2000,
754:, Gombrowicz's last play, uses
409:, and formed a friendship with
325:Memoirs of a Time of Immaturity
242:
234:four times, from 1966 to 1969.
2226:The World of Witold Gombrowicz
2193:Witold Gombrowicz: A Biography
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1371:, premiered at the Paris Opera
1364:Yvonne, princesse de Bourgogne
1286:Yvonne, Prinzessin von Burgund
1245:(2015) in French, directed by
1229:(2003) in Polish, directed by
1213:(1991) in Polish, directed by
888:Pamiętnik z okresu dojrzewania
1:
2356:20th-century Polish novelists
2301:Polish emigrants to Argentina
1535:Stewart, Jon Bartley (2013).
1422:
1293:, in four acts, premiered in
983:(Fitzcarraldo Editions, 2023)
838:, was published in Poland by
624:. The language includes many
2371:20th-century Polish diarists
2000:"Kronos - Witold Gombrowicz"
1709:– via bazhum.muzhp.pl.
1686:Kowalska, Magdalena (2004).
914:Ivona, Princess of Burgundia
685:Ivona, Princess of Burgundia
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224:is considered, according to
84:Novelist, dramatist, diarist
7:
2306:University of Warsaw alumni
1874:Gombrowicz, Witold (1978),
1809:, SUNY Press, p. 235,
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1355:, premiered in 2010 at the
1351:) (2008–2009), composed by
919:Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda
681:Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda
472:Gombrowicz's grave in Vence
10:
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2351:Works by Witold Gombrowicz
2262:review of private diaries.
1830:"Vence, Gombrowicz's city"
1491:"Witold Marian Gombrowicz"
1253:The documentary filmmaker
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2381:Polish writers in Spanish
2286:People from Opatów County
2243:Witold Gombrowicz Archive
526:Cover of 1938 edition of
232:Nobel Prize in Literature
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16:Polish writer (1904–1969)
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421:, in which fragments of
177:Witold Marian Gombrowicz
41:Witold Marian Gombrowicz
2066:. Kraków: Universitas.
1880:, Grove Press, p.
609:. As Gombrowicz said, "
255:Gombrowicz was born in
2336:Polish LGBTQ novelists
2181:(Boston: Hall, 1979),
1701:(4). IBL PAN: 39–110.
840:Wydawnictwo Literackie
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2311:Bisexual male writers
2291:Polish male novelists
1648:"Imp of the Perverse"
1465:"Imp of the Perverse"
1308:Volker David Kirchner
1268:La Moindre des choses
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1725:witoldgombrowicz.com
1695:Pamiętnik Literacki
1367:(2009), composed by
1323:(2002), composed by
1289:(1973), composed by
464:Last years in Europe
251:Passport photo, 1939
169:witoldgombrowicz.com
109:University of Warsaw
2326:Polish bisexual men
2191:William Whiteford,
2062:Kühl, Olaf (2005).
1666:"Witold Gombrowicz"
1626:"Patron biblioteki"
1563:"Witold Gombrowicz"
1511:A Kind of Testament
1357:Theater an der Wien
1188:A Kind of Testament
981:Antonia Lloyd-Jones
824:(2015) directed by
814:(2003) directed by
804:(1991) directed by
458:A Kind of Testament
281:A Kind of Testament
2316:Bisexual novelists
2155:Every Little Thing
2092:www.gombrowicz.net
1335:Geschichte/History
1263:Every Little Thing
1150:Other translations
1133:Wojciech Karpiński
1119:Diaries, 1953–1969
846:is presented at a
783:Wojciech Karpiński
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563:Polish Romanticism
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508:Prix International
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353:Exile in Argentina
253:
2341:Modernist writers
2179:Witold Gombrowicz
1905:Diary Volumes 1–3
1548:978-1-4094-6514-0
1521:978-1-56478-476-6
1404:Literature portal
1369:Philippe Boesmans
1353:Johannes Kalitzke
1279:Opera adaptations
1255:Nicolas Philibert
1215:Jerzy Skolimowski
1129:Diary Volumes 1–3
1054:978-0-8021-1925-4
890:, later retitled
806:Jerzy Skolimowski
719:Zygmunt Krasiński
512:Dominique de Roux
301:Warsaw University
265:Radom Governorate
210:Polish literature
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23:Witold Gombrowicz
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2215:Official website
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1247:Andrzej Żuławski
1233:. Also known as
1231:Jan Jakub Kolski
1217:. Also known as
1203:Film adaptations
936:Danuta Borchardt
826:Andrzej Żuławski
816:Jan Jakub Kolski
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615:regard d'autrui
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2025:. Retrieved
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1937:"Ferdydurke"
1931:
1916:
1915:. See also:
1904:
1899:
1876:
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1857:. Retrieved
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1824:
1805:
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1770:. Retrieved
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1740:
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1728:. Retrieved
1724:
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1669:. Retrieved
1660:
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1629:. Retrieved
1620:
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1578:
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1473:. Retrieved
1471:. 2012-07-23
1468:
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1447:. Retrieved
1443:Paris Review
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396:
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243:Polish years
225:
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215:Paris Review
213:
207:
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176:
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142:The Marriage
124:
69:(1969-07-24)
2281:1969 deaths
2276:1904 births
1631:28 February
1300:Die Trauung
1235:Pornography
1226:Pornografia
1219:30 Door Key
1046:Pornografia
1039:Pornografia
850:in Warsaw.
811:Pornografia
795:folk poetry
738:Pornografia
711:Shakespeare
689:tragicomedy
687:, 1938), a
547:Alf Sjöberg
482:Pornography
478:Pornografia
138:Pornografia
97:Nationality
2270:Categories
2140:2017-12-28
2115:2017-12-28
2027:2024-06-11
1475:2022-11-28
1423:References
1210:Ferdydurke
932:Ferdydurke
925:Ferdydurke
861:Ferdydurke
802:Ferdydurke
736:The novel
674:Ferdydurke
658:Ferdydurke
645:Ferdydurke
638:Ferdydurke
626:neologisms
611:Ferdydurke
528:Ferdydurke
407:Bank Pekao
384:Ferdydurke
367:MS Chrobry
346:Ferdydurke
341:Ziemiańska
263:, then in
190:Ferdydurke
181:playwright
126:Ferdydurke
81:Occupation
46:1904-08-04
1707:0031-0514
1449:13 August
1295:Wuppertal
1261:entitled
1124:Dzienniki
977:Possessed
953:Possessed
650:upupienie
257:Małoszyce
238:Biography
149:Signature
53:Małoszyce
2005:26 March
1984:26 March
1963:26 March
1942:26 March
1859:26 March
1835:26 March
1772:26 March
1751:26 March
1671:26 March
1610:26 March
1589:26 March
1568:26 March
1376:See also
1331:, France
1321:Opérette
1273:Operette
1265:(French
1259:La Borde
1113:Operetka
1108:Operetta
787:Dziennik
767:Dziennik
756:operetta
752:Operetka
715:Calderón
591:Foucault
535:Dziennik
460:(1973).
439:Dziennik
423:Dziennik
195:identity
89:Language
76:, France
958:Opętani
897:Bacacay
892:Bakakaj
883:Bacacay
791:Kultura
771:Diaries
713:'s and
696:Opętani
622:Opętani
599:Deleuze
595:Barthes
518:Writing
427:Diaries
419:Culture
329:Bacacay
285:Vilnius
203:culture
163:Website
116:, 1927)
2259:Kronos
2199:
2185:
2108:Cosmos
2070:
1923:
1911:
1888:
1813:
1705:
1545:
1518:
1242:Cosmos
1194:
1180:
1166:
1139:
1097:
1091:Cosmos
1083:
1075:, tr.
1068:Kosmos
1063:Cosmos
1052:
1028:
1014:
979:, tr.
969:
942:
934:, tr.
903:
844:Kronos
836:Kronos
821:Cosmos
818:, and
745:Kosmos
607:Sartre
605:, and
553:, and
490:Cosmos
486:Kosmos
484:) and
313:French
289:Kaunas
261:Opatów
221:Cosmos
134:Kosmos
100:Polish
92:Polish
1854:(PDF)
1691:(PDF)
1329:Reims
1306:) by
854:Style
779:Diary
603:Lacan
501:Vence
450:Diary
443:Diary
297:entre
259:near
74:Vence
2197:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2160:IMDb
2068:ISBN
2007:2020
1986:2020
1965:2020
1944:2020
1921:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1861:2020
1837:2020
1811:ISBN
1774:2020
1753:2020
1732:2017
1703:ISSN
1673:2020
1633:2020
1612:2020
1591:2020
1570:2020
1543:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1451:2014
1192:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1095:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1026:ISBN
1012:ISBN
995:Ślub
967:ISBN
940:ISBN
901:ISBN
707:Ślub
654:gęba
634:pupa
630:gęba
577:and
431:Ślub
393:Ślub
305:MJur
287:and
201:and
114:MJur
64:Died
38:Born
2158:at
785:).
781:" (
728:In
705:In
640:).
636:in
445:).
369:to
205:.
2272::
2177:,
2132:.
2090:.
2054:^
1884:,
1723:.
1699:95
1693:.
1650:.
1493:.
1467:.
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