599:, the mid-17th century. By the 18th century, approximately 90% of infants were wet-nursed, mostly sent away to live with their wet nurses. In Paris, only 1,000 of the 21,000 babies born in 1780 were nursed by their own mothers. The high demand for wet nurses coincided with the low wages and high rent prices of this era, which forced many women to have to work soon after childbirth. This meant that many mothers had to send their infants away to be breastfed and cared for by wet nurses even poorer than themselves. With the high demand for wet nurses, the price to hire one increased as the standard of care decreased. This led to many infant deaths. In response, rather than nursing their own children, upper-class women turned to hiring wet nurses to come live with them instead. In entering into their employer's home to care for their charges, these wet nurses had to leave their own infants to be nursed and cared for by women far worse off than themselves, and who likely lived at a relatively far distance away.
337:
759:
770:
582:
33:
112:
573:
nurse, and particularly the abuses of which she was supposedly guilty." C. H. F. Routh, a medical journalist writing in the late 1850s, listed the evils of wet nursing, such as the abandonment of the wet nurses' own children, higher infant mortality, and an increased physical and moral risk to a nursed child. While this argument was not founded in any sort of proof, the emotional arguments of medical researchers, coupled with the protests of other critics, slowly increased public knowledge; the practice declined, replaced by maternal breastfeeding and bottle-feeding.
163:
510:
2239:
638:
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fitness and good moral character; they were often judged on their age, their health, the number of children they had, as well as their breast shape, breast size, breast texture, nipple shape, and nipple size, since all these aspects were believed to affect the quality of a woman's milk. In 1874, the French government introduced a law named after
621:
was a common cause of infant mortality. The
Vaugirard hospital in Paris began to use mercury as a treatment; however, it could not be safely administered to infants. In 1780, it began the process of giving mercury to wet nurses, who could then transmit the treatment in their milk to infected infants.
645:
British colonists brought the practice of wet-nursing with them to North
America. Since the arrangement of sending infants away to live with wet nurses was the cause of so many infant deaths, by the 19th century, Americans adopted the practice of having wet nurses live with the employers in order to
200:
child, sometimes had to give their baby up temporarily to a wet nurse, or permanently to another family. The woman herself might in turn become wet nurse to a wealthier family, while using part of her wages to pay her own child's wet nurse. From Roman times and into the present day, philosophers and
102:
Some women chose not to breastfeed for social reasons. For upper-class women, breastfeeding was considered unfashionable, in the sense that it not only prevented them from being able to wear the fashionable clothing of their time, but it was also thought to ruin their figures. Hiring a wet nurse was
897:
The exchange of body fluids between different women and children, and the exposure of intimate bodily parts make some people uncomfortable. The hidden subtext of these debates has to do with perceptions of moral decency. Societies with breast fetishes tend to conflate the sexual and erotic breast
602:
The Bureau of Wet Nurses was created in Paris in 1769 to serve two main purposes: it supplied parents with wet nurses, as well as helping lessen the neglect of babies by controlling monthly salary payments. In order to become a wet nurse, women had to meet a few qualifications, including physical
531:
Taking care of babies was a well-paid, respectable, and popular job for many working-class women. In the 18th century, a woman would earn more money as a wet nurse than an average man could as a labourer. Up until the 19th century, most wet-nursed infants were sent far from their families to live
913:
decided to breastfeed a local infant in front of the accompanying film crew. The sick one-week-old baby had been born the same day but a year later than Hayek's daughter, who had not yet been weaned. The actress later discussed on camera an anecdote of her
Mexican great-grandmother spontaneously
716:
undertook various sorts of domestic work for elite
Levantine households—"the highly mobile upper strata of Ottoman millets, Jewish, Maronites, Melkite active in international commerce". Enough served as wet nurses that this occupation became almost synonymous with Slovene domestic workers, which
717:
resulted in some stigma back home. Married women could leave
Alexandria and return to their home village, where they would conceive and bear a child and leave the infant to the care of relatives or a hired wet nurse, while they returned to Egypt to seek new employment and a new charge to nurse.
653:
Since there were no official records kept pertaining to wet nurses or wet-nursed babies, historians lack the knowledge of precisely how many infants were wet-nursed and for how long, whether they lived at home or elsewhere, and how many lived or died. The best source of evidence is found in the
649:
Child-minding, different from wet-nursing, was also commonly an additional job on top of child rearing and nursery tending. Employed wet nurses were typically paid low wages and worked long hours. Workers in the 1900s demanded work contracts to provide stable wages. Wet nursing work was rarely
572:
Wet nursing decreased in popularity during the mid-19th century, as medical journalists wrote about its previously undocumented dangers. Fildes argued that "Britain has been lumped together with the rest of Europe in any discussion of the qualities, terms of employment and conditions of the wet
670:, it was common practice for enslaved black women to be forced to be wet nurses to their owners' children. In some instances, the enslaved child and the white child would be raised together in their younger years. (Sometimes both babies would be fathered by the same man, the slave-owner; see
51:
and cares for another's child. Wet nurses are employed if the mother dies, if she is unable to nurse the child herself sufficiently or chooses not to do so. Wet-nursed children may be known as "milk-siblings", and in some societies, the families are linked by a special relationship of
646:
nurse and care for their charges. This practice had the effect of increasing the death rate for wet nurses' own babies. Many employers would have only kept a wet nurse for a few months at a time since it was believed that the quality of a woman's breast milk would lessen over time.
678:
caricature. Images such as the one in this section represent both a historically accurate practice of enslaved black women wet-nursing their owner's white children, as well as sometimes an exaggerated racist caricaturization of a stereotype of a "Mammy" character.
103:
less expensive than having to hire someone else to help run the family business and/or take care of the family household duties in their place. Some women chose to hire wet nurses purely to escape from the confining and time-consuming chore of breastfeeding.
614:, which "mandated that every infant placed with a paid guardian outside the parents' home be registered with the state so that the French government is able to monitor how many children are placed with wet nurses and how many wet-nursed children have died".
872:
In contemporary affluent
Western societies such as the United States, the act of nursing a baby other than one's own often provokes cultural discomfort. When a mother is unable to nurse her own infant, an acceptable mediated substitute is
926:, although the practice poses a risk of infections, such as HIV. In China, Indonesia, and the Philippines, a wet nurse may be employed in addition to a nanny as a mark of aristocracy, wealth, and high status. Following the
1069:
as being the only person who was able to control him: "from my infancy until the time I grew up, only my wet nurse, because of her simple language, was able to make me grasp the idea that I was like other people."
496:
By the 1500s, a wealthy mother who did not use a wet nurse was worthy of remark in India. The child was not "put out" of the household; rather, the wet nurse was included within it. The imperial wet nurses of the
153:
There is no medical reason why women should not lactate indefinitely or feed more than one child simultaneously (known as 'tandem feeding')...some women could theoretically be able to feed up to five babies.
1801:
Saari, Zilal; Yusof, Farahwahida Mohd; Rosman, Arieff Salleh; Nizar, Tamar Jaya; Muhamad, Siti
Norlina; Ahmad, Shahrel Ahmad Shuhel (2016). "WET NURSING: A HISTORICAL REVIEW AND ITS IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS".
79:
at all. For example, she may have a chronic or acute illness, and either the illness itself, or the treatment for it, reduces or stops her milk. This absence of lactation may be temporary or permanent.
1163:
590:
893:
is also widely available, which its makers claim can be a reliable source of infant nutrition when prepared properly. Dr. Rhonda Shaw notes that
Western objections to wet nurses are cultural:
1117:
to the
Dauphin and triggering his infant death when aged seven, although since very few pre-adolescent children die from TB, this accusation may have been the result of a misdiagnosis.
123:(producing milk). It was once believed that a wet nurse must have recently undergone childbirth in order to lactate. This is not necessarily the case, as regular breast stimulation can
184:, or upper classes had their children wet-nursed for the benefit of the child's health, and sometimes in the hope of becoming pregnant again quickly. Exclusive breastfeeding inhibits
344:(akin to a gravestone) erected by Roman citizen Lucius Nutrius Gallus in the 2nd half of the 1st century AD for himself, his wet nurse, and other members of his family and household
1987:
Interview with
Francesca Biancani, October 2018. Adjunct Professor of History and Institutions of the Modern Middle East in the Faculty of Political Science of Bologna University.
744:
were working as nannies or chamber maids, they were not breastfeeding the children they were taking care of. The emphasis on lactaction, which marks the hypersexualization of the
547:. The wet nurse at this period was most likely a single woman who previously had given birth to an illegitimate child. There were two types of wet nurses by this time: those on
2572:
1147:: "In 1831, on her 81st birthday, she could still produce breast milk. In her prime she unfailingly produced two quarts (four pints or 1.9 litres) of breast milk a day."
1280:
Emily E. Stevens, Thelma E. Patrick and Rita Pickler, "A History of Infant Feeding," Journal of Perinatal Education (Spring 2009): 32–39. (accessed 10 February 2016).
1593:
DĀYASORANĀGAS OF IMPERIAL MUGHAL. Balkrishan Shivram. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol. 74 (2013), pp. 258–268. Published by: Indian History Congress.
2552:
807:
In some societies, the wet nurse was simply hired as any other employee. In others, however, she had a special relationship with the family, which could incur
604:
336:
1013:. She became exceedingly powerful during his reign and was often criticized by historians for her corruption and treachery. Chinese emperors honoured the
1144:
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with their new caregiver for up to the first three years of their life. As many as 80% of wet-nursed babies who lived like this died during infancy.
792:
187, attests to the ancient nature of this practice. Sometimes, the wet nurse came to live with the infant's family, filling a position between the
705:
2813:
2356:
655:
1235:
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thinkers alike have held the view that the important emotional bond between mother and child is threatened by the presence of a wet nurse.
758:
565:. Their own children would likely be sent away, normally brought up by the bottle rather than being breastfed. Valerie Fildes, author of
658:" ads of newspapers, through complaints about wet nurses in magazines, and through medical journals that acted as employment agencies.
1664:
Routh, C. H. F., "On the Mortality of Infants in Foundling Institutions, and Generally, As Influenced By the Absence of Breast-Milk".
617:
Wet nurses were hired to work in hospitals to nurse babies who were premature, ill, or abandoned. During the 18th and 19th centuries,
485:
525:
551:, who struggled to provide sufficiently for themselves or their charges, and the professionals, who were well paid and respected.
2296:
2271:
769:
581:
481:
124:
299:
1945:
Kalc, Aleksej (2012). "Aleksandrinke - Alexandrian women: an eminent phenomenon of female emigration from Slovenia to Egypt".
1315:
930:, in which contaminated infant formula poisoned thousands of babies, the salaries of wet nurses there increased dramatically.
2195:
2171:
1929:
1904:
1880:
216:
Many cultures feature stories, historical or mythological, involving superhuman, supernatural, human, and in some instances,
2592:
1999:
2607:
674:.) Visual representations of wet-nursing practices in enslaved communities are most prevalent in representations of the
176:
Wet nursing is an ancient practice, common to many societies. It has been linked to social class, where monarchies, the
2612:
2567:
554:
Upper-class women tended to hire wet nurses to work within their own homes, as part of a large household of servants.
539:, women took in babies for money and nursed them themselves or fed them with whatever was cheapest. This was known as
204:
In pre-modern times, it was incorrectly believed that wet nurses could pass on personality traits to infants, such as
2622:
2587:
2149:
2128:
838:
411:. Even women of the working classes or slaves might have their babies nursed, and the Roman-era Greek gynecologist
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An infant who has been living with a wet nurse being taken away from its foster parents by its natural mother. By
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2792:
2787:
2698:
2529:
1250:
1102:
569:, argues that "In effect, wealthy parents frequently 'bought' the life of their infant for the life of another."
32:
1922:
From Slovenia to Egypt: Aleksandrinke's trans-Mediterranean domestic workers' migration and national imagination
2336:
1388:
217:
650:
consistent, wet nurses were stereotypically poor ladies from rural areas who offered their services for fees.
420:
2828:
2782:
2726:
2582:
2331:
841:, born two months premature, had a wet nurse whom he so valued all his life, that her daughter was appointed
404:
68:
A wet nurse can help when a mother is unable or unwilling to breastfeed her baby. Before the development of
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1358:
400:
2777:
2741:
2264:
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1090:
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2459:
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812:
671:
469:
399:("Milk Column") may have been a place where wet nurses could be hired. It was considered admirable for
902:
For some Americans, the subject of wet-nursing is becoming increasingly open for discussion. During a
780:
Sometimes, the infant was placed in the home of the wet nurse for several months, as was the case for
2514:
2208:
1988:
1209:
927:
517:
75:
There are many reasons why a mother is unable to produce sufficient breast milk, or in some cases to
1971:
1858:
Thompson, Barbara, ed. "The Body of a Myth: Embodying the Black Mammy Figure in Visual Culture". In
629:. Working-class women would leave their babies with wet nurses so they could get jobs in factories.
324:
is a beneficent goddess of lactation; her name became the title for a royal wet nurse, according to
2662:
2049:
17:
1785:
1337:
Lecturer in Human Nutrition at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and author of
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372:
609:
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833:
797:
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189:
111:
2080:
2519:
2474:
2366:
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1958:
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453:
376:
1541:(University of North Carolina Press, 2006), p. 54; Bradley, "Wet-Nursing at Rome," p. 202ff.
1094:
115:
A 16th-century carving in a Belgian church, showing a woman expressing her milk into a bowl.
2688:
2617:
1082:
513:
1819:""Experiences of a 'Hired Girl'": An Early Twentieth-Century Domestic Worker Speaks Out".
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was, with her employer, the first Western woman to visit Japan. Naomi Baumslag, author of
8:
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2406:
2386:
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966:
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36:
1779:
1239:(1st ed.). London: S. O. Beeton, 18 Bouverie Street, London EC. pp. 1022–1024.
961:, was not a member of the royal family but received the honour of a burial in the royal
2642:
2464:
2341:
1521:
1179:
The Labor of Infant Feeding: Wet-Nursing at the Nursery and Child's Hospital, 1854–1910
1178:
994:
923:
667:
626:
558:
412:
381:
317:
239:, who appears to have lived as a member of the household all her days. (Genesis 35:8.)
625:
The practice of wet-nursing was still widespread during World War I, according to the
2504:
2454:
2191:
2167:
2145:
2124:
2068:
1925:
1900:
1876:
1437:
1098:
732:, despite the fact that empirical evidence demonstrates that only a tiny fraction of
562:
461:
224:
84:
2094:
56:. Wet-nursing existed in societies around the world until the invention of reliable
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1946:
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1078:
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710:
544:
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142:
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production and secretion. Some women have been able to establish lactation using a
96:
1766:
Infection of the Innocents: Wet Nurses, Infants, and Syphilis in France, 1780–1900
774:
2657:
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2602:
2479:
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2431:
2024:
1710:
1319:
1136:
1129:
1046:
1006:
882:
675:
473:
287:
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60:
in the 20th century. The practice has made a small comeback in the 21st century.
856:
Mothers who nurse each other's babies are engaging in a reciprocal act known as
781:
2632:
2484:
2436:
2316:
890:
465:
162:
88:
69:
1383:
509:
95:, were high. There was a concurrent availability of lactating women whose own
2807:
2736:
2426:
2306:
2280:
1483:
1156:
1125:
1066:
1038:
1018:
991:
942:
906:
793:
750:, was part of the rhetorical stigma surrounding this phenomenon in Slovenia.
536:
498:
268:
244:
193:
48:
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2524:
2321:
1950:
1723:
1114:
1054:
946:
938:
Royal wet nurses are more likely than most to reach the historical record.
828:
540:
439:
nurses were preferred, and the Romans believed that a baby who had a Greek
436:
408:
349:
313:
308:
197:
57:
53:
889:, and processed there by being screened, pasteurized, and usually frozen.
415:
offers detailed advice on how to choose a wet nurse. Inscriptions such as
2731:
2721:
2494:
2326:
1461:
Keith R. Bradley, "Wet-Nursing at Rome: A Study in Social Relations," in
1410:
O'Reilly, Andrea, "Wet Nursing," Encyclopedia of Motherhood (2010): 1273.
1289:
O'Reilly, Andrea, "Wet Nursing," Encyclopedia of Motherhood (2010): 1271.
1159:, works of art based on the story of a daughter feeding her dying father.
1002:
987:
950:
910:
886:
874:
763:
688:
548:
177:
136:
2164:
Scanning the Pharaohs : CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies
1594:
1223:
O'Reilly, Andrea, "Wet Nursing," Encyclopedia of Motherhood (2010): 1271
726:
as a wet nurse, which came to overpower any other representation of the
446:
2647:
1042:
1034:
1022:
962:
958:
700:
325:
205:
92:
1862:. Hanover, New Hampshire: Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, 2008.
1715:
Transtext(e)s Transcultures 跨文本跨文化. Journal of Global Cultural Studies
1021:, with almost every Mughal prince having one. Some prominent ones are
2683:
2637:
2416:
2411:
2401:
2346:
1711:"La mise en nourrice, une pratique répandue en France au XIXe siècle"
1555:
1359:"Viv Groskop on women who breastfeed other people's babies – Society"
1086:
878:
850:
842:
596:
386:
279:
260:
185:
132:
120:
76:
1164:
Selling Mother's Milk: The Wet-Nursing Business in France, 1715–1914
591:
Selling Mother's Milk: The Wet-Nursing Business in France, 1715–1914
2489:
2391:
1550:
Evidence for bottle-feeding among the Romans is very slim, and the
1132:
1030:
954:
846:
692:
283:
181:
2095:"Got Milk? Chinese Crisis Creates A Market for Human Alternatives"
1860:
Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, and Ideologies of the African Body
2762:
2376:
1834:
A Social History of Wet Nursing in America: From Breast to Bottle
1490:(Routledge, 2001), p. 62; Bradley, "Wet-Nursing at Rome," p. 214.
1255:
1010:
808:
696:
248:
240:
228:
2249:
1434:
Native planters in old Hawaii: their life, lore, and environment
2421:
2311:
2301:
2238:
903:
477:
321:
295:
291:
256:
128:
449:
the language and grow up speaking Greek as fluently as Latin.
2678:
2166:. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 58.
1748:
Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society
1629:
Acton, W., "Unmarried Wet Nurses", Lancet Vol. 1 (1859): 175.
1618:
Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society
1050:
1026:
801:
416:
357:
353:
341:
264:
252:
232:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1323:
637:
2381:
2209:"Death rate from tuberculosis, by age, World, 1990 to 2017"
1062:
970:
236:
72:
in the 20th century, wet-nursing could save a baby's life.
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
687:
From the mid-1800s to the mid-1900s, and especially after
524:
Wet nursing used to be commonplace in the United Kingdom.
83:
There was a greater need for wet nurses when the rates of
1684:
1679:
Breasts, Bottles, and Babies: A History of Infant Feeding
1653:
Breasts, Bottles, and Babies: A History of Infant Feeding
1640:
Breasts, Bottles, and Babies: A History of Infant Feeding
867:
1983:
1981:
1436:
by Edward Smith Craighill Handy, Elizabeth Green Handy,
1120:
Some non-royal wet nurses have also been written about.
827:
meaning "mother". Islam has a highly codified system of
762:"Visite Chez la Nourrice" ("Visit to the Wet nurse") by
520:, are forced into exile, taking their baby and wet nurse
501:
court were given honours in the Turco-Mongol tradition.
389:
even refers to a wage dispute for wet-nursing services (
267:, but he would take only his biological mother's milk. (
2050:"Salma Hayek On Why She Breastfed Another Woman's Baby"
1599:
1276:
1274:
789:
567:
Breasts, Bottle and Babies: A History of Infant Feeding
1760:
1758:
1756:
974:
1978:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
516:, formerly Duchess of Suffolk, and her later husband
429:
would be proud of her profession. One even records a
1271:
720:
This constitutes the origin of the archetype of the
435:, a male "milk nurse" who presumably used a bottle.
157:
39:
as an infant with his nurse Longuet de la Giraudière
2000:"Mother's virtue gives her children great blessing"
1753:
1681:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1986: 243.
1655:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1986: 152.
1642:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1986: 193.
1232:
27:
Woman who breastfeeds and cares for another's child
2155:
1731:
909:to Sierra Leone in 2008, American Mexican actress
738:at any time worked as wet nurses. The majority of
595:Wet-nursing was reported in France in the time of
2026:George the Third, his Court, and family, Volume 1
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
528:both provided and received wet-nursing services.
312:(spirit) representation of the wet nurse of King
192:). Poor women, especially those who suffered the
2805:
1539:Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic
822:
816:
1875:. Ljubljana: ZRC Publishing. 2009. p. 37.
1781:American Red Cross Work Among the French People
1343:
1259:. Victoria, Australia. 15 June 1897. p. 8
917:
119:A woman can only act as a wet nurse if she is
2265:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
641:Enslaved Black woman wet-nursing white infant
2161:
1508:Bradley, "Wet-Nursing at Rome," pp. 201–202
1488:Childhood, Class and Kin in the Roman World
1392:. South Australia. 26 April 1884. p. 7
440:
430:
424:
390:
366:
360:
2272:
2258:
914:breastfeeding a hungry baby in a village.
2190:(The Heart of the King), Grasset, 2017,
2180:
1873:Go girls!: when Slovenian women left home
1768:. McGill-Queen's University Press (2010).
1722:
1558:; Bradley, "Wet-Nursing at Rome," p. 214.
1465:(Cornell University Press, 1986), p. 213.
1236:Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management
1017:. Wet nurses were also common during the
898:with the functional and lactating breast.
815:, for example, the wet nurse is known as
666:In the Southern United States before the
768:
757:
636:
580:
508:
335:
243:commentaries on the Torah hold that the
161:
110:
31:
2297:Anti inflammatory agents in breast milk
2162:Hawass, Zahi; Saleem, Sahar N. (2016).
1920:Hladnik, Mirjam MilharÄŤiÄŤ, ed. (2015).
1919:
1897:Gender, migration, and domestic service
1709:Romanet, Emmanuelle (1 December 2013).
1708:
1499:Bradley, "Wet-Nursing at Rome," p. 201.
1474:Bradley, "Wet-Nursing at Rome," p. 214.
1421:"How Wet-Nursing Stoked Class Tensions"
1356:
1113:. Poitrine was accused of transmitting
1009:who served as wet nurse to the emperor
543:; poor care sometimes resulted in high
407:, but unusual and old-fashioned in the
379:were wet nurses by profession, and the
14:
2806:
2144:, University of Michigan Press 2006,
1143:, described the legendary capacity of
868:Current attitudes in Western countries
2814:Personal care and service occupations
2357:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
2253:
1797:
1795:
1727:– via journals.openedition.org.
1595:https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158824
1450:Hawaiian antiquities (Moolelo Hawaii)
1053:(Myanmar), and the wet nurse of King
933:
2593:History and culture of breastfeeding
1944:
1777:
1746:Paula S. Fass (ed.), "Wet Nursing",
1302:Mosby Elsevier, Rapid Review Series.
1167:, a history of wet nurses in France.
922:Wet nurses are still common in many
488:to promote the flow of breast milk.
2608:Human milk banking in North America
2307:Areolar gland (gland of Montgomery)
1836:, Cambridge University Press (1996)
1616:Wolf, Jacqueline H, "Wet Nursing",
486:birth and child development deities
452:The importance of the wet nurse to
24:
2613:International Breastfeeding Symbol
2568:Breastfeeding in the United States
2188:Le CĹ“ur du Roi : RĂ©volution 1
2140:Eric H. Cline, David B. O'Connor,
1792:
1200:
1171:
25:
2845:
2623:International Breast Milk Project
2588:Diana West (lactation consultant)
2279:
2231:
1845:O'Reilly, Andrea, "Wet Nursing",
1695:O'Reilly, Andrea, "Wet Nursing",
973:. Her coffin has the inscription
699:to the cosmopolitan port city of
585:The bureau of wet nurses in Paris
504:
158:Historical and cultural practices
106:
2237:
2121:Akhenaten, Egypt's False Prophet
2047:
839:George III of the United Kingdom
753:
632:
2793:Breastfeeding and mental health
2788:Breastfeeding contraindications
2699:List of breastfeeding activists
2530:Breastfeeding and mental health
2201:
2134:
2113:
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2017:
1992:
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1404:
1376:
1357:Groskop, Viv (5 January 2007).
990:was the wet nurse of the third
331:
2337:Dysphoric milk ejection reflex
2215:. Global Change Data Lab. 2017
1389:The Evening Journal (Adelaide)
1331:
1305:
1292:
1283:
1243:
1226:
1217:
476:bronze sculpture. The goddess
231:, wife of Isaac and mother of
139:, in order to feed an infant.
13:
1:
2783:Breastfeeding and medications
2332:Breastfeeding and medications
2142:Thutmose III: A New Biography
1823:. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
1339:The Politics of Breastfeeding
1325:The American Surrogacy Center
1311:Wilson-Clay, Barbara (1996).
1193:
472:, as portrayed in the famous
405:breastfeed their own children
395:). The landmark known as the
167:
147:The Politics of Breastfeeding
2510:Nipple pain in breastfeeding
1233:Mrs Isabella Beeton (1861).
211:
7:
2778:Breastfeeding and fertility
2742:Supplemental nursing system
2573:Breastfeeding organizations
1899:. London: Routledge. 2013.
1847:Encyclopaedia of Motherhood
1697:Encyclopaedia of Motherhood
1207:"Wet nurse, wet-nurse, n".
1183:Journal of American History
1150:
1091:William, Duke of Gloucester
918:Current situation elsewhere
845:to the Royal Household, "a
813:Vietnamese family structure
695:peasant women migrated via
356:would have had wet nurses (
91:, during and shortly after
10:
2850:
2598:Human-animal breastfeeding
2583:Child's Right to Nurse Act
2460:Breastfeeding difficulties
2352:Human milk oligosaccharide
1463:The Family in Ancient Rome
949:was the wet nurse of King
672:Children of the plantation
661:
588:
557:Wet nurses also worked at
63:
2750:
2712:
2671:
2538:
2515:Breastfeeding infertility
2445:
2287:
1668:1 (6 February 1858): 105.
1210:Oxford English Dictionary
928:2008 Chinese milk scandal
576:
375:and freedwomen, but some
263:) attempted to wet-nurse
2663:World Breastfeeding Week
1584:(Heineman, 2003), p. 11.
981:Great Royal Wet Nurse In
682:
491:
206:acquired characteristics
2578:Breastfeeding promotion
2563:Breastfeeding in public
1810:(1): 6. ISSN 2232-0725.
1666:British Medical Journal
1554:may have simply been a
1318:9 February 2010 at the
1141:Milk, Money and Madness
1122:Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb
1097:was a wet nurse of the
1041:was the mother of King
975:
881:), which is donated to
2819:Child care occupations
2768:Extended breastfeeding
2558:Breastfeeding in Islam
2548:Breastfeeding advocacy
1966:Cite journal requires
1951:10.13140/2.1.1535.5846
1821:historymatters.gmu.edu
1724:10.4000/transtexts.497
1582:Ancient Roman Children
1384:"Destitute Commission"
1177:Vapnek, Lara (2022). "
900:
823:
817:
786:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 91
784:and her siblings. The
777:
766:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
642:
586:
521:
441:
431:
425:
391:
367:
361:
345:
196:of giving birth to an
190:lactational amenorrhea
173:
155:
116:
40:
2520:Breastfeeding and HIV
2475:Fissure of the nipple
2367:Lactation suppression
1784:. Macmillan. p.
1778:Ames, Fisher (1921).
1128:and wet nurse of the
1075:Hodierna of St Albans
1015:Nurse empress dowager
895:
772:
761:
640:
584:
561:, establishments for
512:
454:ancient Roman culture
417:religious dedications
354:well-to-do households
339:
294:was the wet nurse of
166:A Russian wet nurse,
165:
151:
114:
35:
2829:Gendered occupations
2689:Lactation consultant
2618:Jack Newman (doctor)
2553:Breastfeeding in art
2246:at Wikimedia Commons
1423:. 16 September 2021.
1083:Richard I of England
924:developing countries
514:Catherine Willoughby
466:abandoned as infants
456:is indicated by the
282:is the wet nurse of
223:The Bible refers to
2694:Lactation counselor
2407:Prolactin modulator
2387:Overactive let-down
2288:Anatomy, physiology
2101:. 24 September 2008
1677:Valerie A. Fildes,
1651:Valerie A. Fildes,
1638:Valerie A. Fildes,
1313:"Induced Lactation"
1251:"Situations Vacant"
1107:Louis XVI of France
1089:was a wet nurse to
976:wr šdt nfrw nswt In
967:Valley of the Kings
796:(for the immediate
619:congenital syphilis
559:foundling hospitals
526:Working-class women
2715:with breastfeeding
2465:Breast engorgement
2342:Frenulum of tongue
2186:Arnaud Delalande.
2079:has generic name (
2029:. 1820. p. 73
2004:www.baolavansu.com
1537:Celia E. Schultz,
1522:Soranus of Ephesus
1512:especially p. 210.
1400:– via Trove.
1300:Pathology, 2nd ed.
1267:– via Trove.
1095:Geneviève Poitrine
1077:was the mother of
934:Notable wet nurses
798:post-partum period
778:
767:
643:
627:American Red Cross
587:
563:abandoned children
545:infant death rates
522:
468:but nursed by the
432:nutritor lactaneus
346:
318:Hawaiian mythology
174:
117:
85:infant abandonment
41:
2801:
2800:
2505:Neonatal jaundice
2455:Blocked milk duct
2242:Media related to
2213:Our World in Data
2196:978-2-246-85850-8
2173:978-977-416-673-0
1931:978-3-8471-0403-2
1906:978-0-415-51054-7
1882:978-961-254-170-5
1804:PERINTIS eJournal
1438:Mary Kawena Pukui
1099:Dauphin of France
1081:and wet nurse of
788:, a receipt from
605:Théophile Roussel
462:Romulus and Remus
300:Burmese mythology
218:animal wet nurses
16:(Redirected from
2841:
2773:Nipple confusion
2758:Baby-led weaning
2500:Nipple vasospasm
2448:and difficulties
2397:Passive immunity
2372:Lactiferous duct
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1213:. December 1989.
1204:
1145:Judith Waterford
1111:Marie Antoinette
1079:Alexander Neckam
1059:Emperor of China
978:
826:
820:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
714:
613:
444:
434:
428:
423:indicate that a
401:upperclass women
397:Columna Lactaria
394:
370:
364:
304:Myaukhpet Shinma
251:(Pharaoh's wife
172:
169:
143:Gabrielle Palmer
125:elicit lactation
21:
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2667:
2658:Mary Rose Tully
2643:Mothers' rights
2628:La Leche League
2603:Human milk bank
2540:
2534:
2480:Inverted nipple
2470:Low milk supply
2447:
2441:
2432:Mammary alveoli
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1172:Further reading
1153:
1137:Petronella Muns
1130:Islamic prophet
1047:Toungoo dynasty
1007:lady in waiting
957:, the nurse of
936:
920:
885:, analogous to
877:(or especially
870:
849:place of great
756:
747:aleksandrinstvo
729:aleksandrinstvo
708:
703:. There, these
691:, thousands of
685:
676:Mammy archetype
664:
635:
607:
593:
579:
507:
494:
474:Capitoline Wolf
334:
288:Roman mythology
276:Greek mythology
255:in the Islamic
214:
188:in some women (
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97:babies had died
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47:is a woman who
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2290:and immunology
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891:Infant formula
875:expressed milk
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371:) among their
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107:Eliciting milk
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1157:Roman Charity
1155:
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1127:
1126:foster mother
1123:
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1096:
1093:(1689–1700).
1092:
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1067:Wang Lianshou
1064:
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1039:Shin Myo Myat
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1019:Mughal period
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907:goodwill tour
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775:Étienne Aubry
771:
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754:Relationships
751:
748:
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741:aleksandrinke
736:
735:aleksandrinke
730:
724:
723:aleksandrinka
718:
715:
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706:aleksandrinke
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235:(Israel) and
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55:
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46:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2751:Other topics
2703:
2653:Amy Spangler
2525:Prolactinoma
2322:Breast crawl
2217:. Retrieved
2212:
2203:
2187:
2182:
2163:
2157:
2141:
2136:
2120:
2115:
2105:21 September
2103:. Retrieved
2098:
2089:
2057:. Retrieved
2053:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2025:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:
1994:
1959:cite journal
1940:
1921:
1915:
1896:
1891:
1872:
1867:
1859:
1854:
1849:(2010): 1271
1846:
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1815:
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1487:
1479:
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1449:
1445:
1433:
1429:
1415:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1387:
1378:
1368:21 September
1366:. Retrieved
1363:The Guardian
1362:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1261:. Retrieved
1254:
1245:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1208:
1202:
1189:(1): 90–115.
1186:
1182:
1162:
1140:
1119:
1115:tuberculosis
1103:Louis Joseph
1072:
1065:, described
1055:Tabinshwehti
985:
980:
940:
937:
921:
901:
896:
871:
861:
857:
855:
832:
829:milk kinship
806:
779:
719:
704:
686:
665:
652:
648:
644:
624:
616:
601:
594:
571:
566:
556:
553:
541:baby-farming
534:
530:
523:
495:
484:among other
451:
409:Imperial era
380:
350:ancient Rome
347:
332:Ancient Rome
314:Tabinshwehti
307:
273:
269:Exodus 2:6–9
222:
215:
203:
198:illegitimate
175:
152:
146:
145:, author of
141:
118:
101:
82:
74:
67:
58:formula milk
54:milk kinship
44:
42:
29:
2732:Nursing bra
2722:Breast pump
2539:Culture and
2495:Nipple bleb
2362:Latching on
2327:Breast milk
2119:N. Reeves:
2077:|last=
1569:Gynaecology
1526:Gynaecology
1298:E. Goljan,
1073:In Europe,
1057:. The last
1003:Lu Lingxuan
988:Lady Kasuga
951:Tutankhamun
911:Salma Hayek
887:blood banks
811:rights. In
782:Jane Austen
764:Victor Adam
709: [
689:World War I
656:help wanted
608: [
549:poor relief
535:During the
464:, who were
377:Roman women
365:, singular
340:A funerary
178:aristocracy
171: 1913
137:breast pump
49:breastfeeds
2834:Wet nurses
2808:Categories
2648:Pat Shelly
2244:Wet nurses
2219:9 December
2033:17 January
1528:2.19.24–5.
1510:et passim,
1194:References
1109:and Queen
1043:Bayinnaung
1035:Shah Jahan
1023:Maham Anga
979:, meaning
969:, in tomb
963:necropolis
959:Hatshepsut
883:milk banks
862:co-nursing
800:) and the
701:Alexandria
589:See also:
326:David Malo
149:, states:
93:childbirth
2704:Wet nurse
2684:Midwifery
2638:Lactivism
2446:Disorders
2417:Lactation
2412:Colostrum
2402:Prolactin
2347:Galactose
1567:Soranus,
1556:nursemaid
1087:Mrs. Pack
986:In Asia,
879:colostrum
851:emolument
843:laundress
831:known as
668:Civil War
597:Louis XIV
387:Roman law
280:Eurycleia
247:princess
241:Midrashic
212:Mythology
186:ovulation
133:prolactin
121:lactating
45:wet nurse
37:Louis XIV
2490:Mastitis
2392:Oxytocin
2131:, p. 180
2069:cite web
2054:ABC News
1552:nutritor
1396:25 March
1316:Archived
1151:See also
1133:Muhammad
1124:was the
1031:Dai Anga
992:Tokugawa
955:Sitre In
847:sinecure
470:she-wolf
421:epitaphs
392:nutricia
362:nutrices
284:Odysseus
245:Egyptian
182:nobility
18:Wetnurse
2763:Weaning
2541:support
2377:Lactose
2009:22 July
1620:(2004).
1256:The Age
1045:of the
1011:Gao Wei
999:Iemitsu
965:in the
818:Nhũ mẫu
809:kinship
697:Trieste
693:Slovene
662:Slavery
482:invoked
413:Soranus
306:is the
249:Bithiah
229:Rebekah
225:Deborah
77:lactate
64:Reasons
2422:Nipple
2312:Breast
2302:Areola
2194:
2170:
2148:
2127:
2059:9 June
1928:
1903:
1879:
1263:18 May
1085:, and
1005:was a
995:shĹŤgun
904:UNICEF
577:France
499:Mughal
478:Rumina
447:imbibe
445:could
442:nutrix
426:nutrix
382:Digest
373:slaves
368:nutrix
322:Nuakea
296:Aeneas
292:Caieta
261:Qur'an
257:Hadith
194:stigma
127:via a
2679:Doula
2672:Roles
1717:(8).
1571:2.44.
1051:Burma
1027:Akbar
802:nanny
713:]
683:Egypt
612:]
492:India
437:Greek
358:Latin
342:stele
316:. In
298:. In
286:. In
265:Moses
253:Asiya
233:Jacob
2382:Milk
2221:2020
2192:ISBN
2168:ISBN
2152:p.98
2146:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2107:2014
2081:help
2061:2024
2035:2019
2011:2020
1972:help
1926:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1398:2020
1370:2014
1265:2020
1063:Puyi
1033:for
1029:and
1025:for
971:KV60
947:Maia
834:rada
480:was
419:and
259:and
237:Esau
87:and
2099:WSJ
1947:doi
1786:131
1719:doi
1187:109
1181:".
1049:of
941:In
860:or
853:".
824:máş«u
460:of
403:to
385:of
348:In
309:nat
274:In
131:of
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2037:.
2013:.
1974:)
1970:(
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1949::
1934:.
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1885:.
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