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delivered an address to the Alumni
Society of the Charleston College that included one of the frequent arguments of the Fire-Eaters. Addressing himself to the Declaration of Independence, Miles denied the concept of inalienable rights and maintained that liberty was an "Acquired Privilege." He argued that "Men are born neither Free nor Equal" and some men were born with the innate ability to earn liberty while others were not. Government should not attempt to either "make a Statesman of him who God intended should be a Ploughman" or "bind down forever to the plough him to whom God has given a mind capable of shaping the destinies of a People." From this point on in his career, Miles rejected the political legitimacy of abolitionists and free-soilers and responded to any attempts to restrict slavery with a call for secession. In 1852 he delivered "Republican Government Not Always the Best" to members of College of Charleston graduation address.
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South, who had prospered under the tariff policies of the Union. Miles complained that his colleagues on congressional committees made work impossible because their habitual absences prevented a quorum, and as events began to sour in the new nation he held no higher opinion of
President Davis than other fire-eaters. Late in the war, when some military officials began to discuss the efficacy of using black troops in the Confederate army, Miles was perplexed. ... e understood the urgent demands of the army, but eventually ... that "it is not merely a military, but a great social and political question, and the more I consider it the less is my judgment satisfied that it could really help our cause to put arms into the hands of our slaves.
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convictions to the voice of their State,'" and call secession a heresy and slavery a curse, Miles concluded, "it is plain that
Politics must be more a trade and less a pursuit for an honourable man than it ever was before." For any secessionist to return to public office in a reconstructed Union, Miles believed, entailed a forfeiture of self-respect, consistency, and honor. For himself and other secessionists, he said, politics "for a time cannot be a path which any high-toned and sensitive – not to say honest and conscientious – can possibly tread."
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immunity. Miles responded by serving for several weeks in
Norfolk as a nurse. His heroic activities were reported back to Charleston, and his friends used the popularity generated by his activities to draft him as a candidate for mayor. Upon his return to Charleston he made only one public speech but was still elected mayor by a vote of 1,260 to 837. While serving as mayor, Miles lived at 53 Beaufain Street; the house no longer exists.
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President that assured him that the forts in
Charleston would not be molested "provided that no reinforcement should be sent into those forts, and their relative military status" maintained. Buchanan questioned the word "provided" since it appeared to bind him, but the delegates assured him that they were only communicating their understanding based on the status quo. According to both Miles and fellow South Carolina fire-eater
621:, which Southerners believed would ignite class warfare between slaveholders and non-slaveholders in the South. Republicans proposed buying 100,000 copies of the book and distributing it throughout the country. Miles conspired with South Carolina's governor to send a regiment of militia to Washington to break up the Congress in the event of Sherman's election, but the withdrawal of Sherman's nomination prevented action.
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Returning to South
Carolina, Miles was elected as a delegate to the South Carolina secession convention. Miles was for immediate action. On December 17, fearing that even a few days of delay could be critical, he opposed the relocation of the convention from Columbia to Charleston due to a smallpox
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in advocating the repeal of federal laws banning the
African slave trade. Miles felt that the regulation of the trade should be a state function and that the national ban was an insult to Southern honor. This stance was considered too radical even by his friends, such as Trescott, who felt, since it
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In the area of social reform, Miles created a house of corrections for juveniles, an almshouse, an orphanage and an asylum. He provided aid for transient poor and free black paupers and implemented a sewage system as a health measure. Having inherited a large public debt, he increased property taxes
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Interested in reform, the new mayor first tackled police reform. After sending out fact finding missions to other cities, he implemented a plan that addressed the problem of excessive partisanship within the city council. Appointment responsibility was reassigned to the police chief for lower ranks
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They are not contending for an abstract principle – they are not influenced by a mere spirit of fanatical opposition to slavery ... they are deliberately, intentionally, and advisedly aiming a deadly blow at the South. It is intended as a blow. It is intended to repress her energies – to check her
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There is no propriety in retaining the ensign of a government which, in the opinion of the States composing this
Confederacy, had become so oppressive and injurious to their interests as to require their separation from it. It is idle to talk of "keeping" the flag of the United States when we have
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Like other fire-eaters, Miles found only frustration in the
Confederate Congress. Before secession he had wanted to eliminate all trade duities in a southern confederacy. Now, De Bow warned him that a sudden shift to free trade would alienate and antagonize the powerful sugar planters of the Gulf
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was dispatched to
Virginia in order to solicit their support. Miles advised Memminger to "urge our Carolina view in such a manner as to imbue Virginia with it ... we may soon hope to see the fruit of your addresses in the sturdy and healthy offspring of whose birth we would be so greatly proud — a
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Miles rejected any compromise on slavery and supported Calhoun in opposition to the Compromise of 1850. However while activists within the state in 1850 and 1851 mobilized, Miles remained on the sidelines as Southern Rights associations and rallies dominated South Carolina politics. In 1852 Miles
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But, sir, the issue has been made, the battle joined; and though it be on an abstract principle which does not at present promise to result in any practical advantage to us, I am willing to stand by the guns and fight it out. ... The South may not dissolve the Union on the rejection of Kansas, but
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In this speech, Miles attacked the principles behind the Wilmot Proviso. While he believed that slavery was a "Divine institution," he was willing to accept differences of opinion as long as antislavery advocates returned the favor by admitting that slavery was "recognized and countenanced" by the
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Miles argued that South Carolina should "break up things generally, which any state can at any time do." He believed that the South had "all the elements of wealth, prosperity and strength, to make her a first-class power among the nations of the world" and would "lose so little and gain so much"
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I am chary of seeing the South pass "resolutions". They accomplish nothing. In truth, have come to be regarded very much like the cry of "wolf". Let us resolve less and do more. I am sick at heart of the endless talk and bluster of the South. If we are in earnest let us act. Above all, I am
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was concerned about the safety of United States property in South Carolina. Miles, returning to Washington for the upcoming session of Congress, was one of the South Carolina delegates who met with Buchanan to discuss this problem. On December 10 Miles and the others presented a letter to the
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In the summer of 1855 a yellow fever epidemic hit the coast of Virginia. Eventually 2,000 people would die as well as half of the doctors who attempted to treat it. Virginia called for volunteers from the lower South where the disease was more common and residents had developed some natural
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As late as January 1865, Miles offered a resolution in the Confederate Congress stating, "That we, the representatives of the people of the Confederate States, are firmly determined to continue the struggle in which we are involved until the United States shall acknowledge our independence."
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And yet even the realities of defeat did not change Miles' abstract ideas. Watching how other southerners dealt with defeat greatly upset the highly principled Miles. "When we see the most ardent Secessionists and 'Fire eaters' now eagerly denying that they ever did more than 'yield their
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When he took office in 1857 he found that the Kansas issues dominated Congressional debate, threatened the unity of the Democratic Party and increased the growth of the Republicans. His first speech on the House floor came in 1858 and argued the Southern position on Kansas. Despite his
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Miles was elected as mayor of Charleston in 1855 and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1857 until South Carolina seceded, in December 1860. He was a member of the state secession convention and a representative from South Carolina at the Confederate Convention in
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outbreak. Miles' last communications with southerners in Washington told him that they were all looking to South Carolina for leadership. Miles attitude was reflected in his statement, "Let us act if we mean to act without talking. Let it be 'a word and a blow – but the blow first."
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804:. He encountered serious financial problems as a tobacco and wheat farmer, and in 1874, he unsuccessfully applied for the position of president at the new Hopkins University of Baltimore. Miles remained on the farm and helped friends like Beauregard and former Fire-Eater
771:, today often referred to as a "Rebel flag" or the "Southern Cross." Miles' design was later used as the canton in the second version of the national flag (nicknamed the "Stainless Banner") as well as in the third national design (nicknamed the "Blood-Stained Banner").
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sent a shock wave across the South. When the Thirty-sixth Congress met in December 1859 the first order of business was the selection of a speaker. Already in turmoil over the Brown raid, Southerners were further aggravated by the nomination of Ohio Republican
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Miles favored his own design. When General P.G.T. Beauregard decided a more recognizable Battle Flag was needed, Miles' suggested his design. Although this design had been rejected by the committee for a national flag, it eventually became the
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By 1860 Miles was one of the leading secessionists in South Carolina. His position in Washington, D.C., allowed him to serve as a conduit in the flow of information between Washington and Charleston. State politicians focused on the upcoming
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on December 20. Miles, along with other South Carolinians, immediately resigned his seat in Congress. In the months ahead, Miles, believing in the possibility of peaceful secession, opposed precipitate action over either Fort Sumter or the
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threatened his concepts of "southern rights, the equality of the states under the Constitution, and the honor of a slaveholding people." In 1849 Miles was invited to speak at a Fourth of July celebration in Charleston.
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Support for secession was strong in South Carolina even before Lincoln's election. Miles pressed the issue, urging action as opposed to simply more discussion. Miles stated, according to a July 24 newspaper account:
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749:" flag as the national flag of the Confederacy. Miles opposed this selection because, he felt, it too much resembled, as supporters of it admitted, the old Stars and Stripes. Miles argued:
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The national issues of slavery in Kansas and the rise of the Republican Party dominated the election. Miles argued that the election of the Republican candidate for president,
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Constitution. To Miles, Northerners, in their efforts to legislate restrictions on slavery, were not simply raising an issue of constitutional interpretation. Miles argued:
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in an effort to retire the debt in 35 years. At the end of his two-year term he was widely judged to have been successful, leading him to consider further public office.
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with secession." In August Miles was struck with typhoid fever and went to New England to recover, not returning to the state until the November elections.
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from 1843 to 1855. In the late 1840s, as sectional issues roiled South Carolina politics, Miles began to speak up on sectional issues. He opposed both the
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In South Carolina the state legislature was unable to determine an appropriate response, but finally, reacting to a proposal by pro-secession Governor
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such rejection would, assuredly, sever still another of the cords – rapidly becoming fewer – which the course of events has been snapping one by one.
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and his grandfather, Major Felix Warley, fought in the American Revolution. His primary education came at Southworth School and he later attended
525:. Miles graduated in 1842 and in 1843 he briefly studied law with a local attorney before returning to his alma mater as a mathematics professor.
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and to the mayor, with city council approval, for higher ranks. He expanded the size of the City Guard and created a mounted police force.
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While serving in the Confederate Provisional Congress, Miles chaired the "Committee on the Flag and Seal," which adopted the "
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had matriculated a generation earlier. Miles enrolled at Charleston College in 1838 where he met future secession advocates
485:, which established the provisional government and constitution for the Confederate States. He represented his state in the
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Describing Miles's feelings shortly after the war ended and quoting from a September 25, 1865, letter, Walther wrote:
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could never be supported by the majority of the nation, that Miles' stance was simply a guise to force disunion.
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weary of these eternal attempts to hold out the olive branch, when we ought to be preparing to grasp the sword.
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Oration delivered before the Fourth of July Association. By Wm. Porcher Miles on the Fourth of July 1849
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development – to diminish and eventually destroy her political weight and influence in this confederacy.
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Throughout the 1840s Miles showed little interest in active politics. He did not participate in the
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The convention deadlocked over the party platform. Southerners opposed Douglas' support for
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Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina
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scheduled in Charleston beginning on April 23. Miles was concerned about the candidacy of
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How to Educate Our Young Lawyers. Address to the law class of the University of Maryland
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Miles was re-elected in 1858. In January 1859 he spoke in support of fellow fire-eater
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Miles had married Bettie Beirne in 1863, the daughter of a wealthy Virginia planter,
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William Porcher Miles, Republican Government Not Always the Best (Charleston, 1852).
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incident. In February 1861 Miles was one of eight South Carolina delegates to the
427:(July 4, 1822 – May 11, 1899) was an American politician who was among the ardent
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acknowledgement that the Kansas climate was not conducive to slavery, he stated:
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Historian Eric H. Walther describes Miles tenure in the Confederate Congress:
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Miles died on May 11, 1899, at 76 and was interred at Green Hill Cemetery in
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Deputies and delegates to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
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The annual address delivered before the Cliosophic Society, March 29, 1847
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at both Charleston, in the buildup to the attack on Fort Sumter, and the
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Pulling the Temple Down: The Fire-Eaters and the Destruction of the Union
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Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from South Carolina
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1293:. Columbia, South Carolina: The Presbyterian Publishing House, 1882.
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1249:. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005.
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Signers of the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States
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William Porcher Miles, Progressive Mayor of Charleston, 1855–1857
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for the post. Sherman was one of 68 Republicans who had endorsed
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1264:. M.A. thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1943.
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In 1880, Miles was appointed president of the newly-reopened
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gather materials for their own histories of the Confederacy.
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The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem
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In 1856 Miles ran for the seat being vacated by Congressman
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decided to propose a Southern convention. As a first step
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Miles' rejected flag proposal, ancestor to the Battle Flag
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in Montgomery, Alabama, that established the Confederacy.
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Miles was selected for both the provisional and regular
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William Porcher Miles: Champion of Southern Interests
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Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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844:"Why do people still fly the Confederate flag?"
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203:November 7, 1855 – November 4, 1857
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1523:South Carolina's 2nd congressional district
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1338:Crisis of Fear: Secession in South Carolina
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1013:Walther pp. 287–288 Heidler pp. 141–142
619:The Impending Crisis and How to Meet It
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1666:Mayors of Charleston, South Carolina
1557:Confederate House of Representatives
1300:. Charleston: James S. Burges, 1849.
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1598:President of South Carolina College
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842:Geoghegan, Tom (August 30, 2013).
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1371:William Porcher Miles Papers
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817:Ascension Parish, Louisiana
717:Confederate States Congress
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113:
102:
97:of the Confederate States
87:
77:
67:
56:
43:
39:
30:
23:
1427:Offices and distinctions
1389:United States Congress.
1282:Miles, William Porcher.
1260:Daniel, Ruth McCaskill.
1234:, 2005, originally 1950
829:
731:First Battle of Bull Run
637:South Carolina Secession
1417:The Political Graveyard
802:Nelson County, Virginia
769:Confederate Battle Flag
380:Confederate States Army
214:Thomas Leger Hutchinson
3054:William Beck Ochiltree
2310:William Parish Chilton
1572:Constituency abolished
1493:Constituency abolished
813:South Carolina College
790:
764:
757:
743:
711:Confederate Convention
702:ordinance of secession
673:
633:Southern confederacy.
599:William Lowndes Yancey
595:
548:
129:Constituency abolished
83:Constituency abolished
2730:Alexander H. Stephens
2640:Robert Barnwell Rhett
2228:Alexander H. Stephens
2103:Robert Barnwell Rhett
1413:William Porcher Miles
1404:William Porcher Miles
1180:www.markerhistory.com
785:
759:
755:
738:
668:
649:Democratic Convention
630:Christopher Memminger
590:
543:
523:William Henry Trescot
425:William Porcher Miles
386:Years of service
25:William Porcher Miles
3481:(2021–2022) (acting)
3441:(1990–1991) (acting)
3377:(1944–1945) (acting)
3321:(1913–1914) (acting)
3305:(1908–1909) (acting)
3033:Williamson S. Oldham
2895:Alexander M. Clayton
2482:Williamson S. Oldham
2365:Alexander M. Clayton
869:Walther pp. 270–272.
824:Union, West Virginia
723:Confederate Congress
282:Union, West Virginia
279:Green Hill Cemetery,
95:Provisional Congress
2591:Signatories of the
2063:Signatories of the
1453:Mayor of Charleston
1381:General information
1144:Walther pp. 291–292
1135:Walther pp. 290–291
992:Walther pp. 285–286
974:Walther pp. 284–285
965:Walther pp. 282–283
926:Walther pp. 279–280
899:Walther pp. 275–277
727:P. G. T. Beauregard
660:popular sovereignty
555:Mayor of Charleston
483:Montgomery, Alabama
191:Mayor of Charleston
16:American politician
3522:American Civil War
2840:William P. Chilton
2792:J. Patton Anderson
2758:Augustus R. Wright
2723:Martin J. Crawford
2262:J. Patton Anderson
2207:Augustus R. Wright
2186:Martin J. Crawford
2117:James Chesnut, Jr.
1509:William Aiken, Jr.
1438:Political offices
1312:Walther, Eric. H.
1267:Heidler, David S.
947:Walther pp.280–281
758:
653:Stephen A. Douglas
626:William Henry Gist
511:Willington Academy
501:Miles was born in
491:American Civil War
475:Compromise of 1850
467:Charleston College
413:American Civil War
362:Confederate States
327:Charleston College
3503:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3095:
3094:
2937:J. A. P. Campbell
2902:James T. Harrison
2868:Jno. Gill Shorter
2819:Richard W. Walker
2716:Francis S. Bartow
2661:James Chesnut Jr.
2654:Wm. Porcher Miles
2600:President of the
2558:
2557:
2420:John Perkins, Jr.
2400:J. A. P. Campbell
2379:James T. Harrison
2303:Jno. Gill Shorter
2282:Richard W. Walker
2179:Francis S. Bartow
2138:Laurence M. Keitt
2131:Wm. Porcher Miles
2072:President of the
2030:
2029:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1605:Succeeded by
1593:
1578:Academic offices
1570:Succeeded by
1534:Christopher Bowen
1531:Succeeded by
1491:Succeeded by
1460:Succeeded by
1446:Thomas Hutchinson
1087:Cauthen pp. 94–95
691:Laurence M. Keitt
578:William Aiken Jr.
530:Bluffton Movement
422:
421:
183:Christopher Bowen
3661:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3544:
3543:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3215:Charles F. McCay
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3131:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3040:Louis T. Wigfall
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2978:Duncan F. Kenner
2973:
2966:
2959:
2957:John Perkins Jr.
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2909:William S. Barry
2904:
2897:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2744:Thos. R. R. Cobb
2739:
2737:Benjamin H. Hill
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2675:William W. Boyce
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2624:
2613:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2519:
2517:Louis T. Wigfall
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2441:Duncan F. Kenner
2436:
2429:
2422:
2402:
2395:
2393:William S. Barry
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2214:Thos. R. R. Cobb
2209:
2202:
2200:Benjamin H. Hill
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2154:
2147:
2145:William W. Boyce
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2085:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2034:
2033:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1623:
1622:
1587:
1583:Preceded by
1550:New constituency
1548:Preceded by
1525:
1506:Preceded by
1472:New constituency
1470:Preceded by
1443:Preceded by
1435:
1434:
1423:
1422:
1400:
1355:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1058:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1014:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
990:
984:
981:
975:
972:
966:
963:
957:
954:
948:
945:
939:
933:
927:
924:
918:
915:
909:
906:
900:
897:
891:
888:
879:
876:
870:
867:
861:
860:
858:
856:
839:
707:Star of the West
680:Secession winter
642:Election of 1860
444:Confederate flag
401:
378:
376:
375:
360:
358:
357:
345:Military service
340:
314:
312:
266:
250:
248:
236:Personal details
222:
210:
201:
179:
167:
158:
139:
126:
119:New constituency
116:
107:
80:
73:New constituency
70:
61:
35:
21:
20:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3393:(1952) (acting)
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3345:(1926) (acting)
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3096:
3091:
3079:
3067:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2964:Alex. de Clouet
2962:
2955:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2847:Stephen F. Hale
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2647:C. G. Memminger
2645:
2638:
2625:
2616:
2609:
2595:
2589:
2559:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2503:W. B. Ochiltree
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2427:Alex. de Clouet
2425:
2418:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2317:Stephen F. Hale
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2157:
2152:Tho. J. Withers
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2124:C. G. Memminger
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2088:
2081:
2067:
2061:
2031:
2026:
1668:
1663:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1601:
1586:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1536:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1473:
1465:
1463:Charles Macbeth
1456:
1448:
1428:
1362:
1352:
1332:
1327:
1314:The Fire-Eaters
1245:Coski, John M.
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:Walther 294–295
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
982:
978:
973:
969:
964:
960:
955:
951:
946:
942:
934:
930:
925:
921:
916:
912:
907:
903:
898:
894:
889:
882:
877:
873:
868:
864:
854:
852:
840:
836:
832:
777:
719:
682:
644:
639:
582:John C. Fremont
574:
557:
515:John C. Calhoun
499:
373:
371:
355:
353:
316:
313: 1863)
308:
304:
288:Political party
280:
268:
264:
252:
246:
244:
226:Charles Macbeth
220:
208:
202:
197:
177:
165:
159:
154:
140:
135:
124:
114:
108:
103:
96:
92:
78:
68:
62:
57:
52:'s 2nd district
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3667:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3614:Flag designers
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3561:
3560:
3548:
3536:
3524:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3077:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3026:John H. Reagan
3022:
3019:Thomas N. Waul
3015:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2992:Edward Sparrow
2988:
2985:Henry Marshall
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2875:J. L. M. Curry
2871:
2864:
2857:
2854:David P. Lewis
2850:
2843:
2836:
2833:Colin J. McRae
2829:
2826:Robt. H. Smith
2822:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2785:Jackson Morton
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2682:Laurence Keitt
2678:
2671:
2668:R. W. Barnwell
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2633:
2631:South Carolina
2627:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2496:John H. Reagan
2492:
2485:
2478:
2475:Thomas N. Waul
2470:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2455:Henry Marshall
2451:
2448:Edward Sparrow
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2338:J. L. M. Curry
2334:
2327:
2324:David P. Lewis
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2296:Colin J. McRae
2292:
2289:Robt. H. Smith
2285:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2248:Jackson Morton
2243:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2110:R. W. Barnwell
2106:
2098:
2096:
2094:South Carolina
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1594:
1585:Anson Cummings
1584:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1562:South Carolina
1555:Member of the
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1479:South Carolina
1474:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1360:External links
1358:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1310:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1265:
1258:
1243:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1217:Walther p. 296
1210:
1201:
1199:Walther p. 293
1192:
1167:
1165:Walther p. 292
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1108:Walther p. 291
1098:
1089:
1080:
1078:Walther p. 290
1071:
1059:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1027:Walther p. 289
1015:
1006:
1004:, p. 112.
994:
985:
983:Heidler p. 141
976:
967:
958:
956:Walther p. 281
949:
940:
928:
919:
917:Walther p. 278
910:
901:
892:
890:Walther p. 274
880:
878:Walther p. 272
871:
862:
833:
831:
828:
776:
773:
747:Stars and Bars
718:
715:
686:James Buchanan
681:
678:
643:
640:
638:
635:
573:
570:
556:
553:
534:Wilmot Proviso
498:
495:
471:Wilmot Proviso
463:South Carolina
454:under General
429:states' rights
420:
419:
416:
415:
410:
406:
405:
395:
391:
390:
387:
383:
382:
369:
368:Branch/service
365:
364:
351:
347:
346:
342:
341:
334:
330:
329:
324:
318:
317:
306:
302:
301:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
284:
277:
273:
272:
267:(aged 76)
261:
257:
256:
242:
238:
237:
233:
232:
229:
228:
223:
217:
216:
211:
205:
204:
194:
193:
186:
185:
180:
174:
173:
168:
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3012:John Hemphill
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2923:Walker Brooke
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2689:T. J. Withers
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2510:John Hemphill
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2386:Walker Brooke
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2255:Jas. B. Owens
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2015:
2013:
2010:
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1353:
1351:0-393-00730-8
1347:
1343:
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1334:
1333:
1323:
1322:0-8071-1731-5
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
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1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:0-8117-0634-6
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:0-674-01722-6
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1240:1-57003-560-1
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1153:Coski pp. 3–4
1150:
1141:
1132:
1126:Cauthen p. 85
1123:
1117:Cauthen p. 70
1114:
1105:
1103:
1096:Cauthen p. 95
1093:
1084:
1075:
1069:Cauthen p. 69
1066:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1042:
1036:Cauthen p. 15
1033:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1010:
1003:
1002:Channing 1974
998:
989:
980:
971:
962:
953:
944:
938:, p. 46.
937:
936:Channing 1974
932:
923:
914:
905:
896:
887:
885:
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866:
851:
850:
845:
838:
834:
827:
825:
820:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
798:Andrew Beirne
795:
794:Oliver Beirne
789:
784:
781:
772:
770:
763:
754:
750:
748:
742:
737:
734:
732:
728:
724:
714:
712:
708:
703:
698:
694:
692:
687:
677:
672:
667:
663:
661:
656:
654:
650:
634:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
615:Hinton Helper
612:
607:
603:
600:
594:
589:
585:
583:
579:
569:
565:
561:
552:
547:
542:
538:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
494:
492:
488:
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
456:Robert E. Lee
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:secessionists
434:
430:
426:
417:
414:
411:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
381:
370:
366:
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343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
325:
323:
319:
300:
296:
293:
290:
286:
283:
278:
276:Resting place
274:
271:
262:
258:
255:
243:
239:
234:
230:
227:
224:
218:
215:
212:
206:
200:
195:
192:
187:
184:
181:
175:
172:
171:William Aiken
169:
163:
157:
152:
148:
144:
138:
132:
128:
122:
118:
112:
106:
101:
98:
91:
86:
82:
76:
72:
66:
60:
55:
51:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3262:
2971:C. M. Conrad
2930:W. P. Harris
2916:W. S. Wilson
2751:E. A. Nisbet
2653:
2434:C. M. Conrad
2372:W. S. Wilson
2358:W. P. Harris
2193:E. A. Nisbet
2130:
2022:Cogswell Jr.
2007:Schirmer Jr.
2002:Gaillard Jr.
1886:
1807:Hamilton Jr.
1608:John McBryde
1596:
1589:
1588:
1554:
1514:
1477:Deputy from
1476:
1451:
1408:Find a Grave
1394:
1337:
1313:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1268:
1261:
1246:
1231:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1057:Cauthen p.26
1045:Cauthen p.18
1041:
1032:
1009:
997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
931:
922:
913:
904:
895:
874:
865:
853:. Retrieved
847:
837:
821:
810:
806:Robert Rhett
791:
786:
782:
778:
765:
760:
744:
739:
735:
720:
699:
695:
683:
674:
669:
664:
657:
645:
623:
618:
611:John Sherman
604:
596:
591:
586:
575:
566:
562:
558:
549:
544:
539:
527:
519:James De Bow
500:
479:
460:
424:
423:
409:Battles/wars
303:Betty Beirne
265:(1899-05-11)
263:May 11, 1899
251:July 4, 1822
221:Succeeded by
198:
178:Succeeded by
155:
125:Succeeded by
104:
88:Deputy from
79:Succeeded by
58:
18:
3654:Fire-Eaters
3584:1899 deaths
3579:1822 births
3473:(2019-2021)
3465:(2008–2019)
3457:(2002–2008)
3449:(1991–2002)
3433:(1977–1990)
3425:(1974–1977)
3417:(1962–1974)
3401:(1952–1957)
3385:(1945–1952)
3369:(1936–1944)
3361:(1931–1936)
3353:(1927–1931)
3337:(1922–1926)
3329:(1914–1922)
3313:(1909–1913)
3289:(1897–1902)
3281:(1891–1897)
3273:(1883–1891)
3265:(1880–1882)
3225:(1857–1861)
3217:(1855–1857)
3209:(1851–1855)
3193:(1845–1851)
3185:(1841–1845)
3177:(1835–1841)
3153:(1821–1834)
3145:(1804–1820)
2886:Mississippi
2765:A. H. Kenan
2611:Howell Cobb
2349:Mississippi
2221:A. H. Kenan
2083:Howell Cobb
2017:Tecklenburg
1777:Bennett Jr.
1722:de Saussure
1702:Vanderhorst
1682:Vanderhorst
1330:Works cited
855:October 30,
489:during the
448:battle flag
440:Fire-Eaters
209:Preceded by
166:Preceded by
115:Preceded by
69:Preceded by
3568:Categories
3223:Longstreet
3047:John Gregg
2861:Tho. Fearn
2489:John Gregg
2331:Tho. Fearn
1992:Wehman Jr.
1927:Cunningham
1882:Hutchinson
1872:Hutchinson
1757:Dawson Jr.
1747:Winstanley
1602:1880–1882
1567:1862–1865
1528:1857–1860
1488:1861–1862
1457:1855–1857
1224:References
775:Later life
497:Early life
350:Allegiance
322:Alma mater
292:Democratic
247:1822-07-04
3534:Biography
3431:Holderman
3423:Patterson
3367:McKissick
3207:Thornwell
2948:Louisiana
2709:R. Toombs
2411:Louisiana
2172:R. Toombs
2012:Riley Jr.
1937:Courtenay
1917:Pillsbury
1877:Schnierle
1867:Schnierle
1316:. (1992)
1271:. (1994)
617:'s book,
507:Huguenots
333:Signature
199:In office
156:In office
105:In office
59:In office
3546:Politics
3489:(2022– )
3487:Amiridis
3479:Pastides
3463:Pastides
3455:Sorensen
3311:Mitchell
3287:Woodward
3255:Cummings
3239:Barnwell
3175:Barnwell
3074:Category
2602:Congress
2537:Category
2074:Congress
1997:Morrison
1987:Lockwood
1907:Cogswell
1897:Gaillard
1862:Mintzing
1857:Pinckney
1842:Pinckney
1832:Pinckney
1817:Prioleau
1365:Official
1185:June 12,
849:BBC News
473:and the
461:Born in
433:Southern
149:district
3508:Portals
3407:Sumwalt
3399:Russell
3391:Bradley
3351:Douglas
3327:Currell
3279:Woodrow
3271:McBryde
3247:Babbitt
3231:LaBorde
3191:Preston
3086:Commons
2810:Alabama
2776:Florida
2700:Georgia
2549:Commons
2273:Alabama
2239:Florida
2163:Georgia
1982:Maybank
1922:Wagener
1892:Macbeth
1837:Pringle
1827:Gadsden
1822:Johnson
1797:Stevens
1772:McCalla
1752:Cochran
1742:Drayton
1717:Edwards
1692:Lowndes
450:by the
403:Colonel
315:
307:
93:to the
3471:Caslen
3335:Melton
3199:Lieber
3151:Cooper
1977:Stoney
1947:Ficken
1812:Geddes
1792:Geddes
1712:Holmes
1687:Grimké
1677:Hutson
1520:from
1481:to the
1348:
1320:
1275:
1253:
1238:
513:where
377:
359:
298:Spouse
3447:Palms
3439:Smith
3415:Jones
3383:Smith
3375:Baker
3359:Baker
3343:Baker
3319:Moore
3303:Moore
3295:Sloan
3263:Miles
3183:Henry
3159:Henry
3143:Maxcy
3003:Texas
2466:Texas
1972:Grace
1962:Grace
1957:Rhett
1952:Smyth
1942:Bryan
1912:Clark
1902:Burns
1887:Miles
1852:Hayne
1847:North
1802:Horry
1787:Horry
1782:Smith
1767:Rouse
1727:Roper
1707:Huger
1697:Jones
1560:from
1296:———.
1289:———.
830:Notes
309:(
305:
189:36th
141:from
48:from
3167:Nott
1967:Hyde
1932:Sale
1762:Boyd
1737:Deas
1732:Ward
1346:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1187:2020
857:2013
521:and
394:Rank
389:1861
260:Died
241:Born
1415:at
1406:at
1373:at
147:2nd
145:'s
3570::
1393:.
1344:.
1340:.
1178:.
1158:^
1101:^
1062:^
1050:^
1018:^
883:^
846:.
826:.
493:.
311:m.
3510::
3121:e
3114:t
3107:v
2584:e
2577:t
2570:v
2056:e
2049:t
2042:v
1658:e
1651:t
1644:v
1399:.
1354:.
1324:.
1279:.
1257:.
1242:.
1189:.
859:.
249:)
245:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
