512:...he did this by throwing it out of extemporised mortars which consisted of the ordinary steel containers in which his oil was received, other oil-drums of slightly less diameter and wrapped in sand-bags being employed as projectiles. The mortars were buried in the ground in rows, almost touching each other and with only the muzzles visible above the surface, and in this manner they were set in the required direction, while pieces of metal from any that happened to burst—of which there were quite a number!—were prevented from flying about. The drums were filled with oil and cotton-waste, and they were opened up and contents were lighted and scattered by charges of gun-cotton fixed to the surface and detonated through lengths of time fuse which were lighted by the flash from the black powder propellant charge."
580:. This system failed because the explosives tended to detonate ineffectually in mid-air – a sight that was described as being: "A most impressive picture of the Day of Judgement". A variation of the Livens Projector prototype was also tested with a view to cutting wire; Major-General Foulkes later recalled: "After the shoot, as the spectators approached the target area to observe the effect that had been produced Livens noticed that one drum containing 100lb of ammonal had failed to explode, and he called out "Back everybody" as he led a hasty retreat. I think he considered this the highlight of his military career—the occasion when he barked out an order to an Army Commander (Gough) and was promptly obeyed!"
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projectors for an attack required a lot of preparation, this was not a serious problem in the conditions of static trench warfare and the weapon was so simple and inexpensive that hundreds – and on occasions thousands – of projectors could be fired simultaneously catching the enemy by surprise. Z Company rapidly developed the Livens
Projector, increasing its range from the original 200 yards (180 m), first to 350 yards (320 m) and they eventually produced an electrically triggered version with a range of 1,300 yards (1,200 m).
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499:. Constructed in underground chambers two were knocked out by German artillery before the offensive. The other two were effective in demoralising the German defenders. Impressive as it was, the limited range and the immobility of the weapon severely limited its usefulness except in specific circumstances such as those seen in its use at the Somme, and the project was only used once more in 1917. The remains of one of these projectors have been discovered and excavated in 2010.
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use containers to carry flame to the enemy rather than relying on a complex flame thrower. Reflecting on the incident, Livens and
Strange considered how a really large shell filled with fuel might be thrown. Although the key idea of throwing a large container of oil was due to Strange, it was Livens who went on to develop a large, but simple, mortar that could throw a three-gallon drum of oil which would burst when it landed...
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676:. Banks described Livens "Colonel Livens was the typical inventor. His equipment as one remembers it was an old club blazer with numerous pockets out of which explosives of all kinds, fuses, wire and gadgets would emerge and hey presto! the most surprising detonation would occur in disconcerting places."
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in May 1915 with loss of 1,100 lives including, apparently, his wife, he vowed to kill an equal number of
Germans. It was to this end that he began experimenting with gas and flame projectors of various types and continued in his work even after hearing that his wife had not, after all, been on board
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Army life did not suppress Livens' creativity and he turned his mind to the problem of making better weapons. On his own initiative, he fitted out makeshift laboratories at his
Chatham barracks bedroom and in the officers' garage. For a firing range he used vacant land near one of the old forts which
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When he paraded for instruction in revolver shooting the sergeant in charge, not knowing his reputation as a shot, carefully explained to him how to load his weapon and take aim and the details of firing. The supposed tyro was then told to fire 10 rounds at the target and after each shot the sergeant
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After the First World War, Livens, being of independent means, no longer had any incentive to produce new inventions and his life was relatively uneventful. Just before the end of the First World War, Livens wrote a patent for an improved version of his projector and in mid-June 1919, Livens and his
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The Livens
Projector was used in a series of gas attacks during October 1916 and a number of officers took a close interest in the results. Livens had witnessed some projector firings from the vantage of an aircraft and in his report he estimated that "...if the projectors were used on a large scale
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One day, during an attack on the Somme, Z company encountered a party of
Germans who were well dug in. Grenades did not succeed in shifting them, so Livens threw in two five gallon oil drums; the burning oil was so effective that Livens' comrade, Harry Strange, wondered whether it would be better to
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On one occasion he brushed aside all opposition at
Victoria Station and filled a Pullman car with miles of rubber pipes and boxes of heavy gun-metal castings, and on reaching Boulogne he telegraphed the Quartermaster-General personally for the immediate supply of 20 lorries—which he got! "Who is the
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in respect of his wartime work on flamethrowers and the Livens
Projector. He had to wait for a hearing, which was complicated by the fact that his old comrade Harry Strange also made a claim in connection with the invention. The hearing was delayed until 27 May 1922 by which time Livens had agreed
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was a disaster. Livens developed the use of long rubber hoses to carry the gas to an optimum location for release and of a manifold that reduced the number of parapet pipes by connecting four cylinders to a single pipe, these improvements helped make the system more reliable. Major-General
Foulkes
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Simplified diagram showing typical layout of Livens
Projector embedded in the ground at an angle of 45°, with gas drum loaded ready for firing. The thin electric leads run from the fuse in the base of the tube, up the inside of the tube and from the barrel mouth to an electric generator. When the
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and Livens was returned to England soon afterwards to help develop a standard projector and drum. The Livens Projector became a preferred means by which the British Army delivered a chemical attack and its production was given a high priority, the total for the Allies of the Great War eventually
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which consisted of a simple tube closed by a hemisphere at one end. It was half buried in the ground at an angle of 45 degrees and pointing in the required direction. It was then loaded with a single shot with an amount of propellant calculated to effect the desired range. Preparing a battery of
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suitable for use in a domestic setting. It had all the features of a modern dishwasher, including a front door for loading, a wire rack to hold crockery and a rotating sprayer. According to family tradition, Livens built a prototype for the benefit of the family. When it was tried out by their
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of poison gas were manhandled to the front trenches and their contents simply vented out through metal pipes relying on a breeze to carry the toxic cloud over the enemy trenches. But the wind could be fickle and change in its direction: the first British gas attack at the
250:, a simple mortar-like weapon that could throw large drums filled with inflammable or toxic chemicals. In World War I, the Livens Projector became the standard means of delivering gas attacks and it remained in the arsenal of the British army until the early years of the
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that Strange should have a share of the "plunder" from any award that might be obtained. The hearing was detailed and a number of witnesses were called including the recently retired General Gough and Charles Howard Foulkes who was then a colonel. Livens was awarded
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The Petroleum Warfare Department experimented with several proposed systems, including a number suggested by Livens. These included a system resembling his projector to send "flaming comets" onto the landing beaches, but the suggestion with the most promise was the
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Livens was soon put in charge of Z Company, a special unit that was given the responsibility of developing a British version of the German flamethrower that had recently been deployed on the Western Front. Four of Livens' massive fixed flame projector – the
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Late in August 1915, Livens left Chatham to join one of the newly formed Royal Engineer Special Gas Companies where he was one of very few officers to have a background in engineering rather than chemistry. At the time, gas warfare was very primitive: heavy
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exceeded 150,000 units. Livens, "who was always full of ideas" gave up the command of Z company and became a liaison officer between Foulkes' Special Brigade and the Ministry of Munitions in which role he remained for the last two years of the war.
605:); the gas penetrated almost immediately and Livens fell unconscious though he recovered quickly. During the war, Livens was awarded the Military Cross on 14 January 1916 and the Distinguished Service Order on 1 January 1918.
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Livens' parents were Frederick Howard Livens (1854–1948) and Priscilla Abbott. They married on 9 October 1886 at the Upton Congregational Church. Frederick Howard Livens was Chief Engineer and later Chairman of
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kept repeating sympathetically: "Sorry, Sir, you're not yet on the target". After the 10 shots had been fired Livens mildly suggested a closer look at the target and all 10 shots had hit the inner bull!
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Tens of thousands of flame fougasse barrels were deployed. Almost all were removed before the end of the war, although, incredibly, a few were missed and their remains have lasted to the present day.
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generator plunger is depressed the electric current sparks the fuse in the base of the tube, which ignites the propellant charge and the expanding gas pressure launches the bomb out of the tube.
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Livens married Elizabeth Price some time during 1916, and they had three daughters. Livens' wife died on 18 July 1945 after a long illness. On 22 July 1947, Livens later married Arron Perry at
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in November. The Livens Projector was able to deliver a high concentration of gas a considerable distance and each canister delivered as much gas as several chemical warfare artillery shells.
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in the British Army and wore the appropriate collar tabs; because these were later only worn by colonels and above, it seems possible that this distinction in uniform caused some confusion.
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on 22 April 1915 that prompted Livens' vengeful ambitions. This alternative account is consistent with Livens' later statement that he began his experimental work at the end of April 1915.
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Although the standard capacity is 44 imperial gallons (55 US gallons), historical records generally refer to 40-gallon drums and sometimes 50-gallon drums apparently interchangeably.
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Livens continued to improve his projector and to design other weapons for trench warfare, some of which were useful, others not. For example, he experimented with attempts to cut
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television programme broadcast in 2011 about the Livens' large gallery flame projector gave a similar account except that it was Livens' fiancée rather than wife who was lost.
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damned man Livens?" a furious voice asked me on the telephone; and when supplying the soft answer I could not help thinking that there was a lot more trouble to come.
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Livens' new weapon was used for the first time on the morning of 23 July 1916: twenty oil projectors were fired just before an attack in the battle of the Somme at
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Livens' wire-cutting ideas, were characteristically simple but ultimately unsuccessful; but he was never put off if a weapon failed to come up to expectation.
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weapons. Resourceful and clever, Livens' successful creations were characterised by being very practical and easy to produce in large numbers. In an obituary,
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described him as a "go getter", but also as unfamiliar with military protocol; Foulkes later recalled Livens' part in the preparation of a gas attack on the
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should be made in place of flowers. He was survived by his three daughters and left an estate with a value estimated at £82,561 (about £2,113,000 in 2024).
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filled with petroleum mixture and a small, electrically detonated explosive as a propellant charge. The barrel was dug into the roadside with a substantial
661:. However, he did not enlist, preferring to make his contribution to the war effort as a civilian – in which role he was free to disagree with his seniors.
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father jointly wrote a patent for an improved projectile – the principal enhancement being the construction of strong but light-weight casing by using
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announced the sale of his group of five gallantry and campaign medals at the direction of his daughter. The group realised £14,400 including costs.
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who had similar interests. Livens was briefly interested in photography, and he patented inventions relating to photography in the 1950s, Livens.
699:-based propellant charge was detonated, it caused the barrel to rupture and shoot a flame 10 feet (3 m) wide and 30 yards (30 m) long.
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Livens' work was dangerous and he showed no lack of physical courage. On one occasion, while testing a service gas mask against
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maidservant, she was later found in tears with water flooding across the floor; at that point the experiment was abandoned.
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4,500 for the Livens projector and its ammunition. (A considerable sum: £5,000 in 1922 is equivalent to £345,000 in 2024.)
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Livens' inventive work was prompted by thoughts of revenge for perceived German atrocities. According to Simon Jones' book
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Application For Appointment to a Temporary Commission in the Regular Army For the Period of the War: William Howard Livens
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The Livens Projector was modified to fire canisters of poison gas rather than oil. This system was tried in secret, at
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overlooked the Thames estuary. Here he worked on developing flame throwers and small mortars to throw oil and gas.
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said "Livens combined great energy and enterprise with a flair for seeing simple solutions and inventive genius."
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806:, although in this case it was a null result – nothing happened. Livens was an honorary vice-president of the
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On 4 August 1914, on graduating from the Officer Training Corps, Livens applied for a commission in the
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the cost of killing Germans could be reduced to sixteen shillings each." This report was sent to the
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Work of Trench Warfare Section 5 on flame projectors, sprayers, etc. from June 1915 to March 1916 –
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on 18 August with more encouraging results and another attack on 3 September was highly successful.
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Work of Trench Warfare Section 5 on flame projectors, sprayers, etc. from June 1915 to March 1916
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on 30 September 1914 and he was given a clerical post in the Motorcycle signalling section at
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The flame fougasse has remained in army field manuals as a battlefield expedient ever since.
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from 1908 to October 1911. There he enrolled in the college OTC and served with the rank of
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271:. Frederick and Priscilla had three children, William Howard and two younger daughters.
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424:. This account cannot be literally true because Livens did not get married until 1916.
520:– the effect was limited. Next, thirty projectors were fired at the eastern corner of
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somewhere in Britain. A car is surrounded in flames and a huge cloud of smoke. c1940.
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Livens died at a London hospital on 1 February 1964. His remains were cremated at
1959:
Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen
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1816:"Camera having movable roll film body parts for taking different size exposures"
1460:, by Major-General Foulkes. The Times newspaper, 11 February 1964 p.15 column A.
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In his leisure time, Livens enjoyed sailing small boats and was a member of the
2020:
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1429:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
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filled with explosives and fired from a hole in the ground in the manner of a
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Livens trained as civil engineer, and was for a while an assistant editor for
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802:, including on 15 November 1932 witnessing a séance with the famous medium
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1897:"486 - Sold by Order of the Recipient's Daughter 'Livens was the typic..."
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Minutes of Proceedings before the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors
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866:. However, there is no evidence that he ever attained a rank higher than
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432:, mentions "a strong personal feeling" connected with the sinking of the
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1750:"Improvements in apparatus for washing household crockery and the like"
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using large quantities of explosives. A witness to one trial described
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747:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
227:(28 March 1889 – 1 February 1964) was an engineer, a soldier in the
53:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2106:. Military Training Pamphlet No. 53. Part 1. War Office. July 1942.
1776:"Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research (Great Britain)"
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535:" everything that he needed. The new weapon was developed into the
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2134:. National Archives MUN 5/385. Ministry of Munitions. 29 May 1922.
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Photograph showing Livens with the components of Livens Projector
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At the outbreak of war, Livens was offered the RAF rank of
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Royal Engineers Museum, First World War – Livens Projector
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on Saturday 8 February with the request that donations to
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prepared him well for at least some aspects of Army life:
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and made a record score in a competition with a team from
2094:. Operations: Military Training Pamphlet No. 23. Part V.
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Following these attacks, Livens came to the attention of
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1328:"Secret terror weapon of the Somme battle 'discovered'"
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Channel 4 Time Team special 'The Somme's Secret Weapon'
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870:. According to a family tradition, he was the youngest
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Livens was demobilised from the army on 11 April 1919.
495:" – were to be used on 1 July 1916 at the start of the
382:. Livens' experience of the OTC and his enthusiasm for
313:. He was captain of the Cambridge rifle team, he was a
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Chemical Soldiers - British Gas Warfare in World War I
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2126:. National Archives T 173/702. Treasury. 29 May 1922.
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and an inventor particularly known for the design of
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1291:"Breathing Fire – Le dragon de la Somme (animation)"
1156:(Supplement). 30 September 1914. pp. 7776–7776.
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1604:Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors – Livens –
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858:A number of authors credit Livens with the rank of
687:A flame fougasse comprised a 40-gallon light steel
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1192:"Time Team Special 42: The Somme's Secret Weapon"
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413:, on learning of the sinking of the luxury liner
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2175:"L/Cpl. Lewis Gray and the Z Special Company RE"
1503:(Supplement). 14 January 1916. pp. 588–588.
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1877:, no. 55927, p1. column A, 5 February 1964
1782:. Society for Psychical Research. 1932–33: 313.
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964:. The Western Front Association. Archived from
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321:; he was also an excellent shot with a pistol.
2163:Worldscapes: Chemical & Biological Warfare
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202:Consultant to Petroleum Warfare Department in
2237:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
2046:World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment
1523:(Supplement). 1 January 1918. pp. 23–23.
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411:World War I Gas Warfare Tactics and Equipment
2015:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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1985:. Published by Naval & Military Press.
1814:William Howard Livens (12 September 1950).
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290:, England. While there, he enrolled in the
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1841:William Howard Livens (13 February 1951).
436:without being more specific. According to
301:On leaving school in 1908, Livens went to
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1748:William Howard Livens (23 October 1924).
1738:newspaper, 23 July 1947, page 1 column A.
1425:inflation figures are based on data from
1068:newspaper, 5 February 1964 p.15 column C.
958:"Major William Howard Livens (1889–1964)"
938:newspaper, 6 February 1964 p.14 column F.
808:Spiritualist Association of Great Britain
763:Learn how and when to remove this message
294:(OTC) wherein he served with the rank of
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2086:. United States Department of War. 1942.
1633:Kent War Memorials Transcription Project
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440:by John Bourne, it was the first use of
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2012:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1983:"Gas!" The Story of the Special Brigade
1977:
1560:William Howard Livens (30 March 1920).
1534:William Howard Livens (30 March 1920).
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626:Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors
246:Livens is best known for inventing the
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633:500 for his work on flamethrowers and
282:located in the ancient market town of
2227:British Army personnel of World War I
2217:Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
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1923:
1885:– via The Times Digital Archive
1722:newspaper, 24 July 1945 p.1 column B.
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666:German invasion of Britain threatened
430:Gas! The Story of the Special Brigade
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332:started, he joined the British Army.
1692:"Flame Fougasse (surviving remains)"
1595:Awards to Inventors, 1922, pp. 63–88
1407:Awards to Inventors, 1922, pp. 51–62
962:Notable Individuals of the Great War
712:
531:who was impressed by his ideas and "
493:Livens Large Gallery Flame Projector
485:Livens Large Gallery Flame Projector
18:
1339:from the original on 9 January 2017
833:On 24 July 2018, the auction house
810:and later he was a great friend of
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1023:. 12 May 1964. pp. 4173–4173.
587:Risks, decorations, demobilisation
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2104:Barrel Flame Traps, Flame Warfare
1849:. UK Intellectual Property Office
1822:. UK Intellectual Property Office
1756:. UK Intellectual Property Office
1568:. UK Intellectual Property Office
1077:The Use of Gas in the Field, 1940
782:In 1924, Livens invented a small
2247:Recipients of the Military Cross
2222:People educated at Oundle School
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777:St Paul's Church, Winchmore Hill
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352:Troops loading Livens Projectors
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2118:WO 339/19021. War Office. 1914.
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1169:Awards to Inventors, 1922, p. 5
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898:equivalent to about £69 in 2024
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624:In 1920, Livens applied to the
2257:20th-century British inventors
2232:British people of World War II
2068:. University Press of Kansas.
1931:. Sampson Low, Marston and Co.
1586:Awards to Inventors, 1922, p.3
1325:Copping, Jasper (9 May 2010),
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794:. Livens became interested in
672:under the directorship of Sir
619:drawn manufacturing techniques
1:
1295:Historial de le Grande Guerre
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257:
2036:UK public library membership
1963:. Springer-Verlag New York.
670:Petroleum Warfare Department
274:In 1903, Livens was sent to
16:British engineer and soldier
7:
2092:The Use of Gas in the Field
1194:. Unofficial Time Team Site
743:the claims made and adding
684:and it was widely adopted.
189:Distinguished Service Order
49:the claims made and adding
10:
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1938:Who's Who in World War One
1118:Application for commission
798:. He attended a number of
695:and camouflaged. When the
438:Who's Who in World War One
2242:British parapsychologists
1680:Barrel Flame Traps, 1942.
932:, by Sir Harold Hartley.
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819:Golders Green Crematorium
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2252:Royal Engineers officers
2064:Richter, Donald (1992).
2006:"Livens, William Howard"
328:magazine. But, when the
1979:Foulkes, Charles Howard
1427:Clark, Gregory (2017).
1064:, by Dr Edward Hindle.
792:Royal Thames Yacht Club
374:. He was enrolled as a
307:University of Cambridge
2021:10.1093/ref:odnb/34560
1843:"Photographic Cameras"
1795:Cite journal requires
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547:in September 1916 and
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446:Second Battle of Ypres
444:by the Germans at the
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292:Officer Training Corps
2049:. Osprey Publishing.
2043:Jones, Simon (2007).
1955:Croddy, Eric (2001).
1936:Bourne, John (2001).
1614:The National Archives
1351:"Reuzenvlammenwerper"
1279:The National Archives
649:A demonstration of a
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557:Ministry of Munitions
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483:
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452:Special Gas Companies
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212:William Howard Livens
157:Years of service
99:William Howard Livens
87:William Howard Livens
1260:Foulkes 1934, p. 95.
841:Notes and references
469:Hohenzollern Redoubt
2084:Livens Projector M1
1696:Pillbox Study Group
497:Battle of the Somme
2182:The Welch Fusilier
1929:Flame Over Britain
1520:The London Gazette
1500:The London Gazette
1423:Retail Price Index
1153:The London Gazette
1020:The London Gazette
968:on 21 October 2007
728:possibly contains
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1947:978-0-415-14179-6
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1903:. Retrieved
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1788:cite journal
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796:Spiritualism
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175:Battles/wars
151:British Army
125:(1964-02-01)
80:
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59:October 2015
56:
33:
2212:1964 deaths
2207:1889 births
2026:15 December
2001:Harcup, Guy
1905:20 December
1639:18 February
1635:. p. 5
1626:"Brenchley"
1515:"No. 30450"
1495:"No. 29438"
1297:(in French)
1148:"No. 28920"
1100:Harcup 2004
1039:Bourne 2001
1015:"No. 43320"
990:Croddy 2001
570:barbed wire
278:, a famous
2201:Categories
2096:War Office
2038:required.)
1870:""Deaths""
1701:15 January
1669:Banks 1946
1657:Banks 1946
1353:(in Dutch)
1179:Jones 2007
1002:Banks 1946
915:References
784:dishwasher
737:improve it
693:overburden
442:poison gas
401:Beginnings
315:crack shot
258:Early life
137:Allegiance
111:1889-03-28
43:improve it
1981:(2001) .
1875:The Times
1820:US2522387
1736:The Times
1732:Marriages
1720:The Times
1606:T 173/330
1566:US1335343
1540:US1303079
1271:MUN 5/385
1066:The Times
935:The Times
846:Footnotes
741:verifying
522:High Wood
459:cylinders
434:Lusitania
422:Lusitania
160:1914–1919
132:, England
47:verifying
2188:12 April
2003:(2004).
1927:(1946).
1881:21 April
1847:CA471471
1754:FR579765
1545:30 April
1536:"Mortar"
1458:Obituary
1357:11 April
1337:archived
1301:11 April
1198:11 April
1062:Obituary
930:Obituary
545:Thiepval
518:Pozières
296:sergeant
145:Service/
1853:4 March
1826:4 March
1760:4 March
1572:4 March
972:4 March
868:captain
864:colonel
800:séances
735:Please
697:Ammonal
533:wangled
380:Chatham
311:private
305:at the
269:Lincoln
169:Captain
41:Please
2072:
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2032:
1989:
1967:
1944:
1716:Deaths
829:Medals
284:Oundle
185:Awards
147:branch
130:London
2178:(PDF)
1629:(PDF)
1440:7 May
860:major
835:Spink
222:
220:,
2190:2011
2070:ISBN
2051:ISBN
2028:2010
1987:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1907:2023
1883:2021
1855:2008
1828:2008
1801:help
1762:2008
1703:2008
1641:2011
1574:2008
1547:2008
1442:2024
1359:2011
1303:2011
1200:2011
974:2008
689:drum
420:the
235:and
165:Rank
120:Died
105:Born
2017:doi
1421:UK
862:or
739:by
286:in
267:in
217:DSO
45:by
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66:(
61:)
57:(
39:.
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