92:
241:
858:
969:
50:
31:
865:
True to its name, the winghead shark's cephalofoil consists of a pair of long, narrow, and gently swept-back blades. The width of the cephalofoil is equal to 40–50% of the shark's total length. The front of the cephalofoil has a slight indentation in the middle and a gentle bump on each side in front
1196:
protrude from the gill slits. At a length of 20–29 cm (7.9–11.4 in), the placenta has formed; the first teeth, dermal denticles, and skin pigmentation appear on the embryo, and the external gills are much reduced in size. By the time the embryo is 30 cm (12 in) long, it resembles
1268:
and off India and
Indonesia, and anecdotal evidence indicates its population has suffered as a result. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed the winghead shark as endangered. This species is only infrequently caught in Australian waters, where it has been assessed regionally
1186:
and develops in a similar fashion to other sharks. At a length of 4.0–4.5 cm (1.6–1.8 in), the cephalofoil and the fins begin to form. When the embryo is 12–16 cm (4.7–6.3 in) long, the yolk supply begins to run low and folds appear on the
1008:
benefit of the cephalofoil is increased separation between the midpoints of the left and right nostrils, which enhances the shark's ability to resolve the direction of a scent trail. Finally, the cephalofoil may increase the shark's ability to detect the
317:. Its name comes from its exceptionally large "hammer", or cephalofoil, which can be as wide as half of the shark's total length. The function of this structure is unclear, but may relate to the shark's senses. The wide spacing of its eyes grants superb
866:
of the nostrils. Each nostril is roughly twice as long as the width of the mouth and extends along almost the entire leading margin of each blade. The circular eyes, located at the forward outer corners of the cephalofoil, are equipped with protective
1191:
and uterine wall, which later interlock to form the placenta. At this stage, the embryo has most of the features of an adult, albeit rudimentary and colorless. The blades of the cephalofoil are folded back along the body, and long
321:, while the extremely long nostrils on the leading margin of the cephalofoil may allow for better detection and tracking of odor trails in the water. The cephalofoil also provides a large surface area for its
913:, each with three horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth. This species is brownish gray to gray above and off-white below, and lacks fin markings. It grows up to 1.9 m (6.2 ft) long.
833:
member of the hammerhead family. This result supports the counterintuitive idea that the first hammerhead shark to evolve had a large cephalofoil. It also supports the separation of
845:(including all descendants of a single ancestor). The winghead shark lineage is estimated to have diverged from the rest of the hammerheads some 15–20 million years ago during the
2228:
Smart, J.J.; Harry, A.V.; Tobin, A.J.; Simpfendorfer, C.A. (2012). "Overcoming the constraints of low sample sizes to produce age and growth data for rare or threatened sharks".
1670:
Mello, W.C.; de
Carvalho, J.J.; Brito, P.M.M. (2013). "Microstructural morphology in early dermal denticles of hammerhead sharks (Elasmobranchii: Sphyrnidae) and related taxa".
1617:
Last, P.R.; White, W.T.; Caire, J.N.; Dharmadi; Fahmi; Jensen, K.; Lim, A.P.F.; Manjaji-Matsumoto, B.M.; Naylor, G.J.P.; Pogonoski, J.J.; Stevens, J.D.; Yearsley, G.K. (2010).
1058:
874:
on each side, and sometimes also a single row of tiny teeth at the upper and/or lower symphyses (jaw midpoints). The teeth are small and smooth-edged, with angled triangular
1052:
1208:, and in February and March off northern Australia. The pups emerge tail first, and their cephalofoils remain folded until after birth to facilitate passage through the
1076:
1103:
1091:
1064:
1082:
1738:
Kajiura, S.M.; Forni, J.B.; Summers, A.P. (2005). "Olfactory morphology of carcharhinid and sphyrnid sharks: Does the cephalofoil confer a sensory advantage?".
1118:
1070:
1004:. A winghead shark 1 m (3.3 ft) long is theoretically capable of sampling over 2,300 cm (140 in) of water per second. Another potential
1544:
Lim, D.D.; Motta, P.; Mara, K.; Martin, A.P. (2010). "Phylogeny of hammerhead sharks (Family
Sphyrnidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes".
1109:
984:
have been proposed to explain the extreme size of the winghead shark's cephalofoil. The placement of the eyes at the ends of the cephalofoil provides a
1127:
909:. The upper caudal fin lobe is longer than the lower lobe, and bears a notch in the trailing margin near the tip. The skin is covered by overlapping
444:
Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée
3121:
1405:
Le Règne Animal distribué d'après son organisation pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée
1097:
389:
313:
Sphyrnidae. Reaching a length of 1.9 m (6.2 ft), this small brown to gray shark has a slender body with a tall, sickle-shaped first
3160:
1179:
lasts 8–9 months off western India, and 10–11 months off northern
Australia. Pregnant females have been reported to quarrel with each other.
996:, which may aid in hunting. This species also has proportionately the longest nostrils among the hammerheads; longer nostrils contain more
2296:
3262:
3242:
3095:
3257:
3134:
372:
connection. Females produce annual litters of six to 25 pups; depending on region, birth may occur from
February to June after a
1216:
is reached around 1.0–1.1 m (3.3–3.6 ft) long for males and 1.1–1.2 m (3.6–3.9 ft) long for females. Their
1175:. Females can reproduce every year; the litter size ranges from six to 25 pups, and increases with the size of the female. The
3272:
3186:
1626:
805:
ancestor, and later gave rise to species with larger cephalofoils. Under this interpretation, the winghead shark is the most
3139:
3252:
2090:
Bruce, N.L.; Cannon, L.R.G.; Adlard, R. (1994). "Synoptic checklist of ascaridoid parasites (Nematoda) from fish hosts".
2074:
1654:
1440:
1387:
3212:
3165:
54:
3267:
2289:
1456:
Gill, T.N. (1862). "Analytical synopsis of the order of Squali; and revision of the nomenclature of the genera".
1024:. The lateral blades seem too large to function in maneuvering, which has been suggested for other hammerheads.
1791:
Nakaya, K. (1995). "Hydrodynamic function of the head in the hammerhead sharks (Elasmobranchii: Sphyrnidae)".
458:
interpreted it as such in 1822 when he described another specimen of the same species in detail, calling it
3043:
3030:
2634:
2514:
450:") was not a smooth hammerhead, but rather a different species. Although Cuvier did not propose a proper
3048:
3008:
2282:
901:
base. The anal fin is about half again as long as the second dorsal fin. A lengthwise groove is on the
3217:
2625:
2616:
1519:
503:
91:
1752:
1316:
2793:
2454:
2372:
806:
522:
for the winghead shark include arrowhead, arrow-headed hammerhead shark, and slender hammerhead.
3126:
2970:
2463:
1909:
gen. nov. (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) in the collections of The
Natural History Museum, London".
1747:
976:(1889), showing the remarkably wide cephalofoil: The function of this structure is yet unclear.
814:
190:
889:
The body is slim and streamlined, with a very tall, narrow, and falcate (sickle-shaped) first
3204:
2496:
2487:
830:
322:
213:
2257:
3152:
3069:
3017:
2876:
2849:
2742:
2735:
2711:
2676:
2667:
2505:
1553:
1172:
929:
925:
867:
810:
499:
455:
412:
345:
341:
1433:
Sharks of the World: An
Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
8:
3247:
2912:
2867:
2858:
2551:
2542:
2532:
39:
3035:
2067:
Checklist of the
Parasites of Fishes of Bangladesh (FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 369/1)
1557:
2952:
2592:
2583:
2406:
2397:
1967:
1808:
1773:
1469:
997:
949:
507:
420:
253:
86:
1928:
Schaeffner, B.C.; Beveridge, I. (2013). "Redescriptions and new records of species of
3199:
3056:
2921:
2658:
2306:
2070:
1959:
1765:
1720:
1683:
1650:
1622:
1588:
1569:
1436:
1383:
1293:
953:
822:
428:
163:
2266:
2227:
1971:
1489:
897:. The second dorsal fin is much smaller and originates over the caudal third of the
3061:
2894:
2840:
2802:
2720:
2237:
2169:
2099:
1949:
1941:
1852:
1800:
1777:
1757:
1710:
1679:
1589:"A phylogenetic supertree of the hammerhead sharks (Carcharhiniformes: Sphyrnidae)"
1561:
1465:
1311:
1265:
1241:
1217:
1176:
1014:
993:
985:
580:
511:
373:
334:
330:
318:
310:
306:
173:
956:. This species inhabits shallow waters close to shore and has been known to enter
3173:
3022:
2692:
2430:
2421:
1253:
1213:
1018:
1000:
and can sample more water at a time, increasing the chances of detecting an odor
910:
902:
597:
381:
1565:
2782:
2764:
2755:
2702:
2359:
2343:
2337:
1249:
1205:
1193:
1010:
875:
728:
711:
630:
435:
377:
230:
143:
133:
2274:
1945:
1435:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. pp. 540–541.
1143:
like the rest of its family, with the developing young sustained to term by a
791:
Phylogenetic tree of hammerhead sharks based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA
3236:
3147:
2993:
2569:
1302:
1270:
1233:
1201:
1164:
989:
802:
678:
661:
474:
466:
451:
396:
in 2016, as it is thought to have declined in some parts of its range due to
59:
30:
1228:
Harmless to humans, the winghead shark is caught throughout its range using
514:
in 1979 and 1988. Nevertheless, some sources still refer to this species as
2383:
1963:
1769:
1724:
1573:
1338:
1021:
933:
894:
883:
842:
488:
and preferred to keep this species with the other hammerheads in the genus
326:
240:
3178:
2117:
Margolis, L.; Kabata, Z.; Parker, R.R. (1975). "Catalogue and synopsis of
3108:
3002:
2649:
1669:
1237:
857:
826:
519:
397:
1954:
1616:
3100:
2939:
2903:
2478:
2445:
2331:
2069:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 44.
1831:
Stevens, J.D.; Lyle, J.M. (1989). "Biology of three hammerhead sharks (
1812:
1761:
1715:
1698:
1264:. This species is taken in large numbers in some areas, such as in the
1140:
1040:
1036:
981:
968:
941:
937:
906:
890:
870:. The relatively small, arched mouth contains 15–16 upper and 14 lower
409:
393:
361:
357:
353:
314:
3087:
2103:
1856:
1543:
1013:
and movements of its prey, by providing a larger surface area for its
3113:
2885:
2607:
2241:
1737:
1696:
1032:
1028:
1005:
957:
879:
871:
829:
have found the opposite pattern, with the winghead shark as the most
798:
432:
349:
103:
2964:
2206:
1804:
1155:. Compartments form inside the uteri during pregnancy, one for each
3082:
2987:
2325:
2089:
1261:
1188:
1144:
1123:
1087:
1048:
1044:
1001:
922:
898:
385:
369:
123:
2116:
3074:
1245:
1229:
1168:
1147:
connection to the mother. Adult females have a single functional
1114:
846:
818:
490:
376:
of 8–11 months. This harmless species is widely fished for meat,
302:
3191:
2016:(Cuvier) (Carchariidae, Euselachii) from Puri, Orissa (India)".
1212:. The newborns measure 32–47 cm (13–19 in) in length.
2319:
2012:
sp. n. (Phyllobothriidae, Cestoda) from the elasmobranch fish,
2007:
1209:
1160:
1156:
1152:
945:
801:
is that species with smaller cephalofoils evolved first from a
365:
113:
1287:
1285:
2349:
2207:"Observations on the breeding and development of some sharks"
2008:
Srivastav, A.K.; Srivastava, B.K. (1988). "On a new cestode,
1927:
1257:
1171:. The males bite at the sides of the females as a prelude to
1148:
153:
76:
70:
1291:
1248:. The meat is sold fresh, the fins are exported to Asia for
988:
of 48°, the most of any hammerhead and four times that of a
2139:
2064:
2034:
1984:
1282:
1183:
1382:(second ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 288.
2170:"Studies on the developmental stages of hammerhead shark
2150:
Proceedings of the 48th Indian
Science Congress (Roorkee)
2039:
n. sp (Nematoda-Anisakidae) from the intestine of Shark,
1985:
Srivastav, A.K.; Capoor, V.N. (1982). "On a new cestode,
2140:
Chakravarty, M.; Mandal, A.K. (1961). "A new coccidium,
2121:, a genus of Copepoda (Crustacea) parasitic on fishes".
2001:
1921:
1878:
Cuvier, 1817 from Bay of Bengal at Digha coast, India".
1869:
1830:
1377:
484:("hammer"). However, subsequent authors did not accept
2230:
2133:
2028:
2211:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India
1978:
1845:
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
1200:
Birthing takes place in May and June off Mumbai and
506:
in 1948, and came into wider usage after additional
446:, observed that Bloch's specimen (which he labeled "
2060:
2058:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1487:
1458:
Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York
893:that originates over the bases of the rather small
809:hammerhead, as it has the most extreme cephalofoil
2123:Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
1863:
1697:McComb, D.M.; Tricas, T.C.; Kajiura, S.M. (2009).
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
3234:
2167:
2055:
1874:new species (Cestoidea: Lacistorhynchidae) from
1819:
1586:
1430:
2304:
1356:
2110:
1331:
1317:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41810A68623209.en
1027:The winghead shark usually hunts close to the
390:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2290:
2163:
2161:
2159:
1731:
1699:"Enhanced visual fields in hammerhead sharks"
1644:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
340:Inhabiting the shallow coastal waters of the
2204:
1690:
1517:
936:eastward across South and Southeast Asia to
2540:
2221:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2083:
1663:
1539:
1537:
916:
469:placed the winghead shark in its own genus
2297:
2283:
2156:
1896:
1790:
1649:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 38.
1640:
1638:
1603:
1580:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1455:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1402:
239:
48:
29:
1953:
1932:Linton, 1890 (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha)".
1751:
1714:
1315:
797:The traditional view of hammerhead shark
2191:
1534:
1513:
1511:
967:
856:
438:, as a brief footnote to the account of
2035:Lakshmi, I.R.; Sreeramulu, K. (2007). "
1635:
1520:"Recent Changes in Hammerhead Taxonomy"
1476:
1411:
1292:Smart, J.J.; Simpfendorfer, C. (2016).
882:are seen, with the fifth pair over the
3235:
2065:Arthur, J.J.R.; Ahmed, A.T.A. (2002).
1911:Bulletin of the Natural History Museum
1784:
1621:. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 134–135.
1182:Initially, the embryo is nourished by
972:Illustration of a winghead shark from
963:
415:described a shark that he referred to
2969:
2968:
2278:
1546:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1522:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
1508:
1396:
1223:
1890:
1488:Froese, R.; Pauly, D., eds. (2011).
1031:. Its diet consists mainly of small
944:. Its range extends as far north as
462:and attributing the name to Cuvier.
348:, the winghead shark feeds on small
1870:Pramanik, P.B.; Manna, B. (2006). "
1449:
1303:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1151:, on the right, and two functional
921:The winghead shark is found in the
13:
1470:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1862.tb00166.x
1378:Last, P.R.; Stevens, J.D. (2009).
1197:a miniature version of the adult.
992:; this species thus has excellent
14:
3284:
2251:
2144:n. sp. from hammer headed shark,
1167:is in July and August during the
3263:Extant Miocene first appearances
3243:IUCN Red List endangered species
1684:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2011.00547.x
368:receiving nourishment through a
90:
1991:Indian Journal of Helminthology
1703:Journal of Experimental Biology
1134:
3258:Marine fauna of Southeast Asia
852:
329:, with potential benefits for
1:
2635:African ribbontail catshark (
2515:Straight-tooth weasel shark (
1276:
3273:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
1843:) from Northern Australia".
1380:Sharks and Rays of Australia
1204:, in March and April in the
1059:Heteronybelinia heteromorphi
1047:of this species include the
905:at the dorsal origin of the
525:
248:Range of the winghead shark
7:
2626:Pygmy ribbontail catshark (
2617:Cuban ribbontail catshark (
2267:Fishes of Australia :
2181:Indian Journal of Fisheries
2172:Sphyrna (Eusphyrna) blochii
1566:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.037
1252:, the liver is a source of
861:Winghead shark, X-ray image
403:
10:
3289:
3253:Marine fauna of South Asia
1880:Journal of Natural History
1872:Callitetrarhynchus blochii
1407:. Deterville. p. 127.
1053:Callitetrarhynchus blochii
1017:ampullae of Lorenzini and
510:research was published by
2977:
2938:
2838:
2814:
2801:
2781:
2753:
2733:
2700:
2691:
2647:
2605:
2581:
2568:
2531:
2476:
2455:Australian weasel shark (
2443:
2419:
2395:
2382:
2358:
2314:
2262:" at Shark-References.com
2168:Appukuttan, K.K. (1978).
1987:Phoreiobothrium puriensis
1946:10.1007/s11230-012-9388-1
1619:Sharks and Rays of Borneo
1587:Cavalcanti, M.J. (2007).
1431:Compagno, L.J.V. (1984).
1077:Phoreiobothrium puriensis
725:
708:
701:
675:
658:
651:
644:
627:
620:
594:
577:
570:
563:
546:
539:
362:gives birth to live young
259:
252:
247:
238:
219:
212:
87:Scientific classification
85:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2464:Sicklefin weasel shark (
2258:"Species description of
2174:from the Gulf of Mannar"
2152:(Part III): abstract 93.
2037:Hysterothylacium ganeshi
1104:Raphidascaroides blochii
1092:Hysterothylacium ganeshi
948:and as far south as the
917:Distribution and habitat
2497:Atlantic weasel shark (
2488:Whitetip weasel shark (
1934:Systematic Parasitology
1194:external gill filaments
1159:. In the waters around
1065:Otobothrium carcharidis
986:binocular field of view
480:("good" or "true") and
3268:Fish described in 1816
2877:Scalloped hammerhead (
2850:Scalloped bonnethead (
2743:Dwarf false catshark (
2712:Slender smooth-hound (
2668:Magnificent catshark (
2506:Slender weasel shark (
2010:Phyllobothrium blochii
1647:Coastal Fishes of Oman
1645:Randall, J.E. (1995).
1220:is at least 21 years.
1139:The winghead shark is
1083:Phyllobothrium blochii
998:chemosensory receptors
977:
974:Fauna of British India
862:
841:by keeping the latter
815:molecular phylogenetic
364:, with the developing
2913:Smalleye hammerhead (
2868:Carolina hammerhead (
2859:Whitefin hammerhead (
2552:Barbeled houndshark (
2205:Devadoss, P. (1988).
2092:Invertebrate Taxonomy
1917:(2). London: 133–153.
1740:Journal of Morphology
1518:Martin, R.A. (1998).
1310:: e.T41810A68623209.
980:Several nonexclusive
971:
868:nictitating membranes
860:
460:Zygaena Blochii nobis
323:ampullae of Lorenzini
2593:Harlequin catshark (
2407:Snaggletooth shark (
1897:Palm, H.W. (1999). "
1339:"Appendices | CITES"
1119:Caligus furcisetifer
930:western Indo-Pacific
456:Achille Valenciennes
413:Marcus Elieser Bloch
346:western Indo-Pacific
2922:Smooth hammerhead (
2807:(Hammerhead sharks)
2659:Graceful catshark (
2574:(Finback catsharks)
1558:2010MolPE..55..572L
1403:Cuvier, G. (1816).
964:Biology and ecology
498:was resurrected by
473:, derived from the
392:has assessed it as
279:Zygaena latycephala
40:Conservation status
2895:Great hammerhead (
2721:Sulu gollumshark (
1913:. Zoology Series.
1762:10.1002/jmor.10208
1716:10.1242/jeb.032615
1593:Zoological Studies
1260:is processed into
1224:Human interactions
978:
950:Montebello Islands
863:
817:research based on
309:, and part of the
3228:
3227:
3200:Open Tree of Life
2971:Taxon identifiers
2962:
2961:
2934:
2933:
2777:
2776:
2687:
2686:
2564:
2563:
2527:
2526:
2431:Hooktooth shark (
2104:10.1071/IT9940583
2051:(1). Jodhpur: 29.
1857:10.1071/MF9890129
1709:(24): 4010–4018.
1628:978-1-921605-59-8
1494:, Winghead shark"
954:Western Australia
823:mitochondrial DNA
795:
794:
785:
784:
776:
775:
767:
766:
758:
757:
749:
748:
740:
739:
690:
689:
609:
608:
504:William Schroeder
429:smooth hammerhead
289:
288:
282:van Hasselt, 1823
194:
164:Carcharhiniformes
80:
63:
3280:
3221:
3220:
3208:
3207:
3195:
3194:
3182:
3181:
3169:
3168:
3156:
3155:
3143:
3142:
3130:
3129:
3117:
3116:
3104:
3103:
3091:
3090:
3078:
3077:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3051:
3039:
3038:
3036:Eusphyra_blochii
3026:
3025:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3009:Eusphyra blochii
2998:
2997:
2996:
2979:Eusphyra blochii
2966:
2965:
2945:
2826:Winghead shark (
2812:
2811:
2808:
2788:
2765:False catshark (
2698:
2697:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2538:
2537:
2457:H. australiensis
2393:
2392:
2389:
2365:
2364:(Requiem sharks)
2299:
2292:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2269:Eusphyra blochii
2260:Eusphyra blochii
2246:
2245:
2242:10.1002/aqc.2274
2225:
2219:
2218:
2202:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2165:
2154:
2153:
2142:Eimeria zygaenae
2137:
2131:
2130:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1957:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1837:Sphyrna mokarran
1833:Eusphyra blochii
1828:
1817:
1816:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1755:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1614:
1601:
1600:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1492:Eusphyra blochii
1485:
1474:
1473:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1428:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1375:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1296:Eusphyra blochii
1289:
1266:Gulf of Thailand
1218:maximum lifespan
1177:gestation period
1128:Eimeria zygaenae
1019:mechanoreceptive
1015:electroreceptive
994:depth perception
911:dermal denticles
878:. Five pairs of
704:
703:
654:
653:
647:
646:
623:
622:
581:Sphyrna mokarran
573:
572:
566:
565:
550:Eusphyra blochii
542:
541:
535:
534:
530:
529:
512:Leonard Compagno
454:, his colleague
408:In 1785, German
374:gestation period
337:, respectively.
335:mechanoreception
331:electroreception
319:binocular vision
307:hammerhead shark
298:Eusphyra blochii
283:
275:
271:Zygaena laticeps
267:
243:
225:
223:Eusphyra blochii
189:
95:
94:
74:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
16:Species of shark
3288:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3216:
3211:
3203:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3177:
3174:Observation.org
3172:
3164:
3159:
3151:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3086:
3081:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3029:
3021:
3016:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2973:
2963:
2958:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2834:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2786:
2785:
2773:
2749:
2729:
2693:Pseudotriakidae
2683:
2643:
2601:
2573:
2572:
2560:
2523:
2490:P. leucolomatus
2472:
2439:
2415:
2388:(Weasel sharks)
2387:
2386:
2378:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2310:
2303:
2254:
2249:
2226:
2222:
2217:(1–2): 121–131.
2203:
2192:
2176:
2166:
2157:
2146:Zygaena blochii
2138:
2134:
2115:
2111:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2063:
2056:
2041:Sphyrna blochii
2033:
2029:
2014:Zygaena blochii
2006:
2002:
1983:
1979:
1926:
1922:
1903:Heteronybelinia
1895:
1891:
1876:Sphyrna blochii
1868:
1864:
1829:
1820:
1805:10.2307/1446895
1789:
1785:
1736:
1732:
1695:
1691:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1615:
1604:
1585:
1581:
1542:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1486:
1477:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1429:
1412:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1376:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1226:
1214:Sexual maturity
1137:
1011:electric fields
966:
919:
903:caudal peduncle
855:
786:
777:
768:
759:
750:
741:
691:
610:
598:Sphyrna zygaena
528:
516:Sphyrna blochii
448:z. nob. Blochii
425:Sphyrna zygaena
417:Squalus zygaena
406:
281:
273:
266:G. Cuvier, 1816
265:
263:Zygaena blochii
234:
227:
221:
208:
205:E. blochii
188:
89:
81:
64:
53:
49:
42:
24:Winghead shark
17:
12:
11:
5:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3209:
3196:
3183:
3170:
3157:
3144:
3131:
3118:
3105:
3092:
3079:
3066:
3053:
3040:
3027:
3014:
2999:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2948:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2794:Scyliorhinidae
2791:
2789:
2783:Scyliorhinidae
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2751:
2750:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2576:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2535:
2533:Leptochariidae
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2373:Carcharhinidae
2368:
2366:
2360:Carcharhinidae
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2344:Elasmobranchii
2340:
2338:Chondrichthyes
2334:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2253:
2252:External links
2250:
2248:
2247:
2236:(1): 124–134.
2220:
2190:
2155:
2132:
2109:
2098:(3): 583–674.
2082:
2076:978-9251048542
2075:
2054:
2027:
2018:Helminthologia
2000:
1977:
1920:
1905:gen. nov. and
1889:
1862:
1851:(2): 129–146.
1818:
1799:(2): 330–336.
1783:
1753:10.1.1.547.477
1746:(3): 253–263.
1730:
1689:
1678:(2): 147–153.
1672:Acta Zoologica
1662:
1656:978-0824818081
1655:
1634:
1627:
1602:
1579:
1552:(2): 572–579.
1533:
1507:
1475:
1448:
1442:978-9251013847
1441:
1410:
1395:
1389:978-0674034112
1388:
1355:
1330:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1250:shark fin soup
1225:
1222:
1206:Gulf of Mannar
1136:
1133:
1035:, followed by
965:
962:
918:
915:
854:
851:
793:
792:
788:
787:
783:
782:
779:
778:
774:
773:
770:
769:
765:
764:
761:
760:
756:
755:
752:
751:
747:
746:
743:
742:
738:
737:
734:
733:
729:Sphyrna corona
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
712:Sphyrna tiburo
707:
702:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
688:
687:
684:
683:
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
657:
652:
650:
645:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
631:Sphyrna lewini
626:
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
607:
606:
603:
602:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
576:
571:
569:
564:
562:
559:
558:
555:
554:
545:
540:
538:
533:
527:
524:
436:Georges Cuvier
405:
402:
293:winghead shark
287:
286:
285:
284:
276:
268:
257:
256:
250:
249:
245:
244:
236:
235:
228:
217:
216:
210:
209:
202:
200:
196:
195:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
144:Elasmobranchii
141:
137:
136:
134:Chondrichthyes
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
83:
82:
69:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3285:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3231:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2944:(Houndsharks)
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2756:Pseudotriakis
2752:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2714:G. attenuatus
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2670:P. magnificum
2666:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2628:E. radcliffei
2624:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2570:Proscylliidae
2567:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2499:P. pectoralis
2495:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2466:H. microstoma
2462:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2433:C. macrostoma
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2187:(1–2): 41–52.
2186:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1997:(1–2): 82–85.
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:Myxonebelinia
1904:
1901:Poche, 1926,
1900:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1273:by the IUCN.
1272:
1271:least concern
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:hook-and-line
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:Parangipettai
1198:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:mating season
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1098:Pseudanisakis
1094:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:requiem shark
987:
983:
975:
970:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:and northern
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:pectoral fins
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
859:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:requiem shark
800:
790:
789:
781:
780:
772:
771:
763:
762:
754:
753:
745:
744:
736:
735:
732:
731:
730:
723:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
713:
706:
705:
699:
698:
695:
694:
686:
685:
682:
681:
680:
679:Sphyrna media
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
663:
662:Sphyrna tudes
656:
655:
649:
648:
642:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
632:
625:
624:
618:
617:
614:
613:
605:
604:
601:
600:
599:
592:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
582:
575:
574:
568:
567:
561:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
551:
544:
543:
537:
536:
532:
531:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:Henry Bigelow
497:
493:
492:
487:
483:
479:
476:
472:
468:
467:Theodore Gill
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:binomial name
449:
445:
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437:
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430:
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422:
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399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
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328:
324:
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316:
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308:
304:
300:
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294:
280:
277:
272:
269:
264:
261:
260:
258:
255:
251:
246:
242:
237:
232:
226:
224:
218:
215:
214:Binomial name
211:
207:
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201:
198:
197:
192:
187:
186:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:Selachimorpha
152:
150:Subdivision:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
93:
88:
84:
78:
72:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3230:
2978:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2904:Bonnethead (
2896:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2766:
2754:
2744:
2734:
2723:G. suluensis
2722:
2713:
2701:
2677:
2669:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2606:
2595:C. fehlmanni
2594:
2582:
2553:
2543:Leptocharias
2541:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2422:Chaenogaleus
2420:
2408:
2396:
2384:Hemigaleidae
2348:Subdivision
2307:ground shark
2268:
2259:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2214:
2210:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2066:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1955:11343/282767
1940:(1): 17–55.
1937:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1646:
1618:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1549:
1545:
1524:. Retrieved
1498:. Retrieved
1491:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1432:
1404:
1398:
1379:
1346:. Retrieved
1342:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1307:
1301:
1295:
1227:
1199:
1181:
1138:
1135:Life history
1126:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1026:
1022:lateral line
979:
973:
934:Persian Gulf
920:
888:
884:pectoral fin
864:
843:monophyletic
838:
834:
796:
727:
726:
710:
709:
677:
676:
660:
659:
629:
628:
596:
595:
579:
578:
549:
548:
547:
520:common names
515:
495:
489:
485:
481:
477:
470:
464:
459:
447:
443:
442:in his 1817
439:
424:
416:
407:
339:
327:lateral line
297:
296:
292:
290:
278:
274:Cantor, 1837
270:
262:
222:
220:
204:
203:
184:
183:
18:
3109:iNaturalist
3003:Wikispecies
2897:S. mokarran
2886:Scoophead (
2870:S. gilberti
2787:(Catsharks)
2767:P. microdon
2678:P. venustum
2661:P. habereri
2650:Proscyllium
2619:E. barbouri
2508:P. randalli
2409:H. elongata
2398:Hemipristis
2043:(Cuvier)".
1930:Otobothrium
1886:(2): 10–15.
1464:: 371–408.
1323:19 November
1254:vitamin oil
1041:cephalopods
1037:crustaceans
1033:bony fishes
932:, from the
853:Description
827:nuclear DNA
813:. However,
398:overfishing
358:cephalopods
354:crustaceans
350:bony fishes
73:Appendix II
3248:Sphyrnidae
3237:Categories
2924:S. zygaena
2861:S. couardi
2828:E. blochii
2803:Sphyrnidae
2736:Planonasus
2637:E. sinuans
2554:L. smithii
2479:Paragaleus
2446:Hemigaleus
2332:Vertebrata
2330:Subphylum
1599:(1): 6–11.
1496:. FishBase
1348:14 January
1277:References
1256:, and the
1238:stake nets
1173:copulation
1141:viviparous
1122:, and the
1071:O. mugilis
982:hypotheses
942:Queensland
938:New Guinea
907:caudal fin
891:dorsal fin
880:gill slits
872:tooth rows
811:morphology
440:S. zygaena
431:). French
410:naturalist
394:endangered
315:dorsal fin
191:T. N. Gill
174:Sphyrnidae
140:Subclass:
55:Endangered
2953:Triakidae
2940:Triakidae
2906:S. tiburo
2879:S. lewini
2852:S. corona
2745:P. parini
2608:Eridacnis
2342:Subclass
1899:Nybelinia
1841:S. lewini
1748:CiteSeerX
1343:cites.org
1242:longlines
1145:placental
1124:protozoan
1113:sp., the
1110:Terranova
1088:nematodes
1049:tapeworms
1045:parasites
1029:sea floor
1006:olfactory
958:estuaries
886:origins.
799:evolution
526:Phylogeny
508:taxonomic
465:In 1862,
433:zoologist
382:liver oil
370:placental
231:G. Cuvier
199:Species:
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
3127:10572158
3083:FishBase
3075:46559957
3023:Eusphyra
2988:Wikidata
2915:S. tudes
2888:S. media
2817:Eusphyra
2584:Ctenacis
2517:P. tengi
2350:Selachii
2326:Chordata
2320:Animalia
2318:Kingdom
2129:: 1–117.
2024:: 89–94.
1989:n. sp".
1972:18892377
1964:23263940
1770:15549717
1725:19946079
1574:20138218
1262:fishmeal
1230:gillnets
1189:yolk sac
1043:. Known
1002:molecule
923:tropical
899:anal fin
835:Eusphyra
819:isozymes
518:. Other
496:Eusphyra
486:Eusphyra
471:Eusphyra
404:Taxonomy
386:fishmeal
254:Synonyms
185:Eusphyra
170:Family:
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
3205:1021212
3101:2418825
2994:Q890336
2841:Sphyrna
2324:Phylum
2309:species
2305:Extant
2119:Caligus
2045:Geobios
1813:1446895
1778:6841608
1554:Bibcode
1526:May 18,
1500:May 18,
1169:monsoon
1115:copepod
926:central
847:Miocene
839:Sphyrna
807:derived
491:Sphyrna
421:synonym
366:embryos
342:central
303:species
301:) is a
233:, 1816)
180:Genus:
160:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
58: (
3218:280757
3192:280757
3179:598243
3166:376650
3140:160527
2703:Gollum
2336:Class
2073:
1970:
1962:
1811:
1793:Copeia
1776:
1768:
1750:
1723:
1653:
1625:
1572:
1439:
1386:
1244:, and
1234:seines
1210:cloaca
1163:, the
1161:Mumbai
1157:embryo
1107:, and
1086:, the
1080:, and
946:Taiwan
825:, and
482:sphyra
427:, the
388:. The
384:, and
356:, and
311:family
193:, 1862
3213:WoRMS
3153:41810
3122:IRMNG
3114:48066
3062:6HGWQ
3049:55548
2951:(see
2792:(see
2371:(see
2177:(PDF)
1968:S2CID
1809:JSTOR
1774:S2CID
1258:offal
1153:uteri
1149:ovary
1101:sp.,
876:cusps
837:from
831:basal
475:Greek
360:. It
77:CITES
71:CITES
3187:OBIS
3161:NCBI
3148:IUCN
3135:ITIS
3096:GBIF
3044:BOLD
2071:ISBN
1960:PMID
1839:and
1797:1995
1766:PMID
1721:PMID
1651:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1570:PMID
1528:2013
1502:2013
1437:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1350:2022
1325:2021
1308:2016
1184:yolk
1039:and
952:off
928:and
502:and
378:fins
344:and
333:and
325:and
291:The
3088:908
3070:EoL
3057:CoL
3031:AFD
3018:ADW
2238:doi
2148:".
2127:192
2100:doi
1950:hdl
1942:doi
1853:doi
1801:doi
1758:doi
1744:264
1711:doi
1707:212
1680:doi
1562:doi
1466:doi
1312:doi
1269:as
423:of
419:(a
305:of
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