3650:
3680:
650:, for centuries Polish literature focused more on drama and poetic self-expression than on fiction (dominant in the English speaking world). The reasons were manifold but mostly rested on the historical circumstances of the nation. Polish writers typically have had a more profound range of choices to motivate them to write, including past cataclysms of extraordinary violence that swept Poland (as the crossroads of Europe), but also, Poland's collective incongruities demanding an adequate reaction from the writing communities of any given period.
3664:
3657:
3673:
568:
73:
2709:), whose creative personality developed before 1918, and in large part influenced both Interbellum decades (until his death in 1937). The literary life of his contemporaries revolved mostly around the issues of independence. All Polish poets treated the concept of freedom with extreme seriousness, and many patriotic works had emerged at that time, not to mention a particular variant of a poetic cult of
3236:
3190:, which engaged in gross violations of human rights. In the years 1944â1956, around 300,000 Polish citizens were arrested, of whom many thousands were sentenced to long-term imprisonment. There were 6,000 death sentences pronounced against political prisoners, the majority of them carried out "in the majesty of the law". Fearing for their proper jobs, many writers associated with the
2649:(1918â1939) encompasses a short, though exceptionally dynamic period in Polish literary consciousness. The socio-political reality has changed radically with Poland's return to independence. In large part, derivative of these changes was the collective and unobstructed development of programs for artists and writers. New
2975:). All literary outlets were forced to cease operation. Writers who remained at home began organizing literary life in conspiracy, including lectures, evenings of poetry, and secret meetings in the homes of writers and art facilitators. Polish cities where such meetings were held most frequently were:
2688:
were marked by rapid development in the field of poetry, undivided and undiminished for the first time in over a century. From 1918 to 1939, the gradual and successive introduction of new ideas resulted in the formation of separate and distinct trends. The first decade of Polish interwar poetry was
1338:
as part of a preparation for a political career. The studies of poetry required the practical knowledge of writing both Latin and Polish poems, which radically increased the number of poets and versifiers countrywide. On the soil of humanistic education some exceptional writers grew as well: Piotr
26:
1867:
elsewhere in Europe, was largely a movement for independence against the foreign occupation, and expressed the ideals and the traditional way of life of the Polish people. The period of
Romanticism in Poland ended with the Tsarist suppression of the
2689:
clear, constructive, and optimistic; as opposed to the second decade marked by dark visions of the impending war, internal conflicts within the Polish society, and growing pessimism. The whole period was amazingly rich nevertheless. In 1933 the
812:, all artistic life was dramatically compromised. Cultural institutions were lost. Out of 1,500 clandestine publications in Poland, about 200 were devoted to literature. Much of Polish literature written during the
950:. It was recorded by an abbot known simply as Piotr (Peter), referring to an event almost a hundred years earlier. The sentence was supposedly uttered by a Bohemian settler, Bogwal ("Bogwalus Boemus"), a subject of
2987:. Writers participated in setting-up of the underground presses (out of 1,500 clandestine publications in Poland, about 200 were devoted to literature). Many fought in the Polish army in exile or resisted the
1919:), many Polish Romantics worked abroad, often banished from the Polish soil by the occupying power. Their work became dominated by the ideals of freedom and the struggle for regaining their country's lost
2697:
RP); as the highest opinion-forming authority in the country; it awarded Gold and the Silver
Laurels (ZĆoty, and Srebrny Wawrzyn), the two highest national honors for contributions to literature until
5511:
2951:, all artistic life was dramatically compromised. Cultural institutions were lost. The environment was chaotic, and the writers scattered: some found themselves in concentration and labor camps (or
773:(1918â1939) encompasses a short, though exceptionally dynamic period in Polish literary consciousness. The socio-political reality has changed radically with Poland's return to independence. New
673:
elsewhere in Europe, was largely a movement for independence against the foreign occupation. Early Polish
Romantics were heavily influenced by other European Romantics. Notable writers included
2255:
of the Polish population by German settlers. The writers worked to educate the public about constructive patriotism, which would enable Polish society to function as a fully integrated "
2653:
trends had emerged. The period, spanning just twenty years, was full of notable individualities who saw themselves as exponents of changing
European civilization, including
4600:
3206:. Death sentences were not enforced, although Father Fudali died in unexplained circumstances, as had 37 other priest and 54 friars already before 1953. Likewise, writer
983:
2472:
996:
4292:
872:
extending to Slavic songs, legends and beliefs, but early
Christian writers did not deem it worthy of mention in the obligatory Latin, and so it has perished.
5717:
5506:
3156:
4403:
2483:, often called neo-romanticism. The artists and writers following this idea covered a large variety of topics: from the sense of personal mission of a
4209:
885:
3924:
5306:
932:" The work in which this phrase appeared reflects the culture of early Poland. The sentence was written within the Latin language chronicle
3960:
3145:. Indeed, many writers attempted to recreate the Polish literary scene, often with a touch of nostalgia for the prewar reality, including
4672:
598:
3077:
2810:
136:
5235:
4361:
4038:
2952:
2259:", regardless of adverse circumstances. Poland's Positivist period lasted until the turn of the 20th century and the advent of the
4550:
3985:
1084:
1047:
943:
5147:
3781:
1031:
515:
507:
4008:
3893:
4585:
3776:
3107:
1820:
1792:
1599:, and adventurer, whose travel memoirs made him legendary in his homeland. Outside Poland he is known chiefly for his novel,
1571:
1474:
1809:
1747:
4636:
4616:
4590:
4429:
3873:
3203:
3187:
2944:
805:
4380:
4317:
2681:). They all contributed to a new model of the twentieth-century Polish culture echoing its own language of everyday life.
1377:
with some deeper reflections and existential experiences. Notable Polish writers and poets active in this period include:
1169:, laid the foundations for the Polish literary language and modern Polish grammar. The first book written entirely in the
1104:
rule, and many foreign poets and writers settled in Poland, bringing with them new literary trends. Such writers included
622:, though other languages used in Poland over the centuries have also contributed to Polish literary traditions, including
4933:
4853:
4662:
2226:. Questions addressed by Poland's Positivist writers revolved around "organic work," which included the establishment of
1369:(1621â1693), an epicurean courtier and diplomat, extolled in his sophisticated poems the valors of earthly delights; and
657:
began in the 1730sâ40s and peaked in the second half of the 18th century. Leading Polish
Enlightenment authors included
4769:
4698:
4254:
3310:
1856:
131:
4058:
William Ansell Day. The
Russian government in Poland : with a narrative of the Polish Insurrection of 1863 (1867)
1899:, country life, as well as the propagation of the ideals of independence. The most famous writers of the period were:
5299:
4938:
4880:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4608:
4503:
4488:
4483:, ed. by Tamara Trojanowska, Joanna NiĆŒyĆska, and PrzemysĆaw CzapliĆski, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018,
4474:
4446:
4347:
4331:
4186:
3910:
3851:
1815:
1601:
126:
4135:
4062:
Augustin O'Brien
Petersburg and Warsaw: scenes witnessed during a residence in Poland and Russia in 1863â1864 (1864)
1029:
served as a national anthem. It was one of the first texts reproduced in Polish on a printing press; and so was the
4993:
4968:
4868:
1100:, the Polish language was finally accepted on an equal footing with Latin. Polish culture and art flourished under
639:
493:
141:
5759:
4343:
3928:
910:
5820:
4522:
3787:
3771:
3746:
1891:. In the first period, Polish Romantics were heavily influenced by other European Romantics â Their art featured
1443:
591:
478:
373:
4061:
4057:
1659:
1543:
5570:
3838:
2799:
1826:
1122:
2760:
2658:
1550:
of Poland (1795), followed by political, cultural and economic destruction of the country, and leading to the
1391:
782:
4887:
4657:
4400:
3751:
2383:
2239:
488:
483:
378:
4412:
4296:
3121:
All texts published under Soviet rules were strictly censored. Much of Polish literature written during the
2848:
5518:
5292:
2933:
2827:
2755:
2740:
2727:
2706:
2690:
2678:
2041:
990:
3437:
3047:
3036:
2964:
1120:, which became a melting pot for new ideas and currents. In 1488, the world's first literary society, the
5777:
5170:
4858:
4799:
4774:
4718:
4543:
3179:
2463:. The later ideology emerged in conjunction with the socio-political upheavals across Europe such as the
1775:
1758:
1694:
1437:
1350:
1307:
829:
473:
170:
2439:
in the face of foreign occupation). Artists following this early philosophy of Young Poland believed in
1736:
897:
in his return from
Hungary to Poland. The important tradition of Polish historiography was continued by
5815:
5789:
5705:
5205:
5137:
5020:
4667:
4652:
4577:
4096:
3736:
3649:
3202:
with a slew of prominent signatories, declared full support to persecution of religious leaders by the
2557:
2452:
1622:
732:
584:
290:
91:
2456:
2118:
1373:(1621â1696), the most productive writer of the Polish Baroque, unified the typical opinions of Polish
736:
5782:
5700:
5459:
5441:
5240:
5117:
4998:
4948:
4826:
4733:
4708:
3900:
3572:
3466:
3333:
2948:
2606:
2588:
2574:
2500:
1547:
1022:
1003:
828:
and others. The situation began to worsen dramatically around 1949â1950 with the introduction of the
809:
756:
552:
520:
3376:
5642:
5538:
5416:
4779:
4743:
4723:
4437:
3978:
3479:
3449:
3401:
3195:
2158:
1238:
414:
409:
5722:
4498:, translated by Agnieszka Polakowska, University of Rochester Press â Boydell & Brewer, 2020,
3679:
2839:
2176:
894:
5548:
5336:
4958:
4928:
4836:
4713:
4595:
4131:
3024:
2988:
2123:
1770:
1632:
1535:
1063:
654:
341:
155:
106:
3183:
2960:
2823:
2395:
2053:
1988:
1835:
1700:
1505:
833:
5451:
5218:
5213:
5157:
5050:
4988:
4804:
4784:
4536:
4222:
4155:
3949:
3695:
3602:
2646:
2563:
2492:
2424:
1965:
1798:
770:
748:
728:
547:
346:
336:
5582:
4176:
3413:
2519:
2182:
2047:
1904:
1742:
1725:
1688:
1468:
678:
5675:
5637:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5371:
5190:
5142:
4973:
4918:
4809:
3831:
3701:
3611:
3053:
2787:
2750:
2736:
2702:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2448:
2365:
2252:
2235:
2018:
1555:
1538:
began in the 1730sâ40s and peaked in the second half of the 18th century during the reign of
1385:
1277:
978:
837:
190:
111:
96:
3717:
3629:
3461:
3292:
3083:
3018:
2745:
2427:(1918). The period was based on two concepts. Its early stage was characterized by a strong
2271:
2135:
1731:
1638:
875:
Within the Polish literary tradition, it is customary to include works that have dealt with
845:
5764:
5690:
5660:
5647:
5597:
5592:
5560:
5555:
5543:
5396:
5351:
5341:
5228:
5092:
4953:
4848:
4789:
4111:
3843:
3793:
3455:
3257:
3122:
3041:
2710:
2617:
2432:
2371:
2207:
2141:
1888:
1852:
1650:
1580:
1511:
1480:
1366:
1266:
1101:
889:(Deeds of the Princes of the Poles), composed in sophisticated Latin. Gallus was a foreign
813:
712:
441:
360:
263:
4151:
3561:
2170:
2107:
2078:
2072:
1948:
1753:
1682:
1211:
951:
898:
701:
8:
5769:
5695:
5680:
5665:
5523:
5496:
5466:
5421:
5361:
5356:
5346:
5331:
5315:
5195:
5185:
5112:
5077:
4983:
4875:
4863:
4843:
4816:
4794:
4686:
4462:
4072:
3827:
3711:
3620:
3328:
3207:
3178:
The situation began to worsen dramatically around 1949â1950 with the introduction of the
3142:
2666:
2298:
2146:
1933:
functioned as spiritual leader to the suppressed people. The most notable poet among the
1712:
1676:
1566:
1345:
1139:
1109:
963:
841:
790:
647:
631:
297:
279:
234:
211:
195:
185:
4273:
4032:
3741:
3500:
3316:
2896:
2854:
2771:
2594:
2310:
2090:
1944:
1050:). In 1475 Kasper Elyan of GĆogĂłw (Glogau) set up a printing shop in WrocĆaw (Breslau),
934:
697:
5794:
5754:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5712:
5685:
5652:
5627:
5607:
5577:
5491:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5446:
5426:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5391:
5381:
5376:
5175:
5122:
5082:
4757:
4203:
3689:
3593:
3407:
3168:
3151:
3146:
3030:
2866:
2698:
2551:
2504:
2377:
2345:
2275:
2152:
1959:
1860:
1830:
1716:
1421:
1223:
972:
760:
666:
468:
318:
274:
239:
175:
3982:
3218:
subordinates for several years and sentenced to death, was pardoned and released only
3164:
3126:
3007:
2884:
2777:
2674:
2670:
2537:
2488:
2242:; and the defense of the Polish population in the German-ruled part of Poland against
817:
798:
794:
744:
692:
In the second period, many Polish
Romantics worked abroad. Influential poets included
5729:
5587:
5528:
5501:
5486:
5436:
5386:
5366:
5326:
5259:
5132:
5042:
5032:
4978:
4963:
4906:
4738:
4703:
4568:
4499:
4484:
4470:
4442:
4327:
4182:
3906:
3847:
3494:
3389:
3370:
3340:
3304:
3012:
2913:
2902:
2662:
2496:
2440:
2389:
2350:
2112:
2095:
2059:
2000:
1977:
1912:
1884:
1706:
1644:
1499:
1484:
1456:
1427:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1324:
1301:
1295:
1178:
1135:
1131:
861:
786:
765:
752:
686:
534:
404:
396:
269:
253:
116:
101:
83:
63:
4892:
3530:
3425:
3111:
2890:
2694:
1923:. Elements of mysticism became more prominent. Also in that period, the idea of the
1781:
1490:
1370:
1327:(between 1620 and 1764) was significantly influenced by the great popularization of
1117:
5749:
5602:
5565:
5533:
5431:
5060:
4943:
4923:
4831:
4172:
4005:
3419:
3358:
3352:
3199:
3134:
3089:
3072:
2968:
2444:
2334:
2316:
2199:
2129:
1916:
1869:
1665:
1551:
1289:
825:
708:
635:
446:
4293:"Otwarcie wystawy "Zbrodnie w majestacie prawa 1944â1956" â KrakĂłw, 2 lutego 2006"
4171:
3663:
3346:
2623:
2360:
2292:
1764:
1626:
5632:
5268:
5180:
5127:
5102:
5097:
4407:
4384:
4042:
4012:
3989:
3964:
3555:
3518:
3506:
3443:
3395:
3286:
3215:
2996:
2611:
2600:
2464:
2280:
2256:
2203:
2024:
1994:
1940:
1900:
1671:
1562:
1272:
1256:
1217:
1203:). The most notable Polish writers and poets active in the 16th century include:
1187:
1170:
1166:
1150:
1059:
967:
917:
880:
869:
693:
674:
658:
619:
460:
436:
428:
392:
311:
244:
229:
219:
180:
54:
37:
5003:
3549:
3322:
3125:
appeared in print only after the conclusion of World War II, including books by
2542:
816:
appeared in print only after the conclusion of World War II, including books by
5223:
5065:
4728:
4377:
3723:
3638:
3567:
3298:
3219:
3191:
3172:
3130:
3095:
2878:
2525:
2460:
2164:
1971:
1787:
1584:
1340:
1196:
1039:
954:, expressing compassion for his own wife who "very often stood grinding by the
849:
821:
740:
542:
304:
4362:"Devil's Choice. High-ranking Communist Agents in the Polish Catholic Church."
3656:
1575:(MikoĆaja DoĆwiadczyĆskiego przypadki); he was also a playwright, journalist,
1247:
1162:
1075:
906:
5809:
5273:
5165:
4821:
4523:
Plenty of z's but far from dull: Why you should get to know Polish literature
4516:
3761:
3756:
3364:
3211:
3160:
3066:
2972:
2963:), many more joined the ranks of the Polish underground resistance movement (
2765:
2721:
2629:
2484:
2286:
2248:
2211:
2029:
1576:
1354:
1127:
1113:
1038:
In the early 1470s, one of the first printing houses in Poland was set up by
1025:
written down in the 15th century, though popular at least a century earlier.
848:(1996). In the early 21st century, yet another writer was awarded the Prize:
572:
368:
328:
248:
165:
4015:
Wydawnictwa Akademii UmiejÄtnoĆci w Krakowie. Biblioteka PisarzĂłw Polskich.
3194:
publishing empire embraced the Sovietization of Polish culture. In 1953 the
2860:
5107:
3866:
3512:
3261:
2956:
2872:
2817:
2805:
2693:(PAL) was founded by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the Republic (
2654:
2531:
2420:
2416:
2260:
2227:
2084:
1872:, marked by public executions by the Russians and deportations to Siberia.
1804:
1554:
of Polish elites. The Enlightenment ended around 1822, and was replaced by
1539:
1283:
1126:(Vistula Literary Society) was founded in KrakĂłw. Notable members included
778:
724:
720:
258:
121:
1855:
carried out by the neighboring empires â which ended the existence of the
1229:
836:. Poland had three Nobel Prize winning authors in the later 20th century:
5070:
3543:
3524:
3138:
2685:
2650:
2508:
2339:
2321:
2244:
2035:
2006:
1934:
1925:
1920:
1876:
1864:
1596:
1588:
1097:
1017:
959:
955:
774:
670:
662:
41:
32:
1614:. Notable Polish writers and poets of the Enlightenment period include:
5055:
4481:
Being Poland. A New History of Polish Literature and Culture Since 1918
4112:"GĆĂłwne gatunki literackie uprawiane w dwudziestoleciu miÄdzywojennym."
4100:
4034:
Regina Libertas: Liberty in Polish Eighteenth-Century Political Thought
3431:
2907:
2447:, conflict between human values and civilization, and the existence of
2428:
2304:
2219:
2215:
2012:
1908:
1880:
1592:
1158:
1012:
939:
925:
682:
5284:
4274:
Heroizacja i deheroizacja postaci w literaturze wojennej i powojennej.
4238:
3672:
1195:
in 1513 at one of Poland's first printing establishments, operated by
1157:), who became one of the most notable Latin poets of his time and was
3250:
2929:
2499:, to criticism of Polish society and Polish revolutionary history by
2412:
2263:
movement. Prominent writers and poets of Polish Positivism included:
1105:
1074:(1475): a printed collection of Polish and Latin prayers; as well as
1015:
were influenced heavily by the Latin sacred literature. They include
716:
643:
4016:
2980:
2701:
in 1939. One of the most prominent poets of the interwar period was
2568:
1192:
1043:
902:
883:, the first historian to have described Poland in his work entitled
25:
4496:
Polish Literature and National Identity: A Postcolonial Perspective
3766:
3246:
2231:
1896:
1374:
1335:
1174:
1055:
4528:
3137:
and others. The Soviet takeover of the country did not discourage
1066:
hierarchs. The most notable texts produced in that period include
3705:
2101:
1892:
1200:
1051:
947:
627:
224:
72:
3871:"Polska" official promotional website of the Republic of Poland.
2984:
2491:'s prose, through condemnation of social inequality in works by
4559:
4469:, 2nd edition, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1983,
4344:
Ks. JĂłzef Fudali (1915â1955), kapĆan Archidiecezji Krakowskiej.
2976:
2511:
inspiring a new sense of hope. Writers of this period include:
2223:
1982:
1887:
of 1830; and the second between 1830 and 1864, giving birth to
1362:
1328:
876:
615:
3950:
The MikoĆaj Rej collection, with biography and body of works.
3171:
approached the catastrophe of war from their own perspective.
1332:
1146:
879:, even if not written by ethnic Poles. This is the case with
865:
715:
began to advocate skepticism and the exercise of reason. The
623:
2955:), others were deported out of the country; some emigrated (
1606:
which has drawn comparisons to such celebrated works as the
3141:
and exiles from returning, especially before the advent of
1951:. Polish writers and poets of the Romantic period include:
890:
3175:
coined a term "borderline novel" for documentary fiction.
966:
include the oldest extant manuscript of fine prose in the
4435:
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression,
4093:
SĆownik artystĂłw polskich i obcych w Polsce dziaĆajÄ
cych.
860:
Almost nothing remains of Polish literature prior to the
4144:
1565:(1735â1801), known locally as "the Prince of Poets" and
743:. The neo-Romantic era was exemplified by the works of
2423:, came into being around 1890, and concluded with the
1070:
printed partially in Polish in the late 14th century;
727:, came into being around 1890, and concluded with the
4431:
Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression
2451:. Prominent authors who followed this trend included
3159:. His novel was adapted into film a decade later by
4354:
2999:. Best-known representatives of the war years are:
3895:Columbia dictionary of modern European literature.
1561:One of the leading Polish Enlightenment poets was
4239:âMedalionyâ na tle Ăłwczesnej literatury wojennej.
4025:
1879:falls into two distinct periods, both defined by
1116:. Many Polish writers studied abroad, and at the
769:inspiring a new sense of hope. Literature of the
618:. Most Polish literature has been written in the
5807:
1339:Kochanowski (1566â1620) gave his translation of
886:Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum
4506:(Rochester Studies in East and Central Europe).
4370:
4216:
4124:
3972:
1331:high schools, which offered education based on
4517:Polish literature in the Catholic Encyclopedia
4019:. NakĆadem Akademii UmiejÄtnoĆci. 1910. 119s.
1883:: the first around 1820â1830, ending with the
5300:
4544:
3983:Baroque in Polish poetry of the 17th century.
3155:, describing (according to Communist design)
2507:received a Nobel Prize in literature for his
1801:(1768â1838), first Polish chemistry text book
1587:. Another prominent writer of the period was
938:from between 1269 and 1273, a history of the
763:received a Nobel Prize in literature for his
592:
4285:
4267:
4208:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
924:" ("Let me grind, and you take a rest") â a
4181:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 451.
4175:, Piotr WrĂłbel, Richard J. Kozicki (1996).
3892:Jean Albert Bédé, William Benbow Edgerton,
2991:in a civil capacity. The generation of the
2406:
1149:as his principal vehicle of expression was
5307:
5293:
4551:
4537:
4337:
4247:
4223:Literatura II wojny Ćwiatowej. Opis epoki.
4165:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
1569:, author of the first Polish novel called
1292:(1543?â1614), historiographer, genealogist
995:from the 14th century, not to mention the
976:, as well as the earliest Polish-language
909:, a Polish priest and secretary to Bishop
599:
585:
4178:Historical dictionary of Poland, 966â1945
4136:1989: Dwa dwudziestolecia (jednej epoki).
3163:. The new emerging prose writers such as
2995:born around 1920, were active during the
1357:, became known among European nations as
1035:(Rozmowa mistrza Polikarpa ze ĆmierciÄ
).
1032:Master Polikarp's Conversation with Death
1021:(Mother of God), a hymn in praise of the
4105:
3943:
3186:, on behalf of the increasingly violent
2640:
2419:movement in visual arts, literature and
1641:(1700â1773), "O skutecznym rad sposobie"
1058:printing house was founded at KrakĂłw by
723:movement in visual arts, literature and
5314:
4393:
4006:"Pisma Jana Dzwonowskiego (1608â1625)."
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3860:
3806:
5808:
4319:Still Alive: An Autobiographical Essay
4244:(Klp.pl). Retrieved 26 September 2011.
4231:
4152:Literatura Dwudziestolecia i okupacji.
4048:, Poland. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
3995:, Poland. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
3782:Socialist realism in Polish literature
3491:
3283:
3004:
2718:
2516:
2268:
2230:for all members of society, including
1956:
1722:
1619:
1546:. It went into sharp decline with the
1521:Jan z Kijan (Dzwonowski?, early 1600s)
1382:
1263:
1208:
1085:Catalogus archiepiscoporum Gnesnensium
5288:
4532:
4422:
4082:
3927:. Staropolska on-line. Archived from
3922:
3777:Science fiction and fantasy in Poland
3214:(the Home Army), tortured in jail by
3108:Polish literature during World War II
2479:and others. It was a continuation of
1939:, so recognized in both periods, was
1572:The Adventures of Mr. Nicholas Wisdom
4310:
4091:J. Maurin-BiaĆostocka, J. Derwojed,
3916:
3879:
3229:
4558:
3867:"Experience Poland: Polish culture"
3157:Anti-communist resistance in Poland
1234:Communae Poloniae Regni privilegium
1173:appeared in this period â It was a
1161:by the Pope. Other writers such as
916:The first recorded sentence in the
868:inhabitants certainly possessed an
13:
4416:, Wydawnictwo "WAM", KrakĂłw 2009.
3584:
1915:. In the second period (after the
1810:Towarzystwo do KsiÄ
g Elementarnych
1748:Towarzystwo do KsiÄ
g Elementarnych
30:Title page of the 1834 edition of
14:
5832:
4609:Partitions, duchies and kingdoms
4510:
4348:Institute of National Remembrance
3998:
3925:"MIDDLE AGES LITERARY BACKGROUND"
3833:The History of Polish Literature.
1943:. Other two national poets were:
1602:The Manuscript Found in Saragossa
901:, a thirteenth-century Bishop of
731:(1918). Notable authors included
4994:Upper Silesian Industrial Region
4467:The History of Polish Literature
4428:Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer,
4255:Komu jest dziĆ potrzebny pisarz?
4077:The History of Polish Literature
3678:
3671:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3234:
1821:ZakĆad Narodowy im. OssoliĆskich
1591:(1761â1815), a Polish nobleman,
1529:
1323:The literature in the period of
1191:, Eden of the Soul), printed in
1072:Statua synodalia Wratislaviensia
1054:. Twenty years later, the first
566:
71:
24:
4261:. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
4257:Portal artystyczno â literacki
4066:
4036:, by Anna GrzeĆkowiak-Krwawicz.
3788:Stowarzyszenie Pisarzy Polskich
3772:Sapphic stanza in Polish poetry
3747:List of Polish-language authors
3484:
2938:
2425:Poland's return to independence
2198:In the aftermath of the failed
1929:(nation's bard) developed. The
1462:Szymon Zimorowic (1608?â1629),
922:Day ut ia pobrusa, a ti poziwai
729:Poland's return to independence
707:In the aftermath of the failed
4141:. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
4051:
3839:University of California Press
3331:(1911 – 2004),
3249:format but may read better as
2800:Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska
2206:occupation, the new period of
1846:
1400:Kasper Miaskowski (1550?â1622)
1181:(c. 1465 â after 1529) called
1123:Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana
1091:
1082:from the 15th century and his
985:Chronicle of Janko of CzarnkĂłw
962:Polish works in Latin and the
855:
40:, the most notable poet among
1:
4456:
4095:Warszawska Drukarnia Naukowa
4031:Jacek Adamczyk, book review:
3954:(Cyfrowa Biblioteka Narodowa
3752:List of Polish-language poets
3488:
3311:Konstanty Ildefons GaĆczyĆski
3280:
3001:
2715:
2513:
2265:
2193:
1953:
1616:
1379:
1205:
614:is the literary tradition of
4388:Katolicka Gazeta Internetowa
4351:. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
4228:Retrieved 26 September 2011.
4121:Retrieved 24 September 2011.
3636:
3627:
3618:
3609:
3600:
3591:
3225:
2934:Polish Academy of Literature
2728:Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski
2691:Polish Academy of Literature
2431:opposition to the ideals of
2042:Franciszek Salezy Dmochowski
1936:leading bards of Romanticism
1816:JĂłzef Maksymilian OssoliĆski
1660:StanisĆaw August Poniatowski
1544:StanisĆaw August Poniatowski
1048:spread of the printing press
7:
4775:Central European Initiative
4586:Prehistory and protohistory
3874:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3730:
3204:Ministry of Public Security
2949:Soviet occupation of Poland
2761:StanisĆaw Ignacy Witkiewicz
1793:Towarzystwo PrzyjaciĂłĆ Nauk
1695:Franciszek Salezy Jezierski
1438:Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski
1351:Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski
1308:Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski
1011:Most early texts in Polish
810:Soviet occupation of Poland
783:StanisĆaw Ignacy Witkiewicz
10:
5837:
4413:Instytut PamiÄci Narodowej
4297:Instytut PamiÄci Narodowej
3923:MikoĆ, Michael J. (1999).
3856:Retrieved 18 October 2011.
3737:Canon of Polish literature
3540:
3477:
3386:
3116:
3105:
3063:
2927:
2836:
2814:(The Clepsydra Sanatorium)
2585:
2558:Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer
2453:Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer
2331:
2210:âwhich took its name from
2069:
1453:
1444:JĂłzef BartĆomiej Zimorowic
1365:) for his Latin writings;
1318:
862:country's Christianization
733:Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer
5322:
5253:
5204:
5156:
5041:
5028:
5019:
4914:
4905:
4765:
4756:
4694:
4685:
4645:
4576:
4567:
4383:14 September 2011 at the
3901:Columbia University Press
3742:List of Poles: Literature
3573:Nobel Prize in Literature
3467:Nobel Prize in Literature
3438:JarosĆaw Marek Rymkiewicz
3334:Nobel Prize in Literature
3048:Krzysztof Kamil BaczyĆski
3037:Gustaw Herling-GrudziĆski
2732:Lenin: God of the Godless
2575:Nobel Prize in Literature
1875:The literature of Polish
1827:Andrzej StanisĆaw ZaĆuski
1548:Third and final Partition
1214:(Hussowczyk, 1480?â1533?)
1145:A Polish writer who used
1068:Saint Florian's Breviary,
930:Sine, ut ego etiam molam.
23:
4770:Administrative divisions
4438:Harvard University Press
4041:22 February 2014 at the
4011:2 September 2012 at the
3988:22 February 2014 at the
3963:3 September 2011 at the
3952:National Digital Library
3799:
3480:Polish underground press
2811:Sanatorium Pod KlepsydrÄ
2407:Young Poland (1890â1918)
2384:Aleksander ĆwiÄtochowski
2274:(1819â76), precursor of
1239:Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski
137:Polish People's Republic
4969:Regional GDP per capita
4525:, CNN, 18 November 2013
4367:(CFP), 10 January 2007.
4132:Jagiellonian University
3258:converting this article
3078:This Way for the Gas...
2457:StanisĆaw Przybyszewski
2119:JĂłzef Ignacy Kraszewski
1771:Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
1096:With the advent of the
1064:Eastern Orthodox Church
737:StanisĆaw Przybyszewski
42:Poland's Romantic bards
5821:Literature by language
5236:Orders and decorations
4376:Dr StanisĆaw Krajski,
4156:Wydawnictwo Literackie
4139:Dwutygodnik Literatura
4130:Prof. Marian Stala of
3836:Google Books preview.
3377:MaĆgorzata Musierowicz
2647:Second Polish Republic
2473:Norwegian independence
1966:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
1857:sovereign Polish state
1653:(1720â1784), magazine
1392:MikoĆaj SÄp SzarzyĆski
1243:De Republica emendanda
958:." Most notable early
771:Second Polish Republic
4494:Dariusz SkĂłrczewski,
4406:25 April 2012 at the
4324:Yale University Press
3702:Isaac Bashevis Singer
3612:Isaac Bashevis Singer
3042:A World Apart: Memoir
2928:Further information:
2849:StanisĆaw MĆodoĆŒeniec
2840:JarosĆaw Iwaszkiewicz
2788:Zofia Kossak-Szczucka
2641:Interbellum (1918â39)
2469:Nicholas II of Russia
2200:January 1863 Uprising
2177:MieczysĆaw Romanowski
2019:Klementyna Hoffmanowa
1870:January 1863 Uprising
1737:KuĆșnica KoĆĆÄ
tajowska
1623:StanisĆaw LeszczyĆski
1502:(Morstyn, 1628?â1689)
1483:(1621â1693), leading
1430:(c. 1592 â c. 1641),
1386:Sebastian Grabowiecki
1359:Horatius christianus
1259:(Ianicius, 1516â1542)
895:BolesĆaw III Wrymouth
893:who accompanied King
838:Isaac Bashevis Singer
5148:World Heritage Sites
3794:Kashubian literature
3726:(2018, awarded 2019)
3123:Occupation of Poland
2824:Kazimierz WierzyĆski
2607:Tadeusz Boy-Ć»eleĆski
2589:StanisĆaw WyspiaĆski
2501:StanisĆaw WyspiaĆski
2415:period known as the
2396:Maria RodziewiczĂłwna
2222:and the exercise of
2142:Cyprian Kamil Norwid
2054:JĂłzef Bohdan Zaleski
1989:Kazimierz BrodziĆski
1836:Biblioteka ZaĆuskich
1776:Constitution of 1791
1759:Constitution of 1791
1701:Franciszek KarpiĆski
1651:Franciszek Bohomolec
1567:Poland's La Fontaine
1558:at home and abroad.
1536:Polish Enlightenment
1512:Jan Chryzostom Pasek
1506:StanisĆaw Grochowski
1481:Jan Andrzej Morsztyn
1367:Jan Andrzej Morsztyn
979:Bible of Queen Zofia
814:Occupation of Poland
757:StanisĆaw WyspiaĆski
719:period known as the
711:, the new period of
655:Polish Enlightenment
516:World Heritage Sites
254:North Central Romani
5316:European literature
4888:Political prisoners
4441:, 1999, 858 pages.
3979:StanisĆaw BaraĆczak
3450:StanisĆaw BaraĆczak
3414:Halina PoĆwiatowska
3402:Ryszard KapuĆciĆski
3208:Kazimierz Moczarski
2684:The two decades of
2520:WacĆaw Sieroszewski
2433:its own predecessor
2183:Jadwiga Ćuszczewska
2159:WĆadysĆaw Syrokomla
2048:Seweryn GoszczyĆski
1905:Seweryn GoszczyĆski
1743:Franciszek ZabĆocki
1726:Franciszek KniaĆșnin
1713:Izabela Czartoryska
1689:StanisĆaw Trembecki
1677:Fables and Parables
1469:Krzysztof OpaliĆski
1346:Jerusalem Delivered
1140:Laurentius Corvinus
1110:Filippo Buonaccorsi
964:Old Polish language
679:Seweryn GoszczyĆski
20:
4390:, 1 December 2001.
4237:Dorota Blednicka,
3718:WisĆawa Szymborska
3690:Henryk Sienkiewicz
3630:WisĆawa Szymborska
3594:Henryk Sienkiewicz
3462:WisĆawa Szymborska
3408:Joanna Chmielewska
3293:Pola GojawiczyĆska
3260:, if appropriate.
3180:Stalinist doctrine
3169:Stefan Kisielewski
3152:Ashes and Diamonds
3147:Jerzy Andrzejewski
3084:Miron BiaĆoszewski
3031:Krystyna Krahelska
3019:Melchior WaĆkowicz
2867:Maria Kuncewiczowa
2844:The Maids of Wilko
2746:Kornel MakuszyĆski
2739:(c. 1877 â 1937),
2699:invasion of Poland
2645:Literature of the
2552:Franciszek Nowicki
2505:Henryk Sienkiewicz
2449:art for art's sake
2378:Kazimierz Zalewski
2346:Henryk Sienkiewicz
2276:feminism in Poland
2272:Narcyza ƻmichowska
2153:Teofil Lenartowicz
2136:Narcyza ƻmichowska
1960:Maria Wirtemberska
1861:Polish Romanticism
1717:Czartoryski Museum
1639:StanisĆaw Konarski
1633:ElĆŒbieta DruĆŒbacka
1612:the Arabian Nights
1556:Polish Romanticism
1540:Poland's last king
1432:Lekcyje Kupidynowe
1422:Szymon Starowolski
1252:KrĂłtka rozprawa...
1224:Johannes Dantiscus
973:Holy Cross Sermons
911:Zbigniew OleĆnicki
846:WisĆawa Szymborska
830:Stalinist doctrine
761:Henryk Sienkiewicz
667:Polish Romanticism
18:
5816:Polish literature
5803:
5802:
5282:
5281:
5249:
5248:
5171:Ethnic minorities
5015:
5014:
4901:
4900:
4854:Political parties
4800:Foreign relations
4752:
4751:
4681:
4680:
4637:Poland since 1989
4401:KoĆciĂłĆ w Okowach
4365:Canada Free Press
4277:Literatura Online
4242:Kulturalna Polska
4115:Kulturalna Polska
3696:WĆadysĆaw Reymont
3686:
3685:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3603:WĆadysĆaw Reymont
3598:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3562:Mariusz SzczygieĆ
3495:Andrzej Sapkowski
3476:
3475:
3470:
3390:Bogdan Czaykowski
3371:Andrzej Zaniewski
3341:Kazimierz Brandys
3337:
3305:Sergiusz Piasecki
3279:
3278:
3104:
3103:
2926:
2925:
2914:Zuzanna Ginczanka
2903:Witold Gombrowicz
2796:
2784:(Nights and Days)
2638:
2637:
2578:
2564:WĆadysĆaw Reymont
2548:
2509:patriotic Trilogy
2497:Gabriela Zapolska
2493:WĆadysĆaw Reymont
2404:
2403:
2390:Gabriela Zapolska
2357:
2356:Nobel Prize, 1905
2289:(1825 or 1827â97)
2214:'s philosophy of
2208:Polish Positivism
2191:
2190:
2171:Teodor Tomasz JeĆŒ
2113:Nie-boska Komedia
2108:Zygmunt KrasiĆski
2079:Lucjan SiemieĆski
2073:MichaĆ Czajkowski
2060:Maurycy Mochnacki
2001:Antoni Malczewski
1978:Aleksander Fredro
1949:Zygmunt KrasiĆski
1913:Maurycy Mochnacki
1895:and imagination,
1889:Polish Positivism
1885:November uprising
1844:
1843:
1799:JÄdrzej Ćniadecki
1754:StanisĆaw Staszic
1707:Jan Piotr Norblin
1683:Onufry KopczyĆski
1645:Barbara Sanguszko
1527:
1526:
1500:Zbigniew Morsztyn
1457:Samuel Twardowski
1434:(Cupid's Lessons)
1428:Kasper Twardowski
1416:Hieronim Morsztyn
1410:Daniel Naborowski
1404:Piotr Kochanowski
1316:
1315:
1302:Daniel Naborowski
1296:Szymon Szymonowic
1212:MikoĆaj Hussowski
1199:(originally from
1179:Biernat of Lublin
1136:Filip Callimachus
1132:Albert Brudzewski
952:BolesĆaw the Tall
935:Liber fundationis
899:Wincenty KadĆubek
864:in 966. Poland's
787:Witold Gombrowicz
777:writers included
753:Gabriela Zapolska
749:WĆadysĆaw Reymont
713:Polish Positivism
702:Zygmunt KrasiĆski
687:Maurycy Mochnacki
612:Polish literature
609:
608:
573:Poland portal
171:Ethnic minorities
64:Culture of Poland
48:
47:
19:Polish literature
5828:
5726:
5656:
5515:
5455:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5286:
5285:
5262:
5026:
5025:
5007:
4934:Economic history
4924:Balcerowicz Plan
4912:
4911:
4763:
4762:
4699:Cities and towns
4692:
4691:
4632:Communist Poland
4612:
4604:
4574:
4573:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4530:
4529:
4521:Michael Kandel,
4450:
4449:. Pages 377â378.
4426:
4420:
4419:
4397:
4391:
4374:
4368:
4358:
4352:
4341:
4335:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4279:(gacek.prv.pl).
4271:
4265:
4264:
4251:
4245:
4235:
4229:
4226:Streszczenia.pl.
4220:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4173:Jerzy Jan Lerski
4169:
4163:
4162:
4159:, Krakow, 2011.
4148:
4142:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4109:
4103:
4099:, WrocĆaw 1979,
4090:
4086:
4080:
4070:
4064:
4055:
4049:
4046:Instytut KsiÄ
ĆŒki
4029:
4023:
4022:
4002:
3996:
3993:Instytut KsiÄ
ĆŒki
3976:
3970:
3969:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3890:
3877:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3825:
3682:
3675:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3637:
3628:
3619:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3571:
3501:Dorota MasĆowska
3489:
3465:
3420:Janusz A. Zajdel
3359:Andrzej Kijowski
3353:Tadeusz Konwicki
3332:
3317:Jan DobraczyĆski
3281:
3274:
3271:
3265:
3256:You can help by
3238:
3237:
3230:
3222:of this period.
3188:Communist regime
3090:Zbigniew Herbert
3073:Tadeusz Borowski
3054:Tadeusz RĂłĆŒewicz
3002:
2953:Nazi-era ghettos
2943:In the years of
2897:JĂłzef Mackiewicz
2855:Antoni SĆonimski
2794:
2772:Stefan GrabiĆski
2751:KozioĆek MatoĆek
2737:BolesĆaw LeĆmian
2716:
2703:BolesĆaw LeĆmian
2595:Tadeusz MiciĆski
2573:
2546:
2514:
2355:
2335:Maria Konopnicka
2317:Eliza Orzeszkowa
2311:Adolf DygasiĆski
2266:
2130:Gustaw Ehrenberg
2091:Juliusz SĆowacki
1954:
1945:Juliusz SĆowacki
1917:January uprising
1666:Adam Naruszewicz
1617:
1583:from French and
1552:Great Emigration
1475:Ćukasz OpaliĆski
1380:
1290:Bartosz Paprocki
1206:
1007:
994:
804:In the years of
709:January uprising
698:Juliusz SĆowacki
661:(1735â1801) and
601:
594:
587:
571:
570:
569:
75:
66:
50:
49:
28:
21:
17:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5790:Western Lombard
5760:Turkish Cypriot
5720:
5706:Scottish Gaelic
5654:
5509:
5453:
5318:
5313:
5283:
5278:
5265:
5258:
5245:
5200:
5152:
5118:Public holidays
5037:
5011:
5005:
4999:Venture capital
4897:
4827:Law enforcement
4748:
4734:Protected areas
4677:
4641:
4610:
4602:
4563:
4557:
4513:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4408:Wayback Machine
4399:JĂłzef Marecki,
4398:
4394:
4385:Wayback Machine
4378:"ZabiÄ ksiÄĆŒy."
4375:
4371:
4360:David Dastych,
4359:
4355:
4342:
4338:
4334:, Google Print.
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4253:Janusz Termer,
4252:
4248:
4236:
4232:
4221:
4217:
4201:
4200:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4149:
4145:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4071:
4067:
4056:
4052:
4043:Wayback Machine
4030:
4026:
4020:
4013:Wayback Machine
4004:Karol Badecki,
4003:
3999:
3990:Wayback Machine
3977:
3973:
3967:
3965:Wayback Machine
3948:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3931:on 22 July 2012
3921:
3917:
3905:
3891:
3880:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3826:
3807:
3802:
3733:
3641:
3632:
3623:
3614:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3585:Nobel laureates
3556:Andrzej Stasiuk
3519:Wojciech Kuczok
3507:Marek Krajewski
3487:
3482:
3456:SĆawomir MroĆŒek
3444:Leopold Tyrmand
3396:Adam Zagajewski
3287:Gustaw Morcinek
3275:
3269:
3266:
3255:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3165:StanisĆaw Dygat
3119:
3114:
3008:Zofia NaĆkowska
2997:Warsaw uprising
2941:
2936:
2885:Bruno JasieĆski
2778:Maria DÄ
browska
2643:
2618:WĆadysĆaw Orkan
2612:Zielony Balonik
2601:Tadeusz Rittner
2538:Stefan ƻeromski
2489:Stefan ƻeromski
2487:exemplified by
2477:Moroccan Crisis
2465:1905 Revolution
2409:
2281:Edmund Chojecki
2257:social organism
2240:Jewish minority
2196:
2025:Adam Mickiewicz
1995:Henryk Rzewuski
1941:Adam Mickiewicz
1901:Adam Mickiewicz
1849:
1672:Ignacy Krasicki
1563:Ignacy Krasicki
1532:
1495:Wojna Chocimska
1321:
1273:Jan Kochanowski
1267:Ćukasz GĂłrnicki
1257:Klemens Janicki
1218:Andrzej Krzycki
1188:Hortulus Animae
1171:Polish language
1167:Jan Kochanowski
1151:Klemens Janicki
1094:
1060:Schweipolt Fiol
1001:
988:
968:Polish language
918:Polish language
881:Gallus Anonymus
870:oral literature
858:
799:Zofia NaĆkowska
795:Maria DÄ
browska
745:Stefan ƻeromski
694:Adam Mickiewicz
675:Adam Mickiewicz
659:Ignacy Krasicki
646:. According to
620:Polish language
605:
567:
565:
558:
557:
553:National anthem
538:
537:
526:
525:
511:
510:
499:
498:
464:
463:
452:
451:
432:
431:
420:
419:
400:
399:
397:performing arts
384:
383:
364:
363:
352:
351:
332:
331:
285:
284:
215:
214:
203:
202:
201:
200:
159:
158:
147:
146:
87:
86:
62:
44:
38:Adam Mickiewicz
12:
11:
5:
5834:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5715:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5571:Northern Irish
5563:
5558:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5460:Middle English
5457:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5312:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5289:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5264:
5263:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4974:Stock exchange
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4893:VisegrĂĄd Group
4890:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4876:Prime Minister
4873:
4872:
4871:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4837:Prison Service
4834:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4780:Climate change
4777:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4729:Poland A and B
4726:
4724:National parks
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4622:Interwar years
4619:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562: articles
4556:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4511:External links
4509:
4508:
4507:
4492:
4478:
4463:CzesĆaw MiĆosz
4458:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4421:
4392:
4369:
4353:
4336:
4309:
4284:
4266:
4246:
4230:
4215:
4187:
4164:
4143:
4123:
4104:
4081:
4073:CzesĆaw MiĆosz
4065:
4050:
4024:
3997:
3971:
3942:
3915:
3878:
3859:
3828:CzesĆaw MiĆosz
3804:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:Olga Tokarczuk
3721:
3715:
3712:CzesĆaw MiĆosz
3709:
3699:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3644:
3639:Olga Tokarczuk
3635:
3626:
3621:CzesĆaw MiĆosz
3617:
3608:
3599:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3568:Olga Tokarczuk
3565:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:Remigiusz MrĂłz
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3486:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3426:RafaĆ Wojaczek
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3329:CzesĆaw MiĆosz
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3299:Aleksander Wat
3296:
3290:
3277:
3276:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3173:Kazimierz Wyka
3118:
3115:
3112:Sztuka i NarĂłd
3102:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:Jerzy Ficowski
3093:
3087:
3081:
3070:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3034:
3028:
3016:
2940:
2937:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2891:Julian PrzyboĆ
2888:
2882:
2879:Aleksander Wat
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2803:
2797:
2785:
2775:
2769:
2758:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2695:Rada MinistrĂłw
2642:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2535:
2529:
2526:Jan Kasprowicz
2523:
2461:Jan Kasprowicz
2408:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2358:
2343:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2299:MichaĆ BaĆucki
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2165:Kornel Ujejski
2162:
2156:
2150:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2116:
2105:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1975:
1972:Antoni Gorecki
1969:
1963:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1824:
1813:
1802:
1796:
1788:Tadeusz Czacki
1785:
1782:Jakub JasiĆski
1779:
1768:
1762:
1751:
1740:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1625:(1677â1766), "
1534:The period of
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:WacĆaw Potocki
1488:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1389:
1371:WacĆaw Potocki
1341:Torquato Tasso
1325:Polish Baroque
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1197:Florian Ungler
1118:KrakĂłw Academy
1093:
1090:
1040:Kasper Straube
998:PuĆawy Psalter
928:of the Latin "
857:
854:
850:Olga Tokarczuk
842:CzesĆaw MiĆosz
791:CzesĆaw MiĆosz
741:Jan Kasprowicz
653:The period of
648:CzesĆaw MiĆosz
607:
606:
604:
603:
596:
589:
581:
578:
577:
576:
575:
560:
559:
556:
555:
550:
545:
539:
533:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
518:
512:
506:
505:
504:
501:
500:
497:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
465:
459:
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
444:
439:
433:
427:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
412:
407:
401:
391:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
376:
371:
365:
359:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
344:
339:
333:
327:
326:
325:
322:
321:
315:
314:
308:
307:
301:
300:
294:
293:
287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
261:
256:
251:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
216:
210:
209:
208:
205:
204:
199:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
161:
160:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
88:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
68:
67:
59:
58:
46:
45:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5833:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5454:(Anglo-Saxon)
5450:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:Crimean Tatar
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5305:
5303:
5298:
5296:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4954:Merchant Navy
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4601:Early Modern
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4505:
4504:9781580469784
4501:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:9781442650183
4486:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4475:0-520-04477-0
4472:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4448:
4447:0-674-07608-7
4444:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4432:
4425:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4396:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4373:
4366:
4363:
4357:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4333:
4332:0-300-10561-4
4329:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4313:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4278:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4243:
4240:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4211:
4205:
4190:
4188:0-313-26007-9
4184:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4116:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4085:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4028:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4001:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3911:0-231-03717-1
3908:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3852:0-520-04477-0
3849:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3805:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:Polish poetry
3760:
3758:
3757:Polish comics
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3604:
3595:
3590:
3574:
3570:(born 1962),
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3481:
3468:
3464:(1923â2012),
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3365:Andrzej Bursa
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:StanisĆaw Lem
3345:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3273:
3264:is available.
3263:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3243:This article
3241:
3232:
3231:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3212:Armia Krajowa
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3113:
3109:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3075:(1922â1951),
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:Tadeusz Gajcy
3065:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3039:(1919â2000),
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3025:Monte Cassino
3021:(1892â1974),
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:(1884â1954),
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2935:
2931:
2920:(On Centaurs)
2919:
2916:(1917â1945),
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:(1904â1969),
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:(1894â1980),
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2826:(1894â1969),
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2808:(1892â1942),
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2790:(1890â1968),
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:(1889â1965),
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:(1885â1939),
2762:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2748:(1884â1953),
2747:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:(1876â1945),
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:Andrzej Strug
2720:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2631:
2630:Leopold Staff
2628:
2625:
2624:WacĆaw Berent
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:(1874â1941),
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2566:(1867â1925),
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2540:(1864â1925),
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2363:(1847â1912),
2362:
2361:BolesĆaw Prus
2359:
2353:
2352:
2348:(1846â1916),
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2337:(1842â1910),
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2319:(1841â1910),
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2293:JĂłzef Szujski
2291:
2288:
2287:Maria Ilnicka
2285:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:Germanization
2247:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:Auguste Comte
2209:
2205:
2201:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2144:(1821â1883),
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:(1812â1887),
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2110:(1812â1859),
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2093:(1809â1849),
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2027:(1798â1855),
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1980:(1791â1876),
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1926:poeta-wieszcz
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1831:JĂłzef ZaĆuski
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:(1771â1847),
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:(1765â1813),
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:(1758â1841),
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:Jan Ćniadecki
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:(1755â1826),
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:(1754â1821),
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1734:(1750â1812),
1733:
1732:Hugo KoĆĆÄ
taj
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1715:(1746â1835),
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:(1735â1801),
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1627:GĆos wolny...
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:encyclopedist
1574:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:Enlightenment
1520:
1517:
1514:(1636â1701),
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:(1621â1696),
1492:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:(1550â1581),
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:poet laureate
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1275:(1530â1584),
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:(1505â1569),
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:(1503â1572),
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:(1499â1560),
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:Conrad Celtes
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1114:Conrad Celtis
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
999:
992:
987:
986:
981:
980:
975:
974:
970:entitled the
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
942:monastery in
941:
937:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
905:, as well as
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
887:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
665:(1761â1815).
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
602:
597:
595:
590:
588:
583:
582:
580:
579:
574:
564:
563:
562:
561:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
536:
530:
529:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
509:
503:
502:
495:
494:Winter sports
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
462:
456:
455:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
430:
424:
423:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
398:
394:
388:
387:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
362:
356:
355:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
330:
324:
323:
320:
317:
316:
313:
310:
309:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
295:
292:
289:
288:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
249:Baltic Romani
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
213:
207:
206:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
157:
151:
150:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
107:Enlightenment
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
85:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
43:
39:
35:
34:
27:
22:
16:
5670:
5452:Old English
5337:Anglo-Norman
5219:Coat of arms
5158:Demographics
5108:Polish names
5087:
5078:Folk beliefs
5051:Architecture
4989:Unemployment
4929:Central bank
4805:Human rights
4785:Constitution
4627:World War II
4495:
4480:
4466:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4411:
4395:
4387:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4346:
4339:
4323:
4321:, p.172-173.
4318:
4312:
4300:. Retrieved
4287:
4276:
4269:
4258:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4218:
4192:. Retrieved
4177:
4167:
4154:
4150:Marta Wyka,
4146:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4107:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4053:
4045:
4033:
4027:
4000:
3992:
3974:
3968:(in English)
3955:
3951:
3945:
3935:25 September
3933:. Retrieved
3929:the original
3918:
3899:
3894:
3876:, 2008â2011.
3870:
3862:
3837:
3832:
3786:
3550:PaweĆ Huelle
3513:Joanna Bator
3485:1989âpresent
3323:Marek HĆasko
3270:January 2011
3267:
3262:Editing help
3244:
3182:by minister
3177:
3150:
3149:, author of
3120:
3076:
3040:
3022:
3011:
2992:
2942:
2939:World War II
2918:O Centaurach
2917:
2906:
2873:Jan Brzechwa
2843:
2818:Julian Tuwim
2809:
2806:Bruno Schulz
2791:
2781:
2766:Nienasycenie
2764:
2749:
2731:
2683:
2644:
2610:
2567:
2543:PrzedwioĆnie
2541:
2532:Antoni Lange
2437:organic work
2436:
2417:Young Poland
2410:
2370:
2364:
2349:
2338:
2320:
2261:Young Poland
2253:displacement
2243:
2238:of Poland's
2236:assimilation
2228:equal rights
2197:
2145:
2122:
2111:
2100:
2094:
2085:Wincenty Pol
2034:
2028:
1981:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1893:emotionalism
1881:insurgencies
1874:
1850:
1834:
1819:
1808:
1805:Samuel Linde
1791:
1774:
1757:
1746:
1735:
1675:
1654:
1635:(1695?â1765)
1611:
1607:
1600:
1593:Egyptologist
1570:
1560:
1533:
1515:
1494:
1463:
1459:(1600?â1661)
1431:
1395:
1358:
1344:
1322:
1284:Piotr Skarga
1276:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1186:
1182:
1154:
1144:
1121:
1102:Jagiellonian
1095:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1010:
997:
984:
977:
971:
933:
929:
921:
915:
884:
874:
859:
832:by minister
803:
779:Julian Tuwim
764:
721:Young Poland
706:
691:
652:
611:
610:
548:Coat of arms
479:Horse Racing
347:Architecture
259:Sinte Romani
132:World War II
122:Young Poland
31:
15:
5721: [
5655:(Provençal)
5643:Montenegrin
5510: [
5191:Health care
5143:Video games
5083:Folk dances
4919:Agriculture
4859:Politicians
4658:Demographic
4617:World War I
4611:(1795â1918)
4603:(1569â1795)
4591:Middle Ages
4418:PDF 385 KB.
4410:, page 14.
4281:(in Polish)
4263:(in Polish)
4161:(in Polish)
4119:(in Polish)
4089:(in Polish)
4021:(in Polish)
3642:(born 1962)
3633:(1923â2012)
3624:(1911â2004)
3606:(1865â1925)
3597:(1846â1916)
3564:(born 1966)
3558:(born 1960)
3552:(born 1957)
3546:(1952â2020)
3544:Jerzy Pilch
3533:(born 1987)
3527:(born 1964)
3525:Zyta Rudzka
3521:(born 1972)
3515:(born 1968)
3509:(born 1966)
3503:(born 1983)
3497:(born 1948)
3458:(1930-2013)
3452:(1946â2014)
3446:(1920â1985)
3440:(1935â2022)
3434:(born 1945)
3428:(1945â1971)
3422:(1938â1985)
3416:(1935â1967)
3410:(1932â2013)
3404:(1932â2007)
3398:(1945â2021)
3392:(1932â2007)
3379:(born 1945)
3373:(born 1939)
3367:(1932â1957)
3361:(1928â1985)
3355:(1926â2015)
3349:(1921â2006)
3343:(1916â2000)
3325:(1934â1969)
3319:(1910â1994)
3313:(1905â1953)
3307:(1901â1964)
3301:(1900â1967)
3295:(1896â1963)
3289:(1891â1963)
3216:Romkowski's
3200:Kruczkowski
3098:(1924â2006)
3092:(1924â1998)
3086:(1922â1983)
3069:(1922â1944)
3056:(1921â2014)
3050:(1921â1944)
3033:(1914â1944)
2893:(1901â1970)
2887:(1901â1938)
2881:(1900â1967)
2875:(1900â1966)
2869:(1899â1989)
2863:(1899â1956)
2857:(1895â1976)
2851:(1895â1959)
2820:(1894â1953)
2802:(1891â1945)
2782:Noce i dnie
2774:(1887â1936)
2724:(1871â1937)
2705:(member of
2686:Interbellum
2651:avant-garde
2632:(1878â1957)
2626:(1878â1940)
2620:(1875â1930)
2603:(1873â1921)
2597:(1873â1918)
2591:(1869â1907)
2560:(1865â1940)
2554:(1864â1935)
2534:(1863â1929)
2528:(1860â1926)
2522:(1858â1945)
2481:romanticism
2435:(promoting
2398:(1863â1944)
2392:(1857â1921)
2386:(1849â1938)
2380:(1849â1919)
2322:Nad Niemnem
2313:(1839â1902)
2301:(1837â1901)
2245:Kulturkampf
2218:âadvocated
2185:(1834â1908)
2179:(1834â1863)
2173:(1824â1915)
2167:(1823â1897)
2161:(1823â1862)
2155:(1822â1893)
2138:(1819â1876)
2132:(1818â1895)
2087:(1807â1882)
2081:(1807â1877)
2075:(1804â1886)
2062:(1803â1834)
2056:(1802â1886)
2050:(1801â1876)
2044:(1801â1871)
2036:Pan Tadeusz
2021:(1798â1845)
2015:(1796â1855)
2009:(1796â1846)
2007:Jan Czeczot
2003:(1793â1826)
1997:(1791â1866)
1991:(1791â1835)
1974:(1787â1861)
1968:(1770â1861)
1962:(1768â1854)
1921:sovereignty
1877:Romanticism
1865:Romanticism
1847:Romanticism
1784:(1759â1794)
1767:(1756â1830)
1728:(1750â1807)
1709:(1745â1830)
1703:(1741â1825)
1697:(1740â1791)
1691:(1739â1812)
1685:(1736â1817)
1668:(1733â1796)
1662:(1732â1798)
1647:(1718â1791)
1589:Jan Potocki
1508:(1633â1645)
1477:(1612â1666)
1471:(1611â1655)
1446:(1597â1677)
1440:(1595â1640)
1424:(1588â1656)
1418:(1581â1623)
1412:(1573â1640)
1406:(1566â1620)
1388:(1543â1607)
1361:(Christian
1310:(1595â1640)
1304:(1573â1640)
1298:(1558â1629)
1286:(1536â1612)
1269:(1524â1603)
1248:MikoĆaj Rej
1226:(1485â1548)
1220:(1482â1537)
1175:prayer-book
1163:MikoĆaj Rej
1098:Renaissance
1092:Renaissance
1076:Jan DĆugosz
1027:Bogurodzica
1023:Virgin Mary
1018:Bogurodzica
1002: [
989: [
956:quern-stone
907:Jan DĆugosz
856:Middle Ages
844:(1980) and
775:avant-garde
671:Romanticism
663:Jan Potocki
264:Vlax Romani
191:Health care
127:Interbellum
112:Romanticism
97:Renaissance
92:Middle Ages
33:Pan Tadeusz
5810:Categories
5778:in English
5676:Portuguese
5623:Macedonian
5618:Luxembourg
5613:Lithuanian
5372:Belarusian
5138:Traditions
5088:Literature
5006:(currency)
4849:Parliament
4790:Corruption
4457:References
4316:Jan Kott,
4259:Pisarze pl
4194:5 December
4101:Ossolineum
3898:Page 632.
3478:See also:
3432:Ewa Lipska
3220:at the end
3192:Borejsza's
3106:See also:
3013:Medallions
2961:WierzyĆski
2908:Ferdydurke
2861:Jan LechoĆ
2663:Gombrowicz
2503:. In 1905
2305:Adam Asnyk
2220:skepticism
2216:Positivism
2194:Positivism
2147:Vade-mecum
2124:Stara baĆĆ
2013:Tomasz Zan
1909:Tomasz Zan
1859:in 1795 â
1853:partitions
1581:translator
1516:Pamietniki
1464:Roksolanki
1183:Raj duszny
1013:vernacular
940:Cistercian
926:paraphrase
759:. In 1905
683:Tomasz Zan
632:Lithuanian
489:Volleyball
484:Motorsport
442:Television
361:Literature
291:Traditions
280:Vilamovian
235:Lithuanian
142:Modern-day
117:Positivism
5765:Ukrainian
5691:Sardinian
5661:Old Norse
5648:Norwegian
5593:Kashubian
5561:Icelandic
5556:Hungarian
5397:Bulgarian
5352:Aromanian
5342:Aragonese
5196:Languages
5186:Education
5113:Name days
4984:Transport
4864:President
4817:Judiciary
4795:Elections
4719:Mountains
4687:Geography
4204:cite book
4079:, p. 284.
3615:(1902â91)
3226:1956â1989
3198:, run by
3196:ZLP Union
3143:Stalinism
3127:NaĆkowska
2989:Holocaust
2965:BaczyĆski
2930:Skamander
2899:(1902â85)
2795:(trilogy)
2792:KrzyĆŒowcy
2711:PiĆsudski
2675:NaĆkowska
2671:DÄ
browska
2547:(trilogy)
2445:symbolism
2441:decadence
2429:aesthetic
2413:modernist
2351:Quo Vadis
2307:(1838â97)
2295:(1835â83)
2283:(1822â99)
2232:feminists
2096:Balladyna
1863:, unlike
1608:Decameron
1518:(memoirs)
1230:Jan Ćaski
1106:Kallimach
1080:Chronicle
818:NaĆkowska
766:Quo Vadis
717:modernist
669:, unlike
644:Esperanto
508:Monuments
415:Musicians
410:Composers
312:Festivals
298:Mythology
275:Kashubian
240:Ruthenian
212:Languages
196:Languages
186:Education
5783:in Welsh
5770:Venetian
5718:Silesian
5696:Scottish
5681:Romanian
5666:Ossetian
5653:Occitan
5638:Moldovan
5583:JĂšrriais
5544:medieval
5524:Georgian
5519:Galician
5497:Friulian
5467:Estonian
5422:Croatian
5362:Austrian
5357:Asturian
5347:Armenian
5332:Albanian
5269:Category
5176:Refugees
5123:Religion
4844:Military
4758:Politics
4668:Military
4663:Economic
4653:Cultural
4646:By topic
4596:Monarchs
4578:Timeline
4404:Archived
4381:Archived
4326:, 1994,
4039:Archived
4009:Archived
3986:Archived
3961:Archived
3958:), 2006.
3904:, 1980.
3846:, 1983.
3844:Berkeley
3767:Samizdat
3731:See also
3184:Sokorski
3135:Borowski
3131:Rudnicki
3023:Bitwa o
2993:Kolumbs,
2969:Borowski
2467:against
2366:The Doll
2251:and the
2202:against
1897:folklore
1597:linguist
1375:szlachta
1336:classics
1159:laureled
1155:Ianicius
1056:Cyrillic
982:and the
960:medieval
944:HenrykĂłw
920:reads: "
840:(1978),
834:Sokorski
826:Borowski
822:Rudnicki
474:Handball
469:Football
342:Painters
319:Religion
270:Silesian
176:Refugees
55:a series
53:Part of
5795:Yiddish
5755:Turkish
5745:Swedish
5740:Spanish
5735:Slovene
5713:Serbian
5686:Russian
5628:Maltese
5608:Latvian
5598:Kosovar
5578:Italian
5539:ancient
5492:Frisian
5482:Flemish
5477:Finnish
5472:Faroese
5447:English
5427:Cypriot
5412:Cornish
5407:Chuvash
5402:Catalan
5392:British
5382:Bosnian
5377:Belgian
5260:Outline
5241:Polonia
5206:Symbols
5133:Theatre
5066:Cuisine
5043:Culture
5033:Lawyers
5021:Society
4979:Tourism
4964:Poverty
4949:Exports
4907:Economy
4739:Regions
4709:Islands
4704:Forests
4569:History
3706:Yiddish
3704:(1978,
3538:
3384:
3139:ĂmigrĂ©s
3117:1945â56
3061:
2834:
2659:Witkacy
2583:
2372:Pharaoh
2329:
2204:Russian
2102:Kordian
2067:
1931:wieszcz
1851:Due to
1655:Monitor
1485:Baroque
1451:
1319:Baroque
1278:Laments
1201:Bavaria
1052:Silesia
948:Silesia
636:Russian
628:Yiddish
535:Symbols
521:Castles
405:Theatre
374:Authors
337:Artists
305:Cuisine
225:Yiddish
102:Baroque
84:History
5774:Welsh
5730:Slovak
5671:Polish
5588:Kazakh
5549:modern
5529:German
5507:Gagauz
5502:Gaelic
5487:French
5437:Danish
5387:Breton
5367:Basque
5327:Abkhaz
5274:Portal
5214:Anthem
5061:Cinema
5004:ZĆoty
4959:Mining
4944:Energy
4832:Police
4744:Rivers
4673:Postal
4560:Poland
4502:
4487:
4473:
4445:
4330:
4302:1 June
4185:
4017:KrakĂłw
3956:Polona
3909:
3850:
3720:(1996)
3714:(1980)
3698:(1924)
3692:(1905)
3575:, 2018
3469:, 1996
3336:, 1980
3245:is in
2981:KrakĂłw
2977:Warsaw
2945:German
2667:MiĆosz
2577:, 1924
2569:ChĆopi
2475:, the
2471:, the
2234:; the
2224:reason
2030:Dziady
1983:Zemsta
1363:Horace
1329:Jesuit
1193:KrakĂłw
1165:, and
1112:) and
1046:(see:
1044:KrakĂłw
903:KrakĂłw
877:Poland
806:German
755:, and
640:German
616:Poland
447:Cinema
369:Comics
245:Romani
230:German
220:Polish
156:People
57:on the
5750:Swiss
5725:]
5701:Scots
5603:Latin
5566:Irish
5534:Greek
5514:]
5442:Dutch
5432:Czech
5181:Crime
5166:Poles
5128:Sport
5103:Names
5098:Music
5093:Media
4714:Lakes
3800:Notes
3251:prose
3210:from
3161:Wajda
2973:Gajcy
2957:Tuwim
2655:Tuwim
2421:music
1585:Greek
1333:Latin
1147:Latin
1006:]
993:]
866:pagan
725:music
624:Latin
461:Sport
437:Radio
429:Media
393:Music
379:Poets
181:Crime
166:Poles
5633:Manx
5229:list
5224:Flag
5071:Wine
4881:List
4869:List
4810:LGBT
4500:ISBN
4485:ISBN
4471:ISBN
4443:ISBN
4328:ISBN
4304:2011
4210:link
4196:2011
4183:ISBN
4060:and
3937:2008
3907:ISBN
3848:ISBN
3247:list
3167:and
3110:and
2985:LwĂłw
2983:and
2947:and
2932:and
2673:and
2495:and
2485:Pole
2459:and
2411:The
2340:Rota
1947:and
1911:and
1829:and
1610:and
1579:and
1487:poet
1396:Rymy
1353:, a
1138:and
1062:for
891:monk
808:and
797:and
739:and
700:and
685:and
642:and
543:Flag
395:and
5056:Art
4939:EEZ
4822:Law
4097:PAN
2828:PAL
2756:PAL
2741:PAL
2707:PAL
2679:PAL
1343:'s
1177:by
1078:'s
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