277:, which are used to support the weight of the animals while they move. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 28 grams (1 oz) of boneless, skinless turkey breast contains about one gram of fat, compared with roughly two grams of fat for 28 g (1 oz) of boneless, skinless thigh. The numbers go up when the skin is kept in: a chicken thigh, with skin intact, has 13 grams of total fat and 3.5 grams of saturated fat per 85 g (3 oz) serving; this is about 20 percent of the recommended maximum daily intake. Birds which use their chest muscles for sustained flight (such as geese and ducks) have dark meat throughout their bodies.
20:
1497:
2781:
2770:
348:
1491:
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than white meat, per gram of protein. One commentator wrote that dark meat contains more vitamins, while a New York Times columnist has stated the two meats are nearly identical in nutritional value, especially when compared with typical red meat. For ground-based birds like chicken and turkeys, dark
173:
in particular has caused confusion from oversimplification in scientific publications, misuse of the term in the popular press, and evolution of the term over decades. Some writers suggest avoiding the terms "red" and "white" altogether, instead classifying meat by objective characteristics such as
201:
is excluded and considered to be red meat (although rabbit meat is sometimes considered to be white meat). Periodically some researchers allow lean cuts of rabbit to be an outlier and categorize it into the âwhite meatâ category because it shares certain nutritional similarities with poultry.
252:
Within poultry, there are two types of meatsâwhite and dark. The different colours are based on the different locations and uses of the muscles. White meat can be found within the breast of a chicken or turkey. Dark muscles are fit to develop endurance or long-term use, and contain more
221:
to be "red meatâ because their muscles contain enough myoglobin that their fresh meat is deep red in color prior to being cooked. Poultry and seafood are not considered to be red meats because they contain less myoglobin. The term
675:
Becerra-TomĂĄs, Nerea; Babio, Nancy; MartĂnez-GonzĂĄlez, Miguel Ăngel; Corella, Dolores; Estruch, Ramon; Ros, Emilio; FitĂł, Montserrat; Serra-Majem, LluĂs; Salaverria, Itziar; Lamuela-RaventĂłs, Rosa M.; Lapetra, JosĂ© (2016-12-01).
930:
335:
There is additional evidence that myoglobin promotes carcinogenesis in colorectal models and therefore epidemiologic evidence supports reduced prevalence of colon cancer in those who consume white meat as opposed to red meat.
912:
451:
438:
1994, p. 19: "Beef and lamb are clearly red meats, while veal and rabbit are white meats; the white meat category has been generalized to include the flesh of poultry and fish as well."
206:, "seafood" as coming from fish and shellfish, and "white meat" coming from birds and other animals. Some entomologists have referred to edible insects as "the next white meat".
1228:
Gao Y, Ma Y, Yu M, Li G, Chen Y, Li X, Chen X, Xie Y, Wang X. (2022). "Poultry and Fish Intake and
Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
1169:"Role of Total, Red, Processed, and White Meat Consumption in Stroke Incidence and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies"
987:
888:
944:
1326:
1263:
678:"Replacing red meat and processed red meat for white meat, fish, legumes or eggs is associated with lower risk of incidence of metabolic syndrome"
1276:
476:
291:
Because of health concerns, meat producers have positioned pork as "white meat", taking advantage of the traditional gastronomic definition. The
961:
1215:
1074:
533:
Oliveira, Lillian
Paranhos Laurindo de; Seixas Filho, José Teixeira de; Pereira, Marcelo Maia; Mello, Silvia Conceição Reis Pereira (2017).
733:
Touvier, Mathilde; Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle; MĂ©jean, Caroline; Estaquio, Carla; PĂ©neau, Sandrine; Hercberg, Serge; Castetbon, Katia (2010).
2625:
736:"Variations in Compliance with Recommendations and Types of Meat/Seafood/Eggs according to Sociodemographic and Socioeconomic Categories"
1341:
325:
have stated that "there is not enough evidence to draw any conclusions on eating chicken, or other white meats and cancer risk".
210:
618:"Effect of Red, Processed, and White Meat Consumption on the Risk of Gastric Cancer: An Overall and DoseâResponse Meta-Analysis"
1122:
2437:
1045:
2442:
1277:
Ramel A, Nwaru BI, Lamberg-Allardt C, Thorisdottir B, BĂ€rebring L, Söderlund F, Arnesen EK, Dierkes J, Ă
kesson A. (2023).
332:. A 2023 meta-analysis found no association between white meat intake and cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
231:
1279:"White meat consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
616:
Kim, Seong Rae; Kim, Kyuwoong; Lee, Sang Ah; Kwon, Sung Ok; Lee, Jong-Koo; Keum, NaNa; Park, Sang Min (2019-04-11).
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677:
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which forbid the consumption of pork are popularly practiced, "white meat" is the accepted euphemism for pork.
1342:"Heme Iron from Meat and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-analysis and a Review of the Mechanisms Involved"
1001:
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226:
is used to describe poultry in particular; while this includes duck and geese, they are considered to be a
2587:
2447:
2153:
299:
792:
472:
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1496:
396:, 2006, p. 109: "White meats such as pork and veal are also excellent table companions for GewĂŒrz..."
235:
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1995:
793:"Values, attitudes, and frequency of meat consumption. Predicting meat-reduced diet in Australians"
322:
1071:
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Otherwise, nutritional studies and social studies popularly define "red meat" as coming from any
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The health effects that correlate with white meat consumption have been studied as compared to
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2000:
1320:
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230:. Seafood is treated as a distinct product and not included as a type of meat by the USDA's
2416:
2406:
1167:
Kim, K; Hyeon, J; Lee, SA; Kwon, SO; Lee, H; Keum, N; Lee, JK; Park, SM (30 August 2017).
8:
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A 2022 review found that high white meat intake is associated with an increased risk of
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2279:
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1403:
1193:
1168:
889:"USDA ERS - U.S. Per Capita Availability of Red Meat, Poultry, and Seafood on the Rise"
829:
772:
652:
617:
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or heme iron content, lipid profile, fatty acid composition, cholesterol content, etc.
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applied to meat have varied and inconsistent meanings in different contexts. The term
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417:, 1996, p. 95: "White meats (veal and pork) and poultry should be cooked "medium"..."
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386:
Perfect
Pairings: A Master Sommelier's Practical Advice for Partnering Wine with Food
329:
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19:
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is used to describe darker-colored flesh. A common example is the lighter-colored
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2020:
1975:
1965:
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735:
55:
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571:"Meat consumption and cancer risk: a critical review of published meta-analyses"
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2005:
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Lippi, Giuseppe; Mattiuzzi, Camilla; Cervellin, Gianfranco (January 2016).
428:
The Primal
Cheeseburger: A Generous Helping of Food History Served On a Bun
217:
as their own separate categories. The USDA considers all livestock animals
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Bastide, Nadia M.; Pierre, Fabrice H. F.; Corpet, Denis E. (2011-02-01).
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2010:
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Various factors have resulted in debate centering on the definition of
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535:"Frog meat in special diets: potential for use as a functional food"
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473:"Science of Meat: What Gives Meat its Color? | Exploratorium"
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which is pale in color before and after cooking. In traditional
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Hayley, Alexa; Zinkiewicz, Lucy; Hardiman, Kate (2015-01-01).
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1072:"Really? The Claim: White Meat Is Healthier Than Dark Meat"
286:
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145:, sometimes are red when raw and turn white when cooked.
129:). Certain types of poultry that are sometimes grouped as
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789:
125:, as contrasted with darker-colored meat from the legs (
1388:
568:
1139:"Mexican Flu: The Other White Meat : On Language"
502:"'Red' and 'white' meatsâterms that lead to confusion"
50:, the flesh of milk-fed young mammals (in particular
1046:"Come To The Dark Side Of The Chicken; It's Tastier"
1026:"Dark Meat Versus White Meat: What's The Difference"
500:
Keeton, Jimmy T.; Dikeman, Michael E. (2017-10-01).
343:
238:(WHO) distinguishes between white meat and seafood.
1339:
213:(USDA) typically classifies red meat, poultry, and
791:
734:
2798:
452:"USDA-Safety of Fresh Pork...from Farm to Table"
265:. White meat contains large amounts of protein.
1166:
1120:Article on the color of turkey and chicken meat
495:
493:
257:than white muscles, allowing the muscle to use
1404:
1096:"The Nutrition of Chicken Breasts Vs. Thighs"
615:
499:
1325:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1262:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
490:
321:. There is a decreased incidence of stroke.
1218:. cancer.org.au. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
1162:
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846:
16:Meat which is pale before and after cooking
1411:
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1173:Journal of the American Heart Association
945:"Food standards and labeling policy book"
864:
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199:(eg; beef, pork, goat, lamb, doe, rabbit)
1157:
18:
917:United States Department of Agriculture
575:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
211:United States Department of Agriculture
2799:
446:
444:
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968:. Food Safety and Inspection Service
564:
562:
465:
1002:"Healthy diet: Keys to eating well"
962:"Duck and Goose from Farm to Table"
441:
268:Dark meat contains 2.64 times more
13:
741:Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
14:
2818:
559:
384:Evan Goldstein, Joyce Goldstein,
312:
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866:10.1111/j.1467-8322.2012.00849.x
587:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.11.008
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26:is a widely consumed white meat.
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931:"The color of meat and poultry"
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913:"Fresh Pork from Farm to Table"
905:
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726:
668:
609:
479:from the original on 2016-03-12
298:has marketed their product as "
1362:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0113
849:"Meeting the demand for meat?"
552:10.20950/1678-2305.2017.99.106
526:
420:
407:Secrets of Good French Cooking
399:
378:
362:
148:
141:. Some types of fish, such as
1:
2438:Countries by meat consumption
1242:10.1080/01635581.2020.1869276
539:Boletim do Instituto de Pesca
339:
2725:Non-vegetarian food in India
2443:Countries by meat production
219:(including beef, veal, pork)
7:
2448:Food and drink prohibitions
847:Yates-Doerr, Emily (2012).
810:10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.002
454:. Fsis.usda.gov. 2008-05-16
86:flesh, which is considered
10:
2823:
1487:
1349:Cancer Prevention Research
694:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.03.017
300:Pork. The Other White Meat
284:
245:
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133:are red when raw, such as
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2596:
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2490:Psychology of eating meat
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2350:
2343:
2094:
2034:Black soldier fly maggots
2019:
1915:
1737:
1617:
1504:
1426:
1125:January 27, 2007, at the
236:World Health Organization
2563:Beef hormone controversy
1418:
1143:The Jewish Daily Forward
1100:healthyeating.sfgate.com
323:Cancer Council Australia
181:In nutritional studies,
1185:10.1161/JAHA.117.005983
280:
2588:Water holding capacity
1216:"Meat and Cancer Risk"
1077:April 6, 2016, at the
369:Larousse Gastronomique
27:
2573:Feed conversion ratio
2475:Ethics of eating meat
1295:10.29219/fnr.v67.9543
261:more efficiently for
22:
2626:Environmental impact
519:10.2527/af.2017.0440
307:Jewish dietary laws
296:National Pork Board
273:meats occur in the
263:aerobic respiration
121:), coming from the
82:, but excludes all
68:nutritional studies
30:In culinary terms,
2750:Warmed-over flavor
2518:Semi-vegetarianism
1070:Anahead O'Connor,
988:"Meat preparation"
853:Anthropology Today
682:Clinical Nutrition
635:10.3390/nu11040826
28:
2794:
2793:
2461:
2460:
753:10.1159/000271469
426:Elisabeth Rozin,
330:pancreatic cancer
305:In Israel, where
185:may also include
58:), and sometimes
2814:
2783:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2745:Roadkill cuisine
2540:Meat alternative
2535:Plant-based diet
2453:Meat substitutes
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2775:Food portal
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2631:Factory farming
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2015:
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1911:
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1584:Lamb and mutton
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1127:Wayback Machine
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1083:New York Times,
1079:Wayback Machine
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2523:Pescetarianism
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1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1355:(2): 177â184.
1332:
1269:
1220:
1208:
1156:
1130:
1112:
1087:
1063:
1037:
1017:
993:
979:
953:
936:
922:
904:
880:
839:
782:
725:
667:
608:
558:
525:
489:
464:
440:
419:
398:
377:
360:
359:
358:
357:
341:
338:
314:
313:Health effects
311:
285:Main article:
282:
279:
246:Main article:
243:
240:
150:
147:
46:also includes
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2819:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Cultured meat
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2598:Meat industry
2595:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Vegetarianism
2511:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Animal rights
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:List articles
2342:
2336:
2333:
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2328:
2326:
2323:
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2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Luncheon meat
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
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2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
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2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
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1924:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Pacific saury
1840:
1838:
1837:Orange roughy
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
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1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
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1755:
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1705:
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1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
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1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
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1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
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1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
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1622:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
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1482:
1479:
1477:
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1469:
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1400:
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1376:
1372:
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1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:Food Nutr Res
1280:
1273:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
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1144:
1140:
1134:
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1124:
1121:
1116:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1027:
1021:
1007:
1003:
997:
989:
983:
967:
966:fsis.usda.gov
963:
957:
946:
940:
932:
926:
918:
914:
908:
894:
890:
884:
876:
872:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
786:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
729:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
671:
663:
659:
654:
649:
645:
641:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
563:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
529:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
496:
494:
478:
474:
468:
453:
447:
445:
437:
433:
429:
423:
416:
412:
408:
402:
395:
391:
387:
381:
374:
370:
365:
361:
355:
349:
344:
337:
333:
331:
326:
324:
320:
310:
308:
303:
301:
297:
294:
293:United States
288:
278:
276:
271:
270:saturated fat
266:
264:
260:
256:
249:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
93:
91:
90:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:ecotrophology
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
25:
21:
2754:
2715:Mystery meat
2671:Arachnophagy
2611:Branch house
2578:Preservation
2555:Meat science
2506:Alternatives
2495:Meat paradox
2417:Smoked foods
2056:Grasshoppers
2001:Sea cucumber
1996:Shrimp/prawn
1352:
1348:
1335:
1321:cite journal
1286:
1282:
1272:
1258:cite journal
1236:(1): 55â67.
1233:
1229:
1223:
1211:
1176:
1172:
1149:14 September
1147:. Retrieved
1145:. 6 May 2009
1142:
1133:
1115:
1103:. Retrieved
1099:
1090:
1085:20 Nov 2007.
1082:
1066:
1055:. Retrieved
1049:
1040:
1029:. Retrieved
1020:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:
996:
982:
970:. Retrieved
965:
956:
939:
925:
916:
907:
896:. Retrieved
892:
883:
859:(1): 11â15.
856:
852:
842:
801:
797:
785:
747:(1): 65â73.
744:
740:
728:
685:
681:
670:
625:
621:
611:
578:
574:
542:
538:
528:
512:(4): 29â33.
509:
505:
481:. Retrieved
467:
456:. Retrieved
427:
422:
406:
401:
385:
380:
372:
368:
364:
334:
327:
316:
304:
290:
267:
251:
223:
218:
208:
198:
182:
180:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
152:
130:
126:
118:
105:
104:
100:
96:
94:
87:
71:
43:
31:
29:
2698:Entomophagy
2686:Meat diaper
2676:Cannibalism
2352:Meat dishes
2134:Charcuterie
2097:preparation
2081:Mopane worm
2071:Mezcal worm
1230:Nutr Cancer
1006:www.who.int
703:10230/28278
354:Food portal
187:land snails
149:Terminology
2755:White meat
2730:Pink slime
2708:Artificial
2583:Tenderness
2468:psychology
2466:Ethics and
2300:Salt-cured
2006:Sea urchin
1574:Guinea pig
1057:2011-02-26
1031:2012-02-20
1011:2021-03-01
898:2021-03-01
804:: 98â106.
628:(4): 826.
545:: 99â106.
483:2014-08-18
458:2009-09-16
436:0140178430
415:0471160628
394:0520243773
340:References
224:white meat
191:amphibians
183:white meat
171:white meat
153:The terms
131:white meat
119:white meat
72:white meat
44:white meat
40:gastronomy
32:white meat
2646:Slaughter
2568:Drip loss
2290:Rillettes
2250:Marinated
2188:Forcemeat
2174:Fermented
2114:Barbecued
2086:Palm grub
1917:Shellfish
1887:Swordfish
1822:Mahi Mahi
1652:Crocodile
1627:Alligator
1506:Livestock
1436:Cassowary
1371:1940-6207
875:1467-8322
818:0195-6663
761:0250-6807
712:0261-5614
644:2072-6643
622:Nutrients
595:1879-0461
255:myoglobin
228:dark meat
176:myoglobin
127:dark meat
106:Dark meat
74:includes
2801:Category
2740:Red meat
2735:Raw meat
2664:subjects
2545:Veganism
2412:Meatball
2275:Pemmican
2260:Meatloaf
2255:Meatball
2095:Cuts and
2076:Silkworm
2066:Mealworm
2044:Crickets
1956:Crayfish
1936:Calamari
1832:Milkfish
1817:Mackerel
1812:Kingfish
1787:Flounder
1687:Pangolin
1672:Kangaroo
1657:Elephant
1642:Bushmeat
1379:21209396
1313:38187786
1304:10770644
1250:33432844
1203:28855166
1123:Archived
1075:Archived
972:15 March
834:29746970
826:25312749
798:Appetite
777:20787103
769:20051683
720:27087650
662:30979076
603:26633248
581:: 1â14.
477:Archived
371:, 1961,
319:red meat
89:red meat
2703:Marbled
2662:Related
2641:Packing
2616:Butcher
2480:Carnism
2422:Sausage
2397:Seafood
2365:Chicken
2335:Tartare
2330:Tandoor
2310:Sausage
2295:Roasted
2280:Poached
2270:Pickled
2193:Cretons
2183:supreme
2124:Braised
2119:Biltong
2021:Insects
1986:Scallop
1976:Octopus
1966:Lobster
1961:Dolphin
1931:Abalone
1923:seafood
1907:Walleye
1892:Tilapia
1867:Sardine
1857:Pollock
1807:Herring
1802:Halibut
1797:Haddock
1792:Grouper
1777:Crappie
1767:Catfish
1747:Anchovy
1717:Venison
1534:Buffalo
1524:Beefalo
1461:Ostrich
1441:Chicken
1428:Poultry
1194:5634267
1105:22 June
1081:in the
653:6520977
248:Poultry
242:Poultry
215:seafood
115:poultry
76:poultry
24:Chicken
2784:
2636:Jobber
2621:Cutter
2606:Broker
2407:Steaks
2325:Stewed
2315:Smoked
2305:Salumi
2285:Potted
2235:Kidney
2215:Ground
2210:Frozen
2179:Fillet
2159:Cutlet
2149:Corned
2144:Confit
2129:Burger
2060:locust
2039:Cicada
1981:Oyster
1971:Mussel
1941:Chiton
1921:other
1862:Salmon
1827:Marlin
1712:Turtle
1702:Rabbit
1677:Monkey
1667:Iguana
1609:Ć»ubroĆ
1564:Snails
1559:Donkey
1514:Alpaca
1481:Turkey
1466:Pigeon
1377:
1369:
1311:
1301:
1289:: 67.
1248:
1201:
1191:
873:
832:
824:
816:
775:
767:
759:
718:
710:
660:
650:
642:
601:
593:
434:
413:
392:
259:oxygen
234:. The
204:mammal
123:breast
103:meat.
84:mammal
48:rabbit
2720:Offal
2431:Other
2320:Steak
2265:Offal
2240:Liver
2230:Kebab
2225:Jerky
2205:Fried
2164:Dried
2154:Cured
2109:Bacon
2049:Flour
2011:Whale
1897:Trout
1872:Shark
1847:Perch
1707:Snake
1682:Mouse
1589:Llama
1579:Horse
1539:Camel
1529:Bison
1471:Quail
1456:Goose
1345:(PDF)
1179:(9).
948:(PDF)
830:S2CID
773:S2CID
195:frogs
193:like
163:light
155:white
139:goose
97:white
62:. In
2807:Meat
2402:Veal
2385:Pork
2380:Lamb
2375:Goat
2370:Fish
2360:Beef
2198:Pùté
2139:Chop
2104:Aged
2029:Ants
1991:Seal
1951:Crab
1946:Clam
1902:Tuna
1882:Swai
1877:Sole
1852:Pike
1762:Carp
1757:Bass
1752:Basa
1739:Fish
1727:Wolf
1697:Hare
1647:Boar
1637:Bear
1619:Game
1599:Veal
1594:Pork
1569:Frog
1549:Goat
1519:Beef
1476:Rhea
1446:Duck
1420:Meat
1375:PMID
1367:ISSN
1327:link
1309:PMID
1264:link
1246:PMID
1199:PMID
1151:2009
1107:2016
974:2023
871:ISSN
822:PMID
814:ISSN
765:PMID
757:ISSN
716:PMID
708:ISSN
658:PMID
640:ISSN
599:PMID
591:ISSN
432:ISBN
411:ISBN
390:ISBN
375:pork
373:s.v.
287:Pork
281:Pork
275:legs
232:FSIS
209:The
189:and
167:dark
165:and
143:tuna
137:and
135:duck
111:meat
99:and
80:fish
78:and
66:and
60:pork
56:lamb
54:and
52:veal
36:meat
2390:Ham
2220:Ham
2169:Dum
1919:and
1782:Eel
1772:Cod
1722:Dog
1692:Rat
1662:Fox
1632:Bat
1604:Yak
1554:Dog
1544:Cat
1451:Emu
1357:doi
1299:PMC
1291:doi
1238:doi
1189:PMC
1181:doi
1051:NPR
861:doi
806:doi
749:doi
698:hdl
690:doi
648:PMC
630:doi
583:doi
547:doi
514:doi
302:".
159:red
113:of
101:red
34:is
2803::
1373:.
1365:.
1351:.
1347:.
1323:}}
1319:{{
1307:.
1297:.
1287:28
1285:.
1281:.
1260:}}
1256:{{
1244:.
1234:74
1232:.
1197:.
1187:.
1175:.
1171:.
1159:^
1141:.
1098:.
1048:.
1004:.
964:.
915:.
891:.
869:.
857:28
855:.
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