Wilhelm Wundt - Knowledge

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metaphysical point-of-view in the treatment of every problem then an unconditional empirical science is no longer involved – but a metaphysical theory intended to serve as an exemplification of experience." He is, however, convinced that every single science contains general prerequisites of a philosophical nature. "All psychological investigation extrapolates from metaphysical presuppositions." Epistemology was to help sciences find out about, clarify or supplement their metaphysical aspects and as far as possible free themselves of them. Psychology and the other sciences always rely on the help of philosophy here, and particularly on logic and epistemology, otherwise only an immanent philosophy, i.e. metaphysical assumptions of an unsystematic nature, would form in the individual sciences. Wundt is decidedly against the segregation of philosophy. He is concerned about psychologists bringing their own personal metaphysical convictions into psychology and that these presumptions would no longer be exposed to epistemological criticism. "Therefore nobody would suffer more from such a segregation than the psychologists themselves and, through them, psychology." "Nothing would promote the degeneration to a mere craftsmanship more than its segregation from philosophy."

1392:"With sufficient certainty the approach can indeed be seen as well-founded – that nothing takes place in our consciousness that does not have its physical basis in certain physiological processes.". Wundt believed that physiological psychology had the following task: "firstly, to investigate those life processes that are centrally located, between external and internal experience, which make it necessary to use both observation methods simultaneously, external and internal, and, secondly, to illuminate and, where possible, determine a total view of human existence from the points of view gained from this investigation." "The attribute 'physiological' is not saying that it ... ... wants to reduce the psychology to physiology – which I consider impossible – but that it works with physiological, i.e. experimental, tools and, indeed, more so than is usual in other psychology, takes into account the relationship between mental and physical processes." "If one wants to treat the peculiarities of the method as the most important factor then our science – as experimental psychology – differs from the usual science of the soul purely based on self-observation." After long chapters on the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system, the 2540:

as a thinking and motivated subject is not to be captured in the terms of the natural sciences. Psychology requires special categories and autonomous epistemological principles. It is, on the one hand, an empirical humanity but should not, on the other hand, ignore its physiological basis and philosophical assumptions. Thus a varied, multi-method approach is necessary: self-observation, experimentation, generic comparison and interpretation. Wundt demanded the ability and readiness to distinguish between perspectives and reference systems, and to understand the necessary supplementation of these reference systems in changes of perspective. He defined the field of psychology very widely and as interdisciplinary, and also explained just how indispensable is the epistemological-philosophical criticism of psychological theories and their philosophical prerequisites. Psychology should remain connected with philosophy in order to promote this critique of knowledge of the metaphysical presuppositions so widespread among psychologists.

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individual facets of them. Blumenthal's assessment that "American textbook accounts of Wundt now present highly inaccurate and mythological caricatures of the man and his work" still appears to be true of most publications about Wundt. A highly contradictory picture emerges from any systematic research on his reception. On the one hand, the pioneer of experimental psychology and founder of modern psychology as a discipline is praised, on the other hand, his work is insufficiently tapped and appears to have had little influence. Misunderstandings and stereotypical evaluations continue into the present, even in some representations of the history of psychology and in textbooks. Wundt's entire work is investigated in a more focused manner in more recent assessments regarding the reception of Wundt, and his theory of science and his philosophy is included (Araujo, 2016; Danziger, 1983, 1990, 2001; Fahrenberg, 2011, 2015, 2016; Jüttemann, 2006; Kim, 2016; van Rappard, 1980).

1527:(Journal for Cultural Psychology and Linguistics) in 1860, which gave this field its name. Wundt (1888) critically analysed the, in his view, still disorganised intentions of Lazarus and Steinthal and limited the scope of the issues by proposing a psychologically constituted structure. The cultural psychology of language, myth, and customs were to be based on the three main areas of general psychology: imagining and thought, feelings, and will (motivation). The numerous mental interrelations and principles were to be researched under the perspective of cultural development. Apperception theory applied equally for general psychology and cultural psychology. Changes in meanings and motives were examined in many lines of development, and there are detailed interpretations based on the emergence principle (creative synthesis), the principle of unintended side-effects (heterogony of ends) and the principle of contrast (see section on 2009:

ultimate reasoning for ethics, and for a philosophical world basis. "Metaphysics is the same attempt to gain a binding world view, as a component of individual knowledge, on the basis of the entire scientific awareness of an age or particularly prominent content." Wundt was convinced that empirical psychology also contributed fundamental knowledge on the understanding of humans – for anthropology and ethics – beyond its narrow scientific field. Starting from the active and creative-synthetic apperception processes of consciousness, Wundt considered that the unifying function was to be found in volitional processes and the conscious setting of objectives and subsequent activities. "There is simply nothing more to a man that he can entirely call his own – except for his will." One can detect a "voluntaristic tendency" in Wundt's theory of motivation, in contrast to the currently widespread cognitivism (

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recurring criticism is that Wundt largely ignored the areas of psychology that he found less interesting, such as differential psychology, child psychology and educational psychology. In his cultural psychology there is no empirical social psychology because there were still no methods for investigating it at the time. Among his postgraduate students, assistants and other colleagues, however, were several important pioneers: differential psychology, "mental measurement" and intelligence testing (James McKeen Cattell, Charles Spearman), social psychology of group pocesses and the psychology of work (Walther Moede), applied psychology (Ernst Meumann, Hugo Münsterberg), psychopathology, psychopharmacology and clinical diagnosis (Emil Kraepelin). Wundt further influenced many American psychologists to create psychology graduate programs.

1546:. Motives frequently quoted in cultural development are: division of labour, ensoulment, salvation, happiness, production and imitation, child-raising, artistic drive, welfare, arts and magic, adornment, guilt, punishment, atonement, self-education, play, and revenge. Other values and motives emerge in the areas of freedom and justice, war and peace, legal structures, state structures and forms of government; also regarding the development of a world view of culture, religion, state, traffic, and a worldwide political and social society. In religious considerations, many of the values and motives (i.e. belief in soul, immortality, belief in gods and demons, ritualistic acts, witchcraft, animism and totemism) are combined with the motives of art, imagination, dance and ecstasy, as well as with forms of family and power. 2544:

one hand, based on experimental psychology and his neuropsychological modelling and, on the other hand, extrapolated into a development theory for culture. The fundamental reconstruction of Wundt's main ideas is a task that cannot be achieved by any one person today due to the complexity of the complete works. He tried to connect the fundamental controversies of the research directions epistemologically and methodologically by means of a co-ordinated concept – in a confident handling of the categorically basically different ways of considering the interrelations. Here, during the founding phase of university psychology, he already argued for a highly demanding meta-science meta-scientific reflection – and this potential to stimulate

2530: 1737:, but argued that the interpretation process basically also followed psychological principles. Interpretation only became the characteristic process of the humanities through criticism. It is a process that is set against interpretation to dismantle the interaction produced through psychological analysis. It examines external or internal contradictions, it should evaluate the reality of intellectual products, and is also a criticism of values and a criticism of opinions. The typical misconceptions of the intellectualistic, individualistic and unhistorical interpretation of intellectual processes all have "their source in the habitually coarse psychology based on subjective assessment." 1373:(1862) shows Wundt's transition from a physiologist to an experimental psychologist. "Why does not psychology follow the example of the natural sciences? It is an understanding that, from every side of the history of the natural sciences, informs us that the progress of every science is closely connected with the progress made regarding experimental methods." With this statement, however, he will in no way treat psychology as a pure natural science, though psychologists should learn from the progress of methods in the natural sciences: "There are two sciences that must come to the aid of general psychology in this regard: the development history of the mind and comparative psychology." 1489:(1908–1910, 6th ed., 3 Vols.). In contrast to individual psychology, cultural psychology aims to illustrate general mental development laws governing higher intellectual processes: the development of thought, language, artistic imagination, myths, religion, customs, the relationship of individuals to society, the intellectual environment and the creation of intellectual works in a society. "Where deliberate experimentation ends is where history has experimented on the behalf of psychologists." Those mental processes that "underpin the general development of human societies and the creation of joint intellectual results that are of generally recognised value" are to be examined. 1760:(the emergence principle). "Every perception can be broken down into elemental impressions. But it is never just the sum of these impressions, but from the linkage of them that a new one is created with individual features that were not contained in the impressions themselves. We thus put together the mental picture of a spatial form from a multitude of impressions of light. This principle proves itself in all mental causality linkages and accompanies mental development from its first to its consummate stage." Wundt formulated this creative synthesis, which today would also be described as the principle of emergence in 2067:. Wundt considered the questions of ethics to be closely linked with the empirical psychology of motivated acts "Psychology has been such an important introduction for me, and such an indispensable aid for the investigation of ethics, that I do not understand how one could do without it." Wundt sees two paths: the anthropological examination of the facts of a moral life (in the sense of cultural psychology) and the scientific reflection on the concepts of morals. The derived principles are to be examined in a variety of areas: the family, society, the state, education, etc. In his discussion on 2370:

conducted on the basis of more than 200 contemporary and later sources: reviews and critiques of his publications (since 1858), references to Wundt's work in textbooks on psychology and the history of psychology (from 1883 to 2010), biographies, congress reports, praise on his decadal birthdays, obituaries and other texts. A range of scientific controversies were presented in detail. Reasons for the distancing of Wundt and why some of his concepts have fallen into oblivion can be seen in his scientific work, in his philosophical orientation, in his didactics or in the person of Wundt himself:

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point-of-view in isolation in its relative legitimacy before finally producing a uniform world view. Wundt always differentiates between the physical-physiological and the purely psychological, and then again from the philosophical point-of-view. As a result, apparent 'contradictions' are created for those who do not observe more precisely and who constantly forget that the differences in results are only due to the approach and not the laws of reality ..." Traugott Oesterreich (1923/1951) wrote an unusually detailed description of Wundt's work in his

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principal ideas and central postulates, though there was gradual development and a change in emphasis. One could consider Wundt's gradual concurrence with Kant's position, that conscious processes are not measurable on the basis of self-observation and cannot be mathematically formulated, to be a major divergence. Wundt, however, never claimed that psychology could be advanced through experiment and measurement alone, but had already stressed in 1862 that the development history of the mind and comparative psychology should provide some assistance.

1396:(1874) has five sections: the mental elements, mental structure, interactions of the mental structure, mental developments, the principles and laws of mental causality. Through his insistence that mental processes were analysed in their elements, Wundt did not want to create a pure element psychology because the elements should simultaneously be related to one another. He describes the sensory impression with the simple sensory feelings, perceptions and volitional acts connected with them, and he explains dependencies and feedbacks. 2158:.The American psychologist Edwin Boring counted 494 publications by Wundt (excluding pure reprints but with revised editions) that are, on average, 110 pages long and amount to a total of 53,735 pages. Thus Wundt published an average of seven works per year over a period of 68 years and wrote or revised an average of 2.2 pages per day. There is as yet no annotated edition of the essential writings, nor does a complete edition of Wundt's major works exist, apart from more-or-less suitable scans or digitalisations. 2141: 2041: 798: 2383:

scientific conception of psychology in their books, for example they almost entirely ignored Wundt's categories and epistemological principles, his strategies in comparison and interpretation, the discussions regarding Kant's in-depth criticism of methodology, and Wundt's neuropsychology. Nobody in this circle developed a creative continuation of Wundt's concepts. Krueger's inner distance to a scientific concept and the entire work of his predecessor cannot be overlooked.

2079:) he categorically distinguishes between two perspectives: there is indeed a natural causality of brain processes, though conscious processes are not determined by an intelligible, but by the empirical character of humans – volitional acts are subject to the principles of mental causality. "When a man only follows inner causality he acts freely in an ethical sense, which is partly determined by his original disposition and partly by the development of his character." 7180: 544:, which strongly influenced Wundt's intellectual path. Wundt's admiration for Ernst Heinrich Weber was clear from his memoirs, where he proclaimed that Weber should be regarded as the father of experimental psychology: "I would rather call Weber the father of experimental psychology…It was Weber's great contribution to think of measuring psychic quantities and of showing the exact relationships between them, to be the first to understand this and carry it out." 1252:. Wundt had two fundamental objections. He rejected all primarily metaphysically founded psychology and he saw no reliable methodological approach. He also soon revised his initial assumptions about unconscious judgements When Wundt rejects the assumption of "the unconscious" he is also showing his scepticism regarding Fechner's theory of the unconscious and Wundt is perhaps even more greatly influenced by the flood of writing at the time on 1749:. The system of principles has several repeatedly reworked versions, with corresponding laws of development for cultural psychology (Wundt, 1874, 1894, 1897, 1902–1903, 1920, 1921). Wundt mainly differentiated between four principles and explained them with examples that originate from the physiology of perception, the psychology of meaning, from apperception research, emotion and motivation theory, and from cultural psychology and ethics. 5553: 1328: 569: 2127:

i.e. in accordance with the psychology of thought. The subsequent equitable description of the special principles of the natural sciences and the humanities enabled Wundt to create a new epistemology. The ideas that remain current include epistemology and the methodology of psychology: the tasks and directions of psychology, the methods of interpretation and comparison, as well as psychological experimentation.

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rarely, direct ethnological source material. Wundt differentiated between two objectives of comparative methodology: individual comparison collected all the important features of the overall picture of an observation material, while generic comparison formed a picture of variations to obtain a typology. Rules of generic comparison and critical interpretation are essentially explained in his Logik:

1389:) on general psychology is Wundt's best-known textbook. He wanted to connect two sciences with one another. "Physiology provides information on all phenomena of life that can be perceived using our external senses. In psychology humans examine themselves, as it were, from within and look for the connections between these processes to explain which of them represent this inner observation." 7168: 1429:(see below on the Principle of creative synthesis). In the integrative process of conscious activity, Wundt sees an elementary activity of the subject, i.e. an act of volition, to deliberately move content into the conscious. Insofar that this emergent activity is typical of all mental processes, it is possible to describe his point-of-view as voluntaristic. 2627:Über den Zusammenhang der Philosophie mit der Zeitgeschichte. Eine Centenarbetrachtung. (On the Relation between Philosophy and contemporary History). Rede des antretenden Rectors Dr. phil., jur. et med. Wilhelm Wundt. F. Häuser (Hrsg.): Die Leipziger Rektoratsreden 1871–1933. Vol I: Die Jahre 1871–1905 (pp. 479–498). Berlin: (de Gruyter (1889/2009). 2458:

many later authors. Titchener, a two-year resident of Wundt's lab and one of Wundt's most vocal advocates in the United States, is responsible for several English translations and mistranslations of Wundt's works that supported his own views and approach, which he termed "structuralism" and claimed was wholly consistent with Wundt's position.

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activity and the conditions of nature he saw a creative principle of culture right from the start; tools as cultural products of a second nature. An interactive system of cause and effect, a system of purposes and thus values (and reflexively from standards of one's own activities) is formed according to the principles of one's own thinking.

1919:, although he did not use this formulation from Friedrich Lange (1866), who was his predecessor in Zürich from 1870 to 1872. Wundt's guiding principle was the development theory of the mind. Wundt's ethics also led to polemical critiques due to his renunciation of an ultimate transcendental basis of ethics (God, the Absolute). Wundt's 1690:(Wundt, 1874) had a major influence. Kant had argued against the assumption of the measurability of conscious processes and made a well-founded, if very short, criticism of the methods of self-observation: regarding method-inherent reactivity, observer error, distorting attitudes of the subject, and the questionable influence of 2314:(Foundations of the History of Philosophy). This knowledgeable representation examines Wundt's main topics, views and scientific activities and exceeds the generally much briefer Wundt reception within the field of psychology, in which many of the important prerequisites and references are ignored right from the start. 2450:

psychological perspectives. Wundt's more demanding, sometimes more complicated and relativizing, then again very precise style can also be difficult – even for today's German readers; a high level of linguistic competence is required. There are only English translations for very few of Wundt's work. In particular, the

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evolution, i.e. that ethical standards changed culturally in the course of human intellectual development. As Wundt did not describe any concrete ethical conflicts on the basis of examples and did not describe any social ethics in particular, his teachings with the general idea of humanism appear rather too abstract.

1561:(The Elements of Cultural Psychology, 1912) Wundt sketched out four main levels of cultural development: primitive man, the totemistic age, the age of heroes and gods, and the development of humanity. The delineations were unclear and the depiction was greatly simplified. Only this book was translated into English 1539:(1921). Wundt worked on, psychologically linked, and structured an immense amount of material. The topics range from agriculture and trade, crafts and property, through gods, myths and Christianity, marriage and family, peoples and nations to (self-)education and self-awareness, science, the world and humanity. 2543:

The conceptual relationships within the complete works created over decades and continuously reworked have hardly been systematically investigated. The most important theoretical basis is the empirical-psychological theory of apperception, based on Leibniz's philosophical position, that Wundt, on the

2357:, i.e. on the hundredth jubilee of the initial founding of the institute in 1879, stimulated a number of publications about Wundt, also in the US Very little productive research work has been carried out since then. While Wundt was occasionally mentioned in the centenary review of the founding of the 2036:

volitional metaphysics. He believed that the source of dynamic development was to be found in the most elementary expressions of life, in reflexive and instinctive behaviour, and constructed a continuum of attentive and apperceptive processes, volitional or selective acts, up to social activities and

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Wundt's concepts were developed during almost 60 years of research and teaching that led him from neurophysiology to psychology and philosophy. The interrelationships between physiology, philosophy, logic, epistemology and ethics are therefore essential for an understanding of Wundt's psychology. The

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In 1879, at the University of Leipzig, Wundt opened the first laboratory ever to be exclusively devoted to psychological studies, and this event marked the official birth of psychology as an independent field of study. The new lab was full of graduate students carrying out research on topics assigned

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Willem Van Hoorn, T. Verhave: Wilhelm Wundts"s conception of his multiple foundations of scientific psychology. In W. Meischner, A. Metge (Hrsg.). Wilhelm Wundt – progressives Erbe, Wissenschaftsentwicklung und Gegenwart. Protokoll des internationalen Symposiums. Karl-Marx-Universität Leipzig, 1979.

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Such shortcomings may explain many of the fundamental deficits and lasting misunderstandings in the Anglo-American reception of Wundt's work. Massive misconceptions about Wundt's work have been demonstrated by William James, Granville Stanley Hall, Edward Boring and Edward Titchener as well as among

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Most psychologies in the subsequent generation appear to have a considerably simpler, less demanding, philosophical point-of-view instead of coordinated causal and teleological considerations embedded in multiple reference systems that consequently also demanded a multi-method approach. Thus instead

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in Sendai, Japan. The university's stock consists of 6,762 volumes in western languages (including bound periodicals) as well as 9,098 special print runs and brochures from the original Wundt Library. The list in the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science only mentions 575 of these entries.

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into General logic and epistemology, Logic of the exact sciences, and Logic of the humanities. While logic, the doctrine of categories, and other principles were discussed by Wundt in a traditional manner, they were also considered from the point of view of development theory of the human intellect,

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Wundt's autobiography and his inaugural lectures in Zurich and Leipzig as well as his commemorative speeches for Fechner and his Essay on Leibniz provide an insight into the history of Wundt's education and the contemporary flows and intellectual controversies in the second half of the 19th century.

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Wundt shaped the term apperception, introduced by Leibniz, into an experimental psychologically based apperception psychology that included neuropsychological modelling. When Leibniz differentiates between two fundamental functions, perception and striving, this approach can be recognised in Wundt's

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approach. Thus, for example, the chapters on the development of language or on enlargement of fantasy activity in cultural psychology also contain experimental, statistical and psychophysiological findings. He was very familiar with these methods and used them in extended research projects. This was

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in walking upright, physical facilities and "an interaction in part forced upon people by external conditions and in part the result of voluntary culture". He described the random appearance and later conscious control of fire as a similar interaction between two motives. In the interaction of human

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As a result of his medical training and his work as an assistant to Hermann von Helmholtz, Wundt knew the benchmarks of experimental research, as well as the speculative nature of psychology in the mid-19th century. Wundt's aspiration for scientific research and the necessary methodological critique

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as follows: "… wherever there are regular relationships between mental and physical phenomena the two are neither identical nor convertible into one another because they are per se incomparable; but they are associated with one another in the way that certain mental processes regularly correspond to

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Wundt was responsible for an extraordinary number of doctoral dissertations between 1875 and 1919: 185 students including 70 foreigners (of whom 23 were from Russia, Poland, and other east-European countries and 18 were from America). Several of Wundt's students became eminent psychologists in their

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In 1879, Wundt began conducting experiments that were not part of his course work, and he claimed that these independent experiments solidified his lab's legitimacy as a formal laboratory of psychology, though the university did not officially recognize the building as part of the campus until 1883.

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The University of Leipzig assigned Wundt a lab in 1876 to store equipment he had brought from Zurich. Located in the Konvikt building, many of Wundt's demonstrations took place in this laboratory due to the inconvenience of transporting his equipment between the lab and his classroom. Wundt arranged

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Wundt developed the first comprehensive and uniform theory of the science of psychology. The special epistemological and methodological status of psychology is postulated in this wide-ranging conceptualization, characterized by his neurophysiological, psychological and philosophical work. The human

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such guiding principles and reformulated important philosophical positions of Leibniz away from belief in God as the creator and belief in an immortal soul. Wundt gained important ideas and exploited them in an original way in his principles and methodology of empirical psychology: the principle of

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had a far greater and more constructive influence on Wundt's psychology, philosophy, epistemology and ethics. This can be gleaned from Wundt's Leibniz publication (1917) and from his central terms and principles, but has since received almost no attention. Wundt gave up his plans for a biography of

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onwards). According to this, the hypothetical apperception centre in the frontal cerebral cortex that he described could interconnect sensory, motor, autonomic, cognitive, emotional and motivational process components Wundt thus provided the guiding principle of a primarily psychologically oriented

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and the control of attention an excellent example of the desirable combination of experimental psychological and neurophysiological research. Wundt called for experimentation to localise the higher central nervous functions to be based on clear, psychologically based research hypotheses because the

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conscious activity to be more important than elementary association. Apperception is an emergent activity that is both arbitrary and selective as well as imaginative and comparative. In this process, feelings and ideas are images apperceptively connected with typical tones of feeling, selected in a

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The internal consistency of Wundt's work from 1862 to 1920, between the main works and within the reworked editions, has repeatedly been discussed and been subject to differing assessments in parts. One could not say that the scientific conception of psychology underwent a fundamental revision of

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During the Heidelberg years from 1853 to 1873, Wundt published numerous essays on physiology, particularly on experimental neurophysiology, a textbook on human physiology (1865, 4th ed. 1878) and a manual of medical physics (1867). He wrote about 70 reviews of current publications in the fields of

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Wundt was initially a physician and a well-known neurophysiologist before turning to sensory physiology and psychophysics. He was convinced that, for example, the process of spatial perception could not solely be explained on a physiological level, but also involved psychological principles. Wundt

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There are many forms of criticism of Wundt's psychology, of his apperception psychology, of his motivation theory, of his version of psychophysical parallelism with its concept of "mental causality", his refutation of psychoanalytic speculation about the unconscious, or of his critical realism. A

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A representation of Wundt's psychology as 'natural science', 'element psychology' or 'dualistic' conceptions is evidence of enduring misunderstandings. It is therefore necessary to remember Wundt's expressly stated desire for uniformity and lack of contradiction, for the mutual supplementation of

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Wundt claimed that philosophy as a general science has the task of "uniting to become a consistent system through the general knowledge acquired via the individual sciences." Human rationality strives for a uniform, i.e. non-contradictory, explanatory principle for being and consciousness, for an

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and viewpoint dependency. Wundt characterised this style of thought in a way that also applied for him: "…the principle of the equality of viewpoints that supplement one another" plays a significant role in his thinking – viewpoints that "supplement one another, while also being able to appear as

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The principles of his cultural psychological methodology were only worked out later. These involved the analytical and comparative observation of objective existing materials, i.e. historical writings, language, works, art, reports and observations of human behaviour in earlier cultures and, more

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Psychology cannot be reduced to physiology. The tools of physiology remain fundamentally insufficient for the task of psychology. Such a project is meaningless "because the interrelations between mental processes would be incomprehensible even if the interrelations between brain processes were as

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Wundt set himself the task of redefining the broad field of psychology between philosophy and physiology, between the humanities and the natural sciences. In place of the metaphysical definition as a science of the soul came the definition, based on scientific theory, of empirical psychology as a

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at a time that was considered very economically stable, Wundt grew up during a period in which the reinvestment of wealth into educational, medical and technological development was commonplace. An economic striving for the advancement of knowledge catalyzed the development of a new psychological

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Völkerpsychologie (Cultural Psychology), 10 Volumes, Vol. 1, 2. Die Sprache (Language); Vol. 3. Die Kunst (Art); Vol 4, 5, 6. Mythos und Religion (Myth and Religion); Vol 7, 8. Die Gesellschaft (Society); Vol 9. Das Recht (Right); Vol 10. Kultur und Geschichte (Culture and History). (Engelmann,

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As Wundt's three-volume Logik und Wissenschaftslehre, i.e. his theory of science, also remains untranslated the close interrelationships between Wundt's empirical psychology and his epistemology and methodology, philosophy and ethics are also regularly missing, even if later collections describe

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frequently quoted Wundt's cultural psychology. In its time, Wundt's Ethik received more reviews than almost any of his other main works. Most of the objections were ranged against his renouncing any ultimate transcendental ethical basis (God, the Absolute), as well as against his ideas regarding

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Wundt attempted to redefine and restructure the fields of psychology and philosophy. "Experimental psychology in the narrower sense and child psychology form individual psychology, while cultural and animal psychology are both parts of a general and comparative psychology"). None of his Leipzig

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described the pioneering spirit at the new Leipzig Institute in this fashion: "We felt that we were trailblazers entering virgin territory, like creators of a science with undreamt-of prospects. Wundt spent several afternoons every week in his adjacent modest Professorial office, came to see us,

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In old age Wundt appeared to become more conservative (see Wundt, 1920; Wundt's correspondence), then – also in response to World War I, the subsequent social unrest and the severe revolutionary events of the post-war period – adopted an attitude that was patriotic and lent towards nationalism.

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Apart from his library and his correspondence, Wundt's extraordinarily extensive written inheritance also includes many extracts, manuscripts, lecture notes and other materials Wundt's written inheritance in Leipzig consists of 5,576 documents, mainly letters, and was digitalised by the Leipzig

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Wundt distanced himself from the metaphysical term soul and from theories about its structure and properties, as posited by Herbart, Lotze, and Fechner. Wundt followed Kant and warned against a primarily metaphysically founded, philosophically deduced psychology: "where one notices the author's

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Leibniz wrote: "Souls act according to the laws of final causes, through aspirations, ends and means. Bodies act according to the laws of efficient causes, i.e. the laws of motion. And these two realms, that of efficient causes and that of final causes, harmonize with one another." (Monadology,

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Wundt's assistants and colleagues, many of whom were also personally close, did not take on the role of students and certainly not the role of interpreters. Oswald Külpe, Ernst Meumann, Hugo Münsterberg or Felix Krueger did not want to, or could not, adequately reference Wundt's comprehensive

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as the philosophers who had the most influence on the formation of his own views. Those who follow up these references will find that Wundt critically analysed both these thinkers' ideas. He distanced himself from Herbart's science of the soul and, in particular, from his "mechanism of mental

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Leipzig was a world-famous centre for the new psychology after 1874. There are various interpretations regarding why Wundt's influence after the turn of the century, i.e. during his lifetime, rapidly waned and from his position as founding father Wundt became almost an outsider. A survey was

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Unlike the great majority of contemporary and current authors in psychology, Wundt laid out the philosophical and methodological positions of his work clearly. Wundt was against the founding empirical psychology on a (metaphysical or structural) principle of soul as in Christian belief in an

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and meant thereby two fundamentally different ways of considering the postulated psychophysical unit, not just two views in the sense of Fechner's theory of identity. Wundt derived the co-ordinated consideration of natural causality and mental causality from Leibniz's differentiation between

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considered Wundt's approach as follows: "A major advantage of Wundt's philosophy is that it neither consciously nor unconsciously takes metaphysics back to its beginnings, but strictly distinguishes between empirical-scientific and epistemological-metaphysical approaches, and considers each

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Typical contrast effects are to be seen in sensory perceptions, in the course of emotions and in volitional processes. There is a general tendency to order the subjective world according to opposites. Thus many individual, historical, economic and social processes exhibit highly contrasting

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Wundt determined that "psychology is an empirical science co-ordinating natural science and humanities, and that the considerations of both complement one another in the sense that only together can they create for us a potential empirical knowledge." He claimed that his views were free of

2421:– this was meant with reference to Francis Bacon – general, i.e. far beyond the scientific rules of the empirical sciences, so not necessarily a statistically evaluated laboratory experiment. For Wundt psychological experimentation primarily served as a check of trained self-observation. 4896:

Jürgen Jahnke: Wilhelm Wundts akademische Psychologie 1886/87. Die Vorlesungsnachschriften von Albert Thumb Freiburg. In: Jürgen Jahnke, Jochen Fahrenberg, Reiner Stegie, Eberhard Bauer (Hrsg.): Psychologiegeschichte – Beziehungen zu Philosophie und Grenzgebieten. Profil, München 1998,

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Wundt exposed himself to criticism with his theoretical and experimental psychologically differentiated apperception psychology as opposed to elemental association psychology, and with his comprehensive research programme on a development theory of the human intellect, now seen as an

1874:, i.e. volition and voluntary tendency, principles of epistemology and the perspectivism of thought. Wundt's differentiation between the "natural causality" of neurophysiology and the "mental causality" of psychology (the intellect), is a direct rendering from Leibniz's epistemology. 1473:, of the early 20th century. The dynamics of cultural development were investigated according to psychological and epistemological principles. Psychological principles were derived from Wundt's psychology of apperception (theory of higher integrative processes, including association, 1725:

with observations and psychophysiological measurement in research on feelings. Wundt considered the methodology of his linguistic psychological investigations (Vols. 1 and 2 of Völkerpsychologie) to be the most fruitful path to adequate psychological research on the thought process.

1216:

psychology of consciousness with its own categories and epistemological principles. Psychology examines the "entire experience in its immediately subjective reality." The task of psychology is to precisely analyse the processes of consciousness, to assess the complex connections (

4473:

Traugott K. Oesterreich: (1923/1951). Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie. IV. Die Deutsche Philosophie des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts und der Gegenwart (15. Aufl., 1951, unveränd. Nachdr. der völlig neubearb. 12. Aufl.). Mittler & Sohn, Tübingen 1923, pp. 343–360,

4317:

Wolfgang G. Bringmann, Ryan D. Tweney (Eds.): Wundt studies, 1980; Wolfgang G. Bringmann, Eckart Scheerer (Eds.): Wundt centennial issue, 1980, Volume 42, pp. 1–189; Robert W. Rieber, David K. Robinson (Eds.): Wilhelm Wundt in history: The making of a scientific psychology,

1319:. The initial conceptual outlines of the 30-year-old Wundt (1862, 1863) led to a long research program, to the founding of the first Institute and to the treatment of psychology as a discipline, as well as to a range of fundamental textbooks and numerous other publications. 2409:– specifically not a scientific physiological psychology, because by writing the adjective with a small letter Wundt wanted to avoid this misunderstanding that still exists today; for him it was the use of physiological aids in experimental general psychology that mattered. 2593:Über die Aufgabe der Philosophie in der Gegenwart. Rede gehalten zum Antritt des öffentlichen Lehramts der Philosophie an der Hochschule in Zürich am 31. Oktober 1874. (On the Task of Philosophy in the present), (Philosophische Monatshefte. 1874, Vol 11, pp. 65–68). 1671:"Given its position between the natural sciences and the humanities, psychology really does have a great wealth of methodological tools. While, on the one hand, there are the experimental methods, on the other hand, objective works and products in cultural development ( 4337:

Felix Krueger: Eröffnung des XIII. Kongresses. Die Lage der Seelenwissenschaft in der deutschen Gegenwart. In: Otto Klemm (Hrsg.): Bericht über den XIII. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie in Leipzig vom 16.–19. Oktober 1933. Fischer, Jena 1934, pp.

785:

Wundt retired in 1917 to devote himself to his scientific writing. According to Wirth (1920), over the summer of 1920, Wundt "felt his vitality waning ... and soon after his eighty-eighth birthday, he died ... a gentle death on the afternoon of Tuesday, August 3"

4525:

2215:, signed the patriotic call to arms as did about 4,000 professors and lecturers in Germany, and during the following years he wrote several political speeches and essays that were also characterized by the feeling of a superiority of German science and culture. 4788:

Jochen Fahrenberg: Wilhelm Wundts Neuropsychologie (Wilhelm Wundt's neuropsychology). D. Emmans & A. Laihinen (Eds.). Comparative Neuropsychology and Brain Imaging: Commemorative publication in honour of Prof. Dr. Ulrike Halsband. LIT-Verlag, Vienna 2015b,

2218:

During Wundt's early Heidelberg time he espoused liberal views. He co-founded the Association of German Workers' Associations. He was a member of the liberal Progressive Party of Baden. From 1866 to 1869 he represented Heidelberg in the Baden States Assembly.

3798:

Immanuel Kant: Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht. Schriften zur Anthropologie, Geschichtsphilosophie, Politik und Pädagogik. (Immanuel Kant Werkausgabe. Band 6). hrsg. von Wilhelm Weischedel. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1798/1983, pp.

565:, pendulums, electrical devices, timers, and sensory mapping devices, and was known to assign an instrument to various graduate students with the task of developing uses for future research in experimentation. Between 1885 and 1909, there were 15 assistants. 4759:

Jochen Fahrenberg: Zur Kategorienlehre der Psychologie. Komplementaritätsprinzip. Perspektiven und Perspektiven-Wechsel.(On categories in psychology. Complementarity principle, perspectives, and perspective-taking). Pabst Science Publishers, Lengerich 2013,

1224:

Psychology is 'not a science of the individual soul . Life is a uniform mental and physical process that can be considered in a variety of ways in order to recognise general principles, particularly the psychological-historical and biological principles of

5102: 1061:(Zwecksetzung), and volitional acts (Willenstätigkeit) to be specific and fundamental categories for psychology. He frequently used the formulation "the human as a motivated and thinking subject" in order to characterise features held in common with the 1534:

The ten volumes consist of: Language (Vols. 1 and 2), Art (Vol. 3), Myths and Religion (Vols. 4 – 6), Society (Vols. 7 and 8), Law (Vol. 9), as well as Culture and History (Vol. 10). The methodology of cultural psychology was mainly described later, in

2602:

Logik. Eine Untersuchung der Principien der Erkenntnis und der Methoden wissenschaftlicher Forschung. (Logic. An investigation into the principles of knowledge and the methods of scientific research), (Enke, Stuttgart 1880–1883; 4th ed. 1919–1921, 3

473:

and published a textbook about human physiology. However, his main interest, according to his lectures and classes, was not in the medical field – he was more attracted by psychology and related subjects. His lectures on psychology were published as

1366:

were clear when he wrote of the language of ordinary people, who merely invoked their personal experiences of life, criticized naive introspection, or quoted the influence of uncritical amateur ("folk") psychology on psychological interpretation.

1260:(Wundt, 1879, 1892). While Freud frequently quoted from Wundt's work, Wundt remained sceptical about all hypotheses that operated with the concept of "the unconscious".For Wundt it would be just as much a misunderstanding to define psychology as a 2037:

ethical decisions. At the end of this rational idea he recognised a practical ideal: the idea of humanity as the highest yardstick of our actions and that the overall course of human history can be understood with regard to the ideal of humanity.

1121:

in contrast to the natural causality of neurophysiology, and a corresponding methodology. There are two fundamentally different approaches of the postulated psychophysical unit, not just two points-of-view in the sense of Gustav Theodor Fechner's

2017:. He demands, however, that the empirical-psychological and derived metaphysical voluntarism are kept apart from one another and firmly maintained that his empirical psychology was created independently of the various teachings of metaphysics. 2374:

Possibly the most important reason for Wundt's relatively low influence might lie in his highly ambitious epistemologically founded conception of psychology, in his theory of science and in the level of difficulty involved in his wide-ranging

1806:

Wundt demands co-ordinated analysis of causal and teleological aspects; he called for a methodologically versatile psychology and did not demand that any decision be made between experimental-statistical methods and interpretative methods

891:"Nihil est in intellectu quod non fuerit in sensu, nisi intellectu ipse." (Leibniz, Nouveaux essais, 1765, Livre II, Des Idées, Chapitre 1, § 6). – Nothing is in the intellect that was not first in the senses, except the intellect itself. 400:

minister, and Marie Frederike, née Arnold (1797–1868). Two of Wundt's siblings died in childhood; his brother, Ludwig, survived. Wundt's paternal grandfather was Friedrich Peter Wundt (1742–1805), professor of geography and pastor in

1733:"We therefore generally describe the epitome of the methods as interpretation that is intended to provide us with an understanding of mental processes and intellectual creation." Wundt clearly referred to the tradition of humanistic 4932:

Anneros Meischner-Metge: Wilhelm Wundt und seine Schüler. In: Horst-Peter Brauns (Ed.): Zentenarbetrachtungen. Historische Entwicklungen in der neueren Psychologie bis zum Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts. Peter Lang, Frankfurt a.M. 2003,

3130:

4821:

Jochen Fahrenberg: Wilhelm Wundts Kulturpsychologie (Völkerpsychologie): Eine Psychologische Entwicklungstheorie des Geistes (Wilhelm Wundt's cultural psychology: A psychological theory on the development of mind). (2016b) PsyDok

2273:. The purpose of the association is "the maintenance and restoration of the Wundt home in keeping with its listed building status, as well as its appropriate use". The association was founded on the initiative of Jüttemann (2014). 4327:

Thomas Rammsayer, Stefan Troche (Eds.): Reflexionen der Psychologie. 100 Jahre Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie. Bericht über den 44. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie in Göttingen 2004. Hogrefe: Göttingen

1432:

Wundt describes apperceptive processes as psychologically highly differentiated and, in many regards, bases this on methods and results from his experimental research. One example is the wide-ranging series of experiments on the

1109:

in psychology must be content to seek the effects of the antecedent causes without being able to derive exact predictions. Using the example of volitional acts, Wundt describes possible inversion in considering cause and effect,

2182:

in Berlin has a 1918 shellac disk on which Wundt repeats the closing words of his inaugural lecture (given in Zürich on 31 October 1874 and re-read in 1918 for documentation purposes): "On the task of philosophy in the present"

1842:

representations" and pseudo-mathematical speculations. While Wundt praised Kant's critical work and his rejection of a "rational" psychology deduced from metaphysics, he argued against Kant's epistemology in his publication

4885:

Carl F. Graumann: Die Verbindung und Wechselwirkung der Individuen im Gemeinschaftsleben. In: Gerd Jüttemann (Ed.): Wilhelm Wundts anderes Erbe. Ein Missverständnis löst sich auf. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2006,

2386:

Through his definition of "soul" as an actual process, Wundt gave up the metaphysical idea of a "substantial carrier"; his psychology without a soul was heavily criticized by several contemporary and later psychologists and

1894:. With his epistemology of mental causality, he differed from contemporary authors who also advocated the position of parallelism. Wundt had developed the first genuine epistemology and methodology of empirical psychology. 980:(also only 1st ed. of 1886). Wundt's work remains largely inaccessible without advanced knowledge of German. Its reception, therefore, is still greatly hampered by misunderstandings, stereotypes and superficial judgements. 4604:

Wolfgang G. Bringmann, N. J. Bringmann, W. D. Balance: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt 1832 – 1874: The formative years. In: W.G. Bringmann, R. D. Tweney (Eds.). Wundt studies. A centennial Collection. Hogrefe, Toronto 1980,

4579:

Arthur L. Blumenthal: Leipzig, Wilhelm Wundt, and psychology's gilded age. In: G.A. Kimble, M. Wertheimer, M. (Eds.). Portraits of pioneers in psychology. Vol. III. American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

2596:Über den Einfluss der Philosophie auf die Erfahrungswissenschaften. Akademische Antrittsrede gehalten in Leipzig am 20. November 1875. (On the Impact of Philosophy on the empirical Sciences), (Engelmann, Leipzig 1876). 1153:, whereby individual aspirations (striving, volitional acts) play an essential role. Wundt developed psychological concepts, used experimental psychological methods and put forward neuropsychological modelling in the 4619:

Wolfgang G. Bringmann, N. J. Bringmann, G. A. Ungerer: The establishment of Wundt's laboratory: An archival and documentary study. In: Wolfgang Bringmann, Ryan D. Tweney (Eds.): Wundt Studies. Hogrefe, Toronto 1980,

4939:

Till Meyer: Das DFG-Projekt "Erschließung und Digitalisierung des Nachlasses von Wilhelm Wundt" an der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig. In: Leipziger Jahrbuch für Buchgeschichte, 2015, Volume 23, pp. 347–357.

4480:

Lothar Sprung: Wilhelm Wundt – Bedenkenswertes und Bedenkliches aus seinem Lebenswerk. In: Georg Eckardt (Hrsg.): Zur Geschichte der Psychologie. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1979, pp. 73–82.

3308: 4928:

Wolfram Meischner, Anneros Metge: Wilhelm Wundt – progressives Erbe, Wissenschaftsentwicklung und Gegenwart. Protokoll des internationalen Symposiums. Karl-Marx-Universität, Leipzig 1979. Pahl-Rugenstein, Köln

4889:

Hildebrandt, H. (1989). Psychophysischer Parallelismus. In: J. Ritte, K. Gründer (Hrsg.). Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1989, Volume 7, pp. 101–107.

1268:. Numerous behavioural and psychological variables had already been observed or measured at the Leipzig laboratory. Wundt stressed that physiological effects, for example the physiological changes accompanying 579:

The laboratory grew and encompassed a total of eleven rooms. The Psychological Institute, as it became known, eventually moved to a new building that Wundt had designed specifically for psychological research.

861:. He created a broad research programme in empirical psychology and developed a system of philosophy and ethics from the basic concepts of his psychology – bringing together several disciplines in one person. 2633:

Ueber psychische Causalität und das Princip des psycho-physischen Parallelismus. (On mental Causality and the Principle of psycho-physical Parallelism). (Philosophische Studien. 1894, Vol 10, pp. 1–124).

7289: 3515:

G. W. Leibniz: Die Prinzipien der Philosophie und Monadologie (Les principles de la philosophie ou la monadologie. 1714/1720). In: Thomas Leinkauf (Hrsg.): Leibniz. Eugen Diederichs Verlag, München 1996, S.

2664:

Das Institut für experimentelle Psychologie. In: Festschrift zur Feier des 500 jährigen Bestehens der Universität Leipzig, ed. by Rektor und Senat der Universität Leipzig, 1909, 118–133. (S. Hirzel, Leipzig

2400:

Wundt's terminology also created difficulties because he had – from today's point-of-view – given some of his most important ideas unfortunate names so that there were constant misunderstandings. Examples

1082:

certain physical processes or, figuratively expressed, run 'parallel to one another'." Although the inner experience is based on the functions of the brain there are no physical causes for mental changes.

4660:

Kurt Danziger: On the threshold of the New Psychology: Situating Wundt and James. In: W.G. Bringmann, E. D. Tweney (Eds.). Wundt Studies. A Centennial Collection. Hogrefe, Toronto, 1980, pp. 362–379.

4936:

Anneros Meischner-Metge: Die Methode der Forschung. In: G. Jüttemann (Hrsg.): Wilhelm Wundts anderes Erbe. Ein Missverständnis löst sich auf. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2006, pp. 131–143.

3357:

Kurt Danziger(1980): On the threshold of the New Psychology: Situating Wundt and James. In: W. G. Bringmann, E. D. Tweney (Eds.): Wundt Studies. A Centennial Collection (pp. 362–379). Hogrefe: Toronto.

1846:(What Kant should we reject?) 1892 with regard to the forms of perception and presuppositions, as well as Kant's category theory and his position in the dispute on causal and teleological explanations. 1177:

to the highest cultural achievements in language, religion and ethics. Unlike other thinkers of his time, Wundt had no difficulty connecting the development concepts of the humanities (in the spirit of

825:

Wundt was an honorary member of 12 scientific organizations or societies. He was a corresponding member of 13 academies in Germany and abroad. For example, he was elected an International Member of the

2311: 4483:

Eleonore Wundt: Wilhelm Wundt. Deutsches Biographisches Jahrbuch (hrsg. vom Verband der Deutschen Akademien). Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Berlin 1928. Überleitungsband II, 1917–1920, pp. 626–636.

2259:(based in Heidelberg), "a scientific association with a limited number of members set up with the aim of promoting fundamental psychological research and further developing it through its efforts." 3606:

Christfried Tögel: Freud und Wundt. Von der Hypnose bis zur Völkerpsychologie. In: B. Nitzschke (Ed.). Freud und die akademische Psychologie. Urban & Schwarzenberg: München: 1989, pp. 97–105.

4159:

M. Takasuma: The Wundt Collection in Japan. In: R.W. Rieber, D. K. Robinson (Hrsg.): Wilhelm Wundt in history: The making of a scientific psychology. Kluwer-Academic, New York 2001, pp. 251–258.

1857:

as well as theories on the mathematisation of the world by removing the domain of the mind from this view. Leibniz developed a new concept of the soul through his discussion on substance and

1229:. Wundt demanded an understanding of the emotional and the volitional functions, in addition to cognitive features, as equally important aspects of the unitary (whole) psychophysical process. 2445:– not an absolute metaphysical postulate, but a primary empirically psychologically based accentuation of motivated action against the intellectualism and cognitivism of other psychologists. 7284: 2427:– not in the sense of the smallest structure, but as a smallest unit of the intended level under consideration, so that, for example, even the central nervous system could be an "element". 4774:

Jochen Fahrenberg: Theoretische Psychologie – Eine Systematik der Kontroversen (Theoretical psychology – A system of controversies). Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers, Lengerich 2015a.

4365:

Arthur L. Blumenthal: Wilhelm Wundt – Problems of interpretation. In: W.G. Bringmann, E.D. Tweney. (Eds.). Wundt Studies. A Centennial Collection. Hogrefe, Toronto 1980, pp. 435–445.

2322:

assistants and hardly any textbook authors in the subsequent two generations have adopted Wundt's broad theoretical horizon, his demanding scientific theory or the multi-method approach.

1338:

neurophysiology and neurology, physiology, anatomy and histology. A second area of work was sensory physiology, including spatial perception, visual perception and optical illusions. An

1292:

among all the empirical sciences it was "the one whose results most benefit the examination of the general problems of epistemology and ethics – the two fundamental areas of philosophy."

5035:

Maximilian Wontorra, Anneros Meischner-Metge, Erich Schröger (Hrsg.): Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) und die Anfänge der experimentellen Psychologie. Institut für Psychologie. Leipzig 2004.

1803:

In addition to these four principles, Wundt explained the term of intellectual community and other categories and principles that have an important relational and insightful function.

505:. They married on 14 August 1872 in Kiel. The couple had three children: Eleanor (1876–1957), who became an assistant to her father in many ways, Louise, called Lilli, (1880–1884) and 3366:

Tweeny, D., Yachanin, S. A. (1980): Titchener's Wundt. (S. 380–395). In: W. G. Bringmann, E. D. Tweney (Eds.). Wundt Studies. A Centennial Collection (pp. 380–395). Hogrefe: Toronto.

2191:

The last Wundt biography which tried to represent both Wundt's psychology and his philosophy was by Eisler (1902). One can also get an idea of Wundt's thoughts from his autobiography

4925:

Friedrich A. Lange: Geschichte des Materialismus und Kritik seiner Bedeutung in der Gegenwart. (8. erw. Aufl. 1908, hrsg. und bearbeitet von Hermann Cohen). Baedeker, Iserlohn 1866.

4522:

Otto Klemm: Zur Geschichte des Leipziger Psychologischen Instituts. In: A. Hoffmann-Erfurt (Hrsg.): Wilhelm Wundt. Eine Würdigung. 2. Auflage. Stenger, Erfurt 1924, pp. 93–101.

2639:Über naiven und kritischen Realismus I–III. (On naive and critical Realism). (Philosophische Studien. 1896–1898, Vol 12, pp. 307–408; Vol 13, pp. 1–105, pp. 323–433). 1157:

of the brain system – in line with today's thinking. Apperception exhibits a range of theoretical assumptions on the integrative process of consciousness. The selective control of

1612:), through his demand for research hypotheses founded on both neurological and psychological thinking, and through his neuropsychological concept of an apperception centre in the 7279: 4990:

Gustav A. Ungerer: Forschungen zur Biographie Wilhelm Wundts und zur Regionalgeschichte. Gesammelte Aufsätze 1978–1997. Ein Logbuch. Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 2016.

2469:

Like other important psychologists and philosophers, Wundt was subject to ideological criticism, for example by authors of a more Christianity-based psychology, by authors with

1126:

hypothesis. Psychological and physiological statements exist in two categorically different reference systems; the important categories are to be emphasised in order to prevent

2020:

Wundt interpreted intellectual-cultural progress and biological evolution as a general process of development whereby, however, he did not want to follow the abstract ideas of

1117:

Wundt's position differed from contemporary authors who also favoured parallelism. Instead of being content with the postulate of parallelism, he developed his principles of

2379:

of perspectivism and a change in perspective an apparently straightforward approach is preferred, i.e. research oriented upon either the natural sciences or the humanities.

587:

The list of Wundt's lectures during the winter terms of 1875–1879 shows a wide-ranging programme, 6 days a week, on average 2 hours daily, e.g. in the winter term of 1875:

1778:(context principle). This principle says that "every individual mental content receives its meaning through the relationships in which it stands to other mental content." 1029:, an "immediate reality of an event in the psychological experience". The relationships of consciousness, i.e. the actively organising processes, are no longer explained 4974:

Eckhard Scheerer: Psychologie. In: J. Ritter, K. Gründer (Hrsg.). Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie. Schwabe & Co., Basel 1989, Volume 7 (pp. 1599–1654).

4834:

Jochen Fahrenberg: Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920). Gesamtwerk: Einführung, Zitate, Rezeption, Kommentare, Rekonstruktionsversuche. Pabst Science Publishers, Lengerich 2018.

4848:

Jochen Fahrenberg: Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920). Introduction, Quotations, Reception, Commentaries, Attempts at Reconstruction. Pabst Science Publishers, Lengerich 2020.

2094:. Moral rules are the legislative results of a universal intellectual development, but are neither rigidly defined nor do they simply follow changing life conditions. 7294: 1898:

motivation theory. The central theme of "unity in the manifold" (unitas in multitudine) also originates from Leibniz, who has influenced the current understanding of

2454:

expanded into three volumes and the ten volumes of Völkerpsychologie, all the books on philosophy and important essays on the theory of science remain untranslated.

524:

In 1875, Wundt was promoted to professor of "Inductive Philosophy" in Zurich, and in 1875, Wundt was made professor of philosophy at the University of Leipzig where

2169:

One-third of Wundt's own library was left to his children Eleonore and Max Wundt; most of the works were sold during the times of need after the First World War to

699:(one of the founders of Princeton's Department of Psychology and who made important contributions to early psychology, psychiatry, and to the theory of evolution). 2680:

Elemente der Völkerpsychologie. Grundlinien einer psychologischen Entwicklungsgeschichte der Menschheit. (Elements of Cultural Psychology), (Kröner, Leipzig 1912).

2082:

On the one hand, Ethics is a normative discipline while, on the other hand, these 'rules' change, as can be seen from the empirical examination of culture-related

964:

These 22 volumes cover an immense variety of topics. On examination of the complete works, however, a close relationship between Wundt's theoretical psychology,

7299: 4436:: Founders of modern psychology. Appleton, New York 1912 (Wilhelm Wundt. Der Begründer der modernen Psychologie. Vorwort von Max Brahn. Meiner, Leipzig 1914). 2652:Über empirische und metaphysische Psychologie (On empirical and metaphysical Psychology). (Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie. 1904, Vol 2, pp. 333–361). 191:

Untersuchungen über das Verhalten der Nerven in entzündeten und degenerierten Organen (Research of the Behaviour of Nerves in Inflamed and Degenerated Organs)

4540:

Araujo, Saulo de Freitas (2012). "Why did Wundt abandon his early theory of the unconscious? Towards a new interpretation of Wundt's psychological project".

1795:

The consequences of an action extend beyond the original intended purpose and give rise to new motives with new effects. The intended purpose always induces

491: 2590:

Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie (Principles of physiological Psychology), (Engelmann, Leipzig 1874; 5th ed. 1902–1903; 6th ed. 1908–1911, 3 Vols).

1286:

as a science of the direct experience it contrasts with the natural sciences that refer to the indirect content of experience and abstract from the subject;

4971:

Robert W. Rieber, David K. Robinson (Eds.): Wilhelm Wundt in history: The making of a scientific psychology. Kluwer-Academic, New York 1980 (2nd ed. 2001).

2333:

met with worldwide resonance, Wundt's cultural psychology (ethno-psychology) appeared to have had a less widespread impact. But there are indications that

993:

Wilhelm Wundt conducted experiments on memory, which would be considered today as iconic memory, short-term memory, and enactment and generation effects.

773:

Much of Wundt's work was derided mid-century in the United States because of a lack of adequate translations, misrepresentations by certain students, and

3193:

J. Ben-David, R. Collins: Social factors in the origins of a new science: The case of psychology. American Sociological Review, 1966, Volume 31, 451–465.

2606:

Ueber die Messung psychischer Vorgänge. (On the measurement of mental events). (Philosophische Studien. 1883, Vol 1, pp. 251–260, pp. 463–471).

2575:

Vorlesungen über die Menschen- und Tierseele (Lectures about Human and Animal Psychology), (Voss, Leipzig Part 1 and 2, 1863/1864; 4th revised ed. 1906).

1596:

would have expressed Wundt's intentions even better. The intellectual potential and heuristics of Wundt's Cultural Psychology are by no means exhausted.

4496:: Die moderne Psychologie. Eine kritische Geschichte der deutschen Psychologie in der zweiten Hälfte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. Haacke, Leipzig 1901. 1105:) causality of the consciousness process. Both causalities, however, are not opposites in a dualistic metaphysical sense, but depend on the standpoint. 4448:

Georg Lamberti: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (1832–1920). Leben, Werk und Persönlichkeit in Bildern und Texten. Deutscher Psychologen Verlag, Berlin 1995,

3380:[Wilhelm Wundt — pioneer in psychology and outsider? Basic concepts and their reception] (in German). Leibniz Institut für Psychologie (ZPID). 1678:

Psychology is an empirical science and must endeavor to achieve a systematic procedure, examination of results, and criticism of its methodology. Thus

2587:

Untersuchungen zur Mechanik der Nerven und Nervenzentren (Investigations upon the Mechanisms of Nerves and Nerve-Centres), (Enke, Erlangen 1871–1876).

5001:

Wong, Wan-chi (2009). "Retracing the footsteps of Wilhelm Wundt: Explorations in the disciplinary frontiers of psychology and in Völkerpsychologie".

2581:

Die physikalischen Axiome und ihre Beziehung zum Causalprincip (Physical Axioms and their Bearing upon Causality Principles), (Enke, Erlangen 1866).

7259: 2063:(1886, 3rd ed. in 2 Vols., 1903), whose introduction stressed how important development considerations are in order to grasp religion, customs and 6341: 5097: 2151: 2698:

Völkerpsychologie und Entwicklungspsychologie (Cultural Psychology and Developmental Psychology). . (Psychologische Studien. 1916, 10, 189–238).

3058: 553:

by Wundt, and it soon attracted young scholars from all over the world who were eager to learn about the new science that Wundt had developed.

2618:Über Ziele und Wege der Völkerpsychologie. (On Aims and Methods of Cultural Psychology). (Philosophische Studien. 1888, Vol 4, pp. 1–27). 7264: 7249: 7239: 2950: 2178:

Archive's stock includes copies of 613 letters, Wundt's will, lists from Wundt's original library, and other materials and 'Wundtiana': The

1149:

is Wundt's central theoretical concept. Leibniz described apperception as the process in which the elementary sensory impressions pass into

4519:

Woolf Cohen: Knowledge and Reality in the Philosophy of Wilhelm Max Wundt. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 1923.

2748:

1901 The Principles of Morality and the Departments of the Moral Life. Trans. Washburn, M.F. London: Swan Sonnenschein; New York: Macmillan

942:(Logic. An investigation into the principles of knowledge and the methods of scientific research), (1880–1883; 4th ed. 1919–1921, 3 Vols.); 3534:

Nicolai Hartmann. Der Aufbau der realen Welt. Grundriss der allgemeinen Kategorienlehre. De Gruyter, Berlin 1940, 2nd ed. 1949, pp.87 ff.)

2751:

1896 (2nd ed.) Lectures on human and animal psychology. Creighton, J.G., Titchener, E.B., trans. London: Allen. Translation of Wundt, 1863

2584:

Handbuch der medicinischen Physik (Handbook of Medical Physics), (Enke, Erlangen 1867). (Digitalisat und Volltext im Deutschen Textarchiv)

2226:

Wilhelm Wundt's son, philosopher Max Wundt, had an even more clearly intense, somewhat nationalist, stance. Although not a member of the

506: 5113: 5068:

Paul Ziche: Wissenschaftslandschaften um 1900: Philosophie, die Wissenschaften und der nichtreduktive Szientismus. Chronos, Zürich 2008.

1853:

Leibniz, but praised Leibniz's thinking on the two-hundredth anniversary of his death in 1916. He did, however, disagree with Leibniz's

7234: 363:

in 1991 ranked Wundt's reputation as first for "all-time eminence", based on ratings provided by 29 American historians of psychology.

6960: 4645: 4412: 3241: 1643:

research programme on the highest integrative processes. He is therefore a forerunner of current research on cognitive and emotional

1276:. Further developing these methodological approaches one-sidedly would ultimately, however, lead to a behavioural physiology, i.e. a 7244: 2655:Über Ausfrageexperimente und über die Methoden zur Psychologie des Denkens. (Psychologische Studien. 1907, Vol 3, pp. 301–360). 6397: 5646: 4908:

Gerd Jüttemann (Ed.): Wilhelm Wundts anderes Erbe. Ein Missverständnis löst sich auf. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 2006,

3378:"Wilhelm Wundt — Pionier der Psychologie und Außenseiter? Leitgedanken der Wissenschaftskonzeption und deren Rezeptionsgeschichte" 3264: 2615:

Ethik. Eine Untersuchung der Tatsachen und Gesetze des sittlichen Lebens. (Ethics), (Enke, Stuttgart 1886; 3rd ed. 1903, 2 Vols.).

1923:

was also criticised for its claim that ethical norms had been culturally changed in the course of human intellectual development.

1307:(now known as general psychology, i.e. areas such as perception, attention, apperception, volition, will, feelings and emotions); 7274: 6626: 5032:

Maximilian Wontorra, Ingrid Kästner, Erich Schröger (Hrsg.): Wilhelm Wundts Briefwechsel. Institut für Psychologie. Leipzig 2011.

2668:

Psychologismus und Logizismus (Psychologism and Logizism). Kleine Schriften. Vol 1 (pp. 511–634). (Engelmann, Leipzig 1910).

2599:

Der Spiritismus – eine sogenannte wissenschaftliche Frage. (Spiritism – a so-called scientific Issue), (Engelmann: Leipzig 1879).

2195:(1920). Later biographies by Nef (1923) and Petersen (1925) up to Arnold in 1980 restrict themselves primarily to the psychology 5183: 4770:

Wilhelm Wundt — Pionier der Psychologie und Außenseiter? Leitgedanken der Wissenschaftskonzeption und deren Rezeptionsgeschichte

4734:

Wilhelm Wundt — Pionier der Psychologie und Außenseiter? Leitgedanken der Wissenschaftskonzeption und deren Rezeptionsgeschichte

1240:

mental processes a topic of scientific psychology for epistemological and methodological reasons. In his day there were, before

7269: 6250: 5741: 2154:

includes a total of 589 German and foreign-language editions for the period from 1853 to 1950 MPI für Wissenschaftsgeschichte:

1870:

actuality, psychophysical parallelism, combination of causal and teleological analysis, apperception theory, the psychology of

2636:

Ueber die Definition der Psychologie (On the Definition of Psychology). (Philosophische Studien. 1896, Vol 12, pp. 9–66).

1114:, and explains how causal and teleological explanations can complement one another to establish a co-ordinated consideration. 478:

in 1863–1864. Wundt applied himself to writing a work that came to be one of the most important in the history of psychology,

7254: 6797: 4995: 4853: 4839: 4794: 4779: 4765: 4728:

Außenseiter? Leitgedanken der Wissenschaftskonzeption und deren Rezeptionsgeschichte. (Wilhelm Wundt – pioneer in psychology

4712: 4685: 4573: 2915: 2661:Über reine und angewandte Psychologie (On pure and applied Psychology). (Psychologische Studien. 1909, Vol 5, pp. 1–47). 1624: 2498:

the controversy about the psychology of elemental (passive-mechanic) association and integrative (self-active) apperception,

5341: 4499:

Arthur Hoffmann-Erfurt (Hrsg.): Wilhelm Wundt. Eine Würdigung. (1. Aufl. 1922, 2. verm. Aufl. 1924). Stenger, Erfurt 1924.

2754:

1893 (3rd ed.) Principles of physiological psychology. Titchener, E.B., trans. London: Allen. Translation of Wundt, 1874.

7229: 7224: 6619: 6334: 6178: 5809: 4439:

Alan Kim: "Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).

4919:

Alan Kim: "Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)

4281:

Paul Ziche: Wissenschaftslandschaften um 1900: Philosophie, die Wissenschaften und der nichtreduktive Szientismus, 2008.

1694:, but Wundt expressed himself optimistic that methodological improvements could be of help here. He later admitted that 6369: 5804: 4236:

Emil Kraepelin: Nachruf Wilhelm Wundt. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 1920, Volume 61, 351–362.

2572:

Beiträge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung (Contributions on the Theory of Sensory Perception), (Winter, Leipzig 1862).

1936: 1203:, including the differentiation of subject and object in the perception, and the principle of causality. With his term 490:

In 1867, near Heidelberg, Wundt met Sophie Mau (1844–1912). She was the eldest daughter of the Kiel theology professor

310:; 16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physiologist, philosopher, and professor, one of the fathers of modern 4873:

Graumann, Carl F. (1980). "Experiment, Statistik, Geschichte. Wundts erstes Heidelberger Programm einer Psychologie".

2199:

the philosophy. Eleonore Wundt's (1928) knowledgeable but short biography of her father exceeds many others' efforts.

1421:

variety of ways, analysed, associated and combined, as well as linked with motor and autonomic functions – not simply

954:(Cultural Psychology. An investigation into developmental laws of language, myth, and conduct), (1900–1920, 10 Vols.); 7214: 6980: 6975: 6928: 6609: 5040: 4913: 4902: 4625: 4613: 4464: 4453: 4399:

Bringmann, Wolfgang G.; Balance, W. D.; Evans, R. B. (1975). "Wilhelm Wundt 1832–1920: a brief biographical sketch".

4383:

Rieber, R. ed., 2013. Wilhelm Wundt and the making of a scientific psychology. Springer Science & Business Media.

2865: 190: 6230: 4568:

Saulo de F. Araujo: Wundt and the Philosophical Foundations of Psychology. A Reappraisal. Springer, New York 2016,

1057:

Wundt considered that reference to the subject (Subjektbezug), value assessment (Wertbestimmung), the existence of

3228:

Bringmann, W. G.; Balance, W. D. G.; Evans, R. B. (1975). "Wilhelm Wundt 1832–1920: A brief biographical sketch".

2485:, up to 1990. Wundt was involved in a number of scientific controversies or was responsible for triggering them: 6990: 1608:

as it existed at the time in three ways: through his criticism of the theory of localisation (then widespread in

1134:. In this regard, Wundt created the first genuine epistemology and methodology of empirical psychology (the term 735: 6303: 5155: 3420:

Carpenter, Shana K. (August 2005). "Some Neglected Contributions of Wilhelm Wundt to the Psychology of Memory".

3150:

Bringmann, Ungerer (1990). "The Foundation of the Institute for Experimental Psychology at Leipzig University".

2609:

Ueber psychologische Methoden. (On psychological Methods). (Philosophische Studien. 1883, Vol 1, pp. 1–38).

1915:. Wundt's position was decisively rejected by several Christianity-oriented psychologists and philosophers as a 894:

Principles that are not present in sensory impressions can be recognised in human perception and consciousness:

7160: 6327: 6225: 5676: 4721:

Georg Eckardt (Ed.): Völkerpsychologie - Versuch einer Neuentdeckung. Psychologie Verlags Union, Weinheim 1997.

2976:

J. H. Korn, R. Davis, S. F. Davis: "Historians' and chairpersons' judgements of eminence among psychologists".

2578:

Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen (Textbook of Human Physiology), (Enke, Erlangen 1864/1865, 4th ed. 1878).

2529: 1883: 827: 6283: 1799:

and knock-on effects that themselves become purposes, i.e. an ever-growing organisation through self-creation.

1001:

Psychology is interested in the current process, i.e. the mental changes and functional relationships between

706:

of the majority of American psychologists, first and second generation. – Worth mentioning are the Englishman

7219: 6255: 6138: 5440: 2658:

Kritische Nachlese zur Ausfragemethode. (Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie. 1908, Vol 11, pp. 445–459).

2281: 1932: 1501: 5107: 4864:

Eine Centenarbetrachtung (Ein Rückblick auf das Werk von Wilhelm Wundt und dessen Rezeption und Aktualität.)

4395:

Arthur L. Blumenthal: Wundt, Wilhelm. Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 25. Charles, New York (1970–1980).

3333: 1638:

Wundt based his central theory of apperception on neuropsychological modelling (from the 3rd edition of the

1572:

In retrospect, 'Völkerpsychologie' was an unfortunate choice of title because it is often misinterpreted as

711: 482:, in 1874. This was the first textbook that was written pertaining to the field of experimental psychology. 6850: 6843: 6265: 5887: 5082: 3103: 2492:

the Wundt-Meumann controversy about the necessary scope of the scientific principles of applied psychology,

831: 17: 5123: 5047:

Ziche, P (1999). "Neuroscience in its context. Neuroscience and psychology in the work of Wilhelm Wundt".

4844:

Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920). Gesamtwerk: Einführung, Zitate, Kommentare, Rezeption, Rekonstruktionsversuche.

3588:

Saulo de F. Araujo: Why did Wundt abandon his early theory of the unconscious? 2012, Volume 15, pp. 33–49.

1682:

must be trained and is only permissible under strict experimental control; Wundt decisively rejects naive

1289:

as a science "of generally valid forms of direct human experience it is the foundation of the humanities";

6702: 6677: 6662: 6293: 4858:

Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920). Introduction, Quotations, Reception, Commentaries, Attempts at Reconstruction.

4824:

Wilhelm Wundts Kulturpsychologie (Völkerpsychologie): Eine Psychologische Entwicklungstheorie des Geistes

3377: 3286: 2569:

Die Geschwindigkeit des Gedankens (The Velocity of Thought), (Die Gartenlaube 1862, Vol 17, p. 263).

6288: 1811:). Whenever appropriate, he referred to findings from interpretation and experimental research within a 6088: 5386: 2907:

50 Psychology Classics: Who We Are, How We Think, What We Do: Insight and Inspiration from 50 Key Books

2482: 1878: 1862: 1655:

is now taken for granted, but Wundt's contribution towards this development has almost been forgotten.

1441:. In research on feelings, certain effects are provoked while pulse and breathing are recorded using a 1283:

Psychology is an empirical humanities science. Wundt was convinced of the triple status of psychology:

1078: 4529:

Leonore Wundt: Wilhelm Wundts Werke. Ein Verzeichnis seiner sämtlichen Schriften. Beck, München, 1927.

884:(Contributions on the Theory of Sensory Perception) published in 1862, by his use of a quotation from 6875: 6855: 6763: 6759: 6682: 6374: 6220: 6212: 5842: 5576: 5452: 4920: 4440: 2879: 2720: 2649:

Gustav Theodor Fechner. Rede zur Feier seines hundertjährigen Geburtstags. (Engelmann, Leipzig 1901).

1849: 1656: 885: 680: 537: 3406: 3051: 2646:

Einleitung in die Philosophie (Introduction to Philosophy), (Engelmann, Leipzig 1909; 8th ed. 1920).

2102:

are strictly rejected. In his view, only the universal intellectual life can be considered to be an

1565:), thus providing but a much abridged insight into Wundt's differentiated cultural psychology. (The 940:

Logik. Eine Untersuchung der Prinzipien der Erkenntnis und der Methoden wissenschaftlicher Forschung

430: 6880: 6520: 6505: 6494: 6471: 5462: 5430: 5366: 5334: 2179: 2014: 1944: 1838: 1621:

questions could not be rendered precisely enough on the anatomical and physiological levels alone.

1497: 1405: 1226: 1042: 692: 434: 421:

study method, and facilitated his development into the prominent psychological figure he is today.

306: 116: 2701:

Leibniz. Zu seinem zweihundertjährigen Todestag. 14. November 1916. (Kröner Verlag, Leipzig 1917).

2683:

Die Psychologie im Kampf ums Dasein (Psychology's Struggle for Existence). (Kröner, Leipzig 1913).

1747:

the simple prerequisites of the linking of psychological facts that cannot be further extrapolated

822:

for Science and Arts. He was nominated three times for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

791: 450: 221: 7118: 6865: 6860: 6833: 6768: 6722: 6717: 6652: 6545: 6245: 5852: 5774: 5532: 5497: 5482: 5477: 5467: 5416: 1493: 1277: 1183: 854: 326: 159: 134: 5196:

Caution: Earlier translations of Wundt's publications are of a highly questionable reliability.

3597:

Saulo de F. Araujo: Wundt and the Philosophical Foundations of Psychology. A Reappraisal. 2016.

3202:

Sprung: Wilhelm Wundt – Bedenkenswertes und Bedenkliches aus seinem Lebenswerk. 1979, pp. 73–82.

2621:

System der Philosophie (System of Philosophy), (Engelmann, Leipzig 1889: 4th ed. 1919, 2 Vols.).

2302:

advised us and often got involved in the experiments; he was also available to us at any time."

2248:

Wilhelm Wundt Stiftung und Verband Freunde des Psychologischen Instituts der Universität Leipzig

751: 679:(who contributed to the development of industrial psychology and taught at Harvard University), 7073: 7063: 6481: 6407: 6364: 6260: 6063: 5902: 5779: 5759: 5706: 5616: 5571: 5542: 5517: 5447: 5435: 5401: 5078: 4433: 4430:: W. Wundts Philosophie und Psychologie. In ihren Grundlehren dargestellt. Barth, Leipzig 1902. 1948: 1928: 1709:

Experimental psychology in Leipzig mainly lent on four methodological types of assessment: the

1257: 723: 664: 588: 541: 529: 496: 346: 334: 2689:

Sinnliche und übersinnliche Welt (The Sensory and Supersensory World), (Kröner, Leipzig 1914).

2566:

Lehre von der Muskelbewegung (The Patterns of Muscular Movement), (Vieweg, Braunschweig 1858).

2175: 1816:

without precedent and has, since then, rarely been achieved by another individual researcher.

1782:

The Principle of mental contrasts or reinforcement of opposites or development in dichotomies.

6923: 6918: 6870: 6838: 6828: 6787: 6567: 6444: 6350: 6240: 6235: 5920: 5862: 5814: 5641: 5606: 5581: 5472: 5361: 3393: 1764:, as an essential epistemological principle of empirical psychology – long before the phrase 1703: 1474: 1135: 1123: 1014: 573:

Wilhelm Wundt (seated) with colleagues in his psychological laboratory, the first of its kind

461:

in 1858 with responsibility for teaching the laboratory course in physiology. There he wrote

458: 359: 330: 217: 177: 3771:

Ch. S. Sherrington: The integrative Action of the Nervous System. Henry Frowde, London 1911.

3479:

Wundt: Ueber psychische Causalität und das Princip des psycho-physischen Parallelismus, 1894

2736: 2624:

Grundriss der Psychologie (Outline of Psychology), (Engelmann, Leipzig 1896; 14th ed. 1920).

1465:, 1900–1920, 10 Vols.) which also contains the evolution of Arts, Law, Society, Culture and 1272:, were only tools of psychology, as were the physical measurements of stimulus intensity in 667:(the father of the child psychology movement and adolescent developmental theorist, head of 557:

for the construction of suitable instruments and collected many pieces of equipment such as

7209: 7204: 6903: 6898: 6773: 6657: 6562: 6535: 6417: 5847: 5784: 5686: 5596: 5426: 5411: 5270: 5160: 3218:

Außenseiter? Leitgedanken der Wissenschaftskonzeption und deren Rezeptionsgeschichte, 2011.

2695:

Die Nationen und ihre Philosophie (Nations and Their Philosophies), (Kröner, Leipzig 1915).

2677:

Probleme der Völkerpsychologie (Problems in Cultural Psychology). (Wiegandt, Leipzig 1911).

2361:

1904/2004, it was without the principal ideas of his psychology and philosophy of science.

1585: 1505: 1161:

is an elementary example of such active cognitive, emotional and motivational integration.

672: 660: 525: 438: 417: 389: 231: 83: 79: 4227:

Mark Michalski: Der Gang des deutschen Denkens. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2010.

2704:

Die Weltkatastrophe und die deutsche Philosophie . (Keysersche Buchhandlung, Erfurt 1920).

1463:

Social Psychology. An Investigation of the Laws of Evolution of Language, Myth, and Custom

1459:

Völkerpsychologie. Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythus und Sitte

1412:) are mainly formed through the frequency and intensity of particular processes. His term 952:

Völkerpsychologie. Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythos und Sitte

763: 410: 8: 6965: 6647: 6540: 6515: 6500: 6429: 5691: 5681: 5666: 5631: 5626: 5611: 5591: 5586: 5457: 5396: 5327: 5313: 5287: 5256: 5238: 5218: 5207: 4493: 4386:

Alfred Arnold: Wilhelm Wundt – Sein philosophisches System. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1980.

3025: 2740: 2545: 2334: 2086:. Wundt's ethics can, put simply, be interpreted as an attempt to mediate between Kant's 1940: 1808: 1699: 1644: 1470: 1261: 1245: 858: 755: 259: 163: 138: 5298: 5277: 5252: 5245: 5228: 4512:

Festschrift. Wilhelm Wundt zum siebzigsten Geburtstage. Überreicht von seinen Schülern.

4505:

Festschrift. Wilhelm Wundt zum siebzigsten Geburtstage. Überreicht von seinen Schülern.

2732:

1969? Outlines of Psychology. 1897. Tr. Judd, C.H. St. Clair Shores, MI: Scholarly Press

1449:

with its three dimensions: pleasant – unpleasant, tense – relaxed, excited – depressed.

1352:. It shows how straight lines appear curved when seen against a set of radiating lines. 637: 243: 7113: 7068: 6955: 6778: 6599: 6434: 6424: 6158: 6038: 5872: 5819: 5731: 5726: 5661: 5601: 5561: 5487: 5093: 5088: 4960: 4801:

Fahrenberg, Jochen (2016). "Leibniz' Einfluss auf Wundts Psychologie und Philosophie".

4502:

Edmund König: W. Wundt. Seine Philosophie und Psychologie. F. Frommann, Stuttgart 1901.

3453: 3091: 3039: 2230:(NSDAP), Max Wundt wrote about national traditions and race in philosophical thinking. 1980: 1886:). The psychological and physiological statements exist in two categorically different 1769: 1755: 1434: 1150: 1106: 767: 703: 696: 645: 470: 442: 255: 122: 6278: 3633:

Wundt: Völkerpsychologie, 1900, Volume 1, p. 15; Wundt: Logik, 1921, Volume 3, p. 297.

3265:"Unserem grossen Lehrer Wilhelm Wundt in unauslöschlicher Dankbarkeit zum Gedächtnis!" 3169: 3000: 1702:

were also of only limited value, for example in psychophysics or in the evaluation of

1686:. Wundt provided a standard definition of psychological experiments. His criticism of 1651:

in the network of cortical and limbic functions. This concept of an interdisciplinary

7172: 6945: 6802: 6592: 6557: 6451: 6390: 6183: 6173: 6098: 6073: 5754: 5711: 5636: 5537: 5522: 5406: 5371: 5260: 5169: 5133: 5118: 5056: 5036: 5018: 4991: 4964: 4909: 4898: 4849: 4835: 4790: 4775: 4761: 4708: 4681: 4666: 4649: 4621: 4609: 4569: 4557: 4460: 4449: 4445:

Edmund König: Wilhelm Wundt als Psycholog und als Philosoph. Fromman, Stuttgart 1901.

4416: 4192: 3445: 3437: 3245: 2911: 2861: 2764: 2502: 2170: 2111: 1581: 1520: 1174: 895: 676: 251: 7043: 6308: 6298: 5150: 5124:

Universität Heidelberg: Wilhelm Wundt und die Institutionalisierung der Psychologie.

4608:

Wolfgang G. Bringmann, Ryan D. Tweney (Eds.): Wundt studies. Hogrefe, Toronto 1980,

4392:: A history of experimental psychology (2nd ed.) The Century Company, New York 1950. 3027:

Untersuchungen über das Verhalten der Nerven in entzündeten und degenerirten Organen

2643:

Leipzig 1900 to 1920; some vol. revised or reprinted, 3rd ed.1919 ff; 4th ed. 1926).

2415:– not naive introspection, but with training and experimental control of conditions. 2040: 819: 743: 731: 714:(Personalist philosopher and head of the Philosophy department at the university of 247: 7143: 7098: 7078: 6614: 6604: 6587: 6193: 6188: 6053: 6048: 5948: 5769: 5716: 5671: 5656: 5651: 5527: 5502: 5178: 5138: 5119:

Universität Leipzig: Wilhelm Wundt und die Anfänge der experimentellen Psychologie.

5029:

Maximilian Wontorra: Frühe apparative Psychologie. Der Andere Verlag, Leipzig 2009.

5010: 4952: 4810: 4748: 4700: 4673: 4641: 4593: 4549: 4408: 4182: 3429: 3381: 3237: 2478: 1968: 1891: 1887: 1679: 1339: 1131: 1127: 1066: 707: 668: 446: 341: 281: 207: 202: 4739:

Fahrenberg, Jochen (2012). "Wilhelm Wundts Wissenschaftstheorie der Psychologie".

3457: 3267:[In eternal gratitude to the memory of our great teacher Wilhelm Wundt!]. 2630:

Hypnotismus und Suggestion. (Hypnotism and Suggestion). (Engelmann: Leipzig 1892).

1445:. The observed differences were intended to contribute towards supporting Wundt's 7133: 7093: 7015: 6970: 6807: 6712: 6697: 6672: 6486: 6466: 6163: 6128: 6068: 6018: 5507: 5302: 5294: 5128: 4389: 3385: 2905: 2342: 2010: 1988: 1960: 1605: 1566: 1478: 1349: 1200: 1179: 1094: 865: 684: 653: 453:, before joining the Heidelberg University's staff, becoming an assistant to the 397: 396:) on 16 August 1832, the fourth child to parents Maximilian Wundt (1787–1846), a 263: 235: 105: 5165: 4814: 4752: 4704: 2495:

the Wundt-Bühler controversy about the methodology of the psychology of thought,

2323: 1861:, on dynamic spiritual change, and on the correspondence between body and soul ( 625: 582: 239: 7184: 7053: 6913: 6552: 6461: 6203: 6123: 6118: 6083: 6058: 6028: 6023: 6008: 6003: 5983: 5978: 5958: 5749: 4477:

Peter Petersen: Wilhelm Wundt und seine Zeit. Frommanns Verlag, Stuttgart 1925.

2707:

Erlebtes und Erkanntes. (Experience and Realization). (Kröner, Stuttgart 1920).

2671:

Kleine Schriften (Shorter Writings), 3 Volumes, (Engelmann, Leipzig 1910–1911).

2298: 2208: 2099: 1976: 1613: 1550: 1513: 1344: 1299:

core of Wundt's areas of interest and guiding ideas can already be seen in his

1187: 1154: 1111: 1030: 972:

can be seen. English translations are only available for the best-known works:

899: 747: 649: 5306: 5200: 4866: 4459:

Wolfram Meischner, Erhard Eschler: Wilhelm Wundt. Pahl-Rugenstein, Köln 1979,

2117: 2110:

in his speech as Rector of Leipzig University in 1889 on the centenary of the

1698:

and mathematics were only applicable for very elementary conscious processes.

1169:

The fundamental task is to work out a comprehensive development theory of the

7198: 7103: 7038: 7010: 6938: 6667: 6582: 6108: 6093: 6078: 6033: 5998: 5963: 5943: 5933: 5907: 5867: 5799: 5701: 5696: 4677: 4427: 3441: 2549: 2346: 2306: 2103: 2095: 2076: 1984: 1972: 1952: 1912: 1908: 1899: 1834: 1761: 1687: 1683: 1438: 1273: 1241: 1022: 930:(Principles of Physiological Psychology), (1874; 6th ed. 1908–1911, 3 Vols.); 727: 629: 558: 533: 368: 364: 4646:

10.1002/1520-6696(197907)15:3<205::AID-JHBS2300150303>3.0.CO;2-P

4413:

10.1002/1520-6696(197507)11:3<287::AID-JHBS2300110309>3.0.CO;2-L

3242:

10.1002/1520-6696(197507)11:3<287::AID-JHBS2300110309>3.0.CO;2-L

2489:

the Wundt-Zeller controversy about the measurability of awareness processes,

2439:– not just an increase in attention, but a central and multimodal synthesis. 101: 7148: 7128: 7083: 7058: 7048: 7020: 6950: 6908: 6782: 6736: 6707: 6687: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6113: 6103: 6043: 6013: 5993: 5892: 5789: 5492: 5376: 5060: 5022: 4653: 4561: 4420: 4254:

Araujo, 2016; Fahrenberg, 2011, 2015, 2016; Graumann, 1980; Jüttemann 2006.

4196: 3449: 3433: 3249: 2513: 2255: 2107: 2033: 1920: 1796: 1734: 1675:) also offer up abundant material for comparative psychological analysis". 1652: 1577: 1265: 1237: 1146: 1046: 965: 797: 759: 719: 688: 600: 592: 511: 466: 319: 142: 5089:

Max Planck Institute for the History of Science: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt.

4943:

Rappard, H. V. (1980). "A monistic interpretation of Wundt's psychology".

4857: 4843: 4829: 4823: 3862:

Wundt: Vorlesungen über Menschen- und Tierseele, 1863, Volume 1, p. 435 f.

3092:"David K. Robinson on an important meeting of minds at Leipzig University" 2106:. Wundt also spoke on the idea of humanity in ethics, on human rights and 2013:). Wundt extrapolated this empirically founded volitional psychology to a 1446: 815: 615:, Historical and General Philosophy were included in the following terms. 7138: 7123: 7108: 7088: 7005: 6933: 6750: 6740: 6727: 6692: 6642: 6572: 6525: 6412: 6402: 6198: 5988: 5973: 5938: 5794: 5721: 5421: 4978:

Ungerer, Gustav A. (1980). "Wilhelm Wundt als Psychologe und Politiker".

4783: 4769: 4733: 2470: 2140: 2072: 2046: 1812: 1695: 1509: 1034: 969: 774: 734:). – Students (or visitors) who were later to become well known included 406: 6319: 4732:

outsider? Basic concepts and their reception) e-book, 2011. PsyDok ZPID

4516:. (= Philosophische Studien. 20. Band), Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1902. 4509:. (= Philosophische Studien. 19. Band), Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1902. 3741:

Fahrenberg: Wilhelm Wundts Kulturpsychologie (Völkerpsychologie), 2016b.

1569:

part of the title already demonstrates the low level of understanding).

1236:

Psychology is concerned with conscious processes. Wundt rejected making

7025: 6754: 6745: 6732: 6476: 6439: 6133: 5968: 5764: 5621: 5512: 5350: 4956: 4597: 2692:Über den wahrhaften Krieg (About the Real War), (Kröner, Leipzig 1914). 2506: 2474: 2338: 2227: 2212: 2091: 2059:

Parallel to Wundt's work on cultural psychology he wrote his much-read

1964: 1956: 1854: 1790: 1482: 1062: 1018: 1002: 877: 873: 869: 739: 608: 604: 568: 502: 501:

and his wife Louise, née von Rumohr, and a sister of the archaeologist

402: 314:. Wundt, who distinguished psychology as a science from philosophy and 311: 167: 7179: 3817:

Fahrenberg: Theoretische Psychologie, 2015a, pp. 115–126; pp. 228–234.

2726:

1974 The Language of Gestures. Ed. Blumenthal, A.L. Berlin: De Gruyter

1311:(Wundt's Völkerpsychologie) as development theory of the human mind); 7290:

Members of the Second Chamber of the Diet of the Grand Duchy of Baden

6792: 6385: 6168: 5953: 5857: 5014: 4553: 4141:

Boring: A history of experimental psychology (2nd ed.), 1950, p. 345.

3032:

Research on the behaviour of nerves in burned and degenerating organs

2886:(Winter 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2686:

Reden und Aufsätze. (Addresses and Extracts). (Kröner, Leipzig 1913).

2087: 2068: 2021: 1903:

opposites that only resolve themselves when considered more deeply."

1858: 1617: 1609: 1573: 1442: 1253: 1158: 1058: 1026: 1006: 911: 907: 903: 715: 612: 454: 4187: 4170: 3561:

Wundt: Über empirische und metaphysische Psychologie, 1904, pp. 336.

675:(Director of the School of Education at the University of Chicago), 6812: 6530: 5882: 5877: 5837: 3170:"Homepage des Instituts für Psychologie an der Universität Leipzig" 2083: 2064: 2025: 1660: 1517: 1409: 1269: 838: 641: 393: 385: 75: 71: 4695:

Danziger, Kurt (2001). "Wundt and the Temptations of Psychology".

4245:

Rudolf Eisler: W. Wundts Philosophie und Psychologie, 1902, p. 13.

3140:

Wundt: Das Institut für experimentelle Psychologie, 1909, 118–133.

2395: 1207:, Wundt distinguishes himself from other philosophical positions. 6510: 3497:

Fahrenberg: Zur Kategorienlehre der Psychologie, 2013, S. 86–131.

2029: 1327: 1010: 841: 811: 633: 315: 5215:

Ethics: An Investigation of the Facts and Laws of the Moral Life

4470:

Willi Nef: Die Philosophie Wilhelm Wundts. Meiner, Leipzig 1923.

1713:

with their various measurement techniques in psychophysics; the

43: 6577: 5552: 3642:

Wundt: Beiträge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung, 1862, p. XI.

1927:

Wundt primarily refers to Leibniz and Kant, more indirectly to

1890:; the main categories are to be emphasised in order to prevent 810:

Wundt was awarded honorary doctorates from the Universities of

794:

with his wife, Sophie, and their daughters, Lilli and Eleanor.

184: 4632:

Danziger, Kurt (1979). "The positivist repudiation of Wundt".

3916:

Meischner-Metge: Die Methode der Forschung, 2006, pp. 131–143.

1663:

in his textbook, but not Wundt's neuropsychological concepts.

726:– not to mention those students who became philosophers (like 648:, a pioneer in applied psychology), and cultural psychologist 5319: 2355:

XXII International Congress for Psychology in Leipzig in 1980

1021:. Mental (psychological) phenomena are changing processes of 596: 583:

Wundt's teaching in the Institute for Experimental Psychology

562: 532:(1801–1887) had initiated research on sensory psychology and 405:. When Wundt was about six years of age, his family moved to 7285:

Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences

4584:

Bringmann, Wolfgang G.; Scheerer, Eckart (1980). "Preface".

4209:

Inventory UAT 228 with inventory lists UAT 228/16 to 228/24.

1659:

repeatedly quotes Wundt's research on the physiology of the

687:(founder of the first psychological clinic in his country), 337:. This marked psychology as an independent field of study. 6456: 5897: 4784:

Theoretische Psychologie – Eine Systematik der Kontroversen

4724:

Jochen Fahrenberg: Wilhelm Wundt - Pionier der Psychologie

3624:

Wundt: Grundriss der Psychologie, 1920, 14th ed., pp. 18 f.

2552:(complementary approaches) has by no means been exhausted. 2118:

Logic, epistemology and the scientific theory of psychology

1170: 1038: 2464: 1280:, and not to a general psychology and cultural psychology. 1186:) with the biological theory of evolution as expounded by 663:(the first professor of psychology in the United States), 354:(from 1905 to 1917), to publish the institute's research. 287: 3552:

Wundt: Über die Definition der Psychologie, 1896, pp. 21.

2145:

Wilhelm Wundt commemorative plaque, University of Leipzig

924:(Textbook of Human Physiology) (1864/1865, 4th ed. 1878); 4069:

Wundt: Die Psychologie im Kampf ums Dasein. 1913, p. 37.

4060:

Wundt: Die Psychologie im Kampf ums Dasein. 1913, p. 24.

4042:

Wundt: System der Philosophie, 1919, Volume 1, pp. IX f.

3615:

Fahrenberg: Theoretische Psychologie, 2015, pp. 310–314.

2729:

1973 An Introduction to Psychology. New York: Arno Press

2264:

Wundt-Stiftung e.V. und Förderverein Wundt-Stiftung e.V.

1525:

Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft

547: 465:(1858–1862). In 1864, he became associate professor for 5185:

Wilhelm Wundt and the making of a scientific psychology

4828:

Jochen Fahrenberg: Wundt-Nachlass (2016c). PsyDok ZPID

4096:

Wundt: System der Philosophie, 1919, Volume 1, p. IX f.

3570:

Wundt: Grundriss der Psychologie, 1920, 14th ed. p. 14.

3543:

Wundt: Über naiven und kritischen Realismus, 1896–1898.

1717:

for chronometry in the psychology of apperception; the

1647:

in the prefrontal cerebral cortex, and on hypothetical

1233:

clearly understood as the mechanism of a pocket watch."

7280:

Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

5129:

Wundt's Lectures at the University of Zürich 1874–1875

3126: 3124: 3122: 2326:

had already ruled cultural and animal psychology out.

2162:

University Library. The catalogue is available at the

2135: 1492:

Stimulated by the ideas of previous thinkers, such as

1220:), and to find the laws governing such relationships. 1199:

metaphysics and were based on certain epistemological

936:(System of Philosophy), (1889; 4th ed. 1919, 2 Vols.); 4398: 4078:

Wundt: System der Philosophie, 1919, Volume 1, p. 17.

3227: 2250:, founded by former assistants and friends of Wundts. 290: 284: 4347:

Wundt: Über Ausfrageexperimente, 1907, p. 301ff

4218:

Signature T90/447, length of recording is 2 minutes.

3705:

Wundt Völkerpsychologie, 1911, 3rd ed. Vol. 1, p. 1.

3214:

Fahrenberg: Wilhelm Wundt – Pionier der Psychologie

2674:

Einführung in die Psychologie. (Dürr, Leipzig 1911).

2364: 1824: 293: 3119: 2790:

gestorben 31. August 1920 in Großbothen bei Leipzig

1544:

fundamental dynamic motives in cultural development

1303:(Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology) of 1863: 1089:Wundt follows Leibniz and differentiates between a 4665: 3961:Fahrenberg: Zur Kategorienlehre, 2013, S. 288–296. 3210: 3208: 2710:Kleine Schriften. Vol 3. (Kröner, Stuttgart 1921). 2477:scientific opinions, or from the point-of-view of 2292: 424: 4634:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 4583: 4401:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 4169:Wade, N. J.; Sakurai, K.; Gyoba, J. Jiro (2007). 3230:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 2871: 2207:At the start of the First World War, Wundt, like 1740: 1164: 1077:Influenced by Leibniz, Wundt introduced the term 983: 7196: 4168: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2794:müssen ihn im Geist und in der Wahrheit anbeten. 2788:geboren 16. August 1832 in Neckarau bei Mannheim 2391:interdisciplinary or trans-disciplinary project. 1052: 516:(1879–1963), who became a philosophy professor. 333:, Wundt founded the first formal laboratory for 5098:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 3979:reception analysis, see Fahrenberg 2011, 2015a. 3880:Wundt: Grundriss der Psychologie, 1920, p. 401. 3470:Wundt: Grundriss der Psychologie, 1920, S. 393. 3221: 3205: 2396:Misunderstandings of basic terms and principles 2271:Förderverein Wilhelm-Wundt-Haus in Grossbothen. 2152:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 1991:, all of whom are more rarely quoted by Wundt. 960:(Outline of Psychology), (1896; 14th ed. 1920). 519: 463:Contributions to the Theory of Sense Perception 7295:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 5191: 4862:Jochen Fahrenberg: Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920). 4033:Wundt: Grundriss der Psychologie, 1896, p. 22. 3898:Wundt: Grundzüge, 1902–1903, Volume 3, p. 789. 3889:Wundt: Grundzüge, 1902–1903, Volume 3, S. 785. 3853:Wundt: Logik, 1921, 4th ed., Volume 3, p. 297. 3844:Wundt, 1921, pp. 62 ff, 238 f; 1920a, p. 372.) 3687:Wundt: Grundzüge, 1902, Volume 2, pp. 263–369. 3579:Wundt: Grundzüge, 1902–1903, Volume 3, S. 777. 2341:, among others, were influenced by it. In his 1244:, influential authors such as the philosopher 445:from Heidelberg (1856), with doctoral advisor 318:, was the first person ever to call himself a 7300:Members of the American Philosophical Society 6335: 5335: 5134:Wundt's Lectures at the University of Leipzig 4893:Pahl-Rugenstein, Köln 1980, pp. 107–117. 4150:Fahrenberg, 2016; Meyer, 2015; Ungerer, 2016. 3780:Wundt: Logik, 1921, 4th ed., Volume 3, p. 51. 3758: 3756: 3116:Wontorra: Frühe apparative Psychologie, 2009. 3106:on 12 August 2013 – via google scholar. 2937: 2903: 2882:, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), 2481:philosophy and social theory, as in Leipzig, 1666: 1072: 976:(only the single-volume 1st ed. of 1874) and 628:(a professor at the University of Würzburg), 4087:Wundt: System der Philosophie, 1897, p. 377. 3871:Wundt: Erlebtes und Erkanntes, 1920, p. 183. 3506:Wundt: Grundzüge, 1902–1903, Band 3, S. 769. 2817:died 31 August 1920 in Großbothen in Leipzig 2287: 2130: 1594:psychological development theory of the mind 1576:. Wundt also considered calling it (Social) 1301:Vorlesungen über die Menschen- und Tierseele 1264:in the sense of the later concept of strict 618: 4867:https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.5580 4051:Wundt, System der Philosophie, 1897, p. 33. 3762:Fahrenberg: Wundts Neuropsychologie, 2015b. 2999:Craig, Gordon Alexander (22 October 1999). 2932:Das Institut für experimentelle Psychologie 2815:born 16 August 1832 in Neckarau in Mannheim 2714: 1911:or in a philosophy that argues "substance"- 1766:the whole is more than the sum of its parts 1210: 847: 6342: 6328: 5342: 5328: 5151:Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie. 4800: 4738: 4272:Fahrenberg: Wilhelm Wundt, 2011, S. 14–16. 3753: 3723:Wundt, Völkerpsychologie. Vol. 10, p. 195. 3714:Wundt, Völkerpsychologie. Vol. 10, p. 189. 3375: 3034:] (MD thesis). University of Frieburg. 2948: 2910:. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. p. 2. 2805:Gott ist die Liebe und wer in Liebe bleibt 2359:German Society for Experimental Psychology 1371:Beiträge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung 882:Beiträge zur Theorie der Sinneswahrnehmung 636:and a pioneer in pedagogical psychology), 42: 6998: 6961:Relationship between religion and science 6349: 4186: 3750:Ziche: Neuroscience in its context, 1999. 3419: 3149: 2452:Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie 1831:Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie 1487:Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie 1408:, according to which mental connections ( 1387:Main Features of Physiological Psychology 1383:Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie 928:Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie 603:; and during the subsequent summer term: 4872: 4830:Wilhelm Wundts Nachlass. Eine Übersicht. 4694: 4663: 4631: 3089: 2821:must worship him in spirit and in truth. 2528: 2312:Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie 2139: 2039: 1673:Objektivationen des menschlichen Geistes 1623: 1469:, is a milestone project, a monument of 1326: 1248:(1901), who postulated a metaphysics of 948:(Ethics), (1886; 3rd ed. 1903, 2 Vols.); 857:as a discipline and became a pioneer of 796: 567: 371:were ranked a distant second and third. 325:He is widely regarded as the "father of 27:German founder of psychology (1832–1920) 7260:Academic staff of Heidelberg University 5235:Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology 4977: 4942: 4487: 4171:"Guest editorial essay. Whither Wundt?" 3525:Wundt, 1894; 1897; 1902–1903, Volume 3. 3071:Lamberti, 1995, pp. 81–86, pp. 114–134. 3057:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2884:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2819:God is Spirit and they that worship him 2465:Scientific controversies and criticisms 2003: 780: 476:Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology 429:Wundt studied from 1851 to 1856 at the 14: 7197: 5284:Principles of Physiological Psychology 5202:Principles of Physiological Psychology 5103:Wilhelm Wundt Bibliography 589 entries 4699:. Path in Psychology. pp. 69–94. 4539: 3907:Wundt: Grundzüge, 1902–1903, Volume 3. 2433:– cultural psychology – not ethnology. 2331:Principles of physiological Psychology 1452: 1399: 1065:and the categorical difference to the 974:Principles of physiological Psychology 914:and other epistemological principles. 485: 480:Principles of Physiological Psychology 6323: 5323: 5161:Wilhelm Wundt: Erlebtes und Erkanntes 5046: 3488:Wundt: Logik. 1921, Band 3, S. 15–19. 3262: 3023: 2998: 2783:The main part of the inscription is: 2560: 2535:Southwest University Chongqing, China 2524: 2279:Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie 2202: 1983:, as well as French thinkers such as 1955:regarding psychology. In addition to 1745:What is meant by these principles is 1376: 922:Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen 548:Laboratory of Experimental Psychology 305: 7265:Academic staff of Leipzig University 7250:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni 7240:People from the Grand Duchy of Baden 5000: 3732:Tr. Schaub, E.L. Allen, London 1916. 1776:The Principle of relational analysis 1592:would have been more fitting though 1025:. They can only be determined as an 805: 624:own right. They include the Germans 5139:Alan Kim: Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt. 4123:Wundt: Ethik, 1886, Vorwort p. III. 3988:Wundt: Erlebtes und Erkanntes, 1920 2877: 2858:Psychology the Science of Behaviour 2807:der bleibt in Gott und Gott in ihm. 2803:gestorben 15. April 1914 in Leipzig 2443:Voluntaristic tendency, voluntarism 2242:or Associations have been founded: 2136:Publications, libraries and letters 1193: 24: 5114:Universität Leipzig: Wilhelm Wundt 3934:Wundt: Grundzüge,1874, Chapter 19. 3269:Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie 3174:psychologie.biphaps.uni-leipzig.de 2832:God is love and who abides in love 2792:Gott ist Geist und die ihn anbeten 2739:. Tr. Schaub, E.L. London: Allen ( 2233: 2122:Wundt divided up his three-volume 2071:(as an attempt to mediate between 1937:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling 1604:Wundt contributed to the state of 1599: 1508:(with his ideas about comparative 917:Wundt's most important books are: 536:– and where two centuries earlier 25: 7311: 7235:20th-century German psychologists 6981:Sociology of scientific knowledge 6976:Sociology of scientific ignorance 6929:History and philosophy of science 5096:in the Virtual Laboratory of the 5072: 4533: 4024:Araoujo, 2016; Fahrenberg, 2016a. 2612:Essays (Engelmann, Leipzig 1885). 2555: 2365:Research on reception of his work 1825:Wundt's philosophical orientation 1360: 996: 830:in 1895 and of the United States 777:'s polemic with Wundt's program. 540:had developed his philosophy and 350:(from 1883 to 1903), followed by 7178: 7166: 5551: 5079:Works by and about Wilhelm Wundt 4377: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4331: 4321: 4311: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4221: 4212: 4203: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 3678:Wundt: Grundzüge, 1874, pp. 2–3. 2828:born 23 January 18, 1844 in Kiel 1633:, 1903, 5th ed. Vol. 1, p. 324.) 1093:causality (natural causality of 409:, then a small medieval town in 280: 5175:Works by or about Wilhelm Wundt 5144: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3808:Wundt: Grundzüge 1874, pp. 5–8. 3802: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3744: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3672: 3669:Wundt: Grundzüge, 1874, p. 858. 3663: 3654: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3413: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3326: 3301: 3279: 3256: 3196: 3187: 3162: 3143: 3134: 3110: 3090:Robinson, David (Autumn 2017). 3083: 3074: 3065: 2980:, 1991, Volume 46, pp. 789–792. 2860:. Pearson Education Inc. 2010. 2801:geboren 23. Januar 1844 in Kiel 2777: 2293:Reception by his contemporaries 2045:Wilhelm Wundt portrait bust by 1768:or supra-summation was used in 1721:in research on memory, and the 1342:described by him is called the 1141: 880:) – was made clear in his book 736:Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev 702:Wundt, thus, is present in the 632:(a professor in Leipzig and in 607:, Brain and Nerves, as well as 425:Education and Heidelberg career 7275:German philosophers of science 6370:Analytic–synthetic distinction 5349: 4308:Eckardt, 1997; Graumann, 2006. 4263:Wundt: Beiträge, 1862, p. XIV. 4114:(Grundzüge, 1902–1903, Vol. 3. 3651:Wundt: Beiträge, 1862, p. XVI. 3017: 2992: 2983: 2970: 2924: 2897: 2856:Neil Carlson, Donald C. Heth: 2850: 2834:abides in God and God in him. 2284:grants a Wilhelm-Wundt Medal. 2186: 1994: 1884:principle of sufficient reason 1741:Principles of mental causality 1559:Elemente der Völkerpsychologie 1404:Wundt rejected the widespread 1165:Development theory of the mind 984:Central themes in Wundt's work 837:Wundt's name was given to the 828:American Philosophical Society 340:He also established the first 13: 1: 7270:Rectors of Leipzig University 7245:University of Tübingen alumni 5647:Industrial and organizational 3660:Wundt: Grundzüge, 1874, p. 1. 2843: 2830:died 15 April 1914 in Leipzig 2719:References given by Alan Kim 2282:German Society for Psychology 2156:Werkverzeichnis Wilhelm Wundt 1933:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 1844:Was soll uns Kant nicht sein? 1819: 1692:independently thinking people 1502:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 1416:means that he considered the 1355: 1322: 1053:The delineation of categories 902:of thought, the principle of 790:Wundt is buried in Leipzig's 659:The Americans listed include 449:, Wundt studied briefly with 379: 7255:Heidelberg University alumni 5888:Human factors and ergonomics 5083:Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek 3970:Wundt: Leibniz, 1917, S.117. 3826:Wundt. Grundzüge, 1908–1910. 3386:10.23668/psycharchives.10417 1649:multimodal convergence zones 1549:Wundt saw examples of human 1485:(will), as presented in his 906:, the principle of purpose ( 832:National Academy of Sciences 520:Career in Zurich and Leipzig 374: 344:for psychological research, 214:Other academic advisors 7: 6703:Hypothetico-deductive model 6678:Deductive-nomological model 6663:Constructivist epistemology 5192:Earlier translations online 4705:10.1007/978-1-4615-0665-2_2 4132:Wundt: Ethik, 1886, p. 410. 4105:Wundt: Ethik, 1886, p. 577. 3376:Fahrenberg, Jochen (2011). 3080:Lamberti, 1995, pp. 87–113. 2949:Fahrenberg, Jochen (2019). 2904:Butler-Bowdon, Tom (2007). 2758: 2737:Elements of Folk Psychology 1829:In the introduction to his 1563:Elements of folk-psychology 10: 7316: 7230:19th-century psychologists 7225:Experimental psychologists 5156:Grundriss der Psychologie. 5108:Nachlass von Wilhelm Wundt 5094:Biography and bibliography 4372: 2989:Lamberti, 1995, pp. 15–22. 2880:"Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt" 2483:German Democratic Republic 2256:Wilhelm Wundt Gesellschaft 1879:psychophysical parallelism 1667:Methodology and strategies 1542:Wundt recognized about 20 1529:Methodology and Strategies 1079:psychophysical parallelism 1073:Psychophysical parallelism 712:Constantin Rădulescu-Motru 7157: 6989: 6891: 6821: 6764:Semantic view of theories 6683:Epistemological anarchism 6635: 6620:dependent and independent 6357: 6274: 6211: 5918: 5828: 5740: 5577:Applied behavior analysis 5560: 5549: 5385: 5357: 5241:and James E. Creighton.) 4815:10.1026/0033-3042/a000332 4753:10.1026/0033-3042/a000141 3997:Wundt, 1874; Wundt, 1875. 3289:. Nobel Prize. April 2020 3102:: 976–977. Archived from 3005:. Oxford University Press 2952:Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) 2934:. Leipzig, 1909, 118–133. 2509:and critical realism, and 2288:Reception of Wundt's work 2150:The list of works at the 2131:Complete works and legacy 2054: 1882:causality and teleology ( 1850:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1833:in 1874, Wundt described 988: 958:Grundriss der Psychologie 886:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 681:Edward Bradford Titchener 619:Wundt's doctoral students 538:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 269: 227: 213: 201: 183: 173: 155: 148: 130: 112: 90: 53: 41: 34: 7215:Physicians from Mannheim 6506:Intertheoretic reduction 6495:Ignoramus et ignorabimus 6472:Functional contextualism 5085:(German Digital Library) 4980:Psychologische Rundschau 4921:Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt 4875:Psychologische Rundschau 4803:Psychologische Rundschau 4741:Psychologische Rundschau 4697:Wilhelm Wundt in History 4678:10.1017/CBO9780511524059 4668:Constructing the Subject 4441:Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt 3789:Wundt, 1907, 1908, 1921. 2770: 2721:Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt 2715:Wundt's works in English 2407:physiological psychology 2266:(based in Bonn/Leipzig). 2180:German Historical Museum 2015:metaphysical voluntarism 1945:Johann Friedrich Herbart 1839:Johann Friedrich Herbart 1498:Johann Friedrich Herbart 1211:Definition of psychology 848:Overview of Wundt's work 693:Edward Wheeler Scripture 441:. After graduating as a 435:University of Heidelberg 276:Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt 117:University of Heidelberg 58:Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt 6991:Philosophers of science 6769:Scientific essentialism 6718:Model-dependent realism 6653:Constructive empiricism 6546:Evidence-based practice 5853:Behavioral neuroscience 5417:Behavioral neuroscience 5049:Physis Riv Int Stor Sci 4664:Danziger, Kurt (1990). 4356:Bringmann et al., 1980. 3024:Wundt, Wilhelm (1856). 2240:Wilhelm Wundt Societies 1917:psychology without soul 1877:Wundt devised the term 1494:Johann Gottfried Herder 1414:apperception psychology 1278:scientific reductionism 1218:psychische Verbindungen 1184:Johann Gottfried Herder 855:experimental psychology 327:experimental psychology 160:Experimental psychology 135:Experimental psychology 7074:Alfred North Whitehead 7064:Charles Sanders Peirce 5903:Psychology of religion 5843:Behavioral engineering 5780:Human subject research 5436:Cognitive neuroscience 5402:Affective neuroscience 5303:University of Michigan 5267:Outlines of Psychology 5261:University of Illinois 5229:University of Michigan 5209:Outlines of Psychology 5166:Works by Wilhelm Wundt 4945:Psychological Research 4586:Psychological Research 4434:Granville Stanley Hall 3434:10.2466/pr0.97.1.63-73 3401:Cite journal requires 3152:Psychological Research 2536: 2512:the controversy about 2501:the controversy about 2193:Erlebtes und Erkanntes 2164:Kalliope online portal 2147: 2051: 1949:Gustav Theodor Fechner 1929:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 1635: 1427:creatively synthesised 1334: 934:System der Philosophie 802: 724:Luftschiffbau Zeppelin 704:academic "family tree" 665:Granville Stanley Hall 589:Psychology of language 575: 542:theoretical psychology 530:Gustav Theodor Fechner 431:University of Tübingen 357:A survey published in 352:Psychologische Studien 347:Philosophische Studien 335:psychological research 7173:Philosophy portal 6924:Hard and soft science 6919:Faith and rationality 6788:Scientific skepticism 6568:Scientific Revolution 6351:Philosophy of science 6279:Wiktionary definition 5815:Self-report inventory 5810:Quantitative research 5311:Second Edition, 1910. 5275:Second Edition, 1902. 5250:Fourth Edition, 1907. 5243:Second Edition, 1896. 5226:Second Edition, 1902. 5003:History of Psychology 4869:(PDF; 1,09 MB). 2022. 4542:History of Psychology 3422:Psychological Reports 2978:American Psychologist 2532: 2143: 2043: 1789:The Principle of the 1704:population statistics 1627: 1330: 1305:individual psychology 1136:philosophy of science 800: 722:, the manager of the 571: 459:Hermann von Helmholtz 451:Johannes Peter Müller 360:American Psychologist 331:University of Leipzig 222:Johannes Peter Müller 218:Hermann von Helmholtz 178:University of Leipzig 7220:German psychologists 6899:Criticism of science 6774:Scientific formalism 6658:Constructive realism 6563:Scientific pluralism 6536:Problem of induction 5805:Qualitative research 5760:Behavior epigenetics 5292:First Edition, 1904. 5271:Charles Hubbard Judd 4488:Contemporary sources 4299:Külpe, 1893, p. 7ff. 3313:search.amphilsoc.org 3309:"APS Member History" 3287:"Nomination Archive" 2004:System of philosophy 1719:reproduction methods 1586:Community Psychology 1512:), the psychologist 1506:Wilhelm von Humboldt 1151:(self-)consciousness 1138:did not yet exist). 910:), the principle of 781:Retirement and death 752:Bronisław Malinowski 673:Charles Hubbard Judd 661:James McKeen Cattell 526:Ernst Heinrich Weber 439:University of Berlin 418:German Confederation 232:James McKeen Cattell 84:German Confederation 80:Grand Duchy of Baden 6966:Rhetoric of science 6904:Descriptive science 6648:Confirmation holism 6541:Scientific evidence 6501:Inductive reasoning 6430:Demarcation problem 6284:Wiktionary category 5848:Behavioral genetics 5820:Statistical surveys 5677:Occupational health 5412:Behavioral genetics 5288:Edward B. Titchener 5239:Edward B. Titchener 5219:Edward B. Titchener 5110:im Kalliope-Verbund 4905:, pp. 151–168. 4797:. pp. 348–373. 4628:, pp. 123–157. 4494:Eduard von Hartmann 3696:Wundt, 1863, p. IX. 2546:interdisciplinarity 2335:George Herbert Mead 2176:Tübingen University 1941:Arthur Schopenhauer 1809:qualitative methods 1758:or creative results 1700:Statistical methods 1645:executive functions 1616:. Wundt considered 1471:cultural psychology 1453:Cultural psychology 1400:Apperception theory 1348:, a variant of the 1309:cultural psychology 1262:behavioural science 1246:Eduard von Hartmann 1107:Causal explanations 888:on the title page: 868:position – against 859:cultural psychology 756:George Herbert Mead 652:, and the Armenian 492:Heinrich August Mau 486:Marriage and family 329:". In 1879, at the 260:Edward B. Titchener 164:Cultural psychology 139:Cultural psychology 7185:Science portal 7114:Carl Gustav Hempel 7069:Wilhelm Windelband 6956:Questionable cause 6779:Scientific realism 6600:Underdetermination 6435:Empirical evidence 6425:Creative synthesis 6256:Schools of thought 6159:Richard E. Nisbett 6039:Donald T. Campbell 5717:Sport and exercise 4957:10.1007/BF00308697 4598:10.1007/BF00308687 3943:Fahrenberg, 2016a. 3925:Fahrenberg, 2016b. 3263:Wirth, W. (1920). 3002:Germany, 1866–1945 2878:Kim, Alan (2022), 2561:Books and articles 2537: 2525:Wundt's excellence 2203:Political attitude 2148: 2052: 2032:, and by no means 1793:of purpose (ends). 1770:gestalt psychology 1756:creative synthesis 1723:expression methods 1711:impression methods 1636: 1447:theory of emotions 1435:mental chronometry 1406:association theory 1377:General psychology 1335: 896:logical inferences 803: 801:Wundt's gravestone 768:Benjamin Lee Whorf 697:James Mark Baldwin 646:Harvard University 576: 471:medical psychology 443:doctor of medicine 384:Wundt was born at 256:George M. Stratton 7192: 7191: 7034: 7033: 6946:Normative science 6803:Uniformitarianism 6558:Scientific method 6452:Explanatory power 6317: 6316: 6294:Wikimedia Commons 6221:Counseling topics 6184:Ronald C. Kessler 6174:Shelley E. Taylor 6099:Lawrence Kohlberg 6074:Stanley Schachter 5873:Consumer behavior 5755:Archival research 5523:Psycholinguistics 5407:Affective science 5312: 5293: 5286:. Volume 1. (Tr. 5276: 5251: 5244: 5227: 5217:. Volume 1. (Tr. 5170:Project Gutenberg 4996:978-3-89735-851-5 4933:pp. 156–166. 4854:978-3-95853-574-9 4840:978-3-95853-435-3 4795:978-3-643-90653-3 4780:978-3-95853-077-5 4766:978-3-89967-891-8 4714:978-1-4613-5184-9 4687:978-0-521-36358-7 4574:978-3-319-26634-3 4290:Wundt 1902, p. 6. 3952:Fahrenberg 2016a. 3338:www.nasonline.org 3131:pp. 156–166. 2917:978-1-85788-473-9 2810:A translation is: 2765:Anti-psychologism 2503:empirio-criticism 2431:Völkerpsychologie 2297:The psychiatrist 2171:Tohoku University 2112:French Revolution 1892:category mistakes 1888:reference systems 1754:The Principle of 1590:Kulturpsychologie 1582:Social Psychology 1521:Heymann Steinthal 1313:animal psychology 1175:animal psychology 1128:category mistakes 1041:' or an abstract 806:Awards and Honors 764:Ferdinand Tönnies 677:Walter Dill Scott 457:and physiologist 411:Baden-Württemberg 273: 272: 252:Walter Dill Scott 228:Doctoral students 150:Scientific career 126: 16:(Redirected from 7307: 7183: 7182: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7144:Bas van Fraassen 7099:Hans Reichenbach 7079:Bertrand Russell 6996: 6995: 6822:Philosophy of... 6605:Unity of science 6398:Commensurability 6344: 6337: 6330: 6321: 6320: 6251:Research methods 6194:Richard Davidson 6189:Joseph E. LeDoux 6064:George A. Miller 6054:David McClelland 6049:Herbert A. Simon 5949:Edward Thorndike 5770:Content analysis 5555: 5528:Psychophysiology 5344: 5337: 5330: 5321: 5320: 5310: 5291: 5274: 5249: 5242: 5225: 5179:Internet Archive 5064: 5026: 5015:10.1037/a0017711 4987: 4968: 4951:(1–2): 123–134. 4882: 4818: 4756: 4718: 4691: 4671: 4657: 4601: 4565: 4554:10.1037/a0024478 4424: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3751: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3389: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3225: 3219: 3212: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3117: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3096:Founding Fathers 3087: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3035: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2957: 2946: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2875: 2869: 2854: 2837: 2781: 2479:Marxist-Leninist 2413:Self-observation 2305:The philosopher 1969:John Stuart Mill 1715:reaction methods 1680:self-observation 1657:C.S. Sherrington 1457:Wilhelm Wundt's 1340:optical illusion 1205:critical realism 1194:Critical realism 1132:Nicolai Hartmann 1130:as discussed by 1119:mental causality 1067:natural sciences 789: 708:Charles Spearman 669:Clark University 640:(a professor in 638:Hugo Münsterberg 528:(1795–1878) and 515: 500: 447:Karl Ewald Hasse 342:academic journal 309: 304: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 289: 286: 244:Hugo Münsterberg 208:Karl Ewald Hasse 203:Doctoral advisor 197: 120: 97: 67: 65: 46: 32: 31: 21: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7188: 7177: 7167: 7165: 7153: 7134:Paul Feyerabend 7094:Michael Polanyi 7030: 7016:Galileo Galilei 6985: 6971:Science studies 6887: 6817: 6808:Verificationism 6713:Instrumentalism 6698:Foundationalism 6673:Conventionalism 6631: 6467:Feminist method 6353: 6348: 6318: 6313: 6270: 6246:Psychotherapies 6207: 6164:Martin Seligman 6129:Daniel Kahneman 6069:Richard Lazarus 6019:Raymond Cattell 5923: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5824: 5736: 5563: 5556: 5547: 5508:Neuropsychology 5388: 5381: 5353: 5348: 5194: 5147: 5075: 4886:pp. 52–68. 4715: 4688: 4605:pp. 12–32. 4536: 4490: 4390:Edwin G. Boring 4380: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4188:10.1068/p3602ed 4167: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3835:Wontorra, 2009. 3834: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3418: 3414: 3402: 3400: 3391: 3390: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3334:"Wilhelm Wundt" 3332: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3261: 3257: 3226: 3222: 3213: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3047: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2975: 2971: 2961: 2959: 2958:. 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Stanley Hall 220: 195: 141: 137: 119: 108: 99: 95: 86: 69: 63: 61: 60: 59: 49: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7313: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7175: 7163: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7119:W. V. O. Quine 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7054:Rudolf Steiner 7051: 7046: 7044:Henri Poincaré 7041: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6914:Exact sciences 6911: 6906: 6901: 6895: 6893: 6892:Related topics 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6851:Social science 6848: 6847: 6846: 6844:Space and time 6836: 6831: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6757: 6748: 6743: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6553:Scientific law 6550: 6549: 6548: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6462:Falsifiability 6459: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6391:Mill's Methods 6383: 6372: 6367: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6347: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6324: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204:Roy Baumeister 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6139:Michael Posner 6136: 6131: 6126: 6124:Elliot Aronson 6121: 6119:Walter Mischel 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6084:Albert Bandura 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6059:Leon Festinger 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6029:Neal E. Miller 6026: 6024:Abraham Maslow 6021: 6016: 6011: 6009:Ernest Hilgard 6006: 6004:Donald O. Hebb 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5984:J. P. Guilford 5981: 5979:Gordon Allport 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5959:John B. 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PsyDok ZPID 4846: 4842:. PsyDok ZPID 4832: 4826: 4819: 4798: 4786: 4782:. PsyDok ZPID 4772: 4768:. PsyDok ZPID 4757: 4747:(4): 228–238. 4736: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4692: 4686: 4661: 4658: 4640:(3): 205–230. 4629: 4617: 4606: 4602: 4581: 4577: 4566: 4535: 4534:Recent sources 4532: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4526:pp. 6–36. 4523: 4520: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4457: 4446: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4407:(3): 287–297. 4396: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4330: 4320: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4211: 4202: 4181:(2): 163–166. 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3999: 3990: 3981: 3972: 3963: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3891: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3689: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3412: 3403:|journal= 3368: 3359: 3350: 3325: 3300: 3278: 3255: 3236:(3): 287–297. 3220: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3161: 3142: 3133: 3118: 3109: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3016: 2991: 2982: 2969: 2936: 2923: 2916: 2896: 2870: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2784: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2556:Selected works 2554: 2533:Wilhelm Wundt 2526: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2510: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2466: 2463: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2363: 2299:Emil Kraepelin 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2275: 2274: 2267: 2262:1992 to 1996: 2260: 2251: 2246:1925 to 1968: 2235: 2232: 2209:Edmund Husserl 2204: 2201: 2188: 2185: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2119: 2116: 2100:utilitarianism 2056: 2053: 2044: 2034:Schopenhauer's 2005: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1977:Charles Darwin 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1801: 1800: 1786: 1779: 1773: 1742: 1739: 1668: 1665: 1628: 1614:frontal cortex 1601: 1598: 1551:self-education 1514:Moritz Lazarus 1454: 1451: 1439:reaction times 1401: 1398: 1378: 1375: 1362: 1361:Starting point 1359: 1357: 1354: 1345:Wundt illusion 1332:Wundt illusion 1331: 1324: 1321: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1234: 1230: 1212: 1209: 1195: 1192: 1188:Charles Darwin 1166: 1163: 1155:frontal cortex 1143: 1140: 1112:ends and means 1074: 1071: 1054: 1051: 1043:transcendental 1031:metaphysically 998: 997:Process theory 995: 990: 987: 985: 982: 962: 961: 955: 949: 943: 937: 931: 925: 849: 846: 820:Pour le Mérite 807: 804: 792:South Cemetery 782: 779: 748:Edmund Husserl 744:Émile Durkheim 732:Ljubomir Nedić 650:Willy Hellpach 620: 617: 584: 581: 572: 559:tachistoscopes 549: 546: 521: 518: 487: 484: 426: 423: 381: 378: 376: 373: 307:[vʊnt] 271: 270: 267: 266: 248:Ljubomir Nedić 229: 225: 224: 215: 211: 210: 205: 199: 198: 187: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 166:, philosophy, 157: 153: 152: 146: 145: 132: 131:Known for 128: 127: 114: 110: 109: 100: 98:(aged 88) 94:31 August 1920 92: 88: 87: 70: 68:16 August 1832 57: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7312: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7174: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7156: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7104:Rudolf Carnap 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7039:Auguste Comte 7037: 7036: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7011:Francis Bacon 7009: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6939:Pseudoscience 6937: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6798:Structuralism 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6760:Received view 6758: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6668:Contextualism 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6340: 6338: 6333: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241:Psychologists 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6231:Organizations 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6179:John Anderson 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6109:Ulric Neisser 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6094:Endel Tulving 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6079:Robert Zajonc 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6034:Jerome Bruner 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5999:B. F. Skinner 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5964:Clark L. Hull 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5944:Sigmund Freud 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5934:William James 5932: 5930: 5929:Wilhelm Wundt 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921:Psychologists 5917: 5909: 5908:Psychometrics 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5868:Consciousness 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5800:Psychophysics 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5742:Methodologies 5739: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5702:Psychotherapy 5700: 5698: 5697:Psychometrics 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5559: 5554: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5463:Developmental 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5067: 5062: 5058: 5055:(2): 407–29. 5054: 5050: 5045: 5042: 5041:3-00-013477-8 5038: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4914:3-525-49087-9 4911: 4907: 4904: 4903:3-89019-461-3 4900: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4627: 4626:0-88937-001-X 4623: 4618: 4615: 4614:0-88937-001-X 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4465:3-7609-0457-2 4462: 4458: 4455: 4454:3-925559-83-3 4451: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4428:Rudolf Eisler 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4334: 4324: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3886: 3877: 3868: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3757: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3512: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3408: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3288: 3282: 3274: 3271:(in German). 3270: 3266: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3211: 3209: 3199: 3190: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3060: 3053: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3020: 3004: 3003: 2995: 2986: 2979: 2973: 2954: 2953: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2900: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2866:0-205-54786-9 2863: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2835: 2813:WILHELM WUNDT 2786:WILHELM WUNDT 2780: 2776: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2553: 2551: 2550:perspectivism 2547: 2541: 2531: 2522: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471:materialistic 2462: 2455: 2453: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2389: 2387:philosophers. 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2347:Sigmund Freud 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2307:Rudolf Eisler 2303: 2300: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2142: 2128: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104:end in itself 2101: 2097: 2096:Individualism 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2077:indeterminism 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2048: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2001: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1985:Auguste Comte 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973:Francis Bacon 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953:Hermann Lotze 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913:ontologically 1910: 1909:immortal soul 1904: 1901: 1900:perspectivism 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1835:Immanuel Kant 1832: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1787: 1785:developments. 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:system theory 1759: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688:Immanuel Kant 1685: 1684:introspection 1681: 1676: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1632: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1374: 1372: 1367: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1329: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1274:psychophysics 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242:Sigmund Freud 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1219: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1050: 1049:) principle. 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1023:consciousness 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 994: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 919: 918: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 860: 856: 845: 843: 840: 835: 833: 829: 823: 821: 817: 813: 799: 795: 793: 778: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 738:(Bechterev), 737: 733: 729: 728:Rudolf Eisler 725: 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7021:Isaac Newton 6951:Protoscience 6909:Epistemology 6783:Anti-realism 6781: / 6762: / 6753: / 6739: / 6737:Reductionism 6735: / 6708:Inductionism 6688:Evolutionism 6493: 6380:a posteriori 6379: 6375: 6154:Larry Squire 6149:Bruce McEwen 6144:Amos Tversky 6114:Jerome Kagan 6104:Noam Chomsky 6044:Hans Eysenck 6014:Harry Harlow 5994:Erik Erikson 5928: 5893:Intelligence 5790:Neuroimaging 5533:Quantitative 5498:Mathematical 5493:Intelligence 5483:Experimental 5478:Evolutionary 5468:Differential 5377:Psychologist 5283: 5266: 5234: 5221: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5195: 5184: 5145:Works online 5052: 5048: 5006: 5002: 4983: 4979: 4948: 4944: 4878: 4874: 4863: 4806: 4802: 4744: 4740: 4729: 4725: 4696: 4667: 4637: 4633: 4592:(1–2): i-4. 4589: 4585: 4548:(1): 33–49. 4545: 4541: 4513: 4506: 4404: 4400: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4333: 4323: 4313: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4047: 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