681:
534:
39:
1164:
With the end of pro-Soviet totalitarianism in Poland, new restaurants opened and the basic foodstuffs were once again easily obtainable. This led to a gradual return of rich traditional Polish cuisine, both in home cooking and in restaurants. At the same time, restaurants and supermarkets promoted
593:
in the development of Polish culture from the past, the year 1989 did not introduce any specific literary events or artistic manifestations. For a generation of accomplished writers the objectives and their moral quests remained the same as in the preceding period. The
598:
brought mainly state reforms in the financing of cultural institutions and patronage; forcing self-sustainability in an often uncharted territory. Literature, film, visual arts, theater and mass media remained focused on their active participation in public life.
728:, 1989) – the merely physical existence was no longer bearable. Meanwhile, the underground press flourished, supported financially through generous donations from the West, and the inquiries into the nature of law and morality continued. Russia
711:
was born following a wave of mass strikes against totalitarianism, poverty, and austerity measures. Almost every Polish artist and writer took part in the movement, and – in one form or another – suffered the consequences of the
824:, painter, theoretician of drama, stage designer, and playwright, his ideas finding their culmination in the theatre of death and his most recognised production being "Umarła klasa" (Dead Class).
1664:
1283:, a highly successful Polish rider. The Polish mountains are an ideal venue for hiking, skiing and mountain biking and attract millions of tourists every year from all over the world.
1589:
There is a ... deeper meaning to be found in our human lives... Attempting to place that meaning where it cannot be found will only lead to utter despair. This is why Kieślowski's
927:, fled the country and remained in the exile. In the early 1960s, however, a number of composers known as the Polish Composers' School arose, characterized by the use of
737:
827:
There is no strict division in Poland between theatre and film actors, therefore many stage artists are known to viewers the world over, for instance from the films of
1150:). Ethnographic museums and open-air sightseeing museums also hold attractive collections. The panorama of Polish culture is completed by a medley of local festivals
581:
Polish culture and society began a process of profound transformation, marked by the return of democracy and redevelopment of civil society. After 1989, the heavy
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882:
894:
582:
1324:
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1556:(in Polish). Narodowe Centrum Kultury: Official webpage of the Komitet Obrony Robotników. 2013. pp. see: Timeline, and Documents 1976–81
1032:
were well-known. Since 1989, the Polish scene has exploded with new talents and a more diverse style. Contrary to most
European countries,
564:
102:
1058:
In jazz music, Polish musicians created a specific style, which was most famous in 60s and 70s. Most famous Polish jazz artists are:
585:
ended, and the radical economic changes were introduced. The influx of new aesthetic and social ideas was accompanied by the
Western
1633:
1279:, has brought awareness of Formula One Racing to Poland. Poland has made a distinctive mark in motorcycle speedway racing thanks to
1114:
Poland offers a wide spectrum of cultural experience. Those interested in high culture will enjoy the renowned music festivals like
1490:
669:
on an unprecedented scale. It was the true beginning of a new literary knowledge in Poland. Between 1976 and 1989, the so-called
481:
473:
1008:
Poland has always been a very open country to new music genres and even before the fall of the communism, music styles like
1418:
1576:
1287:
beaches and resorts are popular locations for fishing, canoeing, kayaking and a broad-range of other water-themed sports.
1753:
820:
as its most innovative and creative representative. One of the most original twentieth-century theatre personalities was
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The events that shaped Polish culture at the onset of the post-communist period began in 1976. The suppressed
1102:, and Dissenter. This has paved ground for a large underground movement. One of the biggest record labels of
677:), published the staggering 5,000 regular newsletters and full-size periodicals including some 7,000 books.
454:
449:
344:
942:
inaugurated, from whence came additional popularity for the Polish
Composers' School. Composers included
935:. The style emerged from the political crisis in 1956, following Stalin's death; that same year saw the
874:
439:
136:
904:
Between the wars, a group of composers formed the
Association of Young Polish Musicians which included
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57:
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486:
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635:
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121:
72:
1239:(soccer) is the country's most popular sport, with a rich history of international competition.
1039:
Every year, a huge gathering of young Poles meet to celebrate the rock and alternative music in
840:
806:
717:
684:
643:
513:
312:
302:
1047:. These events often attract more than 250,000 people and are comparable to the gatherings in
798:
713:
673:(the Second circulation, term commonly applied to Poland's illegal press during the military
156:
77:
62:
963:
947:
680:
651:
1606:
1236:
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8:
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990:
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759:. The transitions which began in the 1990s continued throughout the early 21st century.
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1552:
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890:
747:
was founded in the arts and literature, partly inspired by the widely popular works of
743:
The period 1976–89 provided the necessary intellectual and aesthetic base on which the
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639:
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includes many famous poets and writers concerned with issues pertinent to the present:
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has had an equally profound impact on the society. Two years later, the blacklisted
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1425:(in Polish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. Archived from
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the use of ingredients typical of other cuisines of the world. Notable foods in
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1122:. Polish museums exhibit remarkable art collections - masterpieces including
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music scene. Some of the bands that have heralded and helped the cause are
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1607:"On amendments to the Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland"
865:
The traditional Polish music composers include world-renowned pianist
1099:
1048:
1033:
1652:– via The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy (RVP).
1147:
1052:
928:
1489:
Richard Ned Lebow; Wulf
Kansteiner; Claudio Fogu (Aug 30, 2006).
1252:
1190:
1178:
1174:
1040:
748:
725:
190:
38:
1416:
1044:
1547:"Powstanie KOR-u (Foundation of the Workers Defence Committee)"
1275:
are other popular sports. The first Polish
Formula One driver,
1248:
1210:
1202:
898:
1604:
1460:
1198:
1182:
1025:
1577:"The Decalogue by Krzysztof Kieślowski (1989) - film review"
1017:
1662:
1546:
1389:
Topics in Polish
Literature and Culture (Slav-P365/565)
1209:, and many more. Traditional Polish desserts include
1634:"From 'Socialist' to Postmodern Pluralism in Poland"
1482:
1450:
1423:
Experience Poland » Culture » Visual Arts
1322:
1074:. Two contemporary big Polish music festivals are
1745:
1631:
1605:Sejm of the Republic of Poland (December 1989).
1379:
919:Following World War II, some composers, such as
895:International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition
1669:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 423–427.
1446:
1444:
1382:"Post-Communist Polish Culture (1989-Present)"
1574:
1332:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 51–54.
558:
1441:
1722:Recipes and Stories from a Summer in Poland
1638:Civil Society, Pluralism, and Universalism
1598:
839:, Krystyna Janda, Jerzy Radziwiłowicz) or
565:
551:
1417:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2008–2011).
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1656:
1498:. Duke University Press. pp. 191–.
1109:
679:
602:
1625:
1492:1980–1989: Unraveling and Tearing
1302:
1082:. Poland has a very active underground
1746:
1451:Alicja Wancerz-Gluza (July 26, 2005).
1326:1989 in Poland: Continuity and Caesura
1309:
1568:
1410:
1373:
1391:. Indiana University. Archived from
1142:, Kraków; and the Last Judgement by
869:as well as famous composers such as
1663:Halina Janaszek-Ivaničková (1997).
714:military crackdown of December 1981
13:
1724:, published by Tabula Books, 2011.
1539:
897:has been held every five years in
716:. After that – as in the films of
14:
1770:
1632:Eugeniusz Górski (Feb 13, 2009).
1396:(PDF file, direct download 66 KB)
732:in the matter, when their former
1759:History of Poland (1989–present)
1735:Book review: Dżem z płatków róży
1613:(in Polish). Warsaw: Sejm.gov.pl
762:
532:
37:
1733:Rzeczpospolita (2 April 2011),
1727:
1710:
1575:J.A.A. Purves (May 22, 2012).
1:
1205:dishes, a fast food sandwich
1106:in Poland is Empire Records.
981:Modern-day composers include
1323:Wlodzimierz Bolecki (2004).
1233:sports are popular in Poland
881:among others. Influenced by
589:. However, unlike any other
7:
1290:
1036:is not dominant in Poland.
695:The 1978 papal election of
10:
1775:
1754:Cultural history of Poland
1224:
1157:
1153:
858:
814:Polish avant-garde theatre
766:
656:Nobel Prize for Literature
1611:The December Novelization
1220:
1217:and many similar others.
705:Nobel Prize in literature
1463:, Warsaw. Archived from
1146:(The National Museum in
854:
103:Polish People's Republic
1666:Postmodernism in Poland
1199:Polish traditional stew
889:conveys the essence of
596:first decade of freedom
1380:Prof. Justyna Beinek.
976:Henryk Mikołaj Górecki
875:Henryk Mikołaj Górecki
816:is world-famous, with
783:Polish movie directors
692:
667:underground publishing
663:demonstrations of 1976
1579:. Redemptio Sehnsucht
1496:(Google book preview)
1468:(DOC direct download)
1453:"Wolność w podziemiu"
1398:on September 24, 2015
1330:(Google book preview)
1110:Museums and festivals
683:
603:Historical background
1303:Notes and references
960:Krzysztof Penderecki
952:Włodzimierz Kotoński
871:Krzysztof Penderecki
841:Krzysztof Kieślowski
807:Krzysztof Kieślowski
777:Television in Poland
745:Polish postmodernism
718:Krzysztof Kieślowski
689:Venice Film Festival
685:Krzysztof Kieślowski
482:World Heritage Sites
220:North Central Romani
1737:, Internet Archive.
1716:Beata Zatorska and
1140:St. Mary's Basilica
1128:Lady with an Ermine
1116:Wratislavia Cantans
914:Tadeusz Szeligowski
799:Zbigniew Rybczyński
709:Solidarity movement
636:Ryszard Kapuściński
583:government controls
1553:Jerzy Andrzejewski
1215:Polish gingerbread
1132:Czartoryski Museum
964:Witold Lutosławski
948:Bogusław Schaeffer
893:. Since 1927, the
891:Polish Romanticism
693:
654:have each won the
652:Wisława Szymborska
640:Henryk Sienkiewicz
1644:on April 13, 2011
1470:on August 7, 2013
1297:Society of Poland
1241:Track & field
1195:Polish pork chops
1160:Cuisine of Poland
1124:Leonardo da Vinci
972:Kazimierz Serocki
910:Zygmunt Mycielski
879:Karol Szymanowski
837:Daniel Olbrychski
833:Wojciech Pszoniak
769:Theatre of Poland
753:Witold Gombrowicz
738:legally dissolved
730:did not intervene
697:Pope John Paul II
644:Władysław Reymont
628:Witold Gombrowicz
608:Polish literature
579:fall of communism
575:
574:
539:Poland portal
137:Ethnic minorities
30:Culture of Poland
1766:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1701:
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1640:. Archived from
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1350:
1348:
1346:
1331:
1320:
1227:Sports of Poland
1211:Polish doughnuts
1179:Polish dumplings
1060:Krzysztof Komeda
999:Eugeniusz Knapik
991:Krzesimir Dębski
925:Andrzej Panufnik
906:Grażyna Bacewicz
773:Cinema of Poland
757:Karol Irzykowski
703:was awarded the
624:Juliusz Słowacki
567:
560:
553:
537:
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535:
41:
32:
16:
15:
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1551:Open letter by
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1430:
1429:on May 16, 2013
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1134:in Kraków; the
1112:
1072:Michał Urbaniak
987:Paweł Szymański
983:Krzysztof Meyer
956:Witold Szalonek
887:Fryderyk Chopin
885:, the music of
883:Polish folklore
867:Frédéric Chopin
863:
861:Music of Poland
857:
818:Jerzy Grotowski
803:Janusz Kamiński
781:World-renowned
779:
765:
734:satellite state
616:Adam Mickiewicz
612:Jan Kochanowski
605:
591:temporal marker
571:
533:
531:
524:
523:
519:National anthem
504:
503:
492:
491:
477:
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430:
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418:
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386:
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366:
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363:performing arts
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53:
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28:
12:
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5:
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1762:
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1726:
1709:
1675:
1655:
1624:
1597:
1593:is so special.
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1409:
1372:
1338:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1222:
1219:
1171:Polish sausage
1167:Polish cuisine
1155:
1152:
1138:High Altar in
1111:
1108:
1080:Sopot Festival
1076:Opole Festival
1003:Paweł Mykietyn
968:Wojciech Kilar
940:music festival
921:Roman Palester
856:
853:
822:Tadeusz Kantor
791:Roman Polanski
787:Academy Awards
764:
761:
701:Czesław Miłosz
648:Czesław Miłosz
604:
601:
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1594:
1592:
1591:The Decalogue
1578:
1571:
1555:
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1548:
1542:
1534:
1522:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1428:
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1420:
1419:"Visual Arts"
1413:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1356:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:Tomasz Gollob
1278:
1277:Robert Kubica
1274:
1273:weightlifting
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:cabbage rolls
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:red beet soup
1172:
1168:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:Warsaw Autumn
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:extreme metal
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:Tomasz Stańko
1065:
1064:Adam Makowicz
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:Hanna Kulenty
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:Tadeusz Baird
941:
938:
937:Warsaw Autumn
934:
933:dodecaphonism
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
862:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:Andrzej Wajda
825:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:Andrzej Wajda
792:
788:
784:
778:
774:
770:
763:Popular media
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
690:
686:
682:
678:
676:
672:
668:
665:gave rise to
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:Stanisław Lem
629:
625:
621:
620:Bolesław Prus
617:
613:
609:
600:
597:
592:
588:
587:market forces
584:
580:
568:
563:
561:
556:
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157:Health care
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63:Renaissance
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1748:Categories
1676:9027234450
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1459:. Ośrodek
1339:9027234523
1269:volleyball
1261:ice hockey
1245:basketball
1225:See also:
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264:Mythology
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