202:. Little is known of his first marriage. Bowles's second wife was Eliza Carlin, a native of Louisiana, whom he married in 1845. The couple had one daughter. In 1868 Eliza sued William for divorce, charging him of "improper conduct," and she was awarded $ 25,000 (~$ 572,250 in 2023) in alimony, payable in installments. Bowles failed to make the payments. Alimony payments, accumulated interest, and other fees amounting to nearly $ 40,000 was taken from his estate following his death and paid to Eliza's estate. In 1872, the year before his death, Bowles married Julia Albee, a widow from Orange County, Indiana. The couple had no children.
218:. After it was determined that the mineral springs were not saline enough to make it practical for state-sponsored salt mining at French Lick, the acreage was sold at public action. In 1832 the Bowles brothers bought lands totaling almost 1,500 acres that included the salt springs at French Lick from the state government. Thomas assigned his ownership of the property to his brother and returned to Washington County, Indiana. William continued to live in Orange County, residing at
461:; and make war on the U.S. government. Amid bitter disputes between Democrats and Republicans concerning the conduct of the war, the Democrats charged that the arrests and trials were politically motivated. Scholars who have studied the trials have proposed that they were prompted by partisan politics, convened before commission of biased military officers, failed to follow the rules of evidence, and used questionable informers as witnesses.
326:. In 1858 Bowles was convicted of bringing seven slaves into Indiana, in violation of the state's constitution. He was fined $ 40 (~$ 1,356 in 2023) and ordered to take them out of Indiana. On February 15, 1861, at a public gathering in French Lick, Bowles was one of several local citizens who introduced resolutions in opposition to war with the
345:(OSL) in Indiana, named Bowles a major general for one of the four military districts in the secret society that opposed the war. It is believed that the OSL was either an offshoot of, or a front group for, the KGC, in a continuation and/or restructuring of other groups that were founded about 1834. The OSL, an anti-
1511:
Analytical view of the testimony given on the part of the government, in the case of the United States vs. H.H. Dodd, and same against
William A. Bowles and others, in the treason trials, before a military commission, convened at Indianapolis, Ind., by order of Brevet Major-General Alvin P. Hovey, on
568:
Following his release from prison, Bowles returned to Orange County, Indiana, where his health deteriorated. Illness confined Bowles to his home in his later years. Bowles died on March 28, 1873, at his home at French Lick, in the presence of his third wife, Julia. For a number of years Bowles's body
296:
refused to order a court martial. However, a court of inquiry considered accusations made against Bowles for "incompetency," ignorance of proper military tactics, "misbehavior," and cowardice. The court cleared Bowles of the charges of cowardice as the regimental leader, but military reports found he
240:
Around 1846 John A. Lane secured a five-year lease from Bowles for the property at French Lick
Springs, and subsequently earned enough from the enterprise to purchase 770 acres at nearby Mile Lick, named for its location about a mile from French Lick. (Lane later changed the name of Mile Lick to West
305:
After the completion of his military service, Bowles returned to Paoli, and the management of the hotel he had built at French Lick, but not without challenges and successes. In 1849 Bowles was indicted for practicing medicine without a license, but was not convicted. On May 2, 1857, Bowles platted
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The commission's decision on
December 10, 1864, found the men guilty on all charges. Bowles, Milligan, and Horsey were sentenced to hang on May 19, 1865; Humphreys was found guilty and sentenced to hard labor for the remainder of the war. The sentence for Humphreys was soon modified, allowing his
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to begin trials of Dodd and others placed under military arrest. Bowles, who had been arrested earlier in the summer at his home, was imprisoned at the
Federal Building in Indianapolis, where he was accused as one of Dodd's co-conspirators. Bowles became one the defendants in the Indianapolis
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to life imprisonment on May 30, 1865. The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case found that the trial in
Indianapolis by the military commission was unconstitutional because the civilian courts were still in operation. The military commission had no jurisdiction to try and sentence the men in this
555:
On
December 17, 1866, during the Court's next session, Justice Davis delivered the majority opinion. The Court held that the civil courts were still operating in Indiana during the time that Bowles and the others were arrested, tried, and convicted by the military commission. Under the U.S.
349:
paramilitary secret society, began operating about 1854 and continued to operate under various names for several years after the war. Scholars have also argued the highly touted military/paramilitary capabilities of the OSL were exaggerated and existed "more in Dodd's mind" than in reality.
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remained in a stone vault within sight of his home. His remains were removed to Ames Chapel
Cemetery at Paoli, about five miles away, where Julia was buried. Bowles was remembered in his obituary as one of the county's early citizens and "one of the best physicians in Southern Indiana."
572:
Prior his trial and incarceration in 1864, Bowles had leased the French Lick
Springs hotel to Doctor Samuel Ryan. In 1880 Bowles's hotel property was sold at a sheriff's auction to Hiram E. Wells and James M. Andrews of Paoli to satisfy a legal judgment against Bowles's estate.
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Water." (The large spring at French Lick was named "Pluto's Well" in 1869.) Although the exact date of the first hotel's construction is unknown, by the mid-1840s Bowles had built a wood-framed hotel (80 to 100 feet long and three stories high) to accommodate visitors.
132:
trials in 1864, when he and three others were convicted of plotting to overthrow the federal government. Following his release from prison in 1866, Bowles returned to Orange County, Indiana, where his failing health continued to decline in the years prior to his death.
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Constitution, the accused had a right when charged with a crime, to be tried and punished according to the law, including security against unreasonable search and seizure, a warrant for probable cause before arrest, and if indicted, a speedy trial by jury. The
369:'s upcoming raid into Indiana. Bowles told Hines he could raise a force of 10,000 to aid the raiders, but before the deal was finalized Hines was told that Union troops were approaching, forcing him to flee. As a result, there would be no support for
245:, beginning a long-standing rivalry between Bowles's hotel at French Lick and Lane's establishment at West Baden. The original hotels are no longer extant, but resort hotels continue to operate at both locations, slightly more than a mile apart.
436:
The military commission for the trial of Bowles, Milligan, Horsey, and
Humphreys convened at Indianapolis on October 21, 1864, to consider five charges against the men: conspiracy against the U.S. government; offering aid and comfort to the
547:
could be issued based on the congressional act of March 3, 1863; the military commission had no jurisdiction to try and sentence the men; and the accused were entitled to discharge. Bowles, Milligan, and Horsey were released from prison at
994:
Treason
History of the Order of Sons of Liberty, Formerly Circle of Honor, Succeeded by Knights of the Golden Circle, Afterward Order of American Knights. The Most Gigantic Treasonable Conspiracy the World has Ever Known.
955:
In addition to the Knights of the Golden Circle, the secret societies were known by other names, including the Order of American Knights, and subsequently the Order of the Sons of Liberty. See Gipson, p.
229:, but he was expelled after quarreling with its members. Bowles, a Democrat, was also active in local politics, and served two terms in the Indiana state legislature, from 1838 to 1840 and in 1843.
445:; "disloyal practices"; and "violation of the laws of war." Bowles and his co-defendants were alleged to have established a secret organization that planned to liberate Confederates from Union
1848:
232:
In the 1840s Bowles became the first person to build and operate a resort lodge at the French Lick mineral springs. He also began to sell the mineral spring water, which was later dubbed "
1838:
280:. Afterwards, it was learned that Bowles had ordered a sudden and unexpected retreat during the battle, disgracing his regiment and nearly causing the army's defeat. After the battle,
35:
488:
In the interim, petitions from Milligan and the other co-conspirators for a review of the controversial proceedings passed through the federal circuit court in Indiana. Two judges,
128:(OSL) in Indiana, named Bowles a major general for one of four military districts in the state's secret society that opposed the war. Bowles also played a role in the Indianapolis
288:, complimented Bowles and a few of his men, who did service in Davis's regiment following the retreat. The result was a lifelong friendship between the two men. Although General
457:; seize an arsenal to provide the freed prisoners with arms; raise an armed force to incite a general insurrection; join with the Confederates to invade Indiana, Illinois, and
1833:
469:, and could not participate in any acts that opposed the war. Efforts were made to secure pardons for Bowles, Milligan, and Horsey, with the decision passing to President
261:. His company was assigned to the 2nd Indiana Volunteer Regiment. Bowles was elected as a colonel in the regiment on August 28, 1846, and received a commission in the
190:, before relocating to Indiana in 1818. Little is known of William's early education; it is not known where he received his medical training to become a physician.
178:
in 1799 to Isaac Bowles (April 1, 1777 – 1847) and Mary Bagford Bowles (May 13, 1777 – April 12, 1842). He was the first of their ten children. Isaac, who was of
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1828:
433:, and sentenced to hang. Charges against several others were dismissed and they were released before the beginning of the proceedings involving Bowles.
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1803:
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Bowles, a talkative and outspoken advocate of slavery as an institution, was a peace Democrat who was sympathetic to the southern cause during the
477:. On May 16, 1865, three days before their execution, the executions of Bowles and Milligan were postponed to June 2, and Horsey's sentenced was
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According to Find a Grave, it is not known for certain whether Bowles's remains are interred in the Ames Chapel Cemetery. See
805:
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trials held before the military commission. Besides Dodd and Bowles, among the other men accused of treason were Democrats
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1432:
We The People: Indiana and the United States Constitution: Lectures in Observance of the Bicentennial of the Constitution
1061:
We The People: Indiana and the United States Constitution: Lectures in Observance of the Bicentennial of the Constitution
489:
1684:
533:, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 2 (1866); 18 L. Ed. 281., was argued before the Court on March 5 and March 13, 1866. Chief Justice
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141:
977:
An Authentic Exposition of the "K. G. C." "Knights of the Golden Circle"; or, A History of Secession from 1834 to 1861
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1492:
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104:, in 1857. Bowles, a Democrat, served two terms in the Indiana state legislature (1838 to 1840 and 1843). During the
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to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional. The Court's ruling decreed that a writ of
474:
362:
1547:, requests commutation of death sentence for Bowles and others to life imprisonment, in Digital Image Collection,
676:, a Mississippi River steamboat, caught fire and sank. See Arthur L. Dillard, "Addendum on William A. Bowles", in
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Bowles was a co-defendant in a controversial trial by a military commission that convened on October 21, 1864, at
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155:
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instance, and as a result, the accused were entitled to discharge. Bowles was released from prison in 1866.
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1689:
334:
1522:
The Trials for Treason at Indianapolis: Disclosing the Plans for Establishing a North-Western Confederacy
1058:
Klement, pp. 130, 176, and Alan T. Nolan, "Ex Parte Milligan: A Curb of Executive and Military Power" in
183:
1679:
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215:
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425:. Dodd, who was the first to be tried, escaped from jail before his trial was completed, and fled to
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and rode to Paoli and French Lick. Hines met with Bowles, whose home was a gathering place for the
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105:
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314:. It included seventy-seven lots and a public space for a school and other needs of the township.
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In 1846 Bowles was one of several men who helped organize a local militia company to fight in the
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In 1829 Bowles and his brother, Thomas Carrington Bowles (Jan. 24, 1806 – Aug. 16, 1840) came to
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During the 1850s and early 1860s Bowles organized local groups and recruited membership in the
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330:. Later, he challenged county residents to a public debate regarding the right to own slaves.
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277:
109:
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1413:
Dark Lanterns: Secret Political Societies, Conspiracies and Treason Trials in the Civil War
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Dark Lanterns: Secret Political Societies, Conspiracies and Treason Trials in the Civil War
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101:
85:
63:
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prohibited civilians from being tried by a military commission and passed the case to the
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to harshly treat anyone in Indiana who was publicly sympathetic to the Confederate cause.
112:(1847). An outspoken advocate of slavery as an institution, Bowles was sympathetic to the
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As a young man, Bowles became a minister in the Baptist church in what is now known as
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commuted the sentences for Bowles and Milligan to life imprisonment on May 30, 1865.
337:(KGC), a secret society that supported the southern cause within the region. In 1863
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Nolan, Alan T., "Ex Parte Milligan: A Curb of Executive and Military Power" in
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handed down the court's decision on April 3, 1866, ruling the application of
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he became a colonel in the 2nd Indiana Volunteer Regiment and joined in the
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1451:
Sourvenir, French Lick and West Baden: History and Story, from 1810 to 1904
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Sourvenir, French Lick and West Baden: History and Story, from 1810 to 1904
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release, but he was required to remain within two specific townships in
84:(1799 – March 28, 1873) was a physician, landowner, and politician from
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358:
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On June 18, 1863, a group of Confederate soldiers under the command of
198:
Bowles was married three times, with the first two marriages ending in
1347:
1152:. Vol. 48. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau. p. 182.
1077:
Allen Sharp (Summer 2003). "An Echo of the War: The Aftermath of the
442:
1554:
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/85171906/william-augustus-bowles
1215:
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from Bowles or his associates. The incident caused Indiana governor
34:
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holding set a precedent that has never been reversed or set aside.
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450:
175:
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1434:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 1987. pp. 26–33.
1063:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. 1987. pp. 37–38.
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199:
151:
129:
1324:"French Lick History 1845–1900: From salt lick to health resort"
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did "manifest want of capacity and judgment as its commander."
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On February 23, 1847, Bowles and the 2nd Indiana joined in the
1476:
Democratic Opposition to the Lincoln Administration in Indiana
1150:
Democratic Opposition to the Lincoln Administration in Indiana
808:. Orange County Convention and Visitors Bureau. Archived from
392:, commander of the military district of Indiana, authorized a
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and Thomas Drummond, disagreed over the issue of whether the
270:
604:
Charles Jackson Gipson, "Life of Col. William A. Bowles" in
1162:
Nolan, p. 46; Tredway, pp. 227–48; and Klement, pp. 183–84.
454:
222:. He did not immediately develop his lands at French Lick.
1839:
Prisoners sentenced to death by the United States military
1849:
United States Army personnel of the Mexican–American War
1478:. Vol. 48. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau.
1348:
Bodenhamer, David J.; Robert G. Barrows, eds. (1994).
429:. On October 10, 1864, he was found guilty, convicted
1834:
People convicted of treason against the United States
1588:
1216:
David J. Bodenhamer; Robert G. Barrows, eds. (1994).
1089:(3). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 42–44.
657:. Paoli, Ind.: Stout's Print Shop. 1965. p. 467.
990:
300:
100:
resort hotel in the 1840s, and platting the town of
1473:
1396:
History of Lawrence, Orange and Washington Counties
661:
History of Lawrence, Orange and Washington Counties
365:, to inquire if Bowles could offer any support for
92:. He is best remembered for establishing the first
1509:Bowles, William A. & Harrison H. Dodd (1865).
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1147:
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1313:Dillard, "Addendum on William A. Bowles", p. 200.
697:. Louisiana State University Press. p. 230.
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605:
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1514:. New Albany, IN: Norman and Matthews, Printers.
1193:
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357:, a Confederate cavalryman and spy, crossed the
257:, the result of federal legislation such as the
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682:. Paoli, Ind.: Stout's Print Shop. p. 200.
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672:Eliza Bowles died on February 19, 1870, after
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610:. Paoli, IN: Stout's Print Shop. p. 191.
1844:Recipients of American presidential clemency
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1292:
894:
892:
874:
829:
1829:People of Indiana in the American Civil War
1525:. Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach and Baldwin.
1114:
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598:
509:
169:
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1404:'Confederate Agent: A Discovery in History
1200:
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292:preferred charges against Bowles, General
33:
1022:Confederate Agent: A Discovery in History
980:. Indianapolis: Charles O. Perrine. 1861.
889:
144:decision in 1866 in what became known as
1804:American politicians convicted of crimes
1209:
1083:Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History
749:
635:
595:
1482:
1410:
1102:
1781:
1770:Indianapolis in the American Civil War
1392:. Paoli, IN: Stout's Print Shop. 1965.
1379:
241:Baden.) Lane built the first hotel at
193:
1809:American prisoners sentenced to death
1562:
1545:Morton Letter to Andrew Johnson, 1865
1461:, 71 U.S. 2 (1866) is available from:
1129:, 71 U.S. 2 (1866) is available from:
1819:Knights of the Golden Circle members
317:
174:William Augustus Bowles was born in
798:
248:
13:
1814:Civilians who were court-martialed
1685:Jeffersonville Quartermaster Depot
1502:
991:Felix Grundy Stidger, ed. (1903).
14:
1860:
1590:Indiana in the American Civil War
1538:
301:Businessman and community founder
1824:People from French Lick, Indiana
1390:History of Orange County Indiana
1375:. Paoli, IN: Stout's Print Shop.
1350:The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis
1218:The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis
998:. Chicago: Felix Grundy Stidger.
944:History of Orange County Indiana
932:History of Orange County Indiana
920:History of Orange County Indiana
908:History of Orange County Indiana
845:History of Orange County Indiana
768:History of Orange County Indiana
655:History of Orange County Indiana
481:to life imprisonment. President
380:
1512:the 19th day of September, 1864
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1238:
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968:
959:
949:
937:
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901:
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850:
838:
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773:
475:Abraham Lincoln's assassination
205:
761:
686:
666:
647:
614:
563:
523:The U. S. Supreme Court case,
284:, the future president of the
182:ancestry, moved the family to
1:
1799:American proslavery activists
1341:
1026:. Crown Publishers. pp.
934:, p. 463, and Gipson, p. 196.
881:. W. K. Stewart Co. pp.
286:Confederate States of America
1695:New Albany National Cemetery
1474:Tredway, Gilbert R. (1973).
1244:Klement, pp. 184–85, 227–28.
784:. Globe Pequot. p. 78.
531:Ex parte Lambdin P. Milligan
335:Knights of the Golden Circle
7:
1371:Dillard, Arthur L. (1971).
1303:. Find A Grave. 2012-02-18.
1148:Gilbert R. Tredway (1973).
576:
500:, where it became known as
396:to meet on September 19 at
341:, "grand commander" of the
184:Rockbridge County, Virginia
10:
1865:
1680:Jefferson General Hospital
1549:Indiana Historical Society
1519:Pitman, Benn, ed. (1865).
1411:Klement, Frank L. (1984).
678:Arthur L. Dillard (1971).
624:. Find A Grave. 2007-04-02
606:Arthur L. Dillard (1971).
516:
216:Washington County, Indiana
150:. Bowles was sentenced to
60:28 March 1873 (aged 73/74)
15:
1764:
1748:
1703:
1662:
1596:
1483:Wissing, Douglas (2001).
693:Frank L. Klement (1984).
94:French Lick Springs Hotel
71:
56:
41:
32:
25:
1756:Union Literary Institute
1402:Horan, James D. (1954).
1354:Indiana University Press
1222:Indiana University Press
780:Douglas Wissing (2001).
732:"History of French Lick"
588:
421:; and Stephen Horsey of
343:Order of Sons of Liberty
170:Early life and education
126:Order of Sons of Liberty
16:Not to be confused with
1049:Klement, p.174 and 176.
1018:James D. Horan (1954).
385:On September 17, 1864,
163:commutation of sentence
82:William Augustus Bowles
27:William Augustus Bowles
18:William Augustus Bowles
1485:Scenic Driving Indiana
1449:Rhodes, A. J. (1904).
1380:Esaray, Logan (1915).
1373:Orange County Heritage
965:Klement, pp. 155, 167.
782:Scenic Driving Indiana
680:Orange County Heritage
608:Orange County Heritage
467:Greene County, Indiana
423:Martin County, Indiana
419:Greene County, Indiana
312:Orange County, Indiana
90:Orange County, Indiana
1725:Battle of Pogue's Run
1271:Bodenhamer pp.444,445
875:Logan Esarey (1915).
830:A. J. Rhodes (1904).
746:, September 19, 1957)
744:Springs Valley Herald
622:"Mary Bagford Bowles"
552:, on April 12, 1866.
447:prisoner-of-war camps
409:, a lawyer living in
278:Battle of Buena Vista
110:Battle of Buena Vista
1382:A History of Indiana
1262:Klement, pp. 227–28.
1185:Klement, pp. 184–85.
1040:Klement, pp. 108–09.
878:A History of Indiana
812:on December 11, 2008
742:(Reprinted from the
390:Alvin Peterson Hovey
255:Mexican–American War
106:Mexican–American War
102:French Lick, Indiana
64:French Lick, Indiana
1634:Lambdin P. Milligan
1406:. Crown Publishers.
1326:. Indiana Landmarks
1224:. pp. 444–45.
1197:Klement, p. 226–27.
411:Huntington, Indiana
407:Lambdin P. Milligan
394:military commission
243:West Baden, Indiana
227:West Baden, Indiana
194:Marriage and family
49:Frederick, Maryland
1384:. W.K. Stewart Co.
539:military tribunals
498:U.S. Supreme Court
324:American Civil War
142:U.S. Supreme Court
140:, that led to the
118:American Civil War
75:Doctor, Politician
1776:
1775:
1720:Battle of Corydon
1654:Indiana regiments
1604:William A. Bowles
1459:Ex parte Milligan
1253:Nolan, pp. 43–44.
1206:Nolan, pp. 41–42.
1176:Nolan, pp. 40–41.
1127:Ex parte Milligan
1099:Nolan, pp. 38–39.
1079:Ex Parte Milligan
526:Ex parte Milligan
519:Ex parte Milligan
511:Ex parte Milligan
503:Ex parte Milligan
494:U.S. Constitution
318:Anti-war Democrat
147:Ex parte Milligan
79:
78:
1856:
1644:Francis A. Shoup
1639:Oliver P. Morton
1629:Andrew Humphreys
1619:Harrison H. Dodd
1614:Ambrose Burnside
1583:
1576:
1569:
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1487:. Globe Pequot.
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1352:. Indianapolis:
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1301:"Col W A Bowles"
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1280:Klement, p. 230.
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363:Democratic Party
339:Harrison H. Dodd
249:Military service
124:, leader of the
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810:the original
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206:Early career
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138:Indianapolis
135:
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1794:1873 deaths
1789:1799 births
1730:Hines' Raid
1675:Camp Morton
1649:Lew Wallace
1394:Reprint of
659:Reprint of
583:Copperheads
564:Later years
490:David Davis
441:; inciting
431:in absentia
308:French Lick
290:Joseph Lane
188:Eaton, Ohio
116:during the
86:French Lick
1783:Categories
1441:0871950073
1342:References
1330:2016-01-06
1075:See also:
1070:0871950073
910:, p. 460.
816:2009-04-26
737:2016-01-05
674:Emma No. 3
628:2016-01-05
473:following
359:Ohio River
120:. In 1863
1767:See also:
946:, p. 512.
922:, p. 505.
847:, p. 393.
770:, p. 438.
263:U.S. Army
156:President
1457:Text of
1125:Text of
577:See also
479:commuted
459:Kentucky
451:Illinois
176:Maryland
1749:Related
1707:Battles
1531:1186686
1466:Findlaw
1398:(1884).
1134:Findlaw
1081:Case".
663:(1884).
403:treason
387:General
200:divorce
180:English
130:treason
1663:Places
1597:People
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513:(1866)
427:Canada
186:, and
154:, but
66:, U.S.
51:, U.S.
1710:raids
1028:25–27
885:–449.
589:Notes
347:Union
328:South
310:, in
271:Texas
234:Pluto
214:from
114:South
1527:OCLC
1489:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1065:ISBN
995:1864
956:196.
786:ISBN
699:ISBN
455:Ohio
152:hang
96:, a
57:Died
45:1799
42:Born
883:443
529:or
449:in
417:of
265:at
1785::
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20:.
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