217:
2312:
3596:
441:
29:
3585:
2306:
41:
394:." Unprocessed red meat is categorised as "probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A), based on limited evidence that the consumption of red meat causes cancer in humans and strong mechanistic evidence supporting a carcinogenic effect." Positive associations have also been observed between red meat consumption and increased risks of
251:, which gives them their red color, than fish or white meat (but not necessarily dark meat) from chicken. The USDA also classifies ratites, such as ostriches, emus, and rhea, as red meat. Some cuts of pork are considered white under the culinary definition, but all pork is considered red meat in nutritional studies. The
417:
and World Cancer
Research Fund International have stated there is strong evidence that consumption of processed red meat is a cause of colorectal cancer and there is probable evidence that unprocessed red meat is a cause of cancer. Put in perspective in the UK, adults eating processed and red meat at
365:
A 2022 study challenged the dose-response relationship using a newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF). It found weak evidence available regarding whether eating red meat increases the risk of death. The authors conclude that the quality of the available evidence is insufficient to make
324:
In 2011, the USDA launched MyPlate, which did not distinguish between kinds of meat, but did recommend eating at least 8 oz (230 g) of fish each week. In 2011, the
Harvard School of Public Health launched the Healthy Eating Plate in part because of the perceived inadequacies of the USDA's
1455:
Rock, Cheryl L.; Thomson, Cynthia; Gansler, Ted; Gapstur, Susan M.; McCullough, Marjorie L.; Patel, Alpa V.; Andrews, Kimberly S.; Bandera, Elisa V.; Spees, Colleen K.; Robien, Kimberly; Hartman, Sheri; Sullivan, Kristen; Grant, Barbara L.; Hamilton, Kathryn K.; Kushi, Lawrence H.; Caan, Bette J.;
436:
in red meat has been associated with increased colorectal cancer risk. The
American Institute for Cancer Research and World Cancer Research Fund have commented that "haem iron, which is present at high levels in red meat, has been shown to promote colorectal tumorigenesis by stimulating the
526:, vegetables, fruits, and dairy was associated with an 81% reduced risk of diabetes. One study estimated that "substitutions of one serving of nuts, low-fat dairy, and whole grains per day for one serving of red meat per day were associated with a 16–35% lower risk of type 2 diabetes".
505:
Expert
Nutrition Policy (ENP) issued a position statement that concluded that high consumption of red meat increases risk of heart disease and stroke by 16% therefore one should aim to reduce consumption of red meat below 350g per week and replace meat with plant sources of protein.
325:
recommendations. The
Healthy Eating Plate encourages consumers to avoid processed meat and limit red meat consumption to twice a week because of links to heart disease, diabetes, and colon cancer. To replace these meats it recommends consuming fish, poultry, beans, or nuts.
521:
A 2017 review found that daily consumption of 85 grams of red meat and 35 grams of processed red meat products by
European and American consumers increased their risk of type 2 diabetes by 18–36%, while a diet of abstinence of red meat consuming
228:" mammals (for example, beef, horse, mutton, venison, boar, hare) is red meat, while that from young mammals (rabbit, veal, lamb) is white although sometimes rabbit meat is considered red meat. Poultry is white, excluding certain birds such as
680:
1906:
1950:
Giosuè A, Calabrese I, Riccardi G, Vaccaro O, Vitale M (September 2022). "Consumption of different animal-based foods and risk of type 2 diabetes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective studies".
359:, which is meat that has undergone salting, curing, fermentation, smoking, or other processes to enhance flavor or improve preservation, such as bacon, ham, salami, pepperoni, hot dogs, and some sausages.
362:
A 2021 umbrella review reported an increase of 11–51% risk of multiple cancer per 100g/d increment of red meat, and an increase of 8-72% risk of multiple cancer per 50g/d increment of processed meat.
676:
1379:
448:
A 2017 literature review indicated there are numerous potential carcinogens of colorectal tissue in red meat, particularly those in processed red meat products, such as N-nitroso compounds,
1794:
1698:
803:
586:
1892:
1727:
Jeyakumar A, Dissabandara L, Gopalan V (April 2017). "A critical overview on the biological and molecular features of red and processed meat in colorectal carcinogenesis".
406:
have stated "evidence that red and processed meats increase cancer risk has existed for decades, and many health organizations recommend limiting or avoiding these foods."
1014:
643:
366:
stronger or more conclusive recommendations regarding the health effects of eating red meat. However, the BPRF approach has been criticised for being overly simplistic.
1580:
893:
868:
1846:"Role of Total, Red, Processed, and White Meat Consumption in Stroke Incidence and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies"
1505:
1294:
Huang Y, Cao D, Chen Z, Chen B, Li J, Guo J, Dong Q, Liu L, Wei Q (September 2021). "Red and processed meat consumption and cancer outcomes: Umbrella review".
456:(HCAs). Cooking meat with "high-temperature methods, such as pan frying or grilling directly over an open flame", also causes formation of PAHs and HCAs.
942:
1107:
Neuenschwander, Manuela; Ballon, Aurélie; Weber, Katharina S.; Norat, Teresa; Aune, Dagfinn; Schwingshackl, Lukas; Schlesinger, Sabrina (3 July 2019).
67:, which is pale in color before (and after) cooking. In culinary terms, only flesh from mammals or fowl (not fish) is classified as red or white. In
2188:
2133:
1644:
1659:
1556:
533:
1052:"Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies"
582:
1778:
3440:
1433:
1277:
1032:
375:
263:", profiting from the ambiguity to suggest that pork has the nutritional properties of white meat, which is considered more healthful.
86:
Regular consumption of red meat, both unprocessed and especially processed types, has been associated with negative health outcomes.
502:
465:
478:
and stroke. Factors associated with increased stroke risk from consuming red meat include saturated fats that increase levels of
244:
1018:
514:
A 2022 umbrella review found that consuming an additional 100g of red meat per day was associated with a 17% increased risk of
410:
917:
639:
3252:
3257:
923:. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service. September 1990. Archived from
903:
1380:"New System Ranks Evidence for Health Risks of Eating Red Meat, Smoking, and More—But Critics Say It's Overly Simplistic"
878:
3621:
418:
79g per day on average had a 32% increased risk of colorectal cancer compared to those eating less than 11g per day.
1714:
3309:
1595:"Association of meat consumption with the risk of gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1109:"Role of diet in type 2 diabetes incidence: umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective observational studies"
449:
1996:"Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies"
1456:
Kibbe, Debra; Black, Jessica Donze; Wiedt, Tracy L.; McMahon, Catherine; Sloan, Kirsten; Doyle, Colleen (2020).
2225:
853:
704:"Comparison of normal and PSE turkey breast meat for chemical composition, pH, color, myoglobin, and drip loss"
946:
777:
1531:
1660:"Heme iron from meat and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis and a review of the mechanisms involved"
529:
A 2023 review found that both processed and unprocessed red meat consumption increase type 2 diabetes risk.
3539:
1050:
Abete, Itziar; Romaguera, Dora; Vieira, Ana Rita; Munain, Adolfo Lopez de; Norat, Teresa (September 2014).
390:
to humans (Group 1), based on "sufficient evidence in humans that the consumption of processed meat causes
247:(USDA), all meats obtained from mammals (regardless of cut or age) are red meats because they contain more
1594:
3402:
3262:
1457:
2146:
2968:
2045:"Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis"
260:
3304:
2311:
379:
20:
2094:"Red meat consumption, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1994:
Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G, Lampousi AM, KnĂĽppel S, Iqbal K, Schwedhelm C, et al. (May 2017).
3445:
3377:
3267:
2810:
702:Çelen, Mehmet Fatih; Söğüt, Bünyamin; Zorba, Ömer; Demirulus, Hüsrev; Tekeli, Ahmet (August 2016).
518:. Another review found that red meat consumption is associated with an increased risk of diabetes.
79:
than white meat. White meat is defined as non-dark meat from fish or chicken (excluding the leg or
1770:
3425:
3226:
422:
403:
256:
2093:
1581:"Bacon, salami and sausages: How does processed and red meat cause cancer and how much matters?"
703:
3236:
3211:
3179:
1268:
743:
610:
471:
348:
1905:
Zhang, Xingxia; Liang, Shiqi; Chen, Xinrong; Yang, Jie; Zhou, Yong; Du, Liang; Li, Ka (n.d.).
1426:
1036:
3512:
3455:
3387:
3289:
2815:
2182:
2127:
1638:
1331:"Health effects associated with consumption of unprocessed red meat: a Burden of Proof study"
3231:
3221:
421:
A 2023 review found that high consumption of red meat is associated with increased risk of
1907:"Red/processed meat consumption and noncancer-related outcomes in humans: Umbrella review"
1809:"Red/processed meat consumption and noncancer-related outcomes in humans: Umbrella review"
240:— "dark meats"). Some meats (lamb, pork) are classified differently by different writers.
8:
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3216:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3174:
3166:
828:
475:
252:
68:
1621:
1458:"American Cancer Society guideline for diet and physical activity for cancer prevention"
343:
Overall, diets high in red and processed meats are associated with an increased risk of
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2895:
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2020:
1995:
1976:
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284:
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Lescinsky H, Afshin A, Ashbaugh C, Bisignano C, Brauer M, et al. (October 2022).
1181:
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2997:
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2561:
2170:
2115:
2074:
2043:
Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, Schulze MB, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB (October 2011).
2025:
1980:
1968:
1932:
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352:
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2091:
1756:
1427:"Press release: IARC monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat"
1093:
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2015:
2007:
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1136:
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1063:
981:
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715:
216:
1964:
1405:"Q&A on the carcinogenicity of the consumption of red meat and processed meat"
3495:
3397:
2835:
2790:
2780:
2621:
2398:
2255:
2147:
Reynolds, Andrew; Aas, Anne-Marie; Axelsen, Mette; Churuangsuk, Chaitong (2023).
1166:"Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity"
1108:
483:
399:
2149:"Evidence-based European recommendations for the dietary management of diabetes"
2110:
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3342:
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356:
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189:
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2011:
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567:
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1132:
1077:
729:
495:
176:
2060:
1861:
1213:
Qian, Frank; Riddle, Matthew C.; Wylie-Rosett, Judith; Hu, Frank B. (2020).
553:
3529:
3517:
3485:
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3054:
2993:
2958:
2918:
2716:
2553:
2541:
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2174:
2119:
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2029:
1972:
1936:
1879:
1844:
Kim K, Hyeon J, Lee SA, Kwon SO, Lee H, Keum N, et al. (August 2017).
1830:
1748:
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1630:
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1199:
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1085:
995:
487:
334:
318:
977:
338:
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2423:
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523:
233:
3569:
3544:
3064:
3059:
2978:
2825:
2686:
2393:
2388:
2353:
1474:
1230:
1215:"Red and Processed Meats and Health Risks: How Strong is the Evidence?"
387:
299:
280:
111:
64:
44:
1807:
Zhang X, Liang S, Chen X, Yang J, Zhou Y, Du L, Li K (December 2022).
1124:
3382:
3104:
3012:
3002:
2983:
2953:
2805:
2765:
2731:
2701:
2636:
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2383:
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2320:
2250:
1214:
433:
310:
288:
248:
76:
1993:
3549:
3359:
3109:
3089:
3084:
3074:
3069:
2938:
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2880:
2843:
2646:
2601:
2576:
2536:
2506:
2456:
2368:
2358:
1270:
IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat
515:
344:
295:
272:
52:
33:
1532:"Red Meat (Beef, Pork, Lamb): Increases Risk of Colorectal Cancer"
440:
28:
3430:
3294:
3144:
3124:
3007:
2933:
2800:
2775:
2745:
2737:
2721:
2706:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2591:
2581:
2531:
2476:
2338:
2275:
2242:
355:), and all-cause mortality. These associations are strongest for
229:
60:
1328:
536:
recommends that diabetics minimise the consumption of red meat.
321:
contains much higher quantities than other parts of the animal.
3119:
3019:
2973:
2874:
2853:
2795:
2785:
2755:
2641:
2526:
2373:
2328:
1771:"Chemicals in Meat Cooked at High Temperatures and Cancer Risk"
1267:
International Agency for
Research on Cancer (26 October 2015),
1949:
1106:
3534:
3134:
3079:
3044:
3039:
2943:
2923:
2711:
2661:
2403:
2280:
2092:
Wenming Shi, Xin Huang, C Mary
Schooling, Jie V Zhao (2023).
470:
Red meat consumption is associated with an increased risk of
444:
Meat with a dark exterior, common in high temperature cooking
314:
80:
3584:
1726:
236:
is sometimes put in a separate category altogether (French:
220:
Cooked duck with potatoes, showing the red color of the meat
40:
2760:
2666:
2511:
2413:
2408:
2333:
2234:
1797:. assets.heartfoundation.org.nz. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
491:
276:
150:
137:
124:
1049:
437:
endogenous formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compound."
3034:
2418:
2265:
1454:
1212:
701:
616:
2203:
1593:
Di, Yan; Ding, Lei; Gao, Luying; Haung, Hongya (2023).
1017:. Harvard School of Public Health. 2012. Archived from
224:
Under the culinary definition, the meat from adult or "
59:
is commonly red when raw (and a dark color after it is
16:
Meat which is red when raw, with high myoglobin content
2042:
1790:
1788:
1715:"Meat, fish and dairy products and the risk of cancer"
583:"Color Confusion: Identifying Red Meat and White Meat"
1658:
Bastide, N. M.; Pierre, F. H.; Corpet, D. E. (2011).
1895:. heartfoundation.org.nz. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
1583:. news.cancerresearchuk.org. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
459:
75:
is defined as any meat that has more of the protein
1785:
1657:
1904:
1806:
1506:"Does eating processed and red meat cause cancer?"
95:Concentration of myoglobin by percentage of mass
3613:
1293:
778:"The color of meat depends on myoglobin: Part 1"
677:"USDA-Safety of Fresh Pork...from Farm to Table"
1843:
918:"Red Meats: Nutrient Contributions to the Diet"
804:"Red Meat - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
640:"Red Meats: Nutrient Contributions to the Diet"
232:. Most cuts of pork are red, others are white.
962:"Natural vitamin D content in animal products"
534:European Association for the Study of Diabetes
2219:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1009:
1007:
1005:
959:
750:. US Department of Agriculture. 17 July 2019.
2187:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2132:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1643:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1436:, World Health Organization. 15 October 2015
1419:
637:
606:
604:
1434:International Agency for Research on Cancer
1407:. World Health Organization. 1 October 2015
1163:
1015:"Food Pyramids: What Should You Really Eat"
376:International Agency for Research on Cancer
2226:
2212:
2049:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1255:
1002:
945:. University of Wollongong. Archived from
894:"And This Little Piggy Is Now on the Menu"
2164:
2109:
2068:
2019:
1918:
1869:
1850:Journal of the American Heart Association
1820:
1720:
1620:
1610:
1473:
1354:
1238:
1189:
1140:
1067:
985:
866:
719:
601:
498:in cerebral arteries, leading to stroke.
271:Red meat contains large amounts of iron,
1164:Mozaffarian, Dariush (12 January 2016).
940:
580:
503:National Heart Foundation of New Zealand
466:Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease
439:
215:
39:
27:
1987:
1953:Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
1704:from the original on 25 September 2015.
638:Penner KP, Clarke MP (September 1990).
245:United States Department of Agriculture
3614:
1536:American Institute for Cancer Research
683:from the original on 18 September 2013
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
585:. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
411:American Institute for Cancer Research
2207:
1781:from the original on 6 November 2011.
1283:from the original on 10 November 2015
943:"Nutritional composition of red meat"
829:"How do you cook ratites? - Ask USDA"
589:from the original on 30 December 2016
1717:. wcrf.org. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
891:
744:"Are ratites "red" or "white" meat?"
560:
1837:
1397:
658:
309:Red meat contains small amounts of
13:
1206:
646:from the original on 24 March 2009
546:
402:but the link is not as clear. The
14:
3638:
2199:
1377:
1182:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585
960:Schmid A, Walther B (July 2013).
460:Cardiovascular disease and stroke
328:
3595:
3594:
3583:
2310:
2304:
2000:European Journal of Epidemiology
867:Dougherty PH (15 January 1987).
450:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
2140:
2085:
2036:
1943:
1898:
1886:
1800:
1763:
1708:
1651:
1586:
1574:
1549:
1524:
1498:
1448:
1371:
1322:
1287:
1157:
1100:
1043:
1025:
953:
934:
910:
885:
860:
821:
796:
770:
721:10.1590/S1806-92902016000800003
708:Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia
1679:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0113
1557:"Limit red and processed meat"
1308:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129697
941:Williams PG (September 2007).
754:
736:
695:
679:. Fsis.usda.gov. 16 May 2008.
574:
83:, which is called dark meat).
1:
3253:Countries by meat consumption
1965:10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110071
642:. Iowa State Animal Science.
581:Reinagel M (2 January 2013).
539:
428:
89:
3540:Non-vegetarian food in India
3258:Countries by meat production
1911:British Journal of Nutrition
1056:British Journal of Nutrition
494:iron, which may precipitate
266:
7:
3263:Food and drink prohibitions
1729:Journal of Gastroenterology
892:Hall T (13 November 1991).
869:"Dressing Pork for Success"
509:
335:Beef § Health concerns
302:). Red meat is a source of
10:
3645:
2302:
2166:10.1007/s00125-023-05894-8
1612:10.1186/s12885-023-11218-1
1347:10.1038/s41591-022-01968-z
852:: CS1 maint: url-status (
463:
339:Meat § Health effects
332:
18:
3622:IARC Group 2A carcinogens
3578:
3476:
3411:
3368:
3320:
3305:Psychology of eating meat
3280:
3245:
3165:
3158:
2909:
2849:Black soldier fly maggots
2834:
2730:
2552:
2432:
2319:
2241:
2111:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad336
2012:10.1007/s10654-017-0246-y
1920:10.1017/S0007114522003415
1822:10.1017/S0007114522003415
1775:National Cancer Institute
1741:10.1007/s00535-016-1294-x
1069:10.1017/S000711451400124X
380:World Health Organization
369:
105:
102:
99:
21:Red meat (disambiguation)
3378:Beef hormone controversy
2233:
570:. thefreedictionary.com.
556:. thefreedictionary.com.
47:is a darker brown color.
2061:10.3945/ajcn.111.018978
1893:"Is meat good for you?"
1862:10.1161/jaha.117.005983
1033:"MyPlate Protein foods"
423:gastrointestinal cancer
404:American Cancer Society
351:, cancer (particularly
3403:Water holding capacity
2098:European Heart Journal
1795:"Red meat and poultry"
1035:. USDA. Archived from
761:Larousse Gastronomique
611:Larousse Gastronomique
472:coronary heart disease
445:
349:cardiovascular disease
221:
48:
37:
3388:Feed conversion ratio
3290:Ethics of eating meat
1337:(Systematic review).
978:10.3945/an.113.003780
966:Advances in Nutrition
930:on 12 September 2006.
808:www.sciencedirect.com
443:
219:
43:
31:
3441:Environmental impact
906:on 14 February 2017.
881:on 14 February 2017.
261:the other white meat
19:For other uses, see
1384:Scientific American
1039:on 16 January 2013.
476:high blood pressure
454:heterocyclic amines
283:, and B-vitamins: (
275:, minerals such as
253:National Pork Board
96:
69:nutritional science
3565:Warmed-over flavor
3333:Semi-vegetarianism
1561:WCRF International
1510:Cancer Research UK
1475:10.3322/caac.21591
1231:10.2337/dci19-0063
899:The New York Times
874:The New York Times
446:
415:Cancer Research UK
222:
94:
63:), in contrast to
49:
38:
3609:
3608:
3276:
3275:
2104:(28): 2626–2635.
1341:(10): 2075–2082.
1125:10.1136/bmj.l2368
1021:on 16 April 2009.
949:on 10 March 2011.
784:. 10 October 2014
480:blood cholesterol
396:pancreatic cancer
392:colorectal cancer
382:(WHO) classifies
353:colorectal cancer
243:According to the
214:
213:
3634:
3598:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3560:Roadkill cuisine
3355:Meat alternative
3350:Plant-based diet
3268:Meat substitutes
3163:
3162:
2314:
2308:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2178:
2168:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2123:
2113:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2023:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1922:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1667:Cancer Prev. Res
1664:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1624:
1614:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1477:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1275:
1264:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1071:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1000:
999:
989:
957:
951:
950:
938:
932:
931:
929:
922:
914:
908:
907:
902:. Archived from
889:
883:
882:
877:. Archived from
864:
858:
857:
851:
843:
841:
839:
825:
819:
818:
816:
814:
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
774:
768:
758:
752:
751:
740:
734:
733:
723:
699:
693:
692:
690:
688:
673:
656:
655:
653:
651:
635:
614:
608:
599:
598:
596:
594:
578:
572:
571:
564:
558:
557:
550:
97:
93:
3644:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3590:Food portal
3582:
3574:
3496:Case-ready meat
3478:
3472:
3446:Factory farming
3407:
3364:
3316:
3282:
3272:
3241:
3154:
2911:
2905:
2830:
2735:
2726:
2548:
2428:
2399:Lamb and mutton
2315:
2309:
2300:
2237:
2232:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2180:
2179:
2145:
2141:
2125:
2124:
2090:
2086:
2041:
2037:
1992:
1988:
1948:
1944:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1842:
1838:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1786:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1636:
1635:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1376:
1372:
1327:
1323:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1256:
1211:
1207:
1162:
1158:
1105:
1101:
1048:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1003:
958:
954:
939:
935:
927:
920:
916:
915:
911:
890:
886:
865:
861:
845:
844:
837:
835:
827:
826:
822:
812:
810:
802:
801:
797:
787:
785:
776:
775:
771:
759:
755:
742:
741:
737:
700:
696:
686:
684:
675:
674:
659:
649:
647:
636:
617:
613:, first edition
609:
602:
592:
590:
579:
575:
566:
565:
561:
552:
551:
547:
542:
512:
484:LDL cholesterol
468:
462:
431:
400:prostate cancer
372:
341:
331:
292:
269:
92:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3642:
3641:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3601:Category: Meat
3592:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3466:Slaughterhouse
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3343:Pollotarianism
3340:
3338:Pescetarianism
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3000:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2201:
2200:External links
2198:
2195:
2194:
2159:(6): 965–985.
2139:
2084:
2055:(4): 1088–96.
2035:
2006:(5): 363–375.
1986:
1942:
1897:
1885:
1856:(9): e005983.
1836:
1799:
1784:
1762:
1735:(4): 407–418.
1719:
1707:
1673:(2): 177–184.
1650:
1585:
1573:
1548:
1523:
1512:. 25 June 2019
1497:
1468:(4): 245–271.
1447:
1418:
1396:
1378:Lewis, Tanya.
1370:
1321:
1286:
1254:
1225:(2): 265–271.
1205:
1176:(2): 187–225.
1156:
1099:
1062:(5): 762–775.
1042:
1024:
1001:
952:
933:
909:
884:
859:
820:
795:
769:
753:
735:
694:
657:
615:
600:
573:
559:
544:
543:
541:
538:
511:
508:
461:
458:
430:
427:
384:processed meat
378:(IARC) of the
371:
368:
357:processed meat
330:
329:Health effects
327:
290:
268:
265:
238:viandes noires
212:
211:
208:
205:
203:Chicken breast
199:
198:
195:
192:
186:
185:
182:
179:
173:
172:
169:
166:
160:
159:
156:
153:
147:
146:
143:
140:
134:
133:
130:
127:
121:
120:
117:
114:
108:
107:
106:USDA category
104:
101:
91:
88:
32:Thinly sliced
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3640:
3639:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3602:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3508:Cultured meat
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3413:Meat industry
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Vegetarianism
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:Animal rights
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:List articles
3157:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Luncheon meat
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2657:Pacific saury
2655:
2653:
2652:Orange roughy
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2190:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1406:
1400:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:Diabetes Care
1216:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1152:
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782:MSU Extension
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501:In 2020, the
499:
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496:atherogenesis
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488:triglycerides
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196:
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191:
190:Turkey breast
188:
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177:Chicken thigh
175:
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62:
58:
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46:
42:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3554:
3530:Mystery meat
3486:Arachnophagy
3426:Branch house
3393:Preservation
3370:Meat science
3321:Alternatives
3310:Meat paradox
3232:Smoked foods
2871:Grasshoppers
2816:Sea cucumber
2811:Shrimp/prawn
2183:cite journal
2156:
2153:Diabetologia
2152:
2142:
2128:cite journal
2101:
2097:
2087:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1956:
1952:
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1888:
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1653:
1639:cite journal
1602:
1598:
1588:
1576:
1564:. Retrieved
1560:
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1539:. Retrieved
1535:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1509:
1500:
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1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:
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1037:the original
1027:
1019:the original
969:
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947:the original
936:
925:the original
912:
904:the original
897:
887:
879:the original
872:
862:
836:. Retrieved
832:
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811:. Retrieved
807:
798:
786:. Retrieved
781:
772:
764:
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756:
747:
738:
711:
707:
697:
687:16 September
685:. Retrieved
650:16 September
648:. Retrieved
591:. Retrieved
576:
568:"White Meat"
562:
548:
531:
528:
524:whole grains
520:
513:
500:
469:
452:(PAHs), and
447:
432:
420:
408:
388:carcinogenic
373:
364:
361:
342:
323:
308:
270:
242:
237:
223:
181:0.18 – 0.20%
168:0.25 – 0.30%
164:Turkey thigh
155:0.10 – 0.30%
142:0.10 – 0.30%
129:0.40 – 1.00%
116:1.50 – 2.00%
85:
72:
56:
50:
25:
3513:Entomophagy
3501:Meat diaper
3491:Cannibalism
3167:Meat dishes
2949:Charcuterie
2912:preparation
2896:Mopane worm
2886:Mezcal worm
1566:30 December
1541:30 December
1516:30 December
1389:21 December
1170:Circulation
833:AskUSDA.gov
714:: 441–444.
304:lipoic acid
210:White meat
197:White meat
3616:Categories
3570:White meat
3545:Pink slime
3523:Artificial
3398:Tenderness
3283:psychology
3281:Ethics and
3115:Salt-cured
2821:Sea urchin
2389:Guinea pig
1959:: 110071.
1605:(1): 782.
1599:BMC Cancer
1440:26 October
1302:: 129697.
1298:(Review).
554:"Red Meat"
540:References
464:See also:
429:Mechanisms
333:See also:
300:riboflavin
281:phosphorus
257:positioned
184:Dark meat
171:Dark meat
103:Myoglobin
90:Definition
65:white meat
53:gastronomy
45:Roast beef
3461:Slaughter
3383:Drip loss
3105:Rillettes
3065:Marinated
3003:Forcemeat
2989:Fermented
2929:Barbecued
2901:Palm grub
2732:Shellfish
2702:Swordfish
2637:Mahi Mahi
2467:Crocodile
2442:Alligator
2321:Livestock
2251:Cassowary
1981:252107061
1929:0007-1145
1813:Br J Nutr
1492:219550658
1296:Food Chem
1133:0959-8138
1119:: l2368.
1078:0007-1145
813:24 August
788:24 August
730:1516-3598
434:Heme iron
311:vitamin D
289:vitamin B
267:Nutrition
249:myoglobin
230:ostriches
158:Red meat
145:Red meat
132:Red meat
119:Red meat
77:myoglobin
3555:Red meat
3550:Raw meat
3479:subjects
3360:Veganism
3227:Meatball
3090:Pemmican
3075:Meatloaf
3070:Meatball
2910:Cuts and
2891:Silkworm
2881:Mealworm
2859:Crickets
2771:Crayfish
2751:Calamari
2647:Milkfish
2632:Mackerel
2627:Kingfish
2602:Flounder
2502:Pangolin
2487:Kangaroo
2472:Elephant
2457:Bushmeat
2175:37069434
2120:37264855
2079:21831992
2030:28397016
1973:36067917
1937:36545687
1913:: 1–30.
1880:28855166
1831:36545687
1815:: 1–30.
1779:Archived
1777:. 2018.
1757:20865644
1749:27913919
1699:Archived
1687:21209396
1631:37612616
1622:10463360
1484:32515498
1411:7 August
1365:36216940
1316:33838606
1278:archived
1249:31959642
1200:26746178
1151:31270064
1094:14401281
1086:24932617
996:23858093
848:cite web
763:, 1961,
681:Archived
644:Archived
593:29 April
587:Archived
516:diabetes
510:Diabetes
345:diabetes
317:such as
273:creatine
112:Old beef
73:red meat
57:red meat
34:raw beef
3518:Marbled
3477:Related
3456:Packing
3431:Butcher
3295:Carnism
3237:Sausage
3212:Seafood
3180:Chicken
3150:Tartare
3145:Tandoor
3125:Sausage
3110:Roasted
3095:Poached
3085:Pickled
3008:Cretons
2998:supreme
2939:Braised
2934:Biltong
2836:Insects
2801:Scallop
2791:Octopus
2781:Lobster
2776:Dolphin
2746:Abalone
2738:seafood
2722:Walleye
2707:Tilapia
2682:Sardine
2672:Pollock
2622:Herring
2617:Halibut
2612:Haddock
2607:Grouper
2592:Crappie
2582:Catfish
2562:Anchovy
2532:Venison
2349:Buffalo
2339:Beefalo
2276:Ostrich
2256:Chicken
2243:Poultry
2070:3173026
2021:5506108
1871:5634267
1695:4951579
1356:9556326
1335:Nat Med
1240:6971786
1191:4814348
1142:6607211
987:3941824
838:31 July
748:AskUSDA
296:thiamin
259:it as "
194:0.008%
36:is red.
3599:
3451:Jobber
3436:Cutter
3421:Broker
3222:Steaks
3140:Stewed
3130:Smoked
3120:Salumi
3100:Potted
3050:Kidney
3030:Ground
3025:Frozen
2994:Fillet
2974:Cutlet
2964:Corned
2959:Confit
2944:Burger
2875:locust
2854:Cicada
2796:Oyster
2786:Mussel
2756:Chiton
2736:other
2677:Salmon
2642:Marlin
2527:Turtle
2517:Rabbit
2492:Monkey
2482:Iguana
2424:Żubroń
2379:Snails
2374:Donkey
2329:Alpaca
2296:Turkey
2281:Pigeon
2173:
2118:
2077:
2067:
2028:
2018:
1979:
1971:
1935:
1927:
1878:
1868:
1829:
1755:
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1629:
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1363:
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1198:
1188:
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1139:
1131:
1092:
1084:
1076:
994:
984:
728:
490:, and
370:Cancer
337:, and
285:niacin
207:0.005%
61:cooked
3535:Offal
3246:Other
3135:Steak
3080:Offal
3055:Liver
3045:Kebab
3040:Jerky
3020:Fried
2979:Dried
2969:Cured
2924:Bacon
2864:Flour
2826:Whale
2712:Trout
2687:Shark
2662:Perch
2522:Snake
2497:Mouse
2404:Llama
2394:Horse
2354:Camel
2344:Bison
2286:Quail
2271:Goose
1977:S2CID
1753:S2CID
1702:(PDF)
1691:S2CID
1663:(PDF)
1488:S2CID
1430:(PDF)
1281:(PDF)
1274:(PDF)
1090:S2CID
928:(PDF)
921:(PDF)
319:liver
315:Offal
226:gamey
100:Name
81:thigh
3627:Meat
3217:Veal
3200:Pork
3195:Lamb
3190:Goat
3185:Fish
3175:Beef
3013:Pâté
2954:Chop
2919:Aged
2844:Ants
2806:Seal
2766:Crab
2761:Clam
2717:Tuna
2697:Swai
2692:Sole
2667:Pike
2577:Carp
2572:Bass
2567:Basa
2554:Fish
2542:Wolf
2512:Hare
2462:Boar
2452:Bear
2434:Game
2414:Veal
2409:Pork
2384:Frog
2364:Goat
2334:Beef
2291:Rhea
2261:Duck
2235:Meat
2189:link
2171:PMID
2134:link
2116:PMID
2075:PMID
2026:PMID
1969:PMID
1933:PMID
1925:ISSN
1876:PMID
1827:PMID
1745:PMID
1683:PMID
1645:link
1627:PMID
1568:2022
1543:2022
1518:2022
1480:PMID
1442:2015
1413:2019
1391:2022
1361:PMID
1312:PMID
1245:PMID
1196:PMID
1147:PMID
1129:ISSN
1082:PMID
1074:ISSN
992:PMID
854:link
840:2024
815:2023
790:2023
767:pork
765:s.v.
726:ISSN
689:2009
652:2009
595:2017
532:The
492:heme
409:The
398:and
374:The
298:and
279:and
277:zinc
255:has
234:Game
151:Veal
138:Pork
125:Beef
3205:Ham
3035:Ham
2984:Dum
2734:and
2597:Eel
2587:Cod
2537:Dog
2507:Rat
2477:Fox
2447:Bat
2419:Yak
2369:Dog
2359:Cat
2266:Emu
2161:doi
2106:doi
2065:PMC
2057:doi
2016:PMC
2008:doi
1961:doi
1957:191
1915:doi
1866:PMC
1858:doi
1817:doi
1737:doi
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