2128:
2140:
1665:
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4333:
49:
464:
799:
2168:
1177:
782:
1649:
1302:
2156:
2180:
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1899:, which is often the first symptom that a person with type 1 diabetes may have, can result. Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age but is most often diagnosed before age 40. For people living with type 1 diabetes, insulin injections are critical for survival. An experimental procedure to treat type 1 diabetes is
1722:
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common form of pancreatic cancer, and is cancer arising from the exocrine digestive part of the pancreas. Most occur in the head of the pancreas. Symptoms tend to arise late in the course of the cancer, when it causes abdominal pain, weight loss, or yellowing of
1802:
to facilitate the drainage of bile, and medications to help control pain. In the United States pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of deaths due to cancer. The disease occurs more often in the developed world, which had 68% of new cases in 2012. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma typically has
1066:
The definitive pancreas results from rotation of the ventral bud and the fusion of the two buds. During development, the duodenum rotates to the right, and the ventral bud rotates with it, moving to a position that becomes more dorsal. Upon reaching its final destination, the ventral pancreatic bud
1925:
and impaired insulin secretion, with both genetic and environmental factors playing a role in the development of the disease. Over time, pancreatic beta cells may become "exhausted" and less functional. The management of type 2 diabetes involves a combination of lifestyle measures, medications if
806:
to show the location of different cell types in the pancreatic islet. Antibodies against glucagon, secreted by alpha cells, show their peripheral position. Antibodies against insulin, secreted by beta cells, show the more widespread and central position that these cells tend to have.
773:, between the coeliac and superior mesenteric arteries. The lymphatic vessels of the head and neck drain into intermediate lymphatic vessels around the pancreaticoduodenal, mesenteric and hepatic arteries, and from there into the lymph nodes that lie in front of the aorta.
1252:
The main factor influencing the secretion of insulin and glucagon are the levels of glucose in blood plasma. Low blood sugar stimulates glucagon release, and high blood sugar stimulates insulin release. Other factors also influence the secretion of these hormones. Some
1224:
to glucose in the liver. It also decreases the uptake of glucose in fat and muscle. Glucagon release is stimulated by low blood glucose or insulin levels, and during exercise. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose levels by facilitating uptake by cells (particularly
1109:
system. Development of the exocrine acini progresses through three successive stages. These are the predifferentiated, protodifferentiated, and differentiated stages, which correspond to undetectable, low, and high levels of digestive enzyme activity, respectively.
2041:. In most species (including humans), these "fuse" in the adult, but there are several exceptions. Even when a single pancreas is present, two or three pancreatic ducts may persist, each draining separately into the duodenum (or equivalent part of the foregut).
1622:; when the endocrine function is affected, this may lead to diabetes. Chronic pancreatitis is investigated in a similar way to acute pancreatitis. In addition to management of pain and nausea, and management of any identified causes (which may include
1618:. Abdominal pain, characteristically relieved by sitting forward or drinking alcohol, is the most common symptom. When the digestive function of the pancreas is severely affected, this may lead to problems with fat digestion and the development of
1067:
is below the larger dorsal bud, and eventually fuses with it. At this point of fusion, the main ducts of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse, forming the main pancreatic duct. Usually, the duct of the dorsal bud regresses, leaving the
1455:
of the lining of the duodenum and jejunum mostly in response to long chain fatty acids, and increases the effects of secretin. At a cellular level, bicarbonate is secreted from centroacinar and ductal cells through a sodium and bicarbonate
2068:. In a few teleost species, the endocrine tissue has fused to form a distinct gland within the abdominal cavity, but otherwise it is distributed among the exocrine components. The most primitive arrangement, however, appears to be that of
1161:
and other substances within pancreatic islets that help control blood sugar levels and metabolism within the body, and an "exocrine" role, relating to the secretion of enzymes involved in digesting substances in the digestive tract.
980:, most pancreas-specific genes encode for secreted proteins. Corresponding pancreas-specific proteins are either expressed in the exocrine cellular compartment and have functions related to digestion or food uptake such as digestive
1467:
A variety of mechanisms act to ensure that the digestive action of the pancreas does not act to digest pancreatic tissue itself. These include the secretion of inactive enzymes (zymogens), the secretion of the protective enzyme
1472:, which inactivates trypsin, the changes in pH that occur with bicarbonate secretion that stimulate digestion only when the pancreas is stimulated, and the fact that the low calcium within cells causes inactivation of trypsin.
789:
when pancreatic tissue is stained and viewed under a microscope. Parts of the digestive ("exocrine") pancreas can be seen around the islet, more darkly. These contain hazy dark purple granules of inactive digestive enzymes
1082:
are precursor cells that differentiate into the functional pancreatic cells, including exocrine acinar cells, endocrine islet cells, and ductal cells. These progenitor cells are characterised by the co-expression of the
913:
are also scattered throughout the islets. Islets are composed of up to 3,000 secretory cells, and contain several small arterioles to receive blood, and venules that allow the hormones secreted by the cells to enter the
717:, the largest branch of the celiac trunk, runs along the top of the pancreas, and supplies the left part of the body and the tail of the pancreas through its pancreatic branches, the largest of which is called the
599:
The head of the pancreas sits within the curvature of the duodenum, and wraps around the superior mesenteric artery and vein. To the right sits the descending part of the duodenum, and between these travel the
1180:
The pancreas maintains constant blood glucose levels (shown as the waving line). When the blood glucose level is too high, the pancreas secretes insulin and when the level is too low, the pancreas secretes
2076:, in which pancreatic tissue is found as a number of discrete nodules within the wall of the gut itself, with the exocrine portions being little different from other glandular structures of the intestine.
1683:, remain very difficult to treat, and are mostly diagnosed only at a stage that is too late for surgery, which is the only curative treatment. Pancreatic cancer is rare in people younger than 40 and the
2020:
can be used to more easily differentiate cell types. This involves visible antibodies to the products of certain cell types, and helps identify with greater ease cell types such as alpha and beta cells.
1954:
It is possible for a person to live without a pancreas, provided that the person takes insulin for proper regulation of blood glucose concentration and pancreatic enzyme supplements to aid digestion.
1600:, and monitoring to prevent or manage shock, and management of any identified underlying causes. This may include removal of gallstones, lowering of blood triglyceride or glucose levels, the use of
1063:. Each joins with the foregut through a duct. The dorsal pancreatic bud forms the neck, body, and tail of the developed pancreas, and the ventral pancreatic bud forms the head and uncinate process.
639:
The neck of the pancreas separates the head of the pancreas, located in the curvature of the duodenum, from the body. The neck is about 2 cm (0.79 in) wide, and sits in front of where the
1451:
which form part of the lining of the duodenum in response to stimulation by gastric acid. Along with VIP, it increases the secretion of enzymes and bicarbonate. Cholecystokinin is released from
1427:
pH for the fluid, a pH in which most of the enzymes act most efficiently, and also helps to neutralise the stomach acids that enter the duodenum. Secretion is influenced by hormones including
1337:. These enzymes help to break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats). This role is called the "exocrine" role of the pancreas. The cells that do this are arranged in clusters called
1614:
refers to the development of pancreatitis over time. It shares many similar causes, with the most common being chronic alcohol use, with other causes including recurrent acute episodes and
1464:. Secretin and VIP act to increase the opening of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, which leads to more membrane depolarisation and more secretion of bicarbonate.
976:
10,000 protein coding genes (~50% of all human genes) are expressed in the normal human pancreas. Less than 100 of these genes are specifically expressed in the pancreas. Similar to the
1133:, the endocrine precursor cells differentiate to form beta and delta cells. The pancreatic islets form as the endocrine cells migrate from the duct system to form small clusters around
455:πᾶν (pân, "all") & κρέας (kréas, "flesh"). The function of the pancreas in diabetes has been known since at least 1889, with its role in insulin production identified in 1921.
2139:
2127:
650:
The body is the largest part of the pancreas, and mostly lies behind the stomach, tapering along its length. The peritoneum sits on top of the body of the pancreas, and the
685:
The pancreas narrows towards the tail, which sits near to the spleen. It is usually between 1.3–3.5 cm (0.51–1.38 in) long, and sits between the layers of the
1553:, that often radiates to the back, and may be associated with nausea or vomiting. Severe pancreatitis may lead to bleeding or perforation of the pancreas resulting in
2917:. Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function. Vol. 3. San Rafael, CA: Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. pp. 1–64.
3242:
729:
run along the back and front surfaces of the head of the pancreas adjacent to the duodenum. These supply the head of the pancreas. These vessels join together (
286:
1656:
in the head of the pancreas. Because symptoms (such as skin yellowing, pain, or itch) do not occur until later in the disease, it often presents at a later
3999:
2628:
Uhlén M, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, Mardinoglu A, et al. (January 2015). "Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome".
1830:
are the most common types. For those with neuroendocrine cancers the number alive after five years is much better at 65%, varying considerably with type.
1305:
The pancreas has a role in digestion, highlighted here. Ducts in the pancreas (green) conduct digestive enzymes into the duodenum. This image also shows a
1461:
3399:
Barrett, Kim E.; Barman, Susan M.; Brooks, Heddwen L.; Yuan, Jason X.-J.; Ganong, William F. (2019). "Hypoglycaemia & Diabetes
Mellitus in Humans".
1921:
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the most common form of diabetes. The causes for high blood sugar in this form of diabetes usually are a combination of
1807:
being 25% and 5% respectively. In localized disease where the cancer is small (< 2 cm) the number alive at five years is approximately 20%.
2212:
1189:). The cells that do this are located within the pancreatic islets that are present throughout the pancreas. When blood glucose levels are low,
3922:
3824:
3783:
2821:
1576:
In pancreatitis, enzymes of the exocrine pancreas damage the structure and tissue of the pancreas. Detection of some of these enzymes, such as
262:
149:
644:
448:
or due to other reasons, and carries a very poor prognosis, as it is often only identified after it has spread to other areas of the body.
145:
1245:
which is then stored in granules in beta cells. Glucose is taken into the beta cells and degraded. The end effect of this is to cause
1229:), and promoting its use in the creation of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Insulin is initially created as a precursor form called
536:. The longest part of the pancreas, the body, stretches across behind the stomach, and the tail of the pancreas ends adjacent to the
3243:"American Cancer Society: Cancer Facts & Figures 2010: see page 4 for incidence estimates, and page 19 for survival percentages"
1997:
discovered that removing the pancreas from a dog caused it to become diabetic. Insulin was later isolated from pancreatic islets by
950:. If the two buds themselves, each having a duct, do not fuse, a pancreas may exist with two separate ducts, a condition known as a
3992:
1358:
The cells in each acinus are filled with granules containing the digestive enzymes. These are secreted in an inactive form termed
3266:
1558:
2033:, but its precise form and arrangement varies widely. There may be up to three separate pancreases, two of which arise from the
1818:
of these cancers has been rising sharply; it is not clear to what extent this reflects increased detection, especially through
1057:
1029:
3879:
3860:
3800:
2932:
2844:
1930:. With relevance to the pancreas, several medications act to enhance the secretion of insulin from beta cells, particularly
846:
ducts which they surround. In each acinus, the cells are pyramid-shaped and situated around the intercalated ducts, with the
726:
1704:
1282:
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1700:
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679:
605:
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141:
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901:, each of which releases a different hormone. These cells have characteristic positions, with alpha cells (secreting
3249:
2167:
2155:
2002:
1895:
can result. In addition, if there is not enough insulin for glucose to be used within cells, the medical emergency
1731:
is blocked by the cancer. Other less common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, pancreatitis, diabetes or recurrent
1810:
There are several types of pancreatic cancer, involving both the endocrine and exocrine tissue. The many types of
2309:
209:
3730:
1993:, although literally meaning all-flesh, presumably because of its fleshy consistency. It was only in 1889 when
1286:
1261:, stimulate insulin and glucagon release. Somatostatin acts as an inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon. The
1481:
1436:
1366:
present in the lining of the duodenum. The proenzymes are cleaved, creating a cascade of activating enzymes.
946:
may be present if the main duct of the dorsal bud of the pancreas does not regress; this duct opens into the
281:
2179:
2008:
The way the tissue of the pancreas has been viewed has also changed. Previously, it was viewed using simple
1942:, increasing the secretion of insulin from beta cells after meals, and are more resistant to breakdown; and
1762:. Only 10 to 15% of tumours are suitable for surgical resection. As of 2018, when chemotherapy is given the
4272:
1834:
1278:
1137:. This occurs around the third month of development, and insulin and glucagon can be detected in the human
971:
625:
4009:
3292:
Burns WR, Edil BH (March 2012). "Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: guidelines for management and update".
1596:, are often used to indicate that a person has pancreatitis. Pancreatitis is often managed medically with
1097:
The cells of the exocrine pancreas differentiate through molecules that induce differentiation including
3621:
Karamanou, M.; Protogerou, A.; Tsoucalas, G.; Androutsos, G.; Poulakou-Rebelakou, E. (10 January 2016).
2792:. Barman, Susan M.,, Brooks, Heddwen L., Yuan, Jason X.-J. (26th ed.). New York. pp. 433–437.
643:
is formed. The neck lies mostly behind the pylorus of the stomach, and is covered with peritoneum. The
4323:
4067:
2056:), there is no discrete pancreas at all, with pancreatic tissue being distributed diffusely across the
1904:
1811:
1270:
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1079:
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may exist, where part or all of the duodenum is encircled by the pancreas. This may be associated with
710:
667:
633:
529:
17:
2220:
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3708:
2146:
1981:, another Greek anatomist, gave the pancreas its name. Etymologically, the term "pancreas", a modern
1708:
1277:
secreted from sympathetic nerves stimulates secretion of insulin and glucagon, whereas activation of
943:
718:
580:
548:
165:
31:
2335:"The pancreas as a single organ: the influence of the endocrine upon the exocrine part of the gland"
1129:, the endocrine precursor cells differentiate to form alpha and gamma cells. Under the direction of
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1916:
1900:
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1815:
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245:
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Danielsson A, Pontén F, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Schwenk JM, Uhlén M, et al. (2014-12-29).
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1939:
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or chronic alcohol use, with other common causes including traumatic damage, damage following an
1122:
1157:) that help digestion. These are divided into an "endocrine" role, relating to the secretion of
822:
The majority of pancreatic tissue has a digestive role. The cells with this role form clusters (
4060:
4025:
3114:
Wolfgang CL, Herman JM, Laheru DA, Klein AP, Erdek MA, Fishman EK, Hruban RH (September 2013).
2196:
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378:
293:
269:
257:
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bud. As it develops, the ventral bud rotates to the other side and the two buds fuse together.
954:. This condition has no physiologic consequence. If the ventral bud does not fully rotate, an
4112:
4055:
3540:
3337:"Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas: a single institution experience of 14 cases"
1896:
1748:
1664:
1562:
1546:
1489:
910:
855:
770:
2537:
1113:
Pancreatic progenitor cells differentiate into endocrine islet cells under the influence of
436:. Because of its role in the regulation of blood sugar, the pancreas is also a key organ in
4072:
2684:
2017:
1927:
1888:
1884:
1611:
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1037:
927:
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803:
697:, which also passes behind the body of the pancreas, pass behind the tail of the pancreas.
686:
544:
445:
1016:
8:
4183:
1892:
1570:
1554:
1150:
871:
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in front of the peritoneum. Behind the pancreas are several blood vessels, including the
576:
201:
4332:
3972:
2688:
819:
role, and this division is also visible when the pancreas is viewed under a microscope.
731:
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4035:
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3472:
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3336:
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3115:
2815:
2707:
2672:
2653:
2581:
2556:
2367:
2334:
1922:
1864:
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may be used if a tumour is being considered for surgical removal, and biopsy guided by
1627:
1513:
1344:
705:
The pancreas has a rich blood supply, with vessels originating as branches of both the
609:
205:
3967:
3754:. Barman, Susan M.,, Brooks, Heddwen L., Yuan, Jason X.-J. (26th ed.). New York.
3009:
Wang, Y; Miller, FH; Chen, ZE; Merrick, L; Mortele, KJ; Hoff, FL; et al. (2011).
2923:
2604:
1803:
poor outcomes with the average percentage alive for at least one and five years after
1153:
and metabolism within the body, and also in the secretion of substances (collectively
905:) tending to be situated around the periphery of the islet, and beta cells (secreting
497:
4353:
4303:
4298:
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4173:
3935:
3904:
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3222:
3194:
3145:
3070:
3030:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2928:
2840:
2803:
2793:
2746:
2712:
2673:"The human pancreas proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling"
2645:
2586:
2516:
2372:
2354:
2255:
2247:
1998:
1732:
1696:
1676:
1643:
1623:
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1401:
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1138:
989:
882:
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441:
437:
359:
343:
181:
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1871:
attacks the insulin-secreting beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin is needed to keep
1309:, part of the endocrine pancreas, which contains cells responsible for secretion of
4268:
4263:
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4206:
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2918:
2702:
2692:
2637:
2576:
2568:
2362:
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1978:
1943:
1880:
1790:, focus on the management of symptoms that develop. This may include management of
1566:
1397:
1382:
1322:
1306:
1154:
981:
959:
955:
951:
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which falls between these two. In front of the pancreas sits the transverse colon.
651:
621:
613:
568:
556:
552:
406:
386:
331:
323:
169:
129:
69:
3793:
The pancreas : an integrated textbook of basic science, medicine, and surgery
2657:
4283:
3676:
3513:
2697:
2572:
2093:
1994:
1819:
1758:
Because of the late development of symptoms, most cancer presents at an advanced
1736:
1712:
1615:
1585:
1432:
1405:
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or proenzymes. When released into the duodenum, they are activated by the enzyme
1348:
1330:
1226:
1217:
1025:
886:
671:
663:
588:
572:
394:
355:
315:
250:
874:. There is more than one layer of cells as the diameter of the ducts increases.
48:
4337:
4226:
4077:
4050:
2536:
Kanth, Rajan; Roy, Praveen K; Al Samman, Mounzer; Patti, Marco G (2019-11-21).
2034:
1986:
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1221:
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977:
939:
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835:
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690:
452:
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382:
185:
153:
113:
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3418:
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3335:
Patil TB, Shrikhande SV, Kanhere HA, Saoji RR, Ramadwar MR, Shukla PJ (2006).
3305:
3180:
2912:
2807:
2273:
1795:
742:, which sits behind the pancreas. The head drains into, and wraps around, the
551:
run through the body of the pancreas. The main pancreatic duct joins with the
4347:
4134:
4099:
4040:
3908:
2950:
2942:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2358:
2251:
2109:
1931:
1876:
1868:
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1440:
1325:. It does this by secreting a fluid that contains digestive enzymes into the
1274:
1230:
463:
410:
274:
233:
3053:
Ryan DP, Hong TS, Bardeesy N (September 2014). "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma".
2641:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
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934:. The pancreas develops from these buds on either side of the duodenum. The
4117:
4089:
4030:
3658:
3498:
3372:
3313:
3198:
3149:
3074:
3034:
3011:"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of solid and cystic lesions of the pancreas"
3010:
2958:
2716:
2649:
2590:
2235:
2013:
1767:
1619:
1530:
1524:
1386:
1363:
1210:
1197:, which increases blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels are high
1001:
847:
739:
694:
659:
525:
425:
374:
120:
3066:
2474:
2376:
2259:
1838:
889:) that are distributed throughout the pancreas. Pancreatic islets contain
838:
walls. The cells of each acinus secrete inactive digestive enzymes called
4201:
4193:
3026:
2445:
2350:
1879:. As an untreated chronic condition, complications including accelerated
1872:
1783:
1775:
1501:
1444:
1420:
1374:
1290:
1186:
1114:
1098:
798:
747:
640:
398:
189:
3639:
2557:"Laparoscopic treatment of annular pancreas in adults: report of a case"
1381:. The free trypsin then cleaves the rest of the trypsinogen, as well as
1176:
559:(hepatopancreatic ampulla). This ampulla is surrounded by a muscle, the
4107:
3623:"Milestones in the history of diabetes mellitus: The main contributors"
3131:
2113:
2030:
1990:
1963:
1827:
1823:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1740:
1589:
1355:. About 1.5 - 3 liters of fluid are secreted in this manner every day.
1254:
1234:
1206:
1190:
898:
890:
781:
617:
327:
108:
3620:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
1691:
is 71. Risk factors include chronic pancreatitis, older age, smoking,
4143:
2992:
2788:
Barrett, Kim E. (2019). "Regulation of
Insulin Secretion; Glucagon".
2057:
1970:
1935:
1804:
1688:
1597:
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1497:
1238:
1198:
1134:
894:
878:
859:
812:
757:
The pancreas drains into lymphatic vessels that travel alongside its
433:
354:
function. 99% of the pancreas is exocrine and 1% is endocrine. As an
347:
319:
125:
3832:
Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (2015).
3454:
3452:
3403:(26th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 440–441.
3165:"Analysis of mortality rates for pancreatic cancer across the world"
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
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2974:
2972:
1648:
1549:. Acute pancreatitis is likely to cause intense pain in the central
1301:
4007:
2853:
2764:
2762:
2073:
2038:
2009:
1724:
1716:
1669:
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1352:
1326:
1314:
1194:
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1053:
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997:
902:
816:
584:
564:
521:
495:. In adults, it is about 12–15 centimetres (4.7–5.9 in) long,
472:
390:
370:
351:
3681:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 357–59.
2670:
2420:
2418:
2416:
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2412:
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2406:
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of the cell membrane which stimulates the release of the insulin.
299:
3449:
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2969:
2515:(14th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. pp. 244–245.
2435:
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2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2069:
2049:
1974:
1814:
are all uncommon or rare, and have varied outlooks. However the
1744:
1692:
1593:
1577:
1550:
1493:
1412:
1378:
1359:
1334:
1310:
1258:
1242:
1202:
1185:
Cells within the pancreas help to maintain blood glucose levels (
1158:
1045:
1021:
993:
906:
839:
791:
675:
488:
484:
468:
414:
366:
363:
335:
27:
Organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates
3267:"Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) Health Professional Version"
2759:
2333:
Henderson, J. R.; Daniel, P. M.; Fraser, P. A. (February 1981).
3956:
3891:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
3872:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
2627:
2065:
2053:
1967:
1684:
1581:
1448:
1411:
Enzymes that break down starch and other carbohydrates include
1091:
758:
537:
492:
476:
418:
136:
2880:
2430:
2383:
1056:
origin. Pancreatic development begins with the formation of a
4017:
3930:
Young, Barbara; O'Dowd, Geraldine; Woodford, Phillip (2013).
3870:
Standring, Susan; Borley, Neil R.; et al., eds. (2008).
3425:
2892:
2061:
1982:
1755:
or ultrasound can be used to confirm an uncertain diagnosis.
1542:
1339:
1130:
655:
339:
221:
196:
176:
3851:
Ralston SH, Penman ID, Strachan MW, Hobson RP, eds. (2018).
930:
exist, relating to the embryological development of the two
3334:
2839:(13th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 990–994.
2105:
2101:
2085:
2042:
1799:
1791:
1752:
1728:
1538:
1460:
that acts because of membrane depolarisation caused by the
1392:
Enzymes secreted involved in the digestion of fats include
1118:
1087:
881:
role within the pancreas exist as clusters of cells called
402:
160:
93:
90:
81:
2605:"The human proteome in pancreas – The Human Protein Atlas"
2236:"[Interaction of the endo- and exocrine pancreas]"
1652:
Pancreatic cancer, shown here, most commonly occurs as an
1216:
Glucagon acts to increase glucose levels by promoting the
3113:
2290:
1343:. Secretions into the middle of the acinus accumulate in
988:, or are expressed in the various cells of the endocrine
520:. The pancreas stretches from the inner curvature of the
78:
992:
and have functions related to secreted hormones such as
587:
with separate openings located above the opening of the
381:. As a part of the digestive system, it functions as an
3932:
Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas
3929:
3749:
3398:
2485:
2468:
2310:"Endocrine Pancreas - an overview ScienceDirect Topics"
1875:
levels within optimal ranges, and its lack can lead to
1533:. Pancreatitis is most often associated with recurrent
2535:
926:
The size of the pancreas varies considerably. Several
858:, and a number of zymogen granules visible within the
4321:
3973:
Pancreatic
Diseases – English – The Gastro Specialist
3518:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 24.
3008:
2332:
2234:
Gyr, K.; Beglinger, C.; Stalder, G. A. (1985-09-21).
1782:
has been shown to extend survival beyond traditional
1711:
among others. About 25% of cases are attributable to
1569:. These severe complications are often managed in an
1213:
which decreases the release of insulin and glucagon.
674:, specifically the last part of the duodenum and the
563:. This ampulla opens into the descending part of the
96:
84:
3515:
History of the
Pancreas: Mysteries of a Hidden Organ
3162:
3089:"Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) Patient Version"
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
483:
The pancreas is an organ that in humans lies in the
87:
75:
3720:
2561:
Korean
Journal of Hepato-biliary-pancreatic Surgery
2233:
1837:is a low-grade malignant tumour of the pancreas of
1462:
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
72:
3473:"The management of acute and chronic pancreatitis"
3470:
1841:architecture that typically afflicts young women.
1626:), because of the digestive role of the pancreas,
1584:in the blood, along with symptoms and findings on
670:. Below the body of the pancreas sits some of the
467:The pancreas (shown here in pink) sits behind the
3471:Banks PA, Conwell DL, Toskes PP (February 2010).
2774:
2060:and even within other nearby organs, such as the
1293:to stimulate release of insulin from beta cells.
972:Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression
738:The body and neck of the pancreas drain into the
628:emerges from below the head, situated behind the
4345:
3874:(40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone.
3616:
3614:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3052:
2045:, for example, typically have three such ducts.
1907:to supply a person with functioning beta cells.
1822:, of tumors that would be very slow to develop.
1699:, and certain rare genetic conditions including
1679:, particularly the most common type, pancreatic
1608:, and the cessation of any medication triggers.
942:, eventually fusing. In about 10% of adults, an
909:) more numerous and found throughout the islet.
870:ducts. The ducts are lined by a single layer of
421:in food entering the duodenum from the stomach.
2787:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2161:Pancreas of a human embryo at end of sixth week
1048:, an embryonic tube that is a precursor to the
687:ligament between the spleen and the left kidney
3853:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
3850:
3831:
3458:
3443:
3431:
2996:
2886:
2874:
2837:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology
2828:
2768:
1419:These enzymes are secreted in a fluid rich in
965:
647:travels in front of the neck of the pancreas.
3993:
3611:
3379:
2529:
1141:by the fourth or fifth month of development.
504:Anatomically, the pancreas is divided into a
150:posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
3674:
3235:
2555:Noh, TH; Lee, SE; Park, JM (February 2012).
2491:
1735:. Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed by
1672:, with pancreatic cancers in red/pink color.
645:anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
405:entering the duodenum from the stomach; and
146:anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
3790:
3538:
3532:
2898:
2296:
2173:The pancreas and its surrounding structures
1938:which replicate the action of the hormones
1165:
862:. The intercalated ducts drain into larger
834:, and are arranged in lobes that have thin
4000:
3986:
3921:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3888:
3869:
3834:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
3823:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3782:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3511:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3156:
2904:
2820:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2743:Human Embryology and Developmental Biology
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2554:
2439:
2424:
1786:regimens. For the most part, treatment is
1668:Relative incidences of various pancreatic
1257:, that are byproducts of the digestion of
771:lymph nodes that lie in front of the aorta
471:, with the body near the curvature of the
47:
3836:(19 ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional.
3648:
3638:
3597:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 176.
3584:
3488:
3362:
3352:
3291:
3188:
3139:
3048:
3046:
2922:
2706:
2696:
2580:
2366:
2240:Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift
1946:, which slow the breakdown of incretins.
1529:Inflammation of the pancreas is known as
424:Inflammation of the pancreas is known as
3934:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
3259:
3163:Hariharan D, Saied A, Kocher HM (2008).
2745:. St. Louis: Elsevier. pp. 318–57.
2149:when it is partly obscured by bowel gas.
1663:
1647:
1507:
1300:
1175:
1015:
797:
780:
462:
3725:(1 ed.). Bloomsbury. p. 451.
3205:
3081:
2740:
2723:
2548:
2185:Duodenum and pancreas. Deep dissection.
2052:fish, and a few other species (such as
1727:). Jaundice occurs when the outflow of
1559:systemic inflammatory response syndrome
1541:, some medications, infections such as
1475:
1321:The pancreas plays a vital role in the
1074:
761:, and has a rich lymphatic supply. The
475:, and the tail stretching to touch the
428:, with common causes including chronic
14:
4346:
3714:
3116:"Recent progress in pancreatic cancer"
3043:
2910:
2510:
555:forming a small ballooning called the
3981:
3752:Ganong's review of medical physiology
3670:
3668:
3590:
3464:
3401:Ganong's review of medical physiology
3294:Current Treatment Options in Oncology
2790:Ganong's review of medical physiology
2538:"Pancreatic Divisum: Pathophysiology"
1962:The pancreas was first identified by
1715:, while 5–10% of cases are linked to
1492:of the pancreas secrete the hormones
866:ducts within the lobule, and finally
811:The pancreas contains tissue with an
727:inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
678:to which it connects, as well as the
606:inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
501:, and salmon-coloured in appearance.
3594:The Greek and Latin Roots of English
2834:
2119:
2029:Pancreatic tissue is present in all
1934:, which act directly on beta cells;
1844:
1705:hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
3968:Pancreas at the Human Protein Atlas
3221:. World Health Organization. 2014.
3120:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
3055:The New England Journal of Medicine
2274:"Pancreas Gland - Endocrine System"
1701:multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
1547:very high blood triglyceride levels
680:suspensory ligament of the duodenum
491:to the left upper abdomen near the
142:Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
24:
3721:Spaull S, Bruce-Gardyne L (2003).
3665:
3565:
2965:from the original on Nov 18, 2022.
1910:
1849:
1660:and has limited treatment options.
1040:from two buds that arise from the
1024:, a precursor tube to part of the
666:, as well as the beginning of the
358:, it functions mostly to regulate
330:. In humans, it is located in the
25:
4365:
4123:Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
3949:
3545:. Rupa Publications. p. 86.
3477:Gastroenterology & Hepatology
3040:Diagram by Mikael Häggström, M.D.
2924:10.4199/C00026ED1V01Y201102ISP014
2210:
1351:, which drains directly into the
1289:act when stimulated by the right
1265:also plays a role. Activation of
1020:The pancreas originates from the
451:The word pancreas comes from the
4331:
4010:liver, pancreas and biliary tree
3955:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2138:
2133:A normal pancreas on ultrasound.
2126:
2024:
1798:or the insertion of stents with
1447:. Secretin is released from the
1423:. Bicarbonate helps maintain an
1371:Enzymes that break down proteins
765:of the body and tail drain into
68:
3893:(41st ed.). Philadelphia.
3795:(third ed.). Hoboken, NJ.
3743:
3695:
3559:
3505:
3328:
3285:
3107:
3002:
2664:
2621:
2597:
1518:
776:
700:
524:, where the head surrounds two
210:superior mesenteric lymph nodes
3889:Standring, Susan, ed. (2016).
2326:
2302:
2266:
2227:
2217:Essentials of Human Physiology
2204:
1905:transplantation of islet cells
1747:with contrast enhancement. An
1567:region around the belly button
1287:parasympathetic nervous system
1205:to decrease glucose in blood.
1011:
984:enzymes and pancreatic lipase
13:
1:
3675:Romer AS, Parsons TS (1977).
2190:
2108:, are used as food under the
1989:πάγκρεας, , originally means
1977:. A few hundred years later,
1482:vasoactive intestinal peptide
1121:, but only in the absence of
802:A pancreatic islet that uses
487:, stretching from behind the
342:. The pancreas is a mixed or
53:Anatomy of the human pancreas
2698:10.1371/journal.pone.0115421
2573:10.14701/kjhbps.2012.16.1.43
2513:Langman's medical embryology
1835:solid pseudopapillary tumour
1333:that receives food from the
1296:
1149:The pancreas is involved in
921:
458:
7:
3855:(23rd ed.). Elsevier.
3572:Online Etymology Dictionary
1812:pancreatic endocrine tumors
1480:The pancreas also secretes
1144:
1125:. Under the direction of a
1080:Pancreatic progenitor cells
966:Gene and protein expression
938:rotates to lie next to the
10:
4370:
4068:Fibrous capsule of Glisson
3512:Howard JM, Hess W (2012).
2194:
2100:), and, less commonly, of
2079:
1957:
1949:
1914:
1853:
1641:
1522:
1511:
1347:, which drain to the main
1271:sympathetic nervous system
1209:in the islet also secrete
1169:
1036:The pancreas forms during
969:
711:superior mesenteric artery
668:superior mesenteric artery
530:superior mesenteric artery
29:
4241:
4192:
4142:
4133:
4016:
3709:Oxford English Dictionary
3627:World Journal of Diabetes
3354:10.1080/13651820510035721
3306:10.1007/s11864-011-0172-2
3181:10.1080/13651820701883148
3093:National Cancer Institute
2213:"Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30"
2147:abdominal ultrasonography
1926:required and potentially
1709:dysplastic nevus syndrome
1637:
1630:may be needed to prevent
1373:begin with activation of
1103:fibroblast growth factors
944:accessory pancreatic duct
752:pancreaticoduodenal veins
719:greater pancreatic artery
581:accessory pancreatic duct
549:accessory pancreatic duct
292:
280:
268:
256:
244:
232:
220:
215:
195:
175:
166:Pancreaticoduodenal veins
159:
135:
119:
107:
63:
58:
46:
41:
32:Pancreas (disambiguation)
3750:Barrett, Kim E. (2019).
3703:Oxford Companion to Food
3542:A2Z Book of word Origins
3219:World Cancer Report 2014
2911:Pandol, Stephen (2011).
2486:Wheater's Histology 2013
2469:Wheater's Histology 2013
2145:Identifying pancreas on
1917:Diabetes mellitus type 2
1901:pancreas transplantation
1861:Diabetes mellitus type 1
1856:Diabetes mellitus type 1
1329:, the first part of the
1263:autonomic nervous system
1166:Blood glucose regulation
1123:notch receptor signaling
1105:, and activation of the
630:superior mesenteric vein
594:
4152:Intrahepatic bile ducts
3723:Leiths Techniques Bible
2642:10.1126/science.1260419
1940:glucagon-like peptide 1
1606:autoimmune pancreatitis
1233:. This is converted to
885:(also called islets of
346:, i.e., it has both an
3791:Beger HG, ed. (2018).
2542:emedicine.medscape.com
2197:anatomical terminology
1673:
1661:
1563:bruising of the flanks
1490:Enterochromaffin cells
1486:pancreatic polypeptide
1318:
1182:
1050:gastrointestinal tract
1033:
1006:pancreatic polypeptide
948:minor duodenal papilla
911:Enterochromaffin cells
827:
808:
804:fluorescent antibodies
795:
769:, and eventually into
730:
496:
480:
397:. This juice contains
379:pancreatic polypeptide
294:Anatomical terminology
4113:Hepatic stellate cell
3067:10.1056/NEJMra1404198
2914:The Exocrine Pancreas
2877:, pp. 2086–2102.
2835:Hall, John E (2016).
2442:, pp. 1183–1190.
2427:, pp. 1179–1189.
2314:www.sciencedirect.com
1897:diabetic ketoacidosis
1826:(largely benign) and
1796:choledochojejunostomy
1749:endoscopic ultrasound
1667:
1651:
1508:Clinical significance
1443:stimulation from the
1304:
1222:breakdown of glycogen
1179:
1085:transcription factors
1019:
970:Further information:
928:anatomical variations
856:endoplasmic reticulum
801:
784:
567:. The opening of the
466:
4073:Perisinusoidal space
3964:at Wikimedia Commons
3027:10.1148/rg.313105174
2609:www.proteinatlas.org
2351:10.1136/gut.22.2.158
2018:immunohistochemistry
1885:diabetic retinopathy
1612:Chronic pancreatitis
1476:Additional functions
1406:cholesterol esterase
1281:inhibits secretion.
1075:Cellular development
1069:main pancreatic duct
916:systemic circulation
877:The tissues with an
616:. In front sits the
589:main pancreatic duct
573:main pancreatic duct
545:main pancreatic duct
446:chronic pancreatitis
444:can arise following
401:, which neutralizes
30:For other uses, see
4184:Common hepatic duct
3678:The Vertebrate Body
3640:10.4239/wjd.v7.i1.1
3483:(2 Suppl 3): 1–16.
2741:Carlson BM (2019).
2689:2014PLoSO...9k5421D
2511:Sadley, TW (2019).
2488:, pp. 287–291.
2471:, pp. 332–333.
1766:regimen containing
1571:intensive care unit
1385:to its active form
1218:creation of glucose
1151:blood sugar control
872:column-shaped cells
785:This image shows a
767:splenic lymph nodes
744:superior mesenteric
618:peritoneal membrane
608:. Behind rests the
577:sphincter of Boyden
409:, which break down
338:and functions as a
239:πάγκρεας (pánkreas)
202:Splenic lymph nodes
4179:Right hepatic duct
4036:Ligamentum venosum
3539:O'Brien T (2015).
3461:, p. 745-751.
3446:, p. 730-732.
3132:10.3322/caac.21190
2999:, p. 837-844.
2901:, pp. 16, 57.
2771:, pp. 2853–4.
2195:This article uses
1923:insulin resistance
1865:autoimmune disease
1739:in the form of an
1677:Pancreatic cancers
1674:
1662:
1628:enzyme replacement
1514:Pancreatic disease
1345:intralobular ducts
1319:
1183:
1058:dorsal and ventral
1034:
1030:dorsal and ventral
809:
796:
610:inferior vena cava
481:
360:blood sugar levels
206:celiac lymph nodes
4319:
4318:
4304:Centroacinar cell
4299:Pancreatic islets
4237:
4236:
4217:Sphincter of Oddi
4174:Left hepatic duct
3960:Media related to
3881:978-0-8089-2371-8
3862:978-0-7020-7028-0
3802:978-1-119-18841-4
3591:Green TM (2008).
3566:Harper, Douglas.
2934:978-1-61504-138-1
2846:978-1-4557-7016-8
2636:(6220): 1260419.
2246:(38): 1299–1306.
2211:Nosek, Thomas M.
2120:Additional images
1999:Frederick Banting
1845:Diabetes mellitus
1733:venous thrombosis
1644:Pancreatic cancer
1624:alcohol cessation
1470:trypsin inhibitor
1402:lysophospholipase
1279:Alpha-1 receptors
1172:Pancreatic islets
1139:fetal circulation
990:pancreatic islets
883:pancreatic islets
852:basement membrane
763:lymphatic vessels
735:) in the middle.
575:is controlled by
561:sphincter of Oddi
442:Pancreatic cancer
438:diabetes mellitus
407:digestive enzymes
344:heterocrine gland
308:
307:
303:
182:Pancreatic plexus
16:(Redirected from
4361:
4336:
4335:
4327:
4273:Uncinate process
4212:Ampulla of Vater
4207:Common bile duct
4162:Canals of Hering
4157:Bile canaliculus
4140:
4139:
4095:Lobules of liver
4083:Periportal space
4002:
3995:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3959:
3945:
3926:
3920:
3912:
3885:
3866:
3847:
3828:
3822:
3814:
3787:
3781:
3773:
3737:
3736:
3718:
3712:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3672:
3663:
3662:
3652:
3642:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3396:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3356:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3248:. Archived from
3247:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3214:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3050:
3041:
3038:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2967:
2966:
2926:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2889:, pp. 2090.
2884:
2878:
2872:
2851:
2850:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2785:
2772:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2738:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2700:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2508:
2489:
2483:
2472:
2466:
2443:
2437:
2428:
2422:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2219:. Archived from
2208:
2182:
2170:
2158:
2142:
2130:
2084:The pancreas of
2037:, and the other
2012:methods such as
1979:Rufus of Ephesus
1966:(335–280 BC), a
1944:DPP-4 inhibitors
1881:vascular disease
1877:high blood sugar
1398:phospholipase A2
1383:chymotrypsinogen
1323:digestive system
1307:pancreatic islet
1267:Beta-2 receptors
1155:pancreatic juice
982:chymotrypsinogen
960:duodenal atresia
956:annular pancreas
952:pancreas divisum
787:pancreatic islet
652:transverse colon
626:uncinate process
622:transverse colon
614:common bile duct
569:common bile duct
557:ampulla of Vater
553:common bile duct
387:pancreatic juice
362:, secreting the
350:and a digestive
324:endocrine system
320:digestive system
300:edit on Wikidata
297:
170:pancreatic veins
130:endocrine system
126:Digestive system
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
51:
39:
38:
21:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4330:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4233:
4188:
4129:
4012:
4008:Anatomy of the
4006:
3952:
3942:
3914:
3913:
3901:
3882:
3863:
3844:
3816:
3815:
3803:
3775:
3774:
3762:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3719:
3715:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3673:
3666:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3589:
3585:
3576:
3574:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3510:
3506:
3469:
3465:
3459:Davidson's 2018
3457:
3450:
3444:Davidson's 2018
3442:
3438:
3432:Davidson's 2018
3430:
3426:
3411:
3397:
3380:
3333:
3329:
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3217:"Chapter 5.7".
3216:
3215:
3206:
3161:
3157:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3061:(11): 1039–49.
3051:
3044:
3039:
3007:
3003:
2997:Davidson's 2018
2995:
2970:
2935:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2887:Harrison's 2015
2885:
2881:
2875:Harrison's 2015
2873:
2854:
2847:
2833:
2829:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2786:
2775:
2769:Harrison's 2015
2767:
2760:
2753:
2739:
2724:
2683:(12): e115421.
2669:
2665:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2553:
2549:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2509:
2492:
2484:
2475:
2467:
2446:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2384:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2299:, pp. 124.
2295:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2232:
2228:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2174:
2171:
2162:
2159:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2131:
2122:
2082:
2027:
1995:Oskar Minkowski
1960:
1952:
1919:
1913:
1911:Type 2 diabetes
1858:
1852:
1850:Type 1 diabetes
1847:
1820:medical imaging
1737:medical imaging
1717:inherited genes
1713:tobacco smoking
1646:
1640:
1616:cystic fibrosis
1602:corticosteroids
1586:medical imaging
1527:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1478:
1433:cholecystokinin
1349:pancreatic duct
1331:small intestine
1299:
1237:and cleaved by
1227:skeletal muscle
1174:
1168:
1147:
1077:
1026:digestive tract
1014:
978:salivary glands
974:
968:
932:pancreatic buds
924:
850:resting on the
842:into the small
830:) around small
779:
703:
672:small intestine
664:left renal vein
597:
543:Two ducts, the
461:
395:pancreatic duct
356:endocrine gland
304:
114:Pancreatic buds
71:
67:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4367:
4357:
4356:
4341:
4340:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4227:Cholecystocyte
4221:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4148:
4146:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4078:Liver sinusoid
4075:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4051:Lobes of liver
4048:
4046:Round ligament
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4005:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3951:
3950:External links
3948:
3947:
3946:
3940:
3927:
3899:
3886:
3880:
3867:
3861:
3848:
3842:
3829:
3801:
3788:
3760:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3713:
3694:
3688:978-0039102845
3687:
3664:
3610:
3604:978-0742547803
3603:
3583:
3558:
3552:978-8129118097
3551:
3531:
3525:978-1461505556
3524:
3504:
3463:
3448:
3436:
3434:, p. 735.
3424:
3409:
3378:
3327:
3284:
3258:
3255:on 2015-01-14.
3234:
3228:978-9283204299
3227:
3204:
3155:
3106:
3080:
3042:
3001:
2968:
2933:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2852:
2845:
2827:
2798:
2773:
2758:
2752:978-0323523752
2751:
2722:
2663:
2620:
2596:
2547:
2528:
2521:
2490:
2473:
2444:
2429:
2382:
2345:(2): 158–167.
2325:
2301:
2289:
2265:
2226:
2223:on 2016-03-24.
2202:
2201:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2081:
2078:
2035:pancreatic bud
2026:
2023:
2014:H&E stains
1985:adaptation of
1959:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1932:sulphonylureas
1915:Main article:
1912:
1909:
1889:kidney disease
1854:Main article:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1681:adenocarcinoma
1654:adenocarcinoma
1642:Main article:
1639:
1636:
1523:Main article:
1520:
1517:
1512:Main article:
1509:
1506:
1477:
1474:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1390:
1298:
1295:
1275:catecholamines
1247:depolarisation
1167:
1164:
1146:
1143:
1107:Notch receptor
1076:
1073:
1061:pancreatic bud
1013:
1010:
967:
964:
923:
920:
778:
775:
715:splenic artery
707:coeliac artery
702:
699:
691:splenic artery
632:and sometimes
596:
593:
547:and a smaller
460:
457:
383:exocrine gland
306:
305:
296:
290:
289:
284:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
260:
254:
253:
248:
242:
241:
236:
230:
229:
224:
218:
217:
213:
212:
199:
193:
192:
186:celiac ganglia
179:
173:
172:
163:
157:
156:
154:splenic artery
139:
133:
132:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4366:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4310:
4309:Stellate cell
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4295:Microanatomy
4294:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:Biliary tract
4132:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:Microanatomy
4103:
4101:
4100:Liver segment
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Porta hepatis
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4003:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3941:9780702047473
3937:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3900:9780702052309
3896:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3843:9780071802154
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3761:9781260122404
3757:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3698:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3671:
3669:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3615:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3410:9781260122404
3406:
3402:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3347:(2): 148–50.
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3251:
3244:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3126:(5): 318–48.
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3047:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3021:(3): E47-64.
3020:
3016:
3015:Radiographics
3012:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2799:9781260122404
2795:
2791:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2522:9781496383907
2518:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2181:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:culinary name
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:Other animals
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:immune system
1867:in which the
1866:
1863:is a chronic
1862:
1857:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1632:malabsorption
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:cotransporter
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:acetylcholine
1439:, as well as
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:preproinsulin
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1173:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
973:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
919:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
805:
800:
793:
788:
783:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
733:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:blood vessels
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
499:
494:
490:
486:
478:
474:
470:
465:
456:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
411:carbohydrates
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
301:
295:
291:
288:
285:
283:
279:
276:
273:
271:
267:
264:
261:
259:
255:
252:
249:
247:
243:
240:
237:
235:
231:
228:
225:
223:
219:
214:
211:
207:
203:
200:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
180:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
162:
158:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
101:
66:
64:Pronunciation
62:
57:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4242:
4167:Interlobular
4118:Kupffer cell
4090:Portal triad
4031:Cantlie line
3931:
3890:
3871:
3852:
3833:
3792:
3751:
3744:Bibliography
3722:
3716:
3707:
3701:
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3575:. Retrieved
3571:
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3297:
3293:
3287:
3275:. Retrieved
3273:. 2014-02-21
3270:
3261:
3250:the original
3237:
3218:
3175:(1): 58–62.
3172:
3168:
3158:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3097:. Retrieved
3095:. 2014-04-17
3092:
3083:
3058:
3054:
3018:
3014:
3004:
2913:
2906:
2899:Beger's 2018
2894:
2882:
2836:
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2742:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2612:. Retrieved
2608:
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2338:
2328:
2317:. Retrieved
2313:
2304:
2297:Beger's 2018
2292:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:
2268:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2221:the original
2216:
2206:
2098:ris d'agneau
2097:
2089:
2083:
2047:
2028:
2007:
2003:Charles Best
1961:
1953:
1920:
1903:or isolated
1859:
1832:
1809:
1768:fluorouracil
1757:
1721:
1675:
1620:steatorrhoea
1610:
1575:
1531:pancreatitis
1528:
1525:Pancreatitis
1519:Inflammation
1479:
1466:
1418:
1387:chymotrypsin
1364:enterokinase
1357:
1338:
1320:
1283:M3 receptors
1251:
1215:
1211:somatostatin
1184:
1148:
1115:neurogenin-3
1112:
1096:
1078:
1065:
1044:part of the
1035:
1002:somatostatin
975:
925:
876:
868:interlobular
867:
864:intralobular
863:
844:intercalated
843:
821:
810:
777:Microanatomy
756:
748:portal veins
740:splenic vein
737:
704:
701:Blood supply
684:
660:splenic vein
649:
638:
598:
542:
517:
513:
509:
505:
503:
482:
450:
426:pancreatitis
423:
393:through the
375:somatostatin
311:
309:
263:A05.9.01.001
238:
226:
36:
4202:Cystic duct
4194:Gallbladder
2567:(1): 43–5.
2544:. Medscape.
2440:Gray's 2008
2425:Gray's 2016
2090:ris de veau
2031:vertebrates
1873:blood sugar
1828:gastrinomas
1824:Insulinomas
1784:gemcitabine
1776:oxaliplatin
1598:pain relief
1502:substance P
1445:vagus nerve
1421:bicarbonate
1375:trypsinogen
1291:vagus nerve
1255:amino acids
1207:Delta cells
1191:alpha cells
1187:homeostasis
1135:capillaries
1099:follistatin
1052:. It is of
1038:development
1012:Development
936:ventral bud
899:delta cells
891:alpha cells
641:portal vein
583:opens into
399:bicarbonate
334:behind the
328:vertebrates
216:Identifiers
190:vagus nerve
4144:Bile ducts
4108:Hepatocyte
3811:1065547789
3770:1076268769
3732:0747560463
3633:(1): 1–7.
3577:2007-04-04
3568:"Pancreas"
3419:1076268769
2808:1076268769
2614:2017-09-25
2319:2021-06-12
2283:2021-06-12
2191:References
2114:sweetbread
1991:sweetbread
1964:Herophilus
1893:neuropathy
1788:palliative
1780:leucovorin
1772:irinotecan
1764:FOLFIRINOX
1741:ultrasound
1723:the skin (
1590:ultrasound
1535:gallstones
1235:proinsulin
1199:beta cells
1170:See also:
1054:endodermal
940:dorsal bud
895:beta cells
887:Langerhans
854:, a large
750:, via the
732:anastamose
662:, and the
624:. A small
612:, and the
434:gallstones
385:secreting
18:Pancreatic
4289:accessory
4026:Bare area
3917:cite book
3909:920806541
3819:cite book
3778:cite book
2951:708084265
2943:2154-560X
2816:cite book
2359:0017-5749
2278:Innerbody
2252:0036-7672
2058:mesentery
2005:in 1921.
1971:anatomist
1936:incretins
1839:papillary
1816:incidence
1805:diagnosis
1689:diagnosis
1670:neoplasms
1498:serotonin
1453:Ito cells
1297:Digestion
1239:C-peptide
1181:glucagon.
922:Variation
879:endocrine
860:cytoplasm
813:endocrine
498:lobulated
459:Structure
389:into the
348:endocrine
109:Precursor
4354:Pancreas
4348:Category
4243:Pancreas
4061:Quadrate
3962:Pancreas
3659:26788261
3499:20567557
3373:18333264
3314:22198808
3199:18695761
3150:23856911
3075:25207767
3035:21721197
2963:Archived
2959:21634067
2717:25546435
2677:PLOS ONE
2650:25613900
2591:26388905
2074:lungfish
2070:lampreys
2039:dorsally
2010:staining
1725:jaundice
1697:diabetes
1588:such as
1429:secretin
1425:alkaline
1360:zymogens
1353:duodenum
1327:duodenum
1315:glucagon
1220:and the
1201:secrete
1195:glucagon
1193:secrete
1145:Function
1127:Pax gene
1042:duodenal
998:glucagon
903:glucagon
840:zymogens
817:exocrine
792:zymogens
759:arteries
723:superior
620:and the
602:superior
585:duodenum
565:duodenum
522:duodenum
473:duodenum
432:use and
415:proteins
391:duodenum
371:glucagon
364:hormones
352:exocrine
312:pancreas
227:pancreas
42:Pancreas
4338:Anatomy
4056:Caudate
3650:4707300
3490:2886461
3364:2131425
3322:7329783
3190:2504856
3141:3769458
2708:4278897
2685:Bibcode
2630:Science
2582:4575014
2377:6111521
2368:1419227
2260:2865807
2080:Cuisine
2054:rabbits
2050:teleost
2016:. Now,
1975:surgeon
1958:History
1950:Removal
1928:insulin
1745:CT scan
1693:obesity
1687:age of
1594:CT scan
1578:amylase
1565:or the
1551:abdomen
1494:motilin
1449:S cells
1413:amylase
1379:trypsin
1335:stomach
1311:insulin
1285:of the
1269:of the
1259:protein
1243:insulin
1203:insulin
1159:insulin
1046:foregut
1028:, as a
1022:foregut
994:insulin
907:insulin
836:fibrous
676:jejunum
489:stomach
485:abdomen
469:stomach
430:alcohol
367:insulin
336:stomach
332:abdomen
318:of the
251:D010179
59:Details
4324:Portal
4280:Ducts
4250:Gross
4223:Cells
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1685:median
1638:Cancer
1582:lipase
1500:, and
1435:, and
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1394:lipase
1092:NKX6-1
897:, and
848:nuclei
721:. The
713:. The
689:. The
658:, the
634:artery
579:. The
538:spleen
528:: the
516:, and
493:spleen
477:spleen
314:is an
137:Artery
121:System
4018:Liver
3318:S2CID
3253:(PDF)
3246:(PDF)
2654:S2CID
2092:) or
2062:liver
2043:Birds
1987:Greek
1983:Latin
1968:Greek
1760:stage
1658:stage
1592:or a
1557:or a
1555:shock
1543:mumps
1340:acini
1131:Pax-6
986:PNLIP
832:ducts
828:acini
824:Latin
656:aorta
595:Parts
571:into
453:Greek
340:gland
316:organ
298:[
234:Greek
222:Latin
197:Lymph
177:Nerve
4284:main
4269:Head
4264:Neck
4259:Body
4254:Tail
3936:ISBN
3923:link
3905:OCLC
3895:ISBN
3876:ISBN
3857:ISBN
3838:ISBN
3825:link
3807:OCLC
3797:ISBN
3784:link
3766:OCLC
3756:ISBN
3727:ISBN
3683:ISBN
3655:PMID
3599:ISBN
3547:ISBN
3520:ISBN
3495:PMID
3415:OCLC
3405:ISBN
3369:PMID
3310:PMID
3279:2014
3223:ISBN
3195:PMID
3146:PMID
3101:2014
3071:PMID
3031:PMID
2955:PMID
2947:OCLC
2939:ISSN
2929:ISBN
2841:ISBN
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2804:OCLC
2794:ISBN
2747:ISBN
2713:PMID
2646:PMID
2587:PMID
2517:ISBN
2373:PMID
2355:ISSN
2256:PMID
2248:ISSN
2106:pork
2102:beef
2094:lamb
2086:calf
2072:and
2001:and
1973:and
1891:and
1800:ERCP
1794:, a
1792:itch
1778:and
1753:ERCP
1729:bile
1707:and
1604:for
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1539:ERCP
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1117:and
1090:and
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725:and
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693:and
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532:and
518:tail
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510:neck
506:head
419:fats
417:and
403:acid
377:and
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310:The
287:7198
275:3114
258:TA98
246:MeSH
208:and
161:Vein
128:and
3645:PMC
3635:doi
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3359:PMC
3349:doi
3341:HPB
3302:doi
3271:NCI
3185:PMC
3177:doi
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3136:PMC
3128:doi
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