242:. The police inform the butler that at that bridge, at half past two that morning, a lone gunshot was heard, and it was thought to be a suicide. But no body could be found, leading some to conclude it was a suicide, others a drunkard, and others a practical joker. Next, we skip to a scene where the protagonist Vera Pavlovna is preparing a dress for her maid to wear to Vera's wedding. The maid, Macha, presents her with a letter that makes Vera irate, whereupon Vera gets into a fight with her fiancΓ© and tells him to leave.
254:
manipulate events in the background before eventually discussing the problem with a distraught Vera. In secret, Lopukhov disappears and fakes his own suicide, as described in the preface. This leaves
Kirsanov and Vera free to marry one another. Eventually, the famed Rakhmetov character reveals Lopuchov's faked suicide to Vera. Though satisfied with her work with the seamstress commune, Vera begins to study medicine to become a doctor and break the public prejudice against women joining such a profession.
258:
partner. The woman eventually meets and falls in love with
Charles Beaumont, a man who claims to have been an American industrialist partially raised in Russia. Charles steers the young woman towards Vera's circle, which she quickly joins. Finally, Charles and the woman marry. Vera meets Charles for the first time and realizes that Charles is Lopukhov returned from the U.S. And the Kirsanovs and "Beaumonts" eventually move in together in a mΓ©nage Γ quatre.
34:
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to have economic independence for herself but also to save other young women from the fate she almost faced. She becomes a seamstress and starts a commune of seamstresses with other young women, many of whose stories are related in the novel. The commune evolves to include shared living arrangements, profit-sharing, and classes provided by educated individuals such as
Lopukhov and his best friend and classmate Alexander Kirsanov.
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medical student, Dmitry
Lopukhov, who has been tutoring her younger brother. Lopukhov and Vera began meeting privately to avoid her mother's suspicion and to discuss Socialism, gender equality, science, and ways to save her from the arranged marriage. Over time they develop feelings for each another, and because of this and of Lopukhov's desire to save her, they secretly elope and move in together.
249:
Vera and
Lopukhov intend to live in accordance with their beliefs and draw up a system of elaborate rules, such as not being able to enter each other's sleeping quarters without express permission, so as to give each other the utmost equality, privacy, freedom, and independence. Vera aspires not only
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In her first dream, Vera's "dream-guide" (a version of herself) introduces herself as "the bride of your bridegroom," solidifying Vera's intention to marry
Lopukhov and free herself from her cellar. In her dream, Vera continues to free other young girls from their own cellars. Vera does so in real
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The work itself can be analyzed as a work of literary utopia through its alternating narrative style, wherein
Chernyshevsky makes use of metaliterary techniques that implicate the reader through the author's interruptions and direct addresses to the reader. The reader's complicity with the author,
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The novel in the main revolves around the life of Vera
Rozalsky. It begins in the year 1852 with Vera living with her tyrannical mother, scheming father, and young brother. Vera's parents intend to marry her off to a hedonistic young military officer. She is saved from this fate when she meets the
253:
The commune thrives, leading to the formation of a second. But in the meantime, Kirsanov has fallen in love with Vera, and she has come to realize that she does not love
Lopukhov as much as she thought she did. Lopukhov, whose ardour for his wife remains undimmed, recognises this too and tries to
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begins with an unknown man checking into a hotel asking for a meal, a bed, and to be awakened in the morning. He then locks the door and is not heard from for the rest of the night. The waiter knocks on the man's door the following day to wake him but gets no response and eventually contacts the
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Chernyshevsky uses Liebig's theories regarding the fertility of different types of soil... to expound his own idea that socioeconomic conditions shape an individual's character, and that therefore the revolutionary transformation of these conditions will ensure social justice and prosperity by
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The book's final section focuses on
Kirsanov and the patient he is treating. This young woman is suffering partly because of a lack of freedom to marry as she pleases. Kirsanov not only solves this problem but helps her to realize that the man she wishes to marry is a licentious and lackluster
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Vera Pavlovna witnesses a theoretical conversation between Lopukhov and Kirsanov about the philosophical constituents of dirt in her second dream. While this dream does not appear to directly spur Vera into revolutionary action, the conversation is an allegory for Chernyshevsky's belief that
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Vera Pavlovna has four dreams throughout the course of the novel. Vera's dreams ultimately work to transform her own desires into action. Vera Pavlovna's dreams follow in the Russian literary tradition of the prophetic dream, having a predictive relationship from sleep to waking life.
350:. Vera's dream-guide champions equal rights between all women and men as the foundation for this utopian society. It is here that Vera recognizes herself as her dream-guide, thus positioning utopian potential in the everyday through such actions and ideologies as Vera Pavlovna's.
338:
Vera Pavlovna's third dream exposes her doubts within her marriage to Lopukhov, forming the foundation for Vera's formation of a variety of relationships later in the novel that do not conform to the monogamous and heterosexual social norms.
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Ultimately, Vera's fourth dream constructs an agrarian utopia. Vera sees a crystal palace that is a technological and scientific marvel. The utopia in Vera's dream is reminiscent of
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life by forming her sewing co-operative and residential commune that affords both herself and other young girls the ability to become financially independent and self-sufficient.
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The novel's influence spread beyond the Russian radical tradition and Russian radical intellectuals. For example, it is referenced by
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220:. He asked for and received permission to write the novel in prison. The authorities passed the manuscript along to the newspaper
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Wagner, William; Katz, Michael (2014-12-03). "Introduction: Chernyshevsky, What Is to Be Done? and the Russian Intelligentsia".
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who is presumably the narrator, further implicates them in the political act of engaging with Chernyshevsky's ideology.
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1050:. Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ. Π’ΠΎΠΌ 2. Π--Π―. ΠΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π. Π. ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΅Π²Π°. Π., "ΠΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅"
480:
308:. Through one character's dream, the novel also expresses a society gaining "eternal joy" of an earthly kind.
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police. The policeman finally force the door only to find a room empty except for a note linking the man to
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288:'s duty was to educate and lead the laboring masses in Russia along a path to socialism that bypassed
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675:"Nikolai Chernyshevsky's What Is to Be Done? and the Prehistory of International Marxist Feminism"
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619:"The Boundaries of Genre: Dostoevsky's Diary of a Writer and the Traditions of Literary Utopia"
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period, as Chernyshevsky was celebrated as a forefather of the revolution. According to
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Chernyshevsky and the age of realism : a study in the semiotics of behavior
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The novel inspired several generations of revolutionaries in Russia, including
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542:"Chernyshevsky's What Is to Be Done? and Dostoevsky's Dystopian Foresight"
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Chernyshevsky, Nikolai; Katz, Michael R.; Wagner, William (2014-12-03).
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Visson, Lynn (1992). "Moments of truth: Dreams in Russian literature".
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socioeconomic conditions shape individuals. Wagner says of this dream:
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The novel was controversial upon its publishing and continues to be.
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The novel came to be officially regarded as a Russian classic in the
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More than the novel itself, the book is perhaps best known in the
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A dangerous woman : the graphic biography of Emma Goldman
296:, one of the characters in the novel, became an emblem of the
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Communal Luxury: The Political Imaginary of the Paris Commune
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When he wrote the novel, Chernyshevsky was imprisoned in the
226:, his former employer, which published it in installments.
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Chernyshevskii's What is to be done? : a reevaluation
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Chernyshevsky, Nikolai; Katz, Michael R. (2014-12-03).
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Chernyshevsky, Nikolai; Katz, Michael R. (2014-12-03).
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Chernyshevsky, Nikolai; Katz, Michael R. (2014-12-03).
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Chernyshevsky, Nikolai; Katz, Michael R. (2014-12-03).
167:'What to do?') is an 1863 novel written by the
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896:. Cornell University Press. pp. 429β431.
826:. Cornell University Press. pp. 180β182.
753:. Cornell University Press. pp. 130β131.
673:Stuhr-Rommereim, Helen; Jarris, Mari (2020).
515:Les caves du Vatican (Lafcadio's Adventures)
496:due to the influence the novel had on him.
976:Rudahl, Sharon (2007). Buhle, Paul (ed.).
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266:The novel advocates the creation of small
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931:. Cornell University Press. p. 368.
861:. Cornell University Press. p. 181.
401:were all highly impressed with the book.
334:fostering appropriate personality traits.
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588:. Cornell University Press. p. 30.
420:, "Chernyshevsky's novel, far more than
284:. The author promoted the idea that the
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1048:"Π. Π.: ΠΠΈΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°"
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1152:. Penn State Press. p. 28.
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1011:Drozd, Andrew Michael (2001).
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362:for the response it garnered.
16:Novel by Nikolay Chernyshevsky
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1149:Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical
791:. Stanford University Press.
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1256:Russian philosophical novels
517:, and, some have argued, by
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1227:. 1886 English translation.
503:multiple times in his play
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617:Morson, Gary Saul (1982).
292:. Despite his minor role,
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1251:Russian political novels
1144:Sciabarra, Chris Matthew
1046:Chernets, L. V. (1990).
492:named his 1902 pamphlet
1185:. pp. 1,085β1,086.
785:Paperno, Irina (1988).
679:Feminist German Studies
540:Fokkema, Douwe (2011),
262:Utopianism in the novel
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210:Peter and Paul fortress
1189:Ross, Kristin (2015).
455:Notes from Underground
360:English-speaking world
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316:Vera Pavlovna's dreams
1183:of World Masterpieces
1131:"What Is to Be Done?"
937:10.7591/9780801471599
902:10.7591/9780801471599
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832:10.7591/9780801471599
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397:, and Swedish writer
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282:industrial production
198:economic independence
180:Nikolay Chernyshevsky
78:Philosophical fiction
48:Nikolai Chernyshevsky
1181:The Norton Anthology
486:moral responsibility
27:What Is to Be Done?
19:For other uses, see
1246:1863 Russian novels
1224:What Is to Be Done?
1216:What Is to Be Done?
1146:(1 November 2010).
1106:. Miramax. p.
928:What Is to Be Done?
893:What Is to Be Done?
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750:What Is to Be Done?
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235:What Is to Be Done?
169:Russian philosopher
137:What Is to Be Done?
54:Original title
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1074:"Π.Π.Π§Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ"
432:Russian Revolution
306:Russian radicalism
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1200:978-1-78168-839-7
1159:978-0-271-04236-7
1070:Plekhanov, Georgi
989:978-1-59558-064-1
982:. The New Press.
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911:978-0-8014-7159-9
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223:Sovremennik
146:Π§ΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ?
58:Π§ΡΠΎ Π΄Ρ£Π»Π°ΡΡ?
1235:Categories
807:1014952245
629:(1): 198.
569:2022-03-10
525:References
511:AndrΓ© Gide
447:utopianism
290:capitalism
204:Background
188:(1862) by
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1193:. Verso.
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699:2578-5192
643:0333-5372
464:, as did
407:anarchist
371:nihilists
367:populists
354:Influence
294:Rakhmetov
268:socialist
151:romanized
127:paperback
1178:. 1956.
1098:(2002).
1072:(1910).
962:. 1986.
722:Dreaming
519:Ayn Rand
471:The Gift
375:Marxists
302:nobility
196:to seek
123:hardback
64:Language
1080:1 March
1054:1 March
651:1772228
451:novella
427:Capital
278:commune
218:Siberia
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647:JSTOR
560:JSTOR
509:, by
74:Genre
1195:ISBN
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1082:2012
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1029:OCLC
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445:and
422:Marx
300:and
230:Plot
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