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that of Islam, leading to a concept of a
Western civilization different from other civilizations. In the fifteenth century, Renaissance intellectuals began to identify this civilization not only with Christianity but also with the intellectual and political achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Important to the development of the idea of a distinct Western civilization were encounters with other peoples. Between 700 and 1500, encounters with the world of Islam helped define the West. But after 1500, as European ships began to move into other parts of the world, encounters with peoples in Asia, Africa, and the Americas not only had an impact on the civilizations found there but also affected how people in the West defined themselves. At the same time, as they set up colonies, Europeans began to transplant a sense of Western identity to other areas of the world, especially North America and parts of Latin America, that have come to be considered part of Western civilization
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scion of
European civilization, it also incorporates more elements of indigenous American civilizations compared to those of North America and Europe. It also currently has had a more corporatist and authoritarian culture. Both Europe and North America felt the effects of Reformation and combination of Catholic and Protestant cultures. Historically, Latin America has been only Catholic, although this may be changing. Latin America could be considered, or a sub-set, within Western civilization, or can also be considered a separate civilization, intimately related to the West, but divided as to whether it belongs with it.
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532:. Similarly, complicated relationships between virtually all the countries and regions within a broadly defined "West" can be discussed in the light of a persistently fragmented political landscape resulting in a lack of uniformity and significant diversity between the various cultures affiliating with this shared socio-cultural heritage. Thus, those cultures identifying with the West and with what it means to be "western" change over time as the geopolitical circumstances of a place changes and what is meant by the terminology changes.
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hand she holds a square, an implement for testing or drawing right angles. She is watched by a group of students. In the Middle Ages, it is unusual to see women represented as teachers, in particular when the students appear to be monks. She is most likely the personification of
Geometry, based on Martianus Capella's famous book De Nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii , a standard source for allegorical imagery of the seven liberal arts. Illustration at the beginning of Euclid's Elementa, in the translation attributed to Adelard of Bath.
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1713:, much of Greco-Roman art, literature, science and even technology were all but lost in the western part of the old empire. However, this would become the center of a new West. Europe fell into political anarchy, with many warring kingdoms and principalities. Under the Frankish kings, it eventually, and partially, reunified, and the anarchy evolved into
420:"The West" as a geographical area is unclear and undefined. There is some disagreement about which nations should or should not be included in the category, when, and why. Certainly related conceptual terminology has changed over time in scope, meaning, and use. The term "western" draws on an affiliation with, or a perception of, a shared
2985:, from its ritually and mythologically inspired Greek origins to modern forms where struggle and downfall are often rooted in psychological or social, rather than mythical, motives, is also widely considered a specifically European creation and can be seen as a forerunner of some aspects of both the novel and of classical opera.
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1472:, the wealthiest provinces of the Roman Empire were in the East, particularly Roman Egypt which was the wealthiest Roman province outside of Italia. Nevertheless, the Celts in the West created some significant literature in the ancient world whenever they were given the opportunity (an example being the poet
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The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other
Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the
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The origin of western civilization is usually dated to 700 or 800 AD. In general, researchers consider that it has three main components, in Europe, North
America and Latin America. However, Latin America has followed a quite different development path from Europe and North America. Although it is a
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the term "Western" — refer to the culture of classical antiquity that arose in Greece and Rome; survived the collapse of the Roman Empire; spread to western and northern Europe; then during the great periods of exploration and colonization of the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries expanded to the
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and the Greco-Roman classics. Christianity laid a stress on the inward aspects of actions and on motives, notions that were foreign to the ancient world. This subjectivity, which grew out of the
Christian belief that man could achieve a personal union with God, resisted all challenges and made itself
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The
Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that
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of the 18th century, during which cultural and intellectual forces in
European society emphasized reason, analysis, and individualism rather than traditional lines of authority. It challenged the authority of institutions that were deeply rooted in society, such as the Catholic Church; there was much
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people in these early civilizations viewed themselves as subjects of states or empires, not as members of
Western civilization. With the rise of Christianity during the Late Roman Empire, however, peoples in Europe began to identify themselves as part of a civilization different from others, such as
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can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football. Many games are known as "football" were being played at colleges and universities in the United States in the first half of the 19th century. American football resulted from several major divergences from rugby, most notably
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traditions. These cultures had a number of similarities, such as a common emphasis on the individual, but they also embody fundamentally conflicting worldviews. For example, in
Judaism and Christianity, God is the ultimate authority, while Greco-Roman tradition considers the ultimate authority to be
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Medieval Christians believed that to seek the geometric, physical and mathematical principles that govern the world was to seek and worship God. Detail of a scene in the bowl of the letter 'P' with a woman with a set-square and dividers; using a compass to measure distances on a diagram. In her left
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are ancient and occurred worldwide, the prose novel as a distinct form of storytelling, with developed, consistent human characters and, typically, some connected overall plot (although both of these characteristics have sometimes been modified and played with in later times), was popularized by the
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The soap opera, a popular culture dramatic form, originated in the United States first on radio in the 1930s, then a couple of decades later on television. The music video was also developed in the West in the middle of the 20th century. Musical theatre was developed in the West in the 19th and 20th
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for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries. The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the
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and Greek healing temples. These hospitals were established to cater to "particular social groups marginalized by poverty, sickness, and age," according to the historian of hospitals, Guenter Risse. Christianity played a role in ending practices common among pagan societies, such as human sacrifice,
175:. While Western culture is a broad concept, and does not relate to a region with fixed members or geographical confines, it generally relates to the cultures of countries with historical ties to a European country or a number of European countries, or to the variety of cultures within Europe itself.
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that began in Great Britain in the 18th century brought increased leisure time, leading to more opportunities for citizens to participate in athletic activities and also follow spectator sports. These trends continued with the advent of mass media and global communication. The bat and ball sport of
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The West went through a series of great cultural and social changes between 1945 and 1980. The emergent mass media (film, radio, television and recorded music) created a global culture that could ignore national frontiers. Literacy became almost universal, encouraging the growth of books, magazines
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In the 14th century, starting from Italy and then spreading throughout Europe, there was a massive artistic, architectural, scientific and philosophical revival, as a result of the Christian revival of Greek philosophy, and the long Christian medieval tradition that established the use of reason as
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In 1,200 years the tiny village of Rome established a republic, conquered all of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe, lost its republic, and finally, surrendered its empire. In the process the Romans laid the foundation of Western civilization. The pragmatic Romans brought Greek and Hebrew
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Greekness was identified with freedom-spiritual and social as well as political-and slavery was equated with being barbarian, 'democracy' was a Greek invention (celebrating its 2,500th anniversary in 1993/4) an ancient culture, that of the Greeks — is both a foundation stone of our own (Western)
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in the transition years between 1840 and 1870, when technological and economic progress continued with the increasing adoption of steam transport (steam-powered railways, boats, and ships), the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the increasing use of machinery in steam-powered factories.
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Alhazen (or Al-Haytham; 965–1039 CE) was perhaps one of the greatest physicists of all times and a product of the Islamic Golden Age or Islamic Renaissance (7th–13th centuries). He made significant contributions to anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy,
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Had the Persians overrun all of mainland Greece, had they then transformed the Greek city-states into satrapies of the Persian Empire, had Greek democracy been snuffed out, there would have been no Greek theater, no Greek science, no Plato, no Aristotle, no Sophocles, no Aeschylus. The incredible
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influenced Western European foodways. Many Oriental ingredients were relatively new to the Western lands. Sugar, almonds, pistachios, rosewater, and dried citrus fruits were all novelties to the Crusaders who encountered them in Saracen lands. Pepper, ginger and cinnamon were the most widely used
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In music, Catholic monks developed the first forms of modern Western musical notation to standardize liturgy throughout the worldwide Church, and an enormous body of religious music has been composed for it through the ages. This led directly to the emergence and development of European classical
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economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals, plants and fire.
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was not confined to the West but also stretched into the old East. The philosophy and science of Classical Greece were largely forgotten in Europe after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, other than in isolated monastic enclaves (notably in Ireland, which had become Christian but was never
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and consolidated a Latin West, but an east–west division remained, reflected in many cultural norms of the two areas, including language. Eventually, the empire became increasingly split into a Western and Eastern part, reviving old ideas of a contrast between an advanced East, and a rugged West.
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The Greeks provided the chromosomes of Western civilization. One does not have to idealize the Greeks to sustain that point. Greek ways of exploring the cosmos, defining the problems of knowledge (and what is meant by knowledge itself), creating the language in which such problems are explored,
2007:. The process was accompanied and reinforced by the Age of Discovery and continued into the modern period. Scholars have proposed a wide variety of theories to explain why the Great Divergence happened, including lack of government intervention, geography, colonialism, and customary traditions.
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ideas down to earth, modified them, and transmitted them throughout western Europe. Roman law remains the basis for the legal codes of most western European and Latin American countries — Even in English-speaking countries, where common law prevails, Roman law has exerted substantial influence
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and a Catholic thinker who studied the issue regarding the human rights of colonized natives, is recognized by the United Nations as a father of international law, and now also by historians of economics and democracy as a leading light for the West's democracy and rapid economic development.
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in the West for centuries. Classical Greek learning was also subsumed, preserved, and elaborated in the rising Eastern world, which gradually supplanted Roman-Byzantine control as a dominant cultural-political force. Thus, much of the learning of classical antiquity was slowly reintroduced to
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burst of creative energy that took place during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. and that laid the foundation for all of later Western civilization would never have happened. in the years between 490 and 479 B.C.E., the entire future of the Western world hung precariously in the balance
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styles, which are still widely recognized and used in contemporary Western architecture. Much of Western architecture emphasizes repetition of simple motifs, straight lines and expansive, undecorated planes. A modern ubiquitous architectural form that emphasizes this characteristic is the
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finishes his stew with vinegar and honey. Saracens combined sweet ingredients like date-juice and honey with pomegranate, lemons and citrus juices, or other sour ingredients. The technique of browning pieces of meat and simmering in liquid with vegetables is used in many recipes from the
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it is fairly clear that up to 1800 or maybe 1750, no society had experienced sustained growth in per capita income. (Eighteenth century population growth also averaged one-third of 1 percent, the same as production growth.) That is, up to about two centuries ago, per capita
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The novel, which made its appearance in the 18th century, is an essentially European creation. Chinese and Japanese literature contain some works that may be thought of as novels, but only the European novel is couched in terms of a personal analysis of personal dilemmas.
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as "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses" was fashioned by the 17th-century Italian
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A notable feature of Western culture is its strong emphasis and focus on innovation and invention through science and technology, and its ability to generate new processes, materials and material artifacts with its roots dating back to the Ancient Greeks. The
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was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of
2058:, who influenced society by publishing widely read works. Upon learning about enlightened views, some rulers met with intellectuals and tried to apply their reforms, such as allowing for toleration, or accepting multiple religions, in what became known as
5033:
Side by side with Christianity, the classical Greco-Roman world forms the sound foundation of Western civilization. Greek philosophy is also the origin for the methods and contents of the philosophical thought and theological investigation in Islam and
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style, which encompassed music, art, and architecture, was particularly encouraged by the post-Reformation Catholic Church as such forms offered a means of religious expression that was stirring and emotional, intended to stimulate religious fervor.
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and hunting were popular sports in the European Middle Ages, and the aristocratic classes developed passions for leisure activities. A great number of popular global sports were first developed or codified in Europe. The modern game of
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the first recorded use of a word for Europeans as a kind of person, so far as I know, comes out of this history of conflict. In a Latin chronicle, written in 754 in Spain, the author refers to the victors of the Battle of Tours as
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and is often linked to Rome, where many human-versus-animal events were held. Bullfighting spread from Spain to its American colonies, and in the 19th century to France, where it developed into a distinctive form in its own right.
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5305:(1953), Stanford University Press, p. 2: That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization—the civilization of western Europe and of America—have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo–Christianity, Catholic and Protestant.
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2305:) played a decisive role in modern globalization. The West has contributed a great many technological, political, philosophical, artistic and religious aspects to modern international culture: having been a crucible of
3343:, in full academic dress. The typical dress for graduation are gowns and hoods or hats adapted from the daily dress of university staff in the Middle Ages, which was in turn based on the attire worn by medieval clergy.
328:). European culture developed with a complex range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism, mysticism and Christian and secular humanism. Rational thinking developed through a long age of change and formation, with the
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At the same time, then as the printing press in the physical technological sense was invented, 'the press' in the extended sense of the word also entered the historical stage. The phenomenon of publishing was now
2429:
In Western dance, music, plays and other arts, the performers are only very infrequently masked. There are essentially no taboos against depicting a god, or other religious figures, in a representational fashion.
539:
and arbitrary. Globalization has spread Western ideas so widely that almost all modern cultures are, to some extent, influenced by aspects of Western culture. Stereotypical views of "the West" have been labeled
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The Bible is the most globally influential and widely read book ever written. ... it has been a major influence on the behavior, laws, customs, education, art, literature, and morality of Western civilization.
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Americas, Australia and areas of Asia and Africa; and now exercises global political, economic, cultural, and military power far greater than the size of its territory or population might otherwise suggest.
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from 2011, Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western world where 70–84% are Christians, According to this survey, 76% of Europeans described themselves as Christians, and about 86% of the
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448:, or those countries heavily influenced by its legacy, should be counted as "Western" is an example of the possible ambiguity of the term. These questions can be traced back to the affiliatory nature of
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Much of the basis of the post-Roman cultural world had been set before the fall of the Western Roman Empire, mainly through the integration and reshaping of Roman ideas through Christian thought. The
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Beginning in the 1990s, the Internet has contributed to a tremendous increase in the accessibility of Western media content. Departing from media offered in bundled content packages (magazines, CDs,
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is a very distinctive Western repeated motif. Depictions of the nude human male and female in photography, painting, and sculpture are frequently considered to have special artistic merit. Realistic
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Szreter, Simon; Mooney, Graham (February 1998). "Urbanization, Mortality, and the Standard of Living Debate: New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-Century British Cities".
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became the foundation on which all legal concepts and systems were based. Its influence is found in all Western legal systems, although in different manners and to different extents. The study of
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mercantilism and the introduction of the Alphabetic script boosted state formation in the Aegean and current-day Italy and current-day Spain, spawning civilizations in the Mediterranean such as
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physics, psychology, and visual perception and is primarily attributed as the inventor of the scientific method, for which author Bradley Steffens (2006) describes him as the "first scientist".
1850:, the legal system of the Catholic Church, fused with that of Roman law to form the basis of the refounding of Western legal scholarship. During the Reformation and Enlightenment, the ideas of
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in influence in many Western countries, mostly in the European Union where some member states have experienced falling church attendance and membership in recent years, and also elsewhere.
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5205:
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accessed 8 December 2014. p. 1: "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people—Catholic included—often realize. The Church in fact built Western civilization."
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and the military culture and the development of sports in Greece influenced one another considerably. Sports became such a prominent part of their culture that the Greeks created the
2974:(c. 1000 CE) have been cited as the world's first major novel but they had a very limited long-term impact on literary writing beyond their own day until much more recent times.
4112:' population identified themselves as Christians, (90% in Latin America and 77% in North America). 73% in Oceania self-identify as Christian, and 76% in South Africa are Christian.
4076:. Before this time many Europeans from the north, especially Scandinavians, remained polytheistic, though southern Europe was predominantly Christian from the 5th century onwards.
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were first awarded in 1901. The percentage of ethnically European Nobel prize winners during the first and second halves of the 20th century were respectively 98 and 94 percent.
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1923:
took over as the predominant force in Western civilization, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science for many years. Movements in art and philosophy, such as the
1862:, and democracy as the ideal form of society began to be institutionalized as principles forming the basis of modern Western culture, particularly in Protestant regions.
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that one group of humans who used to refer to themselves as 'the white race' (and now, generally, call themselves by its more accepted synonym, 'Western civilization') .
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in Western Europe early in the 10th century rekindled a passion for the discipline of law, which crossed many of the re-forming boundaries between East and West. In the
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became increasingly entrenched or even integral to Christendom. Much of art and literature, law, education, and politics were preserved in the teachings of the Church.
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annual growth rates of 2.4 percent for the first 60 years of the 20th century, of 1 percent for the entire 19th century, of one-third of 1 percent for the 18th century
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Roman civil law code was created in the East in his capital of Constantinople, and that city maintained trade and intermittent political control over outposts such as
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More pronounced use and application of innovation and scientific developments, as well as a more rational approach to scientific progress (what has been known as the
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Greco-Roman classic letters, arts, architecture, philosophical and cultural tradition, which include the influence of preeminent authors and philosophers such as
4012:, science and arts and the development of increasingly rapid communications through print led to a rising corpus of vernacular media content in European society.
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1800:
is credited with creating the first modern universities. The Catholic Church established a hospital system in Medieval Europe that vastly improved upon the Roman
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316:
brought classical traditions and philosophy. This major change for non-Western countries and their people saw a development in modernization in those countries.
416:(1996) indicating the world's postulated nine major "civilizations": Western, Latin American, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Buddhist, Japanese, Hindu, and African.
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representing the physical world and human society in the arts, defining the nature of value, describing the past, still underlie the Western cultural tradition
2062:. New ideas and beliefs spread around Europe and were fostered by an increase in literacy due to a departure from solely religious texts. Publications include
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There are also small but increasing numbers of people across the Western world who seek to revive the indigenous religions of their European ancestors; such
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7464:"Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson), Times Higher Education Supplement, 15 January 2004"
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Early Christianity in its Hellenistic context. Volume 2, Christian origins and Hellenistic Judaism : social and literary contexts for the New Testament
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Feinstein, Charles (September 1998). "Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain during and after the Industrial Revolution".
1452:. The Latin-speaking Western Roman Empire consisted of Western Europe and Northwest Africa, while the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire consisted of the
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2297:
By the mid-20th century, Western culture was exported worldwide, and the development and growth of international transport and telecommunication (such as
1971:
From the late 15th century to the 17th century, Western culture began to spread to other parts of the world through explorers and missionaries during the
4411:. A number of popular modern sports were devised or codified in the United Kingdom during the 19th century and obtained global prominence; these include
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account for 2%. According to Scholars, in 2017, Europe's population was 77.8% Christian (up from 74.9% 1970), these changes were largely result of the
575:, when Christians would start to form a common Christian or European identity. Contemporary Latin chronicles from Spain referred to the victors in the
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2290:(separating religion from politics and science) increased. Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western world, where 70% are Christians.
10319:
Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Lives & Achievements of 1510 Great Scientists from Ancient Times to the Present
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Europe is historically the cradle of Christian culture, it is still the primary center of institutional and pastoral energy in the Catholic Church...
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Europe is historically the cradle of Christian culture, it is still the primary center of institutional and pastoral energy in the Catholic Church...
2426:
While dance, music, visual art, story-telling, and architecture are human universals, they are expressed in the West in certain characteristic ways.
265:
cultures, and major advances in literature, engineering, and science, and provided the culture for the expansion of early Christianity and the Greek
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2158:) is often cited as marking the beginning of the scientific revolution, and its completion is attributed to the "grand synthesis" of Newton's 1687
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Christianity, served as a unifying force in Christian parts of Europe, and in some respects replaced or competed with the secular authorities. The
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in 1962 linking live media broadcasts from the UK to the US. The first digital broadcast satellite (DBS) system began transmitting in US in 1975.
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It is difficult to determine which individuals or places or trends fit into which category, and the East–West contrast is sometimes criticized as
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began to operate throughout wealthy European cities. The emergence of news media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the
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167:, and later spread to different parts of the world. The core of Western civilization, broadly defined, is formed by the combined foundations of
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Charles Murray, Human Accomplishment: The Pursuit of Excellence in the Arts and Sciences, 800 B.C. to 1950, Paperback – 9 November 2004, p. 284
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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Future of the Global Positioning System; National Academy of Public Administration (1995).
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Restoration of a fresco from an Ancient Roman villa bedroom, circa 50-40 BC, dimensions of the room: 265.4 Ă— 334 Ă— 583.9 cm, in the
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10113:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press.
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West in the 17th and 18th centuries. Of course, extended prose fiction had existed much earlier; both novels of adventure and romance in the
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The Roman Empire in 330. The area in red shows the zone of influence of the Latin West, while the area in blue shows the eastern Greek part.
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Constantinople and the West : essays on the late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches
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would highlight the importance of freedom in the Ancient Greek world, as opposed to the perceived slavery of the so-called barbaric world.
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of a contrast between Greeks and other civilizations. Greeks felt they were the most civilized and saw themselves (in the formulation of
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pace of economic and social changes. GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern
276:
Western culture continued to develop with the Christianization of European society during the Middle Ages, the reforms triggered by the
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516:, a conscious effort by Europeans to revive and surpass the ideas and achievements of the Greco-Roman world, eventually encouraged the
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is a traditional spectacle of Spain, Portugal, southern France, and some Latin American countries. It traces its roots to prehistoric
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and Antonio Canizares, 2012, "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization," Reprint edn., Washington, D.C.: Regnery History,
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in the mid-19th century. The United States also developed unique variations of English sports. English migrants took antecedents of
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residents in Europe; these made up about 18% of the European population in 2012. In particular, over half of the populations of the
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the Western world overcame pre-modern growth constraints and emerged during the 19th century as the most powerful and wealthy world
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said "For we who were occidentals have now become orientals." These cultural experiences, carried back to France by notables like
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were discovered and developed or invented in the West. Iron and steel ships, bridges and skyscrapers first appeared in the West.
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Following the Roman conquest of the Hellenistic world, the concept of a "West" arose, as there was a cultural divide between the
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in its literary use, along with the impact of economic change, the discoveries arising from trade and travel, navigation to the
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Photography and the motion picture as both a technology and basis for entirely new art forms were also developed in the West.
2337:. The West invented cinema, television, the personal computer, the Internet and video games; developed sports such as soccer,
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battles that pitted contestants against one another in a fight to the death. The Olympic Games revived many of the sports of
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5325:
4437:. Similarly, sports such as cricket, rugby, and netball were exported around the world, particularly among countries in the
625:
occurred simultaneously in the Near East. The term "Middle East" in the mid-19th century included the territory east of the
13123:
10922:
10571:
5353:
5314:
Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church", 2nd edn. (Michael Adams, Trans.), Dublin:Four Courts Press,
5289:, "Roman Catholicism, Christian church that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization".
4221:
4019:
by the Soviet Union in 1957, satellite transmission technology was dramatically realised, with the United States launching
3289:
Saracen influence can be seen in medieval cookbooks. Some recipes retain their Arabic names in Italian translations of the
1409:, which came under Greek rule, became part of the Hellenistic world. The most important Hellenistic centre of learning was
191:
17:
8520:
6175:
6160:
8394:
3100:, their modern equivalent first developed in New York and Chicago. The predecessor of the skyscraper can be found in the
2150:
2134:
1442:
7322:
6685:"A Philosophical and Historical Analysis of Modern Democracy, Equality, and Freedom Under the Influence of Christianity"
3931:(1522) was by Westerners, as well as the first journey to the South Pole (1911), and the first Moon landing (1969). The
2523:
1320:
10484:
10463:
10442:
10204:
10189:
10150:
8481:
8145:
6070:
5506:
2932:
Western literature encompasses the literary traditions of Europe, as well as North America, Latin America and Oceania.
2568:
1911:
which, as Roman imperial governance faded from view, was the only consistent force in Western Europe. In 1054 came the
1822:, wrote, "it is they who come nearer than does any other group to having been the 'founders' of scientific economics."
1748:
597:
As Europeans discovered the extra-European world, old concepts adapted. The area that had formerly been considered the
6456:
Gordon, Cyrus H., The Common Background of the Greek and Hebrew Civilizations, W. W. Norton and Company, New York 1965
4583:
and Enlightenment thought. This set the basis for a new critical attitude and open questioning of religion, favouring
555:
have questioned whether Western culture can be considered a historically sound, unified body of thought. For example,
13579:
12227:
12189:
10826:
10502:
10476:
10358:
10326:
10311:
10296:
10281:
10260:
10236:
10219:
10167:
10136:
10090:
10065:
10037:
10014:
Tranter, N. L. "Popular sports and the industrial revolution in Scotland: the evidence of the statistical accounts."
9828:
9803:
9597:
9569:
9541:
9513:
8895:
7979:
7301:
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6396:
6338:
6292:
6215:
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5593:
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1871:
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508:
had been forgotten in the Catholic west and were rediscovered by Italians from scholars fleeing the 1453 fall of the
309:
10351:
The Popes and Science; the History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time
8367:
7368:
5614:
2463:
developed in the West have come to see widespread use all over the world; among them are the guitar, violin, piano,
2294:
and newspapers. The influence of cinema and radio remained, while televisions became near essentials in every home.
12019:
11380:
10821:
10428:
8418:
The global positioning system: a shared national asset: recommendations for technical improvements and enhancements
6616:
5531:
3261:, known mostly for fighting over holy land, settled in the Levant and acclimated to the local culture and cuisine.
3024:
2598:
2236:
1573:
1161:
1135:
365:
337:
31:
8279:. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: United States Atomic Energy Commission, Division of Technical Information. pp. 22–26.
5619:
4587:
and questioning of the church as an authority, which resulted in open-minded and reformist ideals inside, such as
4328:, a Frenchman, instigated the modern revival of the Olympic movement. The first modern Olympic games were held at
2604:
2475:. In turn, it has been claimed that some European instruments have roots in earlier Eastern instruments that were
1919:
divide, separated Europe into religious and cultural regions present to this day. Until the Age of Enlightenment,
13335:
12119:
12054:
11099:
9100:
8796:
8184:
Tom McInally, The Sixth Scottish University. The Scots Colleges Abroad: 1575 to 1799 (Brill, Leiden, 2012) p. 115
5975:
Sailen Debnath, 2010, "Secularism: Western and Indian", New Delhi, India:Atlantic Publishers & Distributors,
4291:
3913:
3190:
1768:
997:
646:
485:
195:
2204:, made of iron and fueled primarily by coal, propelled the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and the world.
2189:. These transitions began in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe and North America within a few decades.
13574:
12774:
11310:
10954:
10267:
7080:
The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts
6086:
5980:
5349:
5319:
4592:
4183:
4175:
3928:
3305:
3028:
870:
473:
8546:
Losev, O.V. (1928). "CII. Luminous carborundum detector and detection effect and oscillations with crystals".
4119:
polls about religiosity in the European Union in 2012 found that Christianity was the largest religion in the
2112:
1541:), Greek civilization came in contact with Jewish civilization. Christianity would eventually emerge from the
11463:
10910:
6185:, Europeans. So, simply put, the very idea of a 'European' was first used to contrast Christians and Muslims.
5741:
Burnett, Charles. "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century",
4682:
An emphasis on, and use of, science as a means of understanding the natural world and humanity's place in it.
3902:
2298:
2108:
740:
622:
10515:
7155:
File: located in the lobby of into the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of the UPM (Madrid)
7102:
249:
While traditionally shunned as a mainspring of Western civilization in favour of early Aegean cultures, the
13340:
12579:
12325:
12074:
12059:
11954:
9916:
Catholicisme et protestantisme en France: Analyses sociologiques et données de l'Institut CSA pour La Croix
9260:
8118:
7744:
Jews on Broadway : an historical survey of performers, playwrights, composers, lyricists and producers
7058:
On the Threshold of Exact Science: Selected Writings of Anneliese Maier on Late Medieval Natural Philosophy
3994:
3697:
3299:
in the cuisine of North France, the concept of sweet and sour sauce is attested to in Greek tradition when
2223:
1130:
4566:
Monasteries, schools, libraries, books, book making, universities, teaching, education, and lecture halls.
1870:. In the following century, this process was further enhanced by an exodus of Greek Christian priests and
1669:
1468:. The "Greek" East was generally wealthier and more advanced than the "Latin" West. With the exception of
13422:
11480:
10991:
10377:
7941:
4745:
3500:
2737:
1154:
816:
754:
401:
10537:
10174:
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Judaism and Hellenism : studies in their encounter in Palestine during the early Hellenistic period
12865:
12682:
12532:
11351:
11074:
10915:
10786:
10781:
10494:
9661:
7971:
6388:
4485:
4213:
4061:
3756:, along with a host of other medically proven drugs, were first used to treat disease in the West. The
3650:
3477:
3072:
2671:
2078:
2073:
1960:
1706:'s reign, in contrast to the Orthodox East, where Greek remained the language of the Byzantine Empire.
1068:
433:
320:
is credited with creating the modern university, the modern hospital system, scientific economics, and
9684:
9638:
9562:
The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside story of How the Pope Was Elected and What it Means for the World
9448:
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5290:
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11999:
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9421:
9394:
5279:
4448:
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3379:
2695:, c. 1503 – 1506, perhaps continuing until circa 1517, oil on poplar panel, 77 cm × 53 cm,
2553:
1916:
1546:
1449:
1273:
882:
568:
457:
9477:
Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James; Jacob, Margaret; Von Laue, Theodore H. (1 January 2012).
9205:
9153:
6439:
5061:
Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, James; Jacob, Margaret; Laue, Theodore H. Von (1 January 2012).
3347:
1947:
and the Enlightenment, religious influence—especially the temporal power of the Pope—began to wane.
1702:
The Medieval West referred specifically to the Catholic "Latin" West, also called "Frankish" during
13569:
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1390:
759:
560:
301:
9506:
Fundamentalism in American Religion and Law: Obama's Challenge to Patriarchy's Threat to Democracy
8342:
7603:
7014:
Ernest A. Moody (1951). "Galileo and Avempace: The Dynamics of the Leaning Tower Experiment (I)".
3378:
pilot of the first crewed mission to land on the Moon, poses for a photograph beside the deployed
559:
pointed out in 2016 that many of the fundamental influences on Western culture - such as those of
13248:
12508:
12478:
12412:
12397:
11877:
11785:
11084:
11079:
10885:
10338:
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7052:, (Madison, Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1961), pp. 218–19, 252–55, 346, 409–16, 547, 576–78, 673–82;
6684:
6415:
4626:
or the Soviet area of influence. Other variants of the Latin or Greek alphabets are found in the
4438:
4156:
4136:
3932:
3761:
3701:
3646:
3218:
3144:
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Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment
4433:(or soccer) remains hugely popular in Europe, but has grown from its origins to be known as the
2613:
2538:
445:
404:, which are either a part of the West or distinct civilizations intimately related to the West.
13183:
12930:
12799:
12647:
12640:
12605:
12392:
12320:
12049:
12039:
11628:
11559:
11544:
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10984:
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10157:
8961:
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8457:
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4097:
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3516:
3435:
3121:
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2529:
2084:
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1654:
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6446:(in Greek and German). Translated by Wilhelm Schmidt. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. pp. 228–232.
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was first played in England during the 16th century and was exported around the globe via the
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11747:
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10927:
10859:
10811:
8752:
8441:
8194:
Bedell, Frederick (1942). "History of A-C Wave Form, Its Determination and Standardization".
7437:
7398:
6582:
6501:
The origins of anti-semitism : attitudes toward Judaism in Pagan and Christian antiquity
6121:
6019:
6013:
5366:
4780:
4541:
4516:
Western culture has developed many themes and traditions, the most significant of which are:
4399:
4352:
4152:
3989:
The roots of modern-day Western mass media can be traced back to the late 15th century, when
3859:
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the fulcrum on which all literary exposition turned, including the 20th–21st century novels.
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4092:. Christian attempts to reconcile these frameworks were responsible for the preservation of
1955:
1939:
with Greek and Arab thought imported by Christian pilgrims. However, due to the division in
1557:, gradually spreading across the Roman Empire and eclipsing its antecedents and influences.
13447:
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13325:
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4441:, thus India and Australia are among the strongest cricketing states, while victory in the
4430:
4388:
4329:
3909:, was first developed in France and evolved through contributions from various Westerners.
3839:
3598:
3520:
3458:
3340:
3300:
3279:
3266:
3254:
3088:
2989:
2589:
2015:
1984:
1940:
1912:
1889:
1806:
1782:
1617:
European civilization in the centuries following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.
1609:
1434:
1309:
1269:
1073:
954:
935:
821:
556:
525:
489:
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273:, which made key contributions in law, government, engineering and political organization.
243:
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9124:(Chapters 9, 10, 11, 13, 25 and 26) and three times (Chapters 4, 8 and 19) in its sequel,
8846:
4668:
in recent times—prior to the 19th century, most Western governments were still monarchies.
3704:
are important diagnostic tools developed in the West. Other important diagnostic tools of
1866:
one of the most important of human activities. This period is commonly referred to as the
1476:), and they developed a large amount of scientific knowledge themselves (as seen in their
8:
13308:
13298:
13293:
13223:
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11112:
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Mind, Brain, and Education Science: A Comprehensive Guide to the New Brain-Based Teaching
7566:
5162:
4740:
4588:
4348:
4325:
4302:
4287:
4275:
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As in its artistic tradition, European literature pays deep tribute to human suffering.
2746:
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The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success
10346:
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9193:
8987:
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8211:
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4512:
painting by an anonymous Italian from the first half of the 19th century, oil on canvas
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1950:
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and the Eastern Roman Empire. Later, ideas of the West were formed by the concepts of
336:. Tendencies that have come to define modern Western societies include the concept of
253:
stimulated and fostered Western civilization. The expansion of Greek culture into the
13540:
13385:
13278:
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From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life : 1500 to the Present
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1743:, many of the classical Greek texts were translated into Arabic and preserved in the
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1115:
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858:
843:
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235:
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120:
43:
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10246:
Who Killed Homer: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom
9359:
Weber, Johannes (2006). "Strassburg, 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe".
8754:
Polymer Pioneers: A Popular History of the Science and Technology of Large Molecules
8215:
7843:
7814:. Hanover: Brandeis University Press, published by University Press of New England.
7219:
5696:
5586:
The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had To Be Reborn
4591:, which partly adopted these currents, and secular and political tendencies such as
2235:
Tendencies that have come to define modern Western societies include the concept of
2031:
13516:
13402:
13355:
13303:
13283:
13258:
13193:
13150:
13108:
13072:
13055:
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13020:
13010:
13005:
13000:
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12789:
12779:
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12620:
12557:
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12367:
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12274:
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11780:
11606:
11554:
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11211:
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10629:
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but not homogenous – however, they were similar insofar as they were predominantly
3863:
3855:
3851:
3803:
3795:
3685:
3579:
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3512:
3469:, and most of the familiar electrical appliances, were inventions of the West. The
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spices of the European courts and noble households. By the end of the Middle Ages,
3064:
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2283:
2011:
1980:
1972:
1932:
1892:
1581:
1477:
1426:
1285:
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959:
875:
517:
453:
441:
140:
53:
9335:
9289:"The End of an Asteroidal Adventure: NEAR Shoemaker Phones Home for the Last Time"
9014:
5335:
5226:(University of Chicago Press ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 204.
3850:
were all developed by Westerners. The discoveries and inventions by Westerners in
1674:
1488:
178:
Western culture is characterized by a host of artistic, philosophic, literary and
13487:
13412:
13273:
13228:
13218:
13145:
13140:
13077:
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13025:
12995:
12990:
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12749:
12724:
12657:
12515:
12164:
12104:
11989:
11837:
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11395:
11293:
11253:
11226:
10948:
10594:
10544:
10227:
10181:
9941:
9922:
9895:
9548:..for the Jews in twentieth-century Europe, the cradle of Christian civilization.
9520:..for the Jews in twentieth-century Europe, the cradle of Christian civilization.
9288:
8858:
8699:
8485:
8398:
7921:
7508:
7463:
7053:
6358:
6205:
6097:
6000:
5666:
5341:
5329:
5323:
5286:
5209:
5092:
5062:
5016:
4991:
4954:
4929:
4904:
4870:
4661:
4657:
4631:
4627:
4615:
4570:
4545:
4452:
4442:
4321:
4206:
4080:
4073:
3764:
are critical scientific techniques widely used in the West for medical purposes.
3713:
3606:
3532:
3393:
3234:
3182:
3161:
2921:
2891:
2721:
2395:
2325:
at the end of the 19th century) and the first to put to use such technologies as
2264:
1908:
1855:
1835:
1685:
1649:
Two main symbols of the medieval Western civilization on one picture: the gothic
1577:
1410:
1301:
969:
584:
183:
67:
8207:
5439:
Marvin Perry; Myrna Chase; James Jacob; Margaret Jacob; Jonathan W Daly (2015).
5438:
4622:
tradition, historically under the Byzantine Empire and later within the Russian
2925:
2762:
2064:
13288:
13213:
13208:
13178:
13157:
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13015:
12839:
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12009:
11974:
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11679:
11584:
11492:
11283:
11117:
11040:
10960:
10880:
10796:
10688:
10423:
10387:
9726:
9306:
Brown, Dwayne; Cantillo, Laurie; Buckley, Mike; Stotoff, Maria (14 July 2015).
9157:
8548:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
8082:
7812:
Our musicals, ourselves : a social history of the American musical theater
7001:
6407:
5951:
5018:
Studies in Modern Religions, Religious Movements and the BĂĄabĂĄi-BahĂĄa'ĂĄi Faiths
4833:
4775:
4707:
4672:
4611:
4607:
4481:
4456:
4424:
4408:
4309:
4253:
4179:
4171:
4120:
3990:
3936:
3883:
3843:
3771:
3753:
3642:
3634:
3575:
3540:
3536:
3466:
3454:
3450:
3400:
3214:
2874:, is considered one of the most formative and important eras for modern drama.
2809:
2781:
2484:
2419:
2350:
2330:
2302:
2248:
2100:
2039:
2004:
1903:, through the Middle Ages, and onwards, while Eastern Europe was shaped by the
1900:
1810:
1778:
1565:
1418:
1335:
1331:
1228:
1053:
630:
626:
567:
to a certain extent. Appiah argues that the origin of the Western and European
493:
349:
203:
160:
136:
87:
39:
10491:
The Europeanization of the World: On the Origins of Human Rights and Democracy
9372:
9308:"15-149 NASA's Three-Billion-Mile Journey to Pluto Reaches Historic Encounter"
8659:
8559:
8391:
7211:
6470:(1st Jason Aronson softcover ed.). Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson.
5822:
A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages
4316:, which in ancient times were held every four years in a small village in the
2267:. Western culture has been heavily influenced by the Renaissance, the Ages of
1662:
1483:
1382:
of most of Europe to the north. During this period writers like Herodotus and
13563:
13497:
13482:
13467:
13442:
13432:
13360:
13320:
13188:
13060:
12824:
12804:
12769:
12689:
12630:
12610:
12595:
12569:
12483:
12432:
12149:
12034:
11949:
11894:
11754:
11674:
11569:
11419:
11412:
11305:
11258:
11151:
11007:
10890:
10836:
10683:
10404:
9761:
9721:
9096:
7829:
7761:
7570:
6201:
6197:
5551:
5516:
5411:
4750:
4721:
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4313:
4295:
4116:
3984:
3906:
3559:
3528:
3508:
3481:
3474:
3363:
3165:
in Paris, completed in 1248, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220 in the
2966:
2912:
2851:
2835:
2418:(left). The Bayeux tapestry is one of the supreme achievements of the Norman
2383:
2334:
2310:
2260:
2240:
2130:
2069:
2055:
2027:
1996:
1928:
1819:
1564:
was gradually replaced by Christianity, first with its legalisation with the
1550:
1402:
1214:
634:
541:
406:
397:
377:
361:
341:
266:
223:
187:
152:
128:
75:
48:
10976:
8478:
7796:
7246:
6485:
5956:
God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought
5779:
5483:
4947:
civilization and at the same time in key respects a deeply alien phenomenon.
4282:
2192:
1502:
1315:
13462:
13407:
13395:
13380:
13350:
13263:
13203:
12809:
12493:
12473:
12468:
12417:
12184:
11984:
11889:
11735:
11709:
11618:
11300:
11288:
11236:
11196:
11191:
11055:
11050:
10624:
10614:
10609:
10468:
10455:
10447:
8231:
The age of Edison : electric light and the invention of modern America
7961:
7588:
6518:
4643:
4584:
4368:
4364:
4340:
4160:
3964:
3871:
3799:
3757:
3749:
3658:
3555:
3446:
3419:
3415:
3238:
3194:
2951:
2847:
2817:
2636:
2632:
2369:
2314:
2201:
2186:
1992:
1988:
1851:
1710:
1585:
1511:
1507:
1496:
1445:, including the Hellenistic world in its conquests in the 1st century BCE.
1438:
1347:
1236:
1182:
1005:
949:
606:
591:
564:
552:
461:
270:
172:
164:
124:
10431:: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous
6412:
Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History
3326:
3321:
1885:
1645:
590:
A former, now less-acceptable synonym for "Western civilisation" was "the
13472:
13375:
13345:
13030:
12488:
12387:
12294:
12124:
11872:
11867:
11859:
11844:
11669:
11574:
11385:
11221:
11186:
11166:
11146:
11124:
11089:
10662:
10619:
10525:
Civilization; Its Economic Basis, Historical Lessons and Future Prospects
7992:
7413:
7364:
6125:
5820:
RĂĽegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:
5759:
5581:
4735:
4730:
4676:
4649:
4580:
4473:
4445:
has been shared among New Zealand, Australia, England, and South Africa.
4317:
4199:
4084:
3924:
3917:
3815:
3721:
3717:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3567:
3524:
3485:
3462:
3404:
3371:
3314:. Fried pieces of beef simmered in wine with sugar and cloves was called
3068:
3060:
2936:
2883:
2712:
2648:
2619:
2326:
2322:
2306:
2244:
2182:
2178:
1976:
1936:
1867:
1786:
1703:
1630:
1592:
1469:
1461:
1343:
1305:
1297:
1281:
1186:
1020:
587:
as "Europeans" according to Appiah, denoting a shared sense of identity.
545:
513:
481:
437:
345:
321:
254:
215:
211:
207:
179:
10771:
10353:, Fordham University Press, 1908, reprinted 2003, Kessinger Publishing.
10175:
The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization
7310:
6262:
5668:
The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization
4391:'s banning of the game in 1457, as an unwelcome distraction to learning
2313:, democracy, industrialisation; the first major civilisation to seek to
1280:. What is thought of as Western thought today originates primarily from
12537:
12315:
11655:
11643:
11613:
11579:
11519:
11201:
10580:
10410:
Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress
10337:
History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages; Drawn from the
9900:
7349:
7318:
7035:
4813:
4489:
4477:
4132:
4128:
4049:
3998:
3774:
is widely regarded to be one of the greatest mathematicians in history.
3669:
3626:
3614:
3610:
3590:
3583:
3492:
3396:, with roots in the work of medieval scholars such as the 11th-century
3097:
3031: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2887:
2879:
2871:
2829:
2825:
2464:
2358:
2354:
2287:
2256:
2215:
2051:
2035:
2020:
1882:
after the end of the Byzantine Empire with the fall of Constantinople.
1725:
1600:
1542:
1530:
1457:
1379:
1330:
While the concept of a "West" did not exist until the emergence of the
1261:
1028:
659:
610:
536:
357:
329:
285:
231:
148:
90:
8060:
4339:
to house their festivals of sport. The Romans exhibited a passion for
3503:, mobile phone, and the Internet were all invented by Westerners. The
1521:
464:, and an eventual permanent splitting of the Roman Empire in 395 into
13365:
12764:
12089:
11926:
11661:
11623:
11216:
11030:
10965:
10129:
Coexisting Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western
8170:
6254:
6054:
5441:
Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society, Volume I: To 1789
5043:
The Founders of the Western World : A History of Greece and Rome
4529:
4412:
4344:
4124:
4016:
4009:
4005:
3955:
3941:
3831:
3811:
3729:
3622:
3367:
3258:
3117:
2960:
2955:
2917:
2808:
The ballet is a distinctively Western form of performance dance. The
2800:
2687:
2468:
2366:
1847:
1843:
1831:
1774:
1729:
1714:
1596:
1422:
1414:
1394:
1375:
1371:
1359:
1284:
and Christian traditions, with varying degrees of influence from the
1220:
602:
501:
425:
262:
250:
61:
8635:
7527:
7341:
7027:
5569:
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
4305:, sport has been an important facet of Western cultural expression.
3286:, and other imported spices had become part of the Western cuisine.
3006:
2842:
are considered the antecedents of modern theatre, and forms such as
1620:
1584:
tradition out of which it had emerged was all but extinguished, and
667:
571:
can be traced back to the 8th-century Muslim invasion of Europe via
12079:
11775:
11596:
11424:
11339:
11278:
11241:
10721:
10716:
10657:
10212:
A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900
10058:
God, Justice, and Society: Aspects of Law and Legality in the Bible
8598:
Schiffer, Michael B.; Hollenback, Kacy L.; Bell, Carrie L. (2003).
8052:
6580:
6534:
5046:. New York : Scribner : Maxwell Macmillan International.
4821:
4808:
in 1902, which helped to define the term and its extent, including
4521:
4464:
4379:
4241:
4166:
At the same there has been an increase in the share of agnostic or
4140:
4109:
3887:
3823:
3807:
3779:
3741:
3733:
3681:
3673:
3582:
were discovered and named in the West, as well as the contemporary
3480:
are products whose genesis and early development were in the West.
3310:
3283:
3246:
2821:
2652:
2644:
2472:
2456:
2448:
2089:
2043:
1951:
Expansion of the West: the Era of Colonialism (15th–20th centuries)
1924:
1875:
1733:
1678:
1658:
1437:
and art later provided a foundation embraced and built upon by the
1383:
1367:
1063:
618:
333:
94:
57:
7416:
in all societies were stagnated at around $ 400 to $ 800 per year.
6360:
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
4872:
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
4701:
4387:
originated in Scotland, where the first written record of golf is
3923:
Westerners are also known for their explorations of the globe and
3257:
on the West has become a topic of research in recent decades. The
1907:, Southern and Central Europe were increasingly stabilized by the
1492:
1185:
which influenced the development of Western culture were those of
637:—but is now used synonymously with "Near East" in most languages.
12236:
11994:
11849:
11761:
10473:
How the West Won: The Neglected Story of the Triumph of Modernity
7097:
4993:
Why We're All Romans: The Roman Contribution to the Western World
4809:
4623:
4600:
4420:
4404:
4392:
4360:
4267:
4244:
belief systems enjoy notable minority support in Western states.
4187:
4167:
4144:
4020:
3950:
3891:
3767:
3745:
3618:
2982:
2440:
2338:
2252:
1638:
1453:
548:"—the term for the 19th-century stereotyped views of "the East".
472:
halves. And perhaps, at its worst, culminating in Pope Leo III's
353:
199:
27:
Norms, values, customs and political systems of the Western world
9177:
8518:
7518:
7056:, "Galileo and the Scholastic Theory of Impetus", pp. 103–23 in
7004:, (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1974), pp. 217, 225, 296–97.
4675:, of many of the ideals and values developed and inherited from
2144: While its dates are disputed, the publication in 1543 of
304:
by Greek and Hellenic-influenced Islamic philosophers), and the
12547:
12014:
10639:
9078:"Five Hundred Years of Bookkeeping: A Portrait of Luca Pacioli"
8847:
An enormous theorem: the classification of finite simple groups
8704:. Library Genesis. New York : Cambridge University Press.
4825:
4817:
4537:
4416:
4356:
4258:
4195:
4148:
4089:
4030:), the Internet has primarily offered unbundled content items (
3946:
3895:
3791:
3504:
3449:
and adapting its use into factories, and for the generation of
3275:
3271:
3125:
2696:
2452:
2411:
2346:
1879:
1839:
1613:
1515:
1465:
1406:
1355:
1351:
1243:
1202:
1010:
598:
572:
505:
10549:
8196:
Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers
5193:, 11. Auflage (1956), Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317–319, 325–326
4956:
Worlds at War: The 2,500 - Year Struggle Between East and West
4308:
A wide range of sports was already established by the time of
3382:
during his Extravehicular Activity (EVA) on the lunar surface.
2794:
1625:
1608:
was better preserved in the Eastern Roman Empire. Justinian's
1529:
For about five hundred years, the Roman Empire maintained the
412:
The World of Civilizations: Post-1990", map from Huntington's
11979:
11969:
11964:
11436:
11431:
4829:
4635:
4556:
4533:
4525:
4271:
4237:
4178:
of the population was agnostic, atheist or irreligious), the
3972:
3680:
of disease were discovered by Westerners. The eradication of
3654:
3335:
2941:
2813:
1339:
1293:
1289:
1256:
1198:
1015:
497:
132:
79:
8360:
7128:
5910:
5835:
5126:(Cengage Learning ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 156.
4274:. Sport has been an important part of Western culture since
4079:
Western culture at a fundamental level is influenced by the
3249:
were, until recently, considered to have their roots in the
3124:
building, built from 447 BC to 432 BC, located in
2812:
is an important Western variety of dance for the elite. The
2019:
talk of ways to reform society with toleration, science and
1979:
from the 17th century to the early 20th century. During the
1260:) as well as their Northern neighbours (who they considered
12109:
9789:
9787:
9312:
9305:
9265:
9232:
8335:
7158:
7082:, (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996), pp. 29–30, 42–47.
4841:
4451:, an Australian variation of football with similarities to
4384:
3901:
The world's most widely adopted system of measurement, the
3879:
3186:
2643:
drawings and paintings had their earliest practitioners in
2635:, among other renaissance painters, made great advances in
2342:
1825:
1514:(pink) at its greatest extent in 117 AD under emperor
1251:
1206:
1194:
12205:
9447:
KĂĽng, Lucy; Picard, Robert G.; Towse, Ruth (14 May 2008).
8442:
https://books.google.com/books?id=FAHk65slfY4C&pg=PA16
7901:
The Saracen Connection: Arab Cuisine and the Medieval West
7530:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (
6581:
Elisheva Carlebach; Jacob J. Schacter (25 November 2011).
6531:"How The Irish Saved Civilisation", by Thomas Cahill, 1995
6241:
Davidson, Roderic H. (1960). "Where is the Middle East?".
6063:
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
4906:
The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World
4236:, and polytheistic reconstructionist movements. Likewise,
1818:, an economist of the twentieth century, referring to the
10268:"The Return of 'The West'" New York Times March 11, 2022.
8957:
Mathematical thought from ancient to modern times, Vol. 3
8120:
Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use
7915:
http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/graduation/grad-history.shtml
7383:
7063:
5149:
Readings in the History of Western Civilization, Volume 2
4618:, used by those southern and eastern Slavic countries of
4096:. Historically, Europe has been the center and cradle of
3819:
1595:, with its fertile encounter between Greek philosophical
1374:) as something between the advanced civilizations of the
1316:
The West of the Mediterranean Region during the Antiquity
292:(including the transfer of technology from the East, and
86:, has influenced virtually all of subsequent Western and
10160:: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life 1500 to the Present
10083:
Readings in Western Religious Thought: The ancient world
9784:
9534:
Ukraine and Russia: From Civilied Divorce to Uncivil War
8577:(3rd ed.). Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 9–11.
8253:
Ralph Stein (1967). The Automobile Book. Paul Hamlyn Ltd
8009:
5532:"The Phoenicians and the Formation of the Western World"
5368:
Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789
5124:
Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715
2099:, spearheaded by Newton. This included the emergence of
605:
as the interests of the European powers interfered with
12094:
10382:
Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization
8296:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. p.
7630:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7522:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (
7316:
6987:
Sootin, Harry. "Isaac Newton." New York, Messner (1955)
6204:(9 November 2021). "Farewell to Humanity's Childhood".
6130:
Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching
5246:
4634:, which historically superseded older scripts, such as
3322:
Scientific and technological inventions and discoveries
9821:
African Perspectives on Culture and World Christianity
8392:"IPTO – Information Processing Techniques Office"
6310:
4484:, a Canadian physical education instructor working in
4467:
to America during the colonial period. The history of
4004:
In the 16th century, a decrease in the preeminence of
3830:
are creations of the West. In physics, the science of
3546:
Ubiquitous materials including aluminum, clear glass,
3308:. The same technique appears in the late-13th century
2487:
are also significant musical innovations of the West.
496:
of 1204. Conversely, traditions of scholarship around
444:(anachronistically/controversially referred to as the
155:. Anthropologically, the term "Western" refers to the
8726:"This Is Cheshire - Winnington history in the making"
8606:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
8505:. (2007) "Ink Reservoir Writing Instruments 1905–20"
7778:
Making Americans : Jews and the Broadway musical
7497:" began with improved roads in the late 18th century.
7397:. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Archived from
6658:
6574:
6444:
Herons von Alexandria Druckwerke und Automatentheater
6011:
5840:
5838:
5816:
5814:
5251:
The Religious Roots of Contemporary European Identity
5161:
3975:(2015) were significant recent Western achievements.
1217:
similarly had a strong influence on Western culture.
9476:
8636:"On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I"
7621:
6641:
Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals
6240:
6173:
6158:
5870:
Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospitals
5060:
4697:
4131:
group, accounting for 48% of the EU citizens, while
428:, political, and religious heritage grounded in the
10111:
Global communication without universal civilization
9988:Barbara Schrodt, "Sports of the Byzantine empire."
9796:
Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2017
9794:Zurlo, Gina; Skirbekk, Vegard; Grim, Brian (2019).
8822:"Annales de chimie et de physique. Ser.2 v.67 1838"
5753:
5751:
3668:were created in the West. The method of preventing
3059:Important Western architectural motifs include the
2784:, poster for the publishing house Champenois (1897)
1378:(who they viewed as soft and slavish) and the wild
182:themes and traditions. Christianity, primarily the
10274:Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present
9472:
9470:
8993:. Saunders College Publishings. pp. 1122–27.
8986:
8797:"Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. v.31-32 1839"
8599:
8525:(2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 844.
8293:The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History
7455:
7166:
7060:, (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr., 1982).
6941:
6908:
6850:
6817:
6759:
5920:How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization
5897:
5895:
5811:
5794:"Western Civilization: Roots, History and Culture"
3601:and computer were all first seen in the West. The
2720:, 1656, oil on canvas, 318 cm Ă— 276 cm,
269:. This period overlapped with and was followed by
9793:
9508:. University of Philadelphia Press. p. 177.
9299:
9252:
8572:
7513:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
7293:Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England
7226:
6962:
6944:The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission
6911:The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission
6877:
6853:The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission
6820:The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission
6786:
6762:The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission
6730:The Catholic Church: Journey, Wisdom, and Mission
6207:The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity
5571:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
5295:
5255:(A&C Black ed.). A&C Black. p.
4496:, a city directly north of Springfield, in 1895.
3445:The West is credited with the development of the
2222:The First Industrial Revolution evolved into the
2095:Coinciding with the Age of Enlightenment was the
1621:The birth of European West during the Middle Ages
1334:, the roots of the concept can be traced back to
613:for the first time in the 19th century. Thus the
202:. A cornerstone of Western thought, beginning in
13561:
10231:1995 Albany: State University of New York Press
9075:
8933:(2nd. ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 2001.
8519:Jonathan W. Steed & Jerry L. Atwood (2009).
7662:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7654:
7389:
7173:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp.
6699:The European Renaissance: Centre and Peripheries
6667:
6176:"There Is No Such Thing As Western Civilization"
6161:"There Is No Such Thing As Western Civilization"
5764:. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
5748:
5169:. Oxford University Press. p. v (preface).
4335:The Romans built immense structures such as the
3720:, were first devised by Westerners. So were the
3491:Communication devices and systems including the
1389:Alexander's conquests led to the emergence of a
82:, arguably the most influential figure in early
9823:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 2–4.
9467:
9446:
8490:The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
8143:
8041:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
7984:
7493:No name is given to the transition years. The "
7013:
5892:
5167:Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity
2935:While epic literary works in verse such as the
9881:
9503:
9159:Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference
8187:
7990:
7938:Oxford Dictionaries: British and World English
7781:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
6584:New Perspectives on Jewish-Christian Relations
6196:
5958:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK),
3962:s passage into interstellar space (2013), and
3617:, and airplane were all invented in the West.
2988:The validity of reason was postulated in both
332:of the Enlightenment and breakthroughs in the
12221:
11006:
10992:
10565:
10016:International Journal of the History of Sport
9942:"International Religious Freedom Report 2007"
8039:Ackerman, James S. (1978). "Leonardo's Eye".
7651:
7559:
7232:
7191:
6154:
6152:
6150:
5986:
5664:
5394:Western civilization : beyond boundaries
1162:
324:(which would later influence the creation of
9531:
9219:
7894:
7892:
7551:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHunter1985 (
7470:
7289:
7138:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLandes1969 (
7120:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLandes1969 (
6722:
6720:
5848:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVerger1999 (
5364:
4139:make up 8% and other Christians make up 4%.
3355:is generally referred to as the first known
2789:
2745:, 1876, oil on canvas, height: 131 cm,
405:
10184:" (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2014).
8454:"Arthur C. Clarke Extra Terrestrial Relays"
7873:. Britannica. 22 March 2022. Archived from
7595:
7050:The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages
6882:(reprint ed.). CUA Press. p. 25.
6555:
5861:
5859:
5757:
5642:Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age
5468:. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers.
5224:History of Western Civilization: A Handbook
4123:, accounting for 72% of the EU population.
3189:, built from 1534 to 1545, was designed by
3120:under restoration in 2008, the most iconic
2627:
2026:Philosophers of the Enlightenment included
1429:scholars. Hellenistic science, philosophy,
65:
12228:
12214:
10999:
10985:
10572:
10558:
10199:" (London and New York: Routledge, 2015).
10032:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
9859:
9708:
9706:
9704:
9702:
9587:
9536:. Cambridge University Press. p. 94.
8888:The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms
7365:"Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution"
7362:
7323:"Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution"
7263:
7146:
6297:
6147:
6065:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 151–154.
6060:
6046:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5901:
5737:
5735:
5690:
5688:
5424:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5121:
5090:
4980:
4893:
3810:were developed by Westerners. In biology,
3253:and Greece, but the influence of Arab and
2890:; with significant contributions from the
2761:Photo of the interior of the apartment of
2156:On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
1537:From the time of Alexander the Great (the
1401:region. The Near-Eastern civilizations of
1169:
1155:
10343:, 40 vols. St. Louis, B. Herder (1898ff.)
10321:Revised second edition, Doubleday (1982)
10287:McClellan, James E. III and Dorn, Harold
10060:. Oxford University Press. p. XXVI.
10027:
9934:
9818:
9076:Lauwers, Luc; Willekens, Marleen (1994).
8472:
8222:
8169:
8014:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 39.
7889:
7693:
7684:
7461:
7254:
7197:
6878:Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961).
6787:Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961).
6717:
6468:Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate
6357:Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007).
6352:
6350:
6277:
6110:New Paradigm for Re-engineering Education
6018:(6th ed.). Washington, DC. pp.
5719:
5717:
5633:
5396:(7th ed.). Boston, MA. p. 107.
5358:
5247:Faltin, Lucia; Melanie J. Wright (2007).
4931:The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others
4927:
4869:Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007).
3578:were invented by Westerners. Most of the
3217:in Paris, built between 1861 and 1875, a
3047:Learn how and when to remove this message
1789:, revived and developed natural law from
1736:, some of which continue to exist today.
60:described by the ancient Roman architect
10055:
9906:
9685:"Global religious landscape: Christians"
9682:
9659:
9559:
9162:. NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.
9141:. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books.
8446:
8421:. National Academies Press. p. 16.
8228:
8038:
7675:
7634:
7500:
7479:The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860
7356:
7273:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd., p. 27
6973:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFrank2001 (
6682:
6465:
6174:Kwame Anthony Appiah (9 November 2016).
6159:Kwame Anthony Appiah (9 November 2016).
5856:
5658:
5563:
5561:
5332:, accessed 8 December 2014. p. (preface)
5308:
4503:
4499:
4281:
4257:
4209:and Judaism exist in the Western world.
3766:
3422:were established in 1895. The prizes in
3362:
3346:
3334:
3325:
2905:
2793:
2389:
2191:
2167:
2127:transformed views of society and nature.
2092:spread the ideals of the Enlightenment.
1954:
1884:
1826:Later Middle Ages (Rome and Reformation)
1773:
1684:
1668:
1644:
1624:
1520:
1501:
1482:
1393:, representing a synthesis of Greek and
1319:
1296:peoples, and includes the ideals of the
381:
218:in various spheres of life developed by
74:
38:
10538:An overview of the Western Civilization
10289:Science and Technology in World History
10228:Native American Postcolonial Psychology
10080:
10030:Religion and Spirituality in Psychiatry
9699:
9337:From Engineering Science to Big Science
9211:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9145:
9085:Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management
8178:
7283:
7271:The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848
7042:
6990:
6733:. Early Middle Ages: St. Mary's Press.
6328:
6234:
5732:
5701:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
5694:
5685:
5221:
4996:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
4989:
4902:
3143:was built between 1110 and 1128 in the
2477:adopted from the medieval Islamic world
1935:, were motivated by a drive to connect
198:since at least the 4th century, as did
14:
13562:
10291:Johns Hopkins University Press (1999)
10197:Historians Debate the Rise of the West
10108:
9280:
9152:Orloff, Richard W. (September 2004) .
9151:
9136:
8947:
8880:
8777:
8750:
8539:
8193:
8110:
7898:
7577:
7547:
7476:
7134:
7115:
6704:
6540:
6356:
6347:
5844:
5714:
5698:The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century
5496:
5463:
5392:Noble, Thomas F. X. (1 January 2013).
5014:
4952:
4868:
4606:Generalized usage of some form of the
4551:Christian ethical, philosophical, and
4294:, and considered father of the modern
3657:, and light, ultraviolet and infrared
2375:
2317:during the 19th century, the first to
2230:
1698:cathedral, built between 1163 and 1345
1246:contrasted themselves with both their
1193:, largely corresponding to modern-day
12209:
10980:
10553:
10527:(Telemark: Nisus Publications, 2020).
10372:Western Civilization in World History
10210:Derry, T. K. and Williams, Trevor I.
10003:Sports and games of medieval cultures
9966:(University of Illinois Press, 1988).
9419:
9392:
9358:
9327:
9286:
9261:"Mars Exploration Rover -Opportunity"
8984:
8953:
8697:
8545:
8479:"Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1906–1971)"
8274:
8116:
7809:
7699:
7427:
7164:
7072:
7007:
6968:
6687:. Catholic Education Resource Center.
6637:
6503:. New York: Oxford University Press.
6498:
6331:Western civilization in world history
6316:
5993:THE WORLD OF CIVILIZATIONS: POST-1990
5865:
5639:
5580:
5558:
5529:
5391:
5303:Christianity and Western Civilization
5151:(Newman Press ed.). p. 224.
5146:
5039:
4555:tradition, stemming largely from the
4476:, the "Father of American football".
3912:In business, economics, and finance,
2828:are very well known Western forms of
2082:(Philosophical Dictionary, 1764) and
476:from the Eastern Roman Empire to the
261:led to a synthesis between Greek and
52:, based on the correlations of ideal
13523:
13124:Role of Christianity in civilization
9420:Hardy, Jonathan (25 February 2010).
9393:Hardy, Jonathan (25 February 2010).
8960:. Oxford University Press. pp.
8877:, Papie: Per Franciscum Gyrardengum.
8778:Liebig, Justus Freiherr von (1872).
8633:
8507:Transactions of the Newcomen Society
8083:"Which country has the best brains?"
7967:Mathematics for the nonmathematician
7774:
7741:
7666:
7601:
7585:"A brief history of Western culture"
7371:from the original on 9 November 2006
6935:
6902:
6844:
6811:
6753:
6726:
6543:The Cambridge Companion to Roman Law
6434:
6363:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
5824:, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
4875:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
4048:The native religions of Europe were
3495:, the telephone, radio, television,
3484:stations are derived from the first
3029:adding citations to reliable sources
3000:
2439:music and its many derivatives. The
1927:movement of the Renaissance and the
1673:Stone bas-relief of Jesus, from the
1604:conquered by Rome). The learning of
13535:
10392:Civilization. The West and the rest
10251:Jones, Prudence and Pennick, Nigel
9333:
8289:
7704:, Dover Publications, p. 260,
7506:
6638:Risse, Guenter B. (15 April 1999).
5874:. Oxford University Press. p.
4928:Cartledge, Paul (10 October 2002).
4903:Freeman, Charles (September 2000).
4060:was similar to but not the same as
3945:explorations of the outer planets (
3403:and the 13th-century English friar
2858:are considered highly influential.
2798:Classical music, opera and ballet:
2255:movements) and increasing cultural
2151:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
1966:
1805:slavery, infanticide and polygamy.
386:Map of the Western world, based on
356:movements) and increasing cultural
24:
10508:
9754:"Discrimination in the EU in 2012"
9714:"Discrimination in the EU in 2012"
9483:. Cengage Learning. p. XXIX.
9258:
9225:
9139:The Seafarers – The Explorers
8794:
8405:, Bill Stewart (ed), January 2000.
7702:The History of Musical Instruments
7510:English and American Tool Builders
6613:broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk
5665:Jonathan Daly (19 December 2013).
5602:
5371:. Cengage Learning. pp. 33–.
4990:Richard, Carl J. (16 April 2010).
4202:(39–44%) are agnostic or atheist.
4015:After the launch of the satellite
3102:medieval towers erected in Bologna
2898:, and other marginalized peoples.
2459:have their origins in Italy. Many
25:
13591:
12190:Western European and Others Group
10531:
10477:Intercollegiate Studies Institute
10144:Civilization, Oikos, and Progress
9287:Worth, Helen (28 February 2001).
9228:"Mars Exploration Rover – Spirit"
9042:The International System of Units
8728:. 21 January 2010. Archived from
8010:Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa (2010).
7991:Jim Al-Khalili (4 January 2009).
6440:"Pneumatika, Book ΙΙ, Chapter XI"
6305:A Very Short History of the World
6143:East and West: Fusion of Horizons
5726:A Guide to the History of Science
5443:. Cengage Learning. p. 105.
4953:Pagden, Anthony (13 March 2008).
4569:A tradition of the importance of
4240:, New Age spirituality and other
3920:were all first used in the West.
3898:were all unveiled by Westerners.
2467:, saxophone, trombone, clarinet,
2365:for the first time with the 1969
1362:, and right up until the time of
1136:Social and political philosophers
621:" while troubles surrounding the
13534:
13522:
13511:
13510:
12245:
10923:Strauss–Howe generational theory
10520:. New York: HarperCollins, 2001.
10429:The WEIRDest People in the World
10074:
10049:
10021:
10008:
9995:
9982:
9969:
9956:
9889:Views on globalisation and faith
9847:. Pewforum.org. 18 December 2012
9837:
9812:
9765:. 383: 233. 2012. Archived from
9746:
9676:
9653:
9641:. Pewforum.org. 18 December 2012
9631:
9619:. Pewforum.org. 19 December 2011
9609:
9581:
9553:
9525:
9497:
9480:Western Civilization: Since 1400
9440:
9413:
9386:
9352:
9130:
9118:
9069:
9033:
9015:"Metrication in other countries"
9007:
8978:
8923:
8900:
8864:
8839:
8814:
8788:
8781:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie
8771:
8757:. Chemical Heritage Foundation.
8744:
8718:
8691:
8666:
8627:
8591:
8575:A Concise History of Photography
8566:
8512:
8495:
8408:
8385:
8314:
8283:
8268:
8256:
8247:
8144:Augustus Heller (2 April 1896).
8137:
8101:
8075:
8032:
8003:
7955:
7926:
7907:
7859:
7850:
7836:
7803:
7768:
7735:
7726:
7717:
7602:Ford, Peter (22 February 2005).
7541:
6683:de Torre, Fr. Joseph M. (1997).
5866:Risse, Guenter B. (April 1999).
5536:Comparative Civilizations Review
5191:Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte
5064:Western Civilization: Since 1400
5015:Sharon, Moshe (1 January 2004).
4714:
4700:
3543:were also invented in the West.
3488:constructed in Chicago in 1942.
3206:
3174:
3152:
3132:
3109:
3005:
2770:
2754:
2738:Dance at Le moulin de la Galette
2729:
2704:
2679:
2663:
2612:
2597:
2582:
2567:
2552:
2537:
2522:
2507:
2492:
1574:State church of the Roman Empire
680:
666:
32:Western culture (disambiguation)
13336:Culture and positive psychology
12246:
10579:
9450:The Internet and the Mass Media
8275:Fermi, Enrico (December 1982).
7109:
7085:
7016:Journal of the History of Ideas
6981:
6929:
6896:
6871:
6838:
6805:
6791:(reprint ed.). CUA Press.
6780:
6747:
6691:
6676:
6631:
6601:
6549:
6525:
6492:
6459:
6450:
6428:
6401:
6377:
6322:
6190:
6167:
6135:
6115:
6102:
6079:
6005:
5969:
5944:
5786:
5758:Geanakoplos, Deno John (1989).
5695:Haskins, Charles Homer (1927),
5671:. A&C Black. pp. 7–9.
5574:
5523:
5490:
5457:
5432:
5385:
5365:Marvin Perry (1 January 2012).
5273:
5240:
5215:
5122:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2016).
5091:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2006).
4794:
4472:the rule changes instituted by
4292:International Olympic Committee
4159:in the former Soviet Union and
3197:and is an important example of
3016:needs additional citations for
2996:
2361:; and transported humans to an
2103:, during which developments in
1769:Renaissance of the 12th century
1633:with his court, circa 547–549,
1346:), through the accounts of the
647:History of Western civilization
196:shaping of Western civilization
12775:High- and low-context cultures
10339:Secret Archives of the Vatican
9869:. State.gov. 14 September 2007
9504:A. J. Richards, David (2010).
8784:(in German). C.F. Winter'sche.
8634:Bohr, Niels (1 January 1913).
8368:"Who invented the cell phone?"
7746:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.
7604:"What place for God in Europe"
7477:Taylor, George Rogers (1951).
7296:. Cambridge University Press.
6287:; Angus & Robertson, 1973
6061:Huntington, Samuel P. (2011).
6012:Huntington, Samuel P. (1991).
5615:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
5196:
5183:
5155:
5147:Neill, Thomas Patrick (1957).
5140:
5115:
5084:
4862:
4593:separation of church and state
4066:indigenous Germanic polytheism
3339:A doctor of philosophy of the
1441:as it swept up Europe and the
617:in 1894–1895 occurred in the "
371:
282:influence of the Islamic world
13:
1:
10225:Duran, Eduardo, Bonnie Dyran
10131:. INUPRESS, Geneva, 119–244.
10085:. Paulist Press. p. 43.
9683:ANALYSIS (19 December 2011).
9660:ANALYSIS (19 December 2011).
8931:The Oxford English Dictionary
8875:Calculationes Suiseth Anglici
8509:77(1): pp. 69–100, p. 69
7635:ANALYSIS (19 December 2011).
7165:Lucas, Robert E. Jr. (2002).
6210:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
5620:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
5056:– via Internet Archive.
4851:
4614:, and derived forms, such as
3903:International System of Units
3159:Stained glass windows of the
2901:
2862:, with playwrights including
2068:(1751–72) that was edited by
1761:transmitted to Western Europe
1268:arose out of legacies of the
1191:Tigris–Euphrates river system
623:decline of the Ottoman Empire
492:of 1054, and the devastating
13341:Culture and social cognition
12326:Cross-cultural communication
8263:Diesel's Rational Heat Motor
7993:"The 'first true scientist'"
7913:Graduation through the ages
7507:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916),
5926:National Review Book Service
5906:. London: Allen & Unwin.
5904:History of Economic Analysis
5222:McNeill, William H. (2010).
4909:. Penguin Publishing Group.
4856:
3997:, from which the publishing
3995:spread of the printing press
3698:positron emission tomography
2402:(centre), his half-brothers
2224:Second Industrial Revolution
1495:, one of the best-preserved
474:transfer of the Roman Empire
64:in Book III of his treatise
7:
13423:Intercultural communication
12235:
10056:Burnside, Jonathan (2011).
9964:Sports in the western world
8853:, Issue 41, December 2006.
8208:10.1109/T-AIEE.1942.5058456
8123:. Birkhäuser. p. 190.
7430:"The Industrial Revolution
7395:"The Industrial Revolution"
7330:The Economic History Review
7235:The Economic History Review
7200:Journal of Economic History
7169:Lectures on Economic Growth
6880:Crisis in Western Education
6789:Crisis in Western Education
6644:. Oxford University Press.
6556:Fortenberry, Diane (2017).
6087:"The Return of 'The West'"
5902:Schumpeter, Joseph (1954).
5497:Porter, Stanley E. (2013).
4746:Culture during the Cold War
4693:
4037:
3708:, including the methods of
3478:internal combustion engines
440:. For example, whether the
436:, and medieval concepts of
206:and continuing through the
10:
13596:
12866:Cross cultural sensitivity
12533:Resistance through culture
10495:Princeton University Press
10341:and other original sources
10255:Barnes & Noble (1995)
10102:
10028:G. Koenig, Harold (2009).
9845:"Religiously Unaffiliated"
9819:Ogbonnaya, Joseph (2017).
9592:. Routledge. p. 170.
9590:Europe: A Cultural History
9588:Rietbergen, Peter (2014).
9048:(9 ed.). BIPM. 2019.
8573:Gernsheim, Helmut (1986).
8117:Wiser, Wendell H. (2000).
7972:Courier Dover Publications
7462:McCloskey, Deidre (2004).
6756:"The Age of Enlightenment"
6466:Nicholls, William (1995).
6389:Princeton University Press
6329:Stearns, Peter N. (2003).
5165:; Farrugia, Maria (2003).
4486:Springfield, Massachusetts
4251:
4041:
4034:, audio and video files).
4028:television and radio slots
3982:
3935:(2004 and 2012) and on an
3927:. The first expedition to
3684:, was led by a Westerner,
3651:nuclear magnetic resonance
3251:cuisines of Classical Rome
3232:
3226:
2672:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2381:
2271:and Enlightenment and the
2135:Excessive citations inline
2079:Dictionnaire philosophique
1961:United States Constitution
1874:to Italian cities such as
644:
640:
460:language-split within the
434:legacy of the Roman Empire
375:
29:
13506:
13478:Transformation of culture
13171:
13091:
12911:Cultural environmentalism
12848:
12588:
12451:
12341:Cross-cultural psychology
12336:Cross-cultural psychiatry
12331:Cross-cultural leadership
12308:
12257:
12243:
11960:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
11940:
11858:
11695:
11530:
11401:Standard Average European
11269:
11098:
11018:
10941:
10873:
10847:
10701:
10671:
10638:
10587:
10435:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
10253:A History of Pagan Europe
10081:V. Reid, Patrick (1987).
9426:. Routledge. p. 59.
9399:. Routledge. p. 25.
9373:10.1191/0266355406gh380oa
8751:Morris, Peter J. (1989).
8698:Hazen, Robert M. (1999).
8660:10.1080/14786441308634955
8560:10.1080/14786441108564683
8492:, retrieved 15 July 2009.
8229:Freebert, Ernest (2014).
7810:Jones, John Bush (2003).
7742:Lane, Stewart F. (2011).
7495:Transportation Revolution
7212:10.1017/s0022050700021100
6541:Kaiser, Wolfgang (2015).
6383:George G. Joseph (2000).
5729:Waltham Mass. U.S.A. 1952
5644:. Phoenix. p. xiii.
4459:, evolved in the British
4449:Australian Rules Football
4266:from the Great Palace at
4157:switching to Christianity
4103:According to a survey by
3933:landing of robots on Mars
3864:electricity and magnetism
2790:Dance and performing arts
2185:, and the development of
1917:Greek East and Latin West
1450:Greek East and Latin West
1413:, which attracted Greek,
883:Middle Eastern philosophy
563:- are also shared by the
458:Greek East and Latin West
13580:Sociological terminology
13438:Living things in culture
13428:Intercultural competence
13331:Culture and menstruation
12830:Trans-cultural diffusion
12100:Lancaster House Treaties
11590:Christian existentialism
11550:Ancient Roman philosophy
11540:Ancient Greek philosophy
10933:Transgenerational design
10865:Revolutionary generation
10762:Generation of Columbuses
9990:Journal of Sport History
9137:Humble, Richard (1978).
8522:Supramolecular Chemistry
6560:. Phaidon. p. 108.
6385:The Crest of the Peacock
5544:Brigham Young University
5208:23 February 2018 at the
4787:
4488:, in the United States.
4480:was invented in 1891 by
4419:, association football,
4247:
3978:
3929:circumnavigate the Earth
3916:, credit cards, and the
3914:double entry bookkeeping
3414:of the Swedish inventor
3199:renaissance architecture
2964:(c. 60 CE) and the
2765:, taken in 1910 in Paris
2628:Painting and photography
2605:Frédéric François Chopin
2433:
2404:Robert, Count of Mortain
2181:, the increasing use of
1893:arrives at the New World
1791:ancient Greek philosophy
1741:fall of the Roman Empire
1591:In a broader sense, the
1391:Hellenistic civilization
601:("the East") became the
169:Greco-Roman civilization
13249:Cultural homogenization
12479:Individualistic culture
12413:Popular culture studies
12398:Intercultural relations
11878:Equality before the law
11085:Romano-Germanic culture
10955:The Greatest Generation
10886:Generational accounting
10543:24 October 2021 at the
10413:, Penguin Books, 2018.
10394:, Penguin Press, 2011.
9977:Sports in world history
9894:17 January 2013 at the
9560:L. Allen, John (2005).
9532:D'Anieri, Paul (2019).
9021:. US Metric Association
8912:The Works of Archimedes
8857:2 February 2009 at the
7920:25 October 2017 at the
7256:10.1111/1468-0289.00084
7247:10.1111/1468-0289.00084
7093:"Scientific Revolution"
6499:Gager, John G. (1983).
6416:Oxford University Press
6333:. New York: Routledge.
5464:Hengel, Martin (2003).
5291:Encyclopædia Britannica
5203:The Protestant Heritage
5040:Grant, Michael (1991).
4840:, and Western parts of
4439:Commonwealth of Nations
4343:, such as the infamous
4205:As in other areas, the
4141:Non-believers/Agnostics
3762:evidence-based medicine
3702:medical ultrasonography
3647:computerised tomography
3633:, all the varieties of
2575:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
2140:considered for deletion
2074:Jean le Rond d'Alembert
1991:of the time, eclipsing
1905:Eastern Orthodox Church
1830:The rediscovery of the
1722:Eastern Orthodox Church
1264:). Concepts of what is
298:Arabic texts on science
234:later gave rise to the
119:, includes the diverse
13184:Archaeological culture
12931:Cultural globalization
12800:Organizational culture
12648:Cultural communication
12606:Cultural appropriation
12393:Intercultural learning
12321:Cross-cultural studies
12040:Eastern European Group
11629:Continental philosophy
11560:Judeo-Christian ethics
11545:Hellenistic philosophy
11026:Cradle of civilization
10648:Interbellum Generation
10523:Hesmyr, Atle Kultorp:
10374:, Routledge, New York.
10370:Stearns, P.N. (2003).
10244:; Heath, John (2001).
10158:From Dawn to Decadence
9962:William Joseph Baker,
9921:11 August 2011 at the
9383:
8989:Principles of Topology
8985:Croom, Fred H (1989).
8954:Kline, Morris (1972).
8640:Philosophical Magazine
7940:, 2016, archived from
7867:"Western architecture"
7669:Encyclopedia Americana
7428:Lucas, Robert (2003).
7101:. 2007. Archived from
6664:Chadwick, Owen p. 242.
6015:Clash of Civilizations
5530:Scott, John C (2018).
5328:2 January 2023 at the
4800:British archaeologist
4671:A large influence, in
4513:
4494:Holyoke, Massachusetts
4298:
4279:
4098:Christian civilization
3775:
3738:hormonal contraception
3664:In medicine, the pure
3517:liquid-crystal display
3440:Physiology or Medicine
3383:
3360:
3344:
3332:
2929:
2805:
2655:is especially valued.
2530:George Frideric Handel
2423:
2277:Scientific Revolutions
2205:
2085:Letters on the English
2060:enlightened absolutism
1963:
1945:Protestant Reformation
1896:
1794:
1745:medieval Islamic world
1699:
1682:
1666:
1651:St. Martin's cathedral
1642:
1635:Basilica of San Vitale
1526:
1518:
1499:
1327:
1211:cradle of civilization
1106:Aesthetic philosophers
417:
414:Clash of Civilizations
410:
393:Clash of Civilizations
314:fall of Constantinople
251:Phoenician city-states
220:Hellenistic philosophy
159:culture that arose in
97:
72:
66:
13575:Cultural anthropology
13453:Participatory culture
13244:Cultural evolutionism
13068:Multiracial democracy
12946:Cultural intelligence
12891:Cultural conservatism
12881:Cultural backwardness
12871:Cultural assimilation
12745:Cultural reproduction
12601:Cultural appreciation
12553:Far-right subcultures
12443:Transcultural nursing
12408:Philosophy of culture
12285:Cultural neuroscience
12265:Cultural anthropology
12160:Three Seas Initiative
12135:Pacific Islands Forum
12000:British–Irish Council
11748:Greek Orthodox Church
11207:Industrial Revolution
11177:Scientific Revolution
10928:Theory of generations
10860:Immigrant generations
10812:Strawberry generation
10306:Playboy Press (1976)
10162:HarperCollins (2000)
9925:– Groupe CSA TMO for
9798:. BRILL. p. 85.
9762:Special Eurobarometer
9722:Special Eurobarometer
9423:Western Media Systems
9396:Western Media Systems
9378:
7899:Wilson, Anne (2002).
7775:Most, Andrea (2004).
7667:Deak, Istvan (1996).
7637:"Global Christianity"
6587:. BRILL. p. 38.
6414:, p. 55, table 1.14,
6307:; Penguin Books, 2004
6122:Ainslie Thomas Embree
6096:22 March 2022 at the
5999:12 March 2007 at the
5745:, 14 (2001): 249–288.
4507:
4500:Themes and traditions
4400:Industrial Revolution
4353:Greco-Roman wrestling
4285:
4261:
4153:collapse of Communism
3862:(1800), the unity of
3848:statistical mechanics
3770:
3597:, memory chip, first
3501:navigation satellites
3366:
3353:Antikythera mechanism
3350:
3338:
3329:
2909:
2797:
2743:Pierre-Auguste Renoir
2545:Johann Sebastian Bach
2515:Antonio Lucio Vivaldi
2400:William the Conqueror
2393:
2284:Christianity declined
2282:In the 20th century,
2195:
2174:Industrial Revolution
2168:Industrial Revolution
2097:scientific revolution
2048:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1958:
1888:
1798:Medieval Christianity
1777:
1765:translated into Latin
1688:
1672:
1648:
1628:
1570:Edict of Thessalonica
1555:Second Temple Judaism
1524:
1505:
1486:
1399:Eastern Mediterranean
1323:
687:Philosophy portal
645:Further information:
530:Industrial Revolution
528:, and the subsequent
522:Scientific Revolution
409:
385:
376:Further information:
318:Medieval Christianity
278:medieval renaissances
259:eastern Mediterranean
240:scientific revolution
109:European civilization
78:
42:
13448:Oppositional culture
13418:Emotions and culture
13326:Cultural sensibility
13316:Cultural translation
13254:Cultural institution
13234:Cultural determinism
12956:Cultural nationalism
12941:Cultural imperialism
12901:Cultural deprivation
12795:Non-material culture
12428:Sociology of culture
12423:Semiotics of culture
12155:Special Relationship
11565:Christian philosophy
11510:Western Christianity
11172:Age of Enlightenment
11046:Hellenistic Kingdoms
10896:Intergenerationality
10679:Boomerang Generation
10588:In the Western world
10304:The Great Inventions
10276:W. W. Norton (1996)
10242:Hanson, Victor Davis
10180:30 June 2017 at the
10142:Atle Hesmyr (2013).
10127:Ankerl, Guy (2000).
10109:Ankerl, Guy (2000).
10001:Sall E. D. Wilkins,
9453:. SAGE. p. 65.
9367:(3): 387–412 (387).
8622:electrophorus volta.
8501:Collingridge, M. R.
8484:22 June 2011 at the
8322:"U.S. Supreme Court"
7844:"Western literature"
7700:Sachs, Curt (1940),
6948:. St. Mary's Press.
6915:. St. Mary's Press.
6857:. St. Mary's Press.
6824:. St. Mary's Press.
6766:. St. Mary's Press.
5922:by Thomas Woods, Jr"
5588:. Berlin: Springer.
5094:Western Civilization
5067:. Cengage Learning.
4546:mythologic tradition
4544:, as well as a long
4147:account for 7%, and
3599:programming language
3521:light-emitting diode
3341:University of Oxford
3306:Baghdad cookery book
3267:Eleanor of Aquitaine
3255:Near Eastern cuisine
3025:improve this article
2990:Christian philosophy
2590:Ludwig van Beethoven
2016:Age of Enlightenment
1941:Western Christianity
1915:that, following the
1890:Christopher Columbus
1807:Francisco de Vitoria
1783:Catholic philosopher
1759:and technology were
1665:behind the cathedral
1610:Corpus Juris Civilis
1560:The Greek and Roman
1131:Philosophers of mind
557:Kwame Anthony Appiah
526:Age of Enlightenment
510:Eastern Roman Empire
442:Eastern Roman Empire
388:Samuel P. Huntington
244:Age of Enlightenment
105:Western civilization
30:For other uses, see
18:Western civilisation
13299:Culture speculation
13294:Cultural relativism
13224:Cultural competence
13114:Cultural Christians
12986:Cultural Revolution
12976:Cultural radicalism
12951:Cultural liberalism
12886:Cultural Bolshevism
12861:Consumer capitalism
12815:Relational mobility
12755:Cultural technology
12663:Cultural dissonance
12580:Culture by location
12543:Alternative culture
12459:Constructed culture
12438:Theology of culture
12378:Cultural psychology
12358:Cultural entomology
12180:West Nordic Council
12045:Eastern Partnership
11634:Analytic philosophy
11335:Classical tradition
11157:Early modern period
11113:Classical antiquity
11108:European Bronze Age
10600:Greatest Generation
10347:Walsh, James Joseph
9944:. 14 September 2007
9733:, p. 233, 2012
9731:European Commission
9293:Applied Physics Lab
9180:. NASA SP-2000-4029
9154:"Table of Contents"
8674:"A Poor Substitute"
8652:1913PMag...26....1B
8460:on 25 December 2007
8403:The Living Internet
8397:2 July 2014 at the
8290:Coe, Lewis (1995).
8162:1896Natur..53..516H
7934:"scientific method"
7440:on 27 November 2007
7401:on 27 November 2007
7105:on 28 October 2009.
6936:Koch, Carl (1994).
6903:Koch, Carl (1994).
6845:Koch, Carl (1994).
6812:Koch, Carl (1994).
6754:Koch, Carl (1994).
6727:Koch, Carl (1994).
6545:. pp. 119–148.
6283:Jacobus Bronowski;
5301:Caltron J.H Hayas,
4741:Classical tradition
4638:, and the Egyptian
4599:), agnosticism and
4589:liberation theology
4559:, particularly the
4349:classical antiquity
4326:Pierre de Coubertin
4303:classical antiquity
4288:Pierre de Coubertin
4276:Classical Antiquity
4264:Bull-Leaping Fresco
4105:Pew Research Center
3905:, derived from the
3876:Maxwell's equations
3826:and the methods of
3694:computed tomography
3672:, the treatment of
3631:electron microscope
3376:Apollo Lunar Module
3316:bruet of Sarcynesse
3263:Fulcher of Chartres
3141:AngoulĂŞme Cathedral
2868:Christopher Marlowe
2864:William Shakespeare
2860:Elizabethan theatre
2461:musical instruments
2376:Arts and humanities
2363:astronomical object
2299:transatlantic cable
2237:political pluralism
2231:Post-Industrial era
2146:Nicolaus Copernicus
1983:, a term coined by
1606:Classical Antiquity
1443:Mediterranean world
1364:Alexander the Great
1325:Alexander the Great
1141:Women in philosophy
871:Indigenous American
654:Part of a series on
484:in the form of the
396:. In turquoise are
338:political pluralism
306:Italian Renaissance
133:traditional customs
13458:Permission culture
13391:Disability culture
13371:Children's culture
13239:Cultural diversity
13199:Circuit of culture
12981:Cultural retention
12961:Cultural pessimism
12916:Cultural exception
12906:Cultural diplomacy
12896:Cultural contracts
12856:Colonial mentality
12785:Manuscript culture
12760:Cultural universal
12730:Cultural pluralism
12710:Cultural landscape
12705:Cultural invention
12673:Cultural framework
12575:Vernacular culture
12373:Cultural mediation
12353:Cultural economics
12348:Cultural analytics
12280:Cultural geography
12270:Cultural astronomy
11639:Post-structuralism
11602:Christian humanism
11232:Universal suffrage
10855:Future generations
10787:Merdeka Generation
10782:Pioneer Generation
10384:, Encounter Books.
10333:Pastor, Ludwig von
10248:, Encounter Books.
10018:4.1 (1987): 21-38.
10005:(Greenwood, 2002).
9992:8.3 (1981): 40-59.
9979:(Routledge, 2004).
9772:on 2 December 2012
9240:on 28 January 2018
8871:Richard Swineshead
8845:*Elwes, Richard, "
8801:Annalen der Chemie
8732:on 21 January 2010
8701:The diamond makers
7290:Joseph E Inikori.
7048:Marshall Clagett,
6814:"High Middle Ages"
6303:Geoffrey Blainey;
6108:Yin Cheong Cheng,
5743:Science in Context
5285:6 May 2015 at the
4836:lands, the entire
4620:Christian Orthodox
4595:(sometimes termed
4514:
4461:colony of Victoria
4299:
4280:
4001:derives its name.
3858:(1785), the first
3776:
3726:electrocardiograph
3706:clinical chemistry
3603:ship's chronometer
3595:integrated circuit
3564:polyvinyl chloride
3384:
3380:United States flag
3361:
3345:
3333:
3073:Greek architecture
2930:
2856:commedia dell'arte
2806:
2560:Franz Joseph Haydn
2500:Claudio Monteverdi
2481:symphony orchestra
2479:. The solo piano,
2424:
2211:standard of living
2206:
2088:(1733) written by
1964:
1897:
1860:procedural justice
1795:
1771:and 13th century.
1700:
1694:, the most iconic
1683:
1667:
1643:
1572:which made it the
1539:Hellenistic period
1527:
1519:
1500:
1328:
1248:Eastern neighbours
1189:; the area of the
834:Eastern philosophy
629:but west of China—
452:to the culture of
418:
411:
312:fleeing after the
294:Latin translations
113:Occidental culture
98:
84:Western philosophy
73:
13557:
13556:
13386:Death and culture
13279:Cultural movement
13269:Cultural literacy
13129:Eastern Orthodoxy
13041:Dominator culture
13036:Deculturalization
12936:Cultural hegemony
12926:Cultural genocide
12921:Cultural feminism
12740:Cultural property
12735:Cultural practice
12720:Cultural leveling
12715:Cultural learning
12700:Cultural industry
12695:Cultural identity
12678:Cultural heritage
12668:Cultural emphasis
12653:Cultural conflict
12626:Cultural behavior
12616:Cultural artifact
12528:Primitive culture
12504:Political culture
12203:
12202:
12030:Council of Europe
11932:International law
11885:Constitutionalism
11743:Eastern Orthodoxy
11249:Post–Cold War era
11182:Age of Revolution
11036:Greco-Roman world
10974:
10973:
10752:Satori generation
10697:
10696:
10605:Silent Generation
10514:Barzun, Jacques.
10489:Headley, John M.
10419:978-0-525-42757-5
10400:978-1-101-54802-8
10195:Daly, Jonathan. "
10173:Daly, Jonathan. "
10120:978-2-88155-004-1
9975:David G. McComb,
9490:978-1-111-83169-1
9460:978-1-4462-4566-8
9433:978-1-135-25370-7
9406:978-1-135-25370-7
9334:Butrica, Andrew.
9169:978-0-16-050631-4
9106:on 20 August 2011
9055:978-92-822-2272-0
9000:978-0-03-029804-2
8971:978-0-19-506137-6
8940:978-0-19-521942-5
8919:978-0-521-66160-7
8886:Dodge, Y. (2006)
8764:978-0-941901-03-1
8711:978-0-521-65474-6
8617:978-0-520-23802-2
8584:978-0-486-25128-8
8554:(39): 1024–1044.
8532:978-0-470-51234-0
8428:978-0-309-05283-2
8307:978-0-7864-2609-6
8277:The First Reactor
8265:by Rudolph Diesel
8240:978-0-14-312444-3
8233:. Penguin Books.
8130:978-0-387-98744-6
8021:978-0-393-70607-9
7821:978-1-61168-223-6
7788:978-0-674-01165-6
7753:978-0-7864-5917-9
7711:978-0-486-45265-4
7567:"Western culture"
7536:978-0-917914-73-7
7488:978-0-87332-101-3
7184:978-0-674-01601-9
7153:Watt steam engine
6996:Galileo Galilei,
6955:978-0-88489-298-4
6922:978-0-88489-298-4
6889:978-0-8132-1683-6
6864:978-0-88489-298-4
6831:978-0-88489-298-4
6798:978-0-8132-1683-6
6773:978-0-88489-298-4
6740:978-0-88489-298-4
6673:Hastings, p. 309.
6651:978-0-19-974869-3
6619:on 5 October 2018
6594:978-90-04-22117-8
6567:978-0-7148-7502-6
6510:978-0-19-503607-7
6477:978-1-56821-519-8
6424:978-0-19-922721-1
6370:978-0-307-42518-8
6319:, pp. 38–39.
6285:The Ascent of Man
6029:978-0-684-84441-1
5964:978-0-521-89057-1
5932:on 22 August 2006
5885:978-0-19-505523-8
5708:978-0-6747-6075-2
5678:978-1-4411-1851-6
5651:978-0-7538-2413-9
5640:Green, P (2008).
5610:"Hellenistic Age"
5501:. Leiden: Brill.
5475:978-1-59244-186-0
5450:978-1-305-44548-2
5403:978-1-133-60271-2
5378:978-1-111-83720-4
5280:Roman Catholicism
5266:978-0-8264-9482-5
5233:978-0-226-56162-2
5176:978-0-19-925995-3
5163:O'Collins, Gerald
5133:978-1-305-63347-6
5104:978-0-534-64602-8
5074:978-1-111-83169-1
5053:978-0-684-19303-8
5028:978-90-04-13904-6
5003:978-0-7425-6780-1
4966:978-0-19-923743-2
4941:978-0-19-157783-3
4916:978-0-14-029323-4
4882:978-0-307-42518-8
4838:Arabian Peninsula
4766:Greco-Roman world
4761:European diaspora
4687:scientific method
4666:liberal democracy
4654:constitutionalism
4510:Madonna and Child
4469:American football
4290:, founder of the
4198:(30–35%) and the
4143:account for 16%,
4074:Slavic polytheism
4070:Celtic polytheism
4062:Hellenic religion
4044:Western religions
3836:quantum mechanics
3828:molecular biology
3710:spectrophotometry
3586:to explain them.
3572:Nitrogen fixation
3554:and the plastics
3552:synthetic diamond
3453:. The electrical
3389:scientific method
3357:analogue computer
3297:bruet Sarassinois
3057:
3056:
3049:
2896:African-Americans
2693:Leonardo da Vinci
2416:Duchy of Normandy
2319:enfranchise women
2198:Watt steam engine
1985:Samuel Huntington
1921:Christian culture
1816:Joseph Schumpeter
1655:Spišské Podhradie
1474:Caecilius Statius
1278:Holy Roman Empire
1274:Latin Christendom
1205:and southwestern
1179:
1178:
987:
986:
615:Sino-Japanese War
579:victory over the
512:. The subsequent
486:Holy Roman Empire
446:Byzantine Empire)
430:Greco-Roman world
326:international law
236:scientific method
214:, is the idea of
141:political systems
54:human proportions
44:Leonardo da Vinci
16:(Redirected from
13587:
13538:
13537:
13526:
13525:
13514:
13513:
13403:Drinking culture
13356:Culture industry
13304:Cultural tourism
13284:Cultural mulatto
13259:Cultural jet lag
13194:Cannabis culture
13151:Cultural Muslims
13073:Pluriculturalism
13056:Multiculturalism
13046:Interculturalism
13021:Culture minister
13011:Cultural Zionism
13006:Cultural subsidy
13001:Cultural silence
12876:Cultural attaché
12835:Transculturation
12790:Material culture
12780:Interculturality
12636:Cultural capital
12621:Cultural baggage
12558:Youth subculture
12499:Official culture
12464:Dominant culture
12403:Internet culture
12368:Cultural mapping
12363:Cultural history
12290:Cultural studies
12275:Cultural ecology
12249:
12248:
12230:
12223:
12216:
12207:
12206:
12075:EU Customs Union
11607:Secular humanism
11555:Christian ethics
11505:East–West Schism
11488:Physical culture
11212:Great Divergence
11162:Age of Discovery
11001:
10994:
10987:
10978:
10977:
10802:Sampo generation
10742:Burnt Generation
10732:Husák's Children
10702:Country-specific
10653:Generation Jones
10636:
10635:
10630:Generation Alpha
10574:
10567:
10560:
10551:
10550:
10155:Barzun, Jacques
10124:
10097:
10096:
10078:
10072:
10071:
10053:
10047:
10046:
10025:
10019:
10012:
10006:
9999:
9993:
9986:
9980:
9973:
9967:
9960:
9954:
9953:
9951:
9949:
9938:
9932:
9914:
9910:
9904:
9885:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9874:
9863:
9857:
9856:
9854:
9852:
9841:
9835:
9834:
9816:
9810:
9809:
9791:
9782:
9781:
9779:
9777:
9771:
9758:
9750:
9744:
9741:
9740:
9738:
9718:
9710:
9697:
9696:
9694:
9692:
9680:
9674:
9673:
9671:
9669:
9657:
9651:
9650:
9648:
9646:
9635:
9629:
9628:
9626:
9624:
9613:
9607:
9606:
9585:
9579:
9578:
9557:
9551:
9550:
9529:
9523:
9522:
9501:
9495:
9494:
9474:
9465:
9464:
9444:
9438:
9437:
9417:
9411:
9410:
9390:
9384:
9376:
9356:
9350:
9349:
9347:
9345:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9322:
9320:
9303:
9297:
9296:
9284:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9273:
9256:
9250:
9249:
9247:
9245:
9236:. Archived from
9223:
9217:
9216:
9209:
9203:
9199:
9197:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9149:
9143:
9142:
9134:
9128:
9122:
9116:
9115:
9113:
9111:
9105:
9099:. Archived from
9082:
9073:
9067:
9066:
9064:
9062:
9047:
9037:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9011:
9005:
9004:
8992:
8982:
8976:
8975:
8951:
8945:
8944:
8927:
8921:
8904:
8898:
8884:
8878:
8868:
8862:
8843:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8832:
8818:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8807:
8795:Liebig, Justus.
8792:
8786:
8785:
8775:
8769:
8768:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8737:
8722:
8716:
8715:
8695:
8689:
8688:
8686:
8684:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8631:
8625:
8624:
8605:
8595:
8589:
8588:
8570:
8564:
8563:
8543:
8537:
8536:
8516:
8510:
8499:
8493:
8476:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8465:
8456:. Archived from
8450:
8444:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8412:
8406:
8389:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8378:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8353:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8328:
8318:
8312:
8311:
8287:
8281:
8280:
8272:
8266:
8260:
8254:
8251:
8245:
8244:
8226:
8220:
8219:
8191:
8185:
8182:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8171:10.1038/053516a0
8146:"Anianus Jedlik"
8141:
8135:
8134:
8114:
8108:
8105:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8089:. 8 October 2010
8079:
8073:
8072:
8036:
8030:
8029:
8007:
8001:
8000:
7988:
7982:
7959:
7953:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7930:
7924:
7911:
7905:
7904:
7896:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7882:
7863:
7857:
7854:
7848:
7847:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7772:
7766:
7765:
7739:
7733:
7730:
7724:
7721:
7715:
7714:
7697:
7691:
7688:
7682:
7679:
7673:
7672:
7664:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7644:
7632:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7599:
7593:
7592:
7581:
7575:
7574:
7563:
7557:
7556:
7545:
7539:
7521:
7504:
7498:
7492:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7447:
7445:
7436:. Archived from
7425:
7419:
7418:
7408:
7406:
7391:Robert Lucas Jr.
7387:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7363:Julie Lorenzen.
7360:
7354:
7353:
7327:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7287:
7281:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7172:
7162:
7156:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7113:
7107:
7106:
7089:
7083:
7076:
7070:
7067:
7061:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7011:
7005:
6998:Two New Sciences
6994:
6988:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6947:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6914:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6856:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6823:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6765:
6751:
6745:
6744:
6724:
6715:
6708:
6702:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6680:
6674:
6671:
6665:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6615:. Archived from
6605:
6599:
6598:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6538:
6532:
6529:
6523:
6522:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6463:
6457:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6432:
6426:
6405:
6399:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6354:
6345:
6344:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6308:
6301:
6295:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6255:10.2307/20029452
6238:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6224:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6156:
6145:
6139:
6133:
6119:
6113:
6106:
6100:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6058:
6052:
6051:
6045:
6037:
6009:
6003:
5990:
5984:
5973:
5967:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5928:. Archived from
5914:
5908:
5907:
5899:
5890:
5889:
5873:
5863:
5854:
5853:
5842:
5833:
5818:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5755:
5746:
5739:
5730:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5692:
5683:
5682:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5578:
5572:
5565:
5556:
5555:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5423:
5415:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5362:
5356:
5339:
5333:
5312:
5306:
5299:
5293:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5254:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5219:
5213:
5200:
5194:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5088:
5082:
5078:
5057:
5036:
5011:
4984:
4978:
4974:
4949:
4924:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4866:
4845:
4798:
4771:Western religion
4724:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4652:, human rights,
4632:Coptic alphabets
4577:Secular humanism
4137:Eastern Orthodox
4127:are the largest
4094:Greek philosophy
3991:printing presses
3970:
3961:
3852:electromagnetism
3804:abstract algebra
3796:complex analysis
3778:In mathematics,
3686:Donald Henderson
3548:synthetic rubber
3513:Cathode ray tube
3292:Liber de Coquina
3210:
3178:
3156:
3136:
3113:
3052:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3009:
3001:
2972:Murasaki Shikibu
2878:Centuries, from
2844:medieval theatre
2824:, and the Irish
2774:
2758:
2733:
2708:
2683:
2667:
2616:
2601:
2586:
2571:
2556:
2541:
2526:
2511:
2496:
2143:
2012:Age of Discovery
1981:Great Divergence
1973:Age of Discovery
1967:Early modern era
1933:High Middle Ages
1931:movement of the
1858:before the law,
1809:, a disciple of
1582:Jewish Christian
1547:Hellenic culture
1478:Coligny Calendar
1397:cultures in the
1342:literature (the
1225:Ancient Carthage
1171:
1164:
1157:
876:Aztec philosophy
755:Ancient Egyptian
737:
736:
689:
685:
684:
683:
670:
651:
650:
561:Greek philosophy
544:", paralleling "
518:Age of Discovery
454:Classical Greece
103:, also known as
71:
21:
13595:
13594:
13590:
13589:
13588:
13586:
13585:
13584:
13570:Western culture
13560:
13559:
13558:
13553:
13502:
13493:Western culture
13488:Welfare culture
13413:Eastern culture
13274:Cultural mosaic
13229:Cultural critic
13219:Cultural center
13167:
13141:Cultural Hindus
13087:
13078:Polyculturalism
13051:Monoculturalism
13026:Culture of fear
12996:Cultural safety
12991:Cultural rights
12971:Cultural racism
12966:Cultural policy
12844:
12750:Cultural system
12725:Cultural memory
12658:Cultural cringe
12584:
12516:Popular culture
12447:
12383:Cultural values
12304:
12253:
12239:
12234:
12204:
12199:
12165:UKUSA Agreement
12105:Lublin Triangle
11990:Baltic Assembly
11942:
11936:
11854:
11691:
11526:
11396:Eurolinguistics
11265:
11254:Information age
11227:Interwar period
11094:
11014:
11005:
10975:
10970:
10949:Beat Generation
10937:
10869:
10843:
10728:Czechoslovakia
10693:
10667:
10634:
10595:Lost Generation
10583:
10578:
10545:Wayback Machine
10534:
10511:
10509:Further reading
10424:Henrich, Joseph
10388:Ferguson, Niall
10378:Thornton, Bruce
10272:Merriman, John
10266:Meaney, Thomas
10182:Wayback Machine
10121:
10105:
10100:
10093:
10079:
10075:
10068:
10054:
10050:
10040:
10026:
10022:
10013:
10009:
10000:
9996:
9987:
9983:
9974:
9970:
9961:
9957:
9947:
9945:
9940:
9939:
9935:
9923:Wayback Machine
9912:
9911:
9907:
9896:Wayback Machine
9886:
9882:
9872:
9870:
9865:
9864:
9860:
9850:
9848:
9843:
9842:
9838:
9831:
9817:
9813:
9806:
9792:
9785:
9775:
9773:
9769:
9756:
9752:
9751:
9747:
9736:
9734:
9716:
9712:
9711:
9700:
9690:
9688:
9681:
9677:
9667:
9665:
9658:
9654:
9644:
9642:
9637:
9636:
9632:
9622:
9620:
9615:
9614:
9610:
9600:
9586:
9582:
9572:
9558:
9554:
9544:
9530:
9526:
9516:
9502:
9498:
9491:
9475:
9468:
9461:
9445:
9441:
9434:
9418:
9414:
9407:
9391:
9387:
9357:
9353:
9343:
9341:
9332:
9328:
9318:
9316:
9304:
9300:
9285:
9281:
9271:
9269:
9257:
9253:
9243:
9241:
9224:
9220:
9210:
9201:
9200:
9191:
9190:
9183:
9181:
9170:
9150:
9146:
9135:
9131:
9123:
9119:
9109:
9107:
9103:
9091:(3): 289–304 .
9080:
9074:
9070:
9060:
9058:
9056:
9045:
9039:
9038:
9034:
9024:
9022:
9013:
9012:
9008:
9001:
8983:
8979:
8972:
8952:
8948:
8941:
8929:
8928:
8924:
8905:
8901:
8885:
8881:
8869:
8865:
8859:Wayback Machine
8844:
8840:
8830:
8828:
8820:
8819:
8815:
8805:
8803:
8793:
8789:
8776:
8772:
8765:
8749:
8745:
8735:
8733:
8724:
8723:
8719:
8712:
8696:
8692:
8682:
8680:
8672:
8671:
8667:
8632:
8628:
8618:
8596:
8592:
8585:
8571:
8567:
8544:
8540:
8533:
8517:
8513:
8500:
8496:
8486:Wayback Machine
8477:
8473:
8463:
8461:
8452:
8451:
8447:
8433:
8431:
8429:
8413:
8409:
8399:Wayback Machine
8390:
8386:
8376:
8374:
8366:
8365:
8361:
8351:
8349:
8341:
8340:
8336:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8319:
8315:
8308:
8288:
8284:
8273:
8269:
8261:
8257:
8252:
8248:
8241:
8227:
8223:
8192:
8188:
8183:
8179:
8142:
8138:
8131:
8115:
8111:
8106:
8102:
8092:
8090:
8081:
8080:
8076:
8037:
8033:
8022:
8008:
8004:
7989:
7985:
7960:
7956:
7947:
7945:
7944:on 20 June 2016
7932:
7931:
7927:
7922:Wayback Machine
7912:
7908:
7897:
7890:
7880:
7878:
7865:
7864:
7860:
7855:
7851:
7842:
7841:
7837:
7822:
7808:
7804:
7789:
7773:
7769:
7754:
7740:
7736:
7731:
7727:
7722:
7718:
7712:
7698:
7694:
7689:
7685:
7680:
7676:
7665:
7652:
7642:
7640:
7633:
7622:
7612:
7610:
7600:
7596:
7583:
7582:
7578:
7565:
7564:
7560:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7505:
7501:
7489:
7481:. M.E. Sharpe.
7475:
7471:
7460:
7456:
7443:
7441:
7432:Past and Future
7426:
7422:
7404:
7402:
7388:
7384:
7374:
7372:
7361:
7357:
7342:10.2307/2598327
7325:
7315:
7311:
7304:
7288:
7284:
7269:Eric Hobsbawm,
7268:
7264:
7231:
7227:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7163:
7159:
7151:
7147:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7119:
7114:
7110:
7091:
7090:
7086:
7077:
7073:
7068:
7064:
7054:Anneliese Maier
7047:
7043:
7028:10.2307/2707514
7012:
7008:
6995:
6991:
6986:
6982:
6972:
6967:
6963:
6956:
6938:"Enlightenment"
6934:
6930:
6923:
6901:
6897:
6890:
6876:
6872:
6865:
6843:
6839:
6832:
6810:
6806:
6799:
6785:
6781:
6774:
6752:
6748:
6741:
6725:
6718:
6709:
6705:
6696:
6692:
6681:
6677:
6672:
6668:
6663:
6659:
6652:
6636:
6632:
6622:
6620:
6609:"Valetudinaria"
6607:
6606:
6602:
6595:
6579:
6575:
6568:
6554:
6550:
6539:
6535:
6530:
6526:
6511:
6497:
6493:
6478:
6464:
6460:
6455:
6451:
6433:
6429:
6408:Maddison, Angus
6406:
6402:
6382:
6378:
6371:
6355:
6348:
6341:
6327:
6323:
6315:
6311:
6302:
6298:
6282:
6278:
6243:Foreign Affairs
6239:
6235:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6195:
6191:
6172:
6168:
6157:
6148:
6141:Kwang-Sae Lee,
6140:
6136:
6120:
6116:
6107:
6103:
6098:Wayback Machine
6091:March 11, 2022.
6085:Thomas Meaney,
6084:
6080:
6073:
6059:
6055:
6039:
6038:
6030:
6010:
6006:
6001:Wayback Machine
5991:
5987:
5974:
5970:
5949:
5945:
5935:
5933:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5864:
5857:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5819:
5812:
5802:
5800:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5772:
5756:
5749:
5740:
5733:
5724:George Sarton:
5722:
5715:
5709:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5663:
5659:
5652:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5622:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5579:
5575:
5566:
5559:
5528:
5524:
5509:
5495:
5491:
5476:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5437:
5433:
5417:
5416:
5404:
5390:
5386:
5379:
5363:
5359:
5342:Thomas E. Woods
5340:
5336:
5330:Wayback Machine
5322:, preface, see
5313:
5309:
5300:
5296:
5287:Wayback Machine
5278:
5274:
5267:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5220:
5216:
5210:Wayback Machine
5201:
5197:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5160:
5156:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5120:
5116:
5105:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5054:
5029:
5004:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4967:
4942:
4917:
4898:
4894:
4883:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4806:The Nearer East
4799:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4756:Eastern culture
4720:
4715:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4696:
4662:presidentialism
4658:parliamentarism
4571:the rule of law
4557:Christian Bible
4502:
4492:was created in
4453:Gaelic football
4443:Rugby World Cup
4363:. The sport of
4256:
4250:
4207:Jewish diaspora
4081:Judeo-Christian
4064:– likewise for
4046:
4040:
3987:
3981:
3968:
3959:
3868:Biot–Savart law
3714:electrophoresis
3607:screw propeller
3584:atomic theories
3533:ink jet printer
3398:Iraqi physicist
3394:Galileo Galilei
3324:
3241:
3235:Western cuisine
3229:
3222:
3211:
3202:
3183:Palazzo Farnese
3179:
3170:
3162:Sainte-Chapelle
3157:
3148:
3137:
3128:
3114:
3053:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3022:
3010:
2999:
2924:. Engraving by
2922:Dante Alighieri
2904:
2892:Jewish diaspora
2792:
2785:
2775:
2766:
2759:
2750:
2734:
2725:
2718:Diego Velázquez
2709:
2700:
2684:
2675:
2674:(New York City)
2668:
2630:
2623:
2617:
2608:
2602:
2593:
2587:
2578:
2572:
2563:
2557:
2548:
2542:
2533:
2527:
2518:
2512:
2503:
2497:
2436:
2396:Bayeux Tapestry
2386:
2378:
2315:abolish slavery
2265:human migration
2259:resulting from
2249:countercultures
2233:
2170:
2128:
2014:faded into the
1969:
1953:
1909:Catholic Church
1828:
1767:, sparking the
1623:
1411:Ptolemaic Egypt
1318:
1302:the Renaissance
1201:, southeastern
1197:, northeastern
1175:
1146:
1145:
1111:Epistemologists
1101:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1025:
1001:
1000:
989:
988:
734:
733:
722:
681:
679:
678:
649:
643:
585:Battle of Tours
456:, a persistent
380:
374:
366:human migration
360:resulting from
350:countercultures
184:Catholic Church
117:Western society
101:Western culture
68:De architectura
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13593:
13583:
13582:
13577:
13572:
13555:
13554:
13552:
13551:
13544:
13532:
13520:
13507:
13504:
13503:
13501:
13500:
13495:
13490:
13485:
13480:
13475:
13470:
13465:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13399:
13398:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13353:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13328:
13323:
13318:
13313:
13312:
13311:
13301:
13296:
13291:
13289:Cultural probe
13286:
13281:
13276:
13271:
13266:
13261:
13256:
13251:
13246:
13241:
13236:
13231:
13226:
13221:
13216:
13214:Cross-cultural
13211:
13209:Coffee culture
13206:
13201:
13196:
13191:
13186:
13181:
13179:Animal culture
13175:
13173:
13169:
13168:
13166:
13165:
13160:
13155:
13154:
13153:
13143:
13138:
13137:
13136:
13131:
13126:
13121:
13116:
13111:
13101:
13095:
13093:
13089:
13088:
13086:
13085:
13083:Transculturism
13080:
13075:
13070:
13065:
13064:
13063:
13053:
13048:
13043:
13038:
13033:
13028:
13023:
13018:
13016:Culture change
13013:
13008:
13003:
12998:
12993:
12988:
12983:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12958:
12953:
12948:
12943:
12938:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12913:
12908:
12903:
12898:
12893:
12888:
12883:
12878:
12873:
12868:
12863:
12858:
12852:
12850:
12846:
12845:
12843:
12842:
12840:Visual culture
12837:
12832:
12827:
12822:
12820:Safety culture
12817:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12772:
12767:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12747:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12687:
12686:
12685:
12675:
12670:
12665:
12660:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12644:
12643:
12641:Cross-cultural
12633:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12592:
12590:
12586:
12585:
12583:
12582:
12577:
12572:
12567:
12566:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12535:
12530:
12525:
12524:
12523:
12513:
12512:
12511:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12455:
12453:
12449:
12448:
12446:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12344:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12328:
12318:
12312:
12310:
12306:
12305:
12303:
12302:
12300:Culture theory
12297:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12261:
12259:
12255:
12254:
12244:
12241:
12240:
12233:
12232:
12225:
12218:
12210:
12201:
12200:
12198:
12197:
12195:Westernization
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12175:Visegrád Group
12172:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12152:
12147:
12142:
12137:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12115:Nordic Council
12112:
12107:
12102:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12032:
12027:
12022:
12017:
12012:
12010:Bucharest Nine
12007:
12002:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11975:Arctic Council
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11946:
11944:
11938:
11937:
11935:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11923:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11887:
11882:
11881:
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11862:
11856:
11855:
11853:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11841:
11840:
11835:
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11825:
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11813:
11808:
11803:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11773:
11772:
11771:
11770:
11769:
11759:
11758:
11757:
11752:
11751:
11750:
11740:
11739:
11738:
11728:
11727:
11726:
11701:
11699:
11693:
11692:
11690:
11689:
11688:
11687:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11666:
11665:
11653:
11652:
11651:
11641:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11616:
11611:
11610:
11609:
11604:
11594:
11593:
11592:
11585:Existentialism
11582:
11577:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11536:
11534:
11528:
11527:
11525:
11524:
11523:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11497:
11496:
11495:
11485:
11484:
11483:
11478:
11468:
11467:
11466:
11456:
11451:
11450:
11449:
11444:
11439:
11429:
11428:
11427:
11417:
11416:
11415:
11405:
11404:
11403:
11398:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11372:
11371:
11361:
11356:
11355:
11354:
11344:
11343:
11342:
11332:
11331:
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11320:
11315:
11314:
11313:
11303:
11298:
11297:
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11245:
11244:
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11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11164:
11159:
11149:
11144:
11143:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11122:
11121:
11120:
11118:Late antiquity
11110:
11104:
11102:
11096:
11095:
11093:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11071:
11070:
11069:
11068:
11063:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11033:
11028:
11022:
11020:
11016:
11015:
11004:
11003:
10996:
10989:
10981:
10972:
10971:
10969:
10968:
10963:
10961:Digital divide
10958:
10951:
10945:
10943:
10939:
10938:
10936:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10919:
10918:
10913:
10908:
10903:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10881:Generation gap
10877:
10875:
10871:
10870:
10868:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10851:
10849:
10845:
10844:
10842:
10841:
10840:
10839:
10831:
10830:
10829:
10824:
10818:United States
10816:
10815:
10814:
10806:
10805:
10804:
10799:
10797:386 Generation
10791:
10790:
10789:
10784:
10776:
10775:
10774:
10766:
10765:
10764:
10756:
10755:
10754:
10746:
10745:
10744:
10736:
10735:
10734:
10726:
10725:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10705:
10703:
10699:
10698:
10695:
10694:
10692:
10691:
10689:MTV Generation
10686:
10681:
10675:
10673:
10669:
10668:
10666:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10644:
10642:
10633:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10591:
10589:
10585:
10584:
10577:
10576:
10569:
10562:
10554:
10548:
10547:
10533:
10532:External links
10530:
10529:
10528:
10521:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10505:
10487:
10485:978-1497603257
10466:
10464:978-0812972337
10445:
10443:978-0374173227
10421:
10405:Pinker, Steven
10402:
10385:
10375:
10368:
10344:
10330:
10317:Asimov, Isaac
10315:
10300:
10285:
10270:
10264:
10249:
10239:
10223:
10208:
10205:978-1138774810
10193:
10190:978-1441161314
10171:
10153:
10151:978-1468924190
10140:
10125:
10119:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10098:
10091:
10073:
10066:
10048:
10038:
10020:
10007:
9994:
9981:
9968:
9955:
9933:
9905:
9903:, 5 July 2011.
9880:
9858:
9836:
9829:
9811:
9804:
9783:
9745:
9727:European Union
9698:
9687:. Pewforum.org
9675:
9664:. Pewforum.org
9652:
9630:
9608:
9598:
9580:
9570:
9564:. Penguin UK.
9552:
9542:
9524:
9514:
9496:
9489:
9466:
9459:
9439:
9432:
9412:
9405:
9385:
9361:German History
9351:
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9279:
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8186:
8177:
8136:
8129:
8109:
8100:
8074:
8053:10.2307/750865
8031:
8020:
8002:
7983:
7954:
7925:
7906:
7888:
7871:britannica.com
7858:
7856:Barzun, p. 380
7849:
7835:
7820:
7802:
7787:
7767:
7752:
7734:
7732:Barzun, p. 329
7725:
7716:
7710:
7692:
7690:Murray, p. 45.
7683:
7674:
7671:. p. 688.
7650:
7639:. Pewforum.org
7620:
7594:
7576:
7558:
7540:
7499:
7487:
7469:
7454:
7420:
7382:
7355:
7317:Berg, Maxine;
7309:
7302:
7282:
7262:
7225:
7190:
7183:
7157:
7145:
7127:
7108:
7084:
7071:
7069:Hannam, p. 342
7062:
7041:
7006:
7002:Stillman Drake
6989:
6980:
6961:
6954:
6928:
6921:
6895:
6888:
6870:
6863:
6837:
6830:
6804:
6797:
6779:
6772:
6746:
6739:
6716:
6712:God and Reason
6703:
6690:
6675:
6666:
6657:
6650:
6630:
6600:
6593:
6573:
6566:
6558:THE ART MUSEUM
6548:
6533:
6524:
6509:
6491:
6476:
6458:
6449:
6427:
6400:
6376:
6369:
6346:
6339:
6321:
6309:
6296:
6276:
6233:
6216:
6202:Wengrow, David
6198:Graeber, David
6189:
6166:
6146:
6134:
6114:
6101:
6089:New York Times
6078:
6072:978-1451628975
6071:
6053:
6028:
6004:
5995:scanned image
5985:
5968:
5966:, pp. 189, 208
5952:Jeremy Waldron
5943:
5909:
5891:
5884:
5855:
5834:
5810:
5785:
5770:
5747:
5731:
5713:
5707:
5684:
5677:
5657:
5650:
5632:
5601:
5594:
5573:
5567:Green, Peter.
5557:
5522:
5508:978-9004234765
5507:
5489:
5474:
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5002:
4986:
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4976:
4975:
4965:
4959:. OUP Oxford.
4950:
4940:
4934:. OUP Oxford.
4925:
4915:
4899:
4892:
4881:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4846:
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4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4781:Western values
4778:
4776:Westernization
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4727:
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4725:
4711:
4708:Society portal
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4647:
4612:Greek alphabet
4604:
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4549:
4501:
4498:
4482:James Naismith
4409:British Empire
4330:Athens in 1896
4310:Ancient Greece
4254:Western sports
4252:Main article:
4249:
4246:
4180:United Kingdom
4172:Czech Republic
4121:European Union
4058:Roman religion
4042:Main article:
4039:
4036:
3983:Main article:
3980:
3977:
3844:thermodynamics
3782:, statistics,
3754:ACE inhibitors
3643:DNA sequencing
3635:chromatography
3576:petrochemicals
3541:World Wide Web
3537:plasma display
3497:communications
3467:electric light
3451:electric power
3401:Ibn al-Haytham
3323:
3320:
3243:
3242:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3215:Palais Garnier
3212:
3205:
3203:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3139:The facade of
3138:
3131:
3129:
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3108:
3055:
3054:
3013:
3011:
3004:
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2995:
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2900:
2852:morality plays
2810:ballroom dance
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2782:Alphonse Mucha
2776:
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2647:. In art, the
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2498:
2491:
2485:string quartet
2435:
2432:
2394:Detail of the
2388:
2387:
2377:
2374:
2321:(beginning in
2303:radiotelephone
2232:
2229:
2169:
2166:
2101:modern science
2040:Baruch Spinoza
2032:René Descartes
2005:Ottoman Empire
2001:Tokugawa Japan
1968:
1965:
1952:
1949:
1943:caused by the
1901:Late Antiquity
1832:Justinian Code
1827:
1824:
1811:Thomas Aquinas
1779:Thomas Aquinas
1753:Arabic science
1749:Greek classics
1622:
1619:
1599:and Levantine
1566:Edict of Milan
1510:(red) and its
1366:, there was a
1336:Ancient Greece
1332:Roman Republic
1317:
1314:
1229:Ancient Greece
1177:
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1174:
1173:
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1126:Metaphysicians
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1054:Metaphilosophy
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631:Greater Persia
627:Ottoman Empire
494:Fourth Crusade
402:Orthodox World
373:
370:
310:Greek scholars
204:ancient Greece
192:prominent role
161:Ancient Greece
137:belief systems
129:ethical values
88:Middle Eastern
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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13581:
13578:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13567:
13565:
13550:
13549:
13545:
13543:
13542:
13533:
13531:
13530:
13521:
13519:
13518:
13509:
13508:
13505:
13499:
13498:Youth culture
13496:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13484:
13483:Urban culture
13481:
13479:
13476:
13474:
13471:
13469:
13468:Remix culture
13466:
13464:
13461:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13443:Media culture
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13433:Languaculture
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13397:
13394:
13393:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13361:Culture shock
13359:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13321:Cultural turn
13319:
13317:
13314:
13310:
13307:
13306:
13305:
13302:
13300:
13297:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13285:
13282:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13257:
13255:
13252:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13197:
13195:
13192:
13190:
13189:Bennett scale
13187:
13185:
13182:
13180:
13177:
13176:
13174:
13170:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13156:
13152:
13149:
13148:
13147:
13144:
13142:
13139:
13135:
13132:
13130:
13127:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13119:Protestantism
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13106:
13105:
13102:
13100:
13097:
13096:
13094:
13090:
13084:
13081:
13079:
13076:
13074:
13071:
13069:
13066:
13062:
13061:Biculturalism
13059:
13058:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13037:
13034:
13032:
13029:
13027:
13024:
13022:
13019:
13017:
13014:
13012:
13009:
13007:
13004:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12994:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12909:
12907:
12904:
12902:
12899:
12897:
12894:
12892:
12889:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12853:
12851:
12847:
12841:
12838:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12826:
12825:Technoculture
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12805:Print culture
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12770:Enculturation
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12746:
12743:
12741:
12738:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12696:
12693:
12691:
12690:Cultural icon
12688:
12684:
12681:
12680:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12642:
12639:
12638:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12631:Cultural bias
12629:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12611:Cultural area
12609:
12607:
12604:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12596:Acculturation
12594:
12593:
12591:
12587:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12570:Super culture
12568:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12540:
12539:
12536:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12522:
12519:
12518:
12517:
12514:
12510:
12507:
12506:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12484:Legal culture
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12456:
12454:
12450:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12433:Sound culture
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12323:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12313:
12311:
12307:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12262:
12260:
12256:
12252:
12242:
12238:
12231:
12226:
12224:
12219:
12217:
12212:
12211:
12208:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12140:PROSUR/PROSUL
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12035:Craiova Group
12033:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12023:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11951:
11950:ABCANZ Armies
11948:
11947:
11945:
11939:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11892:
11891:
11888:
11886:
11883:
11879:
11876:
11875:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11865:
11863:
11861:
11857:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11824:
11821:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11798:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11778:
11777:
11774:
11768:
11765:
11764:
11763:
11760:
11756:
11755:Protestantism
11753:
11749:
11746:
11745:
11744:
11741:
11737:
11734:
11733:
11732:
11729:
11725:
11721:
11718:
11717:
11716:
11713:
11712:
11711:
11708:
11707:
11706:
11703:
11702:
11700:
11698:
11694:
11686:
11683:
11682:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11675:Sovereigntism
11673:
11671:
11668:
11664:
11663:
11659:
11658:
11657:
11654:
11650:
11647:
11646:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11599:
11598:
11595:
11591:
11588:
11587:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11570:Scholasticism
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11537:
11535:
11533:
11529:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11502:
11501:
11498:
11494:
11491:
11490:
11489:
11486:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11473:
11472:
11469:
11465:
11462:
11461:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11448:
11445:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11435:
11434:
11433:
11430:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11421:
11418:
11414:
11411:
11410:
11409:
11406:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11393:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11370:
11367:
11366:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11353:
11350:
11349:
11348:
11345:
11341:
11338:
11337:
11336:
11333:
11329:
11326:
11325:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11312:
11309:
11308:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11281:
11280:
11277:
11276:
11274:
11272:
11268:
11260:
11259:War on terror
11257:
11255:
11252:
11251:
11250:
11247:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11154:
11153:
11152:Modern period
11150:
11148:
11145:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11127:
11126:
11123:
11119:
11116:
11115:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11105:
11103:
11101:
11097:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11058:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11038:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11023:
11021:
11017:
11013:
11009:
11008:Western world
11002:
10997:
10995:
10990:
10988:
10983:
10982:
10979:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10956:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10940:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10917:
10914:
10912:
10909:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10898:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10891:Generationism
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10878:
10876:
10872:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10852:
10850:
10846:
10838:
10837:9X Generation
10835:
10834:
10832:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10819:
10817:
10813:
10810:
10809:
10807:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10773:
10770:
10769:
10767:
10763:
10760:
10759:
10757:
10753:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10743:
10740:
10739:
10737:
10733:
10730:
10729:
10727:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10709:
10707:
10706:
10704:
10700:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10684:Me generation
10682:
10680:
10677:
10676:
10674:
10670:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10654:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10645:
10643:
10641:
10637:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10592:
10590:
10586:
10582:
10575:
10570:
10568:
10563:
10561:
10556:
10555:
10552:
10546:
10542:
10539:
10536:
10535:
10526:
10522:
10519:
10518:
10513:
10512:
10504:
10503:9780691171487
10500:
10496:
10492:
10488:
10486:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10470:
10469:Stark, Rodney
10467:
10465:
10461:
10457:
10453:
10449:
10448:Stark, Rodney
10446:
10444:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10430:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10416:
10412:
10411:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10386:
10383:
10379:
10376:
10373:
10369:
10367:
10364:
10360:
10359:0-7661-3646-9
10356:
10352:
10348:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10334:
10331:
10328:
10327:0-385-17771-2
10324:
10320:
10316:
10313:
10312:0-87223-444-4
10309:
10305:
10302:Stein, Ralph
10301:
10298:
10297:0-8018-5869-0
10294:
10290:
10286:
10283:
10282:0-393-96885-5
10279:
10275:
10271:
10269:
10265:
10262:
10261:0-7607-1210-7
10258:
10254:
10250:
10247:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10237:0-7914-2353-0
10234:
10230:
10229:
10224:
10221:
10220:0-486-27472-1
10217:
10214:Dover (1960)
10213:
10209:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10191:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10176:
10172:
10169:
10168:0-06-017586-9
10165:
10161:
10159:
10154:
10152:
10148:
10145:
10141:
10138:
10137:2-88155-004-5
10134:
10130:
10126:
10122:
10116:
10112:
10107:
10106:
10094:
10092:9780809128501
10088:
10084:
10077:
10069:
10067:9780199759217
10063:
10059:
10052:
10045:
10041:
10039:9780521889520
10035:
10031:
10024:
10017:
10011:
10004:
9998:
9991:
9985:
9978:
9972:
9965:
9959:
9943:
9937:
9930:
9929:
9924:
9920:
9917:
9909:
9902:
9898:
9897:
9893:
9890:
9884:
9868:
9862:
9846:
9840:
9832:
9830:9781443891592
9826:
9822:
9815:
9807:
9805:9789004346307
9801:
9797:
9790:
9788:
9768:
9764:
9763:
9755:
9749:
9743:1% threshold.
9732:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9715:
9709:
9707:
9705:
9703:
9686:
9679:
9663:
9656:
9640:
9634:
9618:
9612:
9605:
9601:
9599:9781317606307
9595:
9591:
9584:
9577:
9573:
9571:9780141954714
9567:
9563:
9556:
9549:
9545:
9543:9781108486095
9539:
9535:
9528:
9521:
9517:
9515:9781139484138
9511:
9507:
9500:
9492:
9486:
9482:
9481:
9473:
9471:
9462:
9456:
9452:
9451:
9443:
9435:
9429:
9425:
9424:
9416:
9408:
9402:
9398:
9397:
9389:
9382:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9355:
9340:. p. 267
9339:
9338:
9330:
9315:
9314:
9309:
9302:
9294:
9290:
9283:
9268:
9267:
9262:
9259:Nelson, Jon.
9255:
9239:
9235:
9234:
9229:
9226:Nelson, Jon.
9222:
9214:
9207:
9195:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9165:
9161:
9160:
9155:
9148:
9140:
9133:
9127:
9121:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9079:
9072:
9057:
9051:
9044:
9043:
9036:
9020:
9016:
9010:
9002:
8996:
8991:
8990:
8981:
8973:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8958:
8950:
8942:
8936:
8932:
8926:
8920:
8916:
8913:
8909:
8903:
8897:
8896:0-19-920613-9
8893:
8889:
8883:
8876:
8872:
8867:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8851:Plus Magazine
8848:
8842:
8827:
8823:
8817:
8802:
8798:
8791:
8783:
8782:
8774:
8766:
8760:
8756:
8755:
8747:
8731:
8727:
8721:
8713:
8707:
8703:
8702:
8694:
8679:
8675:
8669:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8630:
8623:
8619:
8613:
8609:
8604:
8603:
8594:
8586:
8580:
8576:
8569:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8542:
8534:
8528:
8524:
8523:
8515:
8508:
8504:
8498:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8480:
8475:
8459:
8455:
8449:
8443:
8430:
8424:
8420:
8419:
8411:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8393:
8388:
8373:
8369:
8363:
8348:
8344:
8338:
8323:
8317:
8309:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8294:
8286:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8259:
8250:
8242:
8236:
8232:
8225:
8217:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8190:
8181:
8172:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8156:(1379): 516.
8155:
8151:
8147:
8140:
8132:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8113:
8104:
8088:
8084:
8078:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8035:
8028:
8023:
8017:
8013:
8006:
7998:
7994:
7987:
7981:
7980:0-486-24823-2
7977:
7973:
7969:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7923:
7919:
7916:
7910:
7902:
7895:
7893:
7877:on 1 May 2022
7876:
7872:
7868:
7862:
7853:
7846:. 9 May 2023.
7845:
7839:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7813:
7806:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7784:
7780:
7779:
7771:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7729:
7723:Barzun, p. 73
7720:
7713:
7707:
7703:
7696:
7687:
7681:Hall, p. 100.
7678:
7670:
7663:
7661:
7659:
7657:
7655:
7638:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7609:
7605:
7598:
7590:
7586:
7580:
7572:
7571:Science Daily
7568:
7562:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7511:
7503:
7496:
7490:
7484:
7480:
7473:
7465:
7458:
7451:
7439:
7435:
7433:
7424:
7417:
7415:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7386:
7370:
7366:
7359:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7324:
7320:
7313:
7305:
7303:0-521-01079-9
7299:
7295:
7294:
7286:
7280:
7279:0-349-10484-0
7276:
7272:
7266:
7257:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7229:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7206:(3): 625–58.
7205:
7201:
7194:
7186:
7180:
7176:
7171:
7170:
7161:
7154:
7149:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7123:
7117:
7112:
7104:
7100:
7099:
7094:
7088:
7081:
7075:
7066:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7045:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7022:(2): 163–93.
7021:
7017:
7010:
7003:
6999:
6993:
6984:
6976:
6970:
6965:
6957:
6951:
6946:
6945:
6939:
6932:
6924:
6918:
6913:
6912:
6906:
6905:"Reformation"
6899:
6891:
6885:
6881:
6874:
6866:
6860:
6855:
6854:
6848:
6847:"Renaissance"
6841:
6833:
6827:
6822:
6821:
6815:
6808:
6800:
6794:
6790:
6783:
6775:
6769:
6764:
6763:
6757:
6750:
6742:
6736:
6732:
6731:
6723:
6721:
6713:
6707:
6700:
6694:
6686:
6679:
6670:
6661:
6653:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6634:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6596:
6590:
6586:
6585:
6577:
6569:
6563:
6559:
6552:
6544:
6537:
6528:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6473:
6469:
6462:
6453:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6404:
6398:
6397:0-691-00659-8
6394:
6390:
6386:
6380:
6372:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6353:
6351:
6342:
6340:9781134374755
6336:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6313:
6306:
6300:
6294:
6293:0-563-17064-6
6290:
6286:
6280:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6249:(4): 665–75.
6248:
6244:
6237:
6230:
6219:
6217:9780374721107
6213:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6199:
6193:
6186:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6162:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6144:
6138:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6118:
6111:
6105:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6082:
6074:
6068:
6064:
6057:
6049:
6043:
6036:
6031:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6008:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5921:
5913:
5905:
5898:
5896:
5887:
5881:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5862:
5860:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5839:
5831:
5830:0-521-36105-2
5827:
5823:
5817:
5815:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5771:0-299-11880-0
5767:
5763:
5762:
5754:
5752:
5744:
5738:
5736:
5728:
5727:
5720:
5718:
5710:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5691:
5689:
5680:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5661:
5653:
5647:
5643:
5636:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5605:
5597:
5595:3-540-20396-6
5591:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5526:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5467:
5460:
5452:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5427:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5380:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5361:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5276:
5268:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5252:
5243:
5235:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5199:
5192:
5189:Karl Heussi,
5186:
5178:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5150:
5143:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5097:. Wadsworth.
5096:
5095:
5087:
5076:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5030:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4926:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4865:
4861:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4793:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4751:Eastern world
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4722:Europe portal
4712:
4709:
4703:
4698:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4664:) and formal
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4561:New Testament
4558:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4511:
4506:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4337:amphitheatres
4333:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4314:Olympic Games
4311:
4306:
4304:
4297:
4296:Olympic Games
4293:
4289:
4284:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4135:make up 12%,
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4117:Eurobarometer
4113:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4054:Indo-European
4051:
4045:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3985:Western media
3976:
3974:
3967:
3966:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3907:metric system
3904:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3856:Coulomb's law
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3750:beta blockers
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3560:polypropylene
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3529:laser printer
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3509:ballpoint pen
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3482:Nuclear power
3479:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3051:
3048:
3040:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3014:This section
3012:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2967:Tale of Genji
2963:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2950:world and in
2949:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2913:Divine Comedy
2908:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2848:Passion Plays
2845:
2841:
2840:Roman theatre
2837:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2747:Musée d'Orsay
2744:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2621:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:, opera, and
2454:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2384:Western canon
2380:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:nuclear power
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:Protestantism
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2261:globalization
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2241:individualism
2238:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2187:machine tools
2184:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2121:human anatomy
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2070:Denis Diderot
2067:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2056:Immanuel Kant
2053:
2049:
2046:(1694–1778),
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:Francis Bacon
2024:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1962:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1802:valetudinaria
1799:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:founded many
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1676:
1675:VĂ©zelay Abbey
1671:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:and then the
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:Roman culture
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1512:client states
1509:
1504:
1498:
1497:Roman temples
1494:
1490:
1489:Maison Carrée
1485:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:Ancient Egypt
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1310:Enlightenment
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
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1267:
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1259:
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1253:
1250:(such as the
1249:
1245:
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1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1215:Ancient Egypt
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:civilizations
1181:The earliest
1172:
1167:
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1104:
1103:
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1093:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:Phenomenology
1067:
1065:
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1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
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1026:
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1017:
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901:
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874:
873:
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860:
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814:
813:
810:
809:
808:
807:
804:
801:
800:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
761:
760:Ancient Greek
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
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747:
746:
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742:
739:
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732:
726:
725:
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704:
701:
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674:
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664:
661:
658:
657:
653:
652:
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635:Greater India
632:
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620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
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593:
588:
586:
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570:
566:
565:Islamic world
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
542:Occidentalism
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
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459:
455:
451:
450:Roman culture
447:
443:
439:
435:
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423:
415:
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403:
399:
398:Latin America
395:
394:
389:
384:
379:
378:Western world
369:
367:
363:
362:globalization
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:individualism
339:
335:
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327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
267:New Testament
264:
260:
257:world of the
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:scholasticism
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:has played a
189:
188:Protestantism
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:classical era
154:
153:Western world
150:
146:
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126:
122:
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110:
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49:Vitruvian Man
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13539:
13527:
13515:
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13463:Rape culture
13408:Drug culture
13396:Deaf culture
13381:Cyberculture
13351:Culture hero
13264:Cultural lag
13204:Civilization
13104:Christianity
12810:Protoculture
12494:Microculture
12474:High culture
12469:Folk culture
12418:Postcritique
12185:Western Bloc
11985:AUSCANNZUKUS
11941:Contemporary
11890:Human rights
11736:Latin Church
11710:Christianity
11660:
11619:Conservatism
11464:contemporary
11301:Architecture
11270:
11237:World War II
11197:Emancipation
11192:Abolitionism
11080:Romanization
11075:Roman legacy
11056:Roman Empire
11011:
10953:
10827:Generation Z
10793:South Korea
10625:Generation Z
10615:Generation X
10610:Baby boomers
10524:
10516:
10490:
10472:
10456:Random House
10451:
10427:
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9958:
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9936:
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9883:
9871:. Retrieved
9861:
9849:. Retrieved
9839:
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9795:
9774:. Retrieved
9767:the original
9760:
9748:
9735:, retrieved
9720:
9689:. Retrieved
9678:
9666:. Retrieved
9655:
9643:. Retrieved
9639:"Christians"
9633:
9621:. Retrieved
9611:
9603:
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9336:
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9317:. Retrieved
9311:
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9264:
9254:
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9238:the original
9231:
9221:
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9158:
9147:
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9132:
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9120:
9108:. Retrieved
9101:the original
9088:
9084:
9071:
9059:. Retrieved
9041:
9035:
9023:. Retrieved
9018:
9009:
8988:
8980:
8956:
8949:
8930:
8925:
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8907:
8906:Archimedes,
8902:
8887:
8882:
8874:
8866:
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8841:
8829:. Retrieved
8825:
8816:
8804:. Retrieved
8800:
8790:
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8746:
8734:. Retrieved
8730:the original
8720:
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8681:. Retrieved
8677:
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8462:. Retrieved
8458:the original
8448:
8432:. Retrieved
8417:
8410:
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8387:
8375:. Retrieved
8371:
8362:
8350:. Retrieved
8346:
8337:
8325:. Retrieved
8316:
8292:
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8276:
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8230:
8224:
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8195:
8189:
8180:
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8091:. Retrieved
8086:
8077:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8025:
8011:
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7996:
7986:
7966:
7962:Morris Kline
7957:
7946:, retrieved
7942:the original
7937:
7928:
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7900:
7879:. Retrieved
7875:the original
7870:
7861:
7852:
7838:
7811:
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7777:
7770:
7743:
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7728:
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7677:
7668:
7641:. Retrieved
7611:. Retrieved
7607:
7597:
7589:Khan Academy
7579:
7561:
7543:
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7502:
7478:
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7457:
7449:
7442:. Retrieved
7438:the original
7431:
7423:
7410:
7403:. Retrieved
7399:the original
7385:
7373:. Retrieved
7358:
7336:(1): 24–50.
7333:
7329:
7312:
7292:
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7270:
7265:
7238:
7234:
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7130:
7118:, p. 40
7111:
7103:the original
7096:
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6617:the original
6612:
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6206:
6192:
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6137:
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6088:
6081:
6062:
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6033:
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5971:
5955:
5946:
5936:16 September
5934:. Retrieved
5930:the original
5925:
5919:
5912:
5903:
5869:
5832:, pp. xix–xx
5821:
5801:. Retrieved
5797:
5788:
5760:
5742:
5725:
5697:
5667:
5660:
5641:
5635:
5613:
5604:
5585:
5582:Russo, Lucio
5576:
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5367:
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5250:
5242:
5223:
5217:
5212:, Britannica
5198:
5190:
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5142:
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4886:
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4805:
4802:D.G. Hogarth
4796:
4673:modern times
4644:Hieroglyphic
4596:
4585:freethinking
4553:mythological
4515:
4447:
4434:
4429:
4397:
4378:
4369:bull worship
4365:bullfighting
4345:Gladiatorial
4341:blood sports
4334:
4318:Peloponnesus
4307:
4300:
4211:
4204:
4165:
4163:countries.
4161:Eastern Bloc
4114:
4102:
4078:
4050:polytheistic
4047:
4025:
4014:
4003:
3988:
3965:New Horizons
3963:
3954:
3949:in 1986 and
3940:
3939:(2001), the
3922:
3911:
3900:
3878:(1871). The
3874:(1827), and
3800:group theory
3777:
3758:double-blind
3663:
3659:spectroscopy
3588:
3556:polyethylene
3545:
3490:
3447:steam engine
3444:
3420:Nobel Prizes
3416:Alfred Nobel
3409:
3385:
3318:in English.
3315:
3309:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3244:
3239:Western food
3195:Michelangelo
3160:
3058:
3043:
3034:
3023:Please help
3018:verification
3015:
2997:Architecture
2987:
2980:
2976:
2965:
2959:
2954:Japan. Both
2940:
2939:and Homer's
2934:
2931:
2926:Gustave Doré
2911:
2876:
2834:
2818:square dance
2807:
2799:
2777:
2763:Eugène Atget
2736:
2711:
2686:
2657:
2637:oil painting
2633:Jan van Eyck
2631:
2451:, concerto,
2446:
2437:
2428:
2425:
2410:, Bishop of
2406:(right) and
2370:Moon Landing
2296:
2292:
2281:
2243:, prominent
2234:
2221:
2207:
2202:steam engine
2171:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2133:
2094:
2083:
2077:
2065:Encyclopédie
2063:
2025:
2009:
1997:Mughal India
1989:civilization
1977:imperialists
1970:
1913:Great Schism
1898:
1864:
1852:civil rights
1829:
1801:
1796:
1738:
1719:
1711:fall of Rome
1708:
1701:
1689:
1590:
1586:antisemitism
1559:
1536:
1528:
1508:Roman Empire
1447:
1439:Roman Empire
1431:architecture
1395:Near-Eastern
1388:
1348:Persian Wars
1329:
1265:
1255:
1241:
1237:Ancient Rome
1219:
1180:
1098:Philosophers
1006:Epistemology
827:South Africa
782:Contemporary
731:Philosophies
596:
589:
553:philosophers
550:
537:relativistic
534:
490:Great Schism
488:in 800, the
462:Roman Empire
419:
413:
391:
344:, prominent
275:
263:Near-Eastern
248:
186:, and later
177:
173:Christianity
165:Ancient Rome
149:technologies
125:social norms
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:
47:
36:
13541:WikiProject
13473:Tea culture
13376:Culturalism
13346:Culture gap
13309:Pop-culture
13109:Catholicism
13031:Culture war
12489:Low culture
12388:Culturomics
12295:Culturology
12125:Open Balkan
11943:integration
11873:Rule of law
11868:Natural law
11845:Agnosticism
11823:Hellenistic
11801:Anglo-Saxon
11731:Catholicism
11670:Atlanticism
11575:Rationalism
11381:Immigration
11364:Esotericism
11222:World War I
11187:Romanticism
11167:Reformation
11147:Renaissance
11125:Middle Ages
11090:Christendom
11019:Foundations
10911:Shared site
10822:Millennials
10663:Zillennials
10620:Millennials
10581:Generations
9913:(in French)
9344:4 September
9202:|work=
8678:www.pslc.ws
8464:15 November
8377:15 November
8352:15 November
8202:(12): 864.
7548:Hunter 1985
7405:14 November
7319:Hudson, Pat
7135:Landes 1969
7116:Landes 1969
6697:Burke, P.,
6623:22 February
6387:, pp. 7–8.
6223:28 February
6126:Carol Gluck
5918:"Review of
5845:Verger 1999
5803:17 February
5625:8 September
4816:, southern
4736:Christendom
4731:Atlanticism
4677:Romanticism
4650:Natural law
4581:rationalism
4474:Walter Camp
4200:Netherlands
4133:Protestants
4085:Greco-Roman
4056:in origin.
3925:outer space
3918:charge card
3816:chromosomes
3722:stethoscope
3718:immunoassay
3690:Radiography
3678:germ theory
3666:antibiotics
3613:, bicycle,
3568:polystyrene
3539:screen and
3525:photocopier
3486:atomic pile
3463:transformer
3405:Roger Bacon
3372:Buzz Aldrin
3295:. Known as
3221:masterpiece
3085:Renaissance
2948:Hellenistic
2937:Mahabharata
2884:comic opera
2713:Las Meninas
2653:portraiture
2649:Celtic knot
2641:perspective
2622:, 1811–1886
2620:Franz Liszt
2607:, 1810–1849
2592:, 1770–1827
2577:, 1756–1791
2562:, 1732–1809
2547:, 1685–1750
2532:, 1685–1759
2517:, 1678–1741
2502:, 1567–1643
2323:Australasia
2307:Catholicism
2245:subcultures
2183:steam power
2179:water power
2119:(including
2105:mathematics
1937:Catholicism
1868:Renaissance
1820:Scholastics
1787:Middle Ages
1751:along with
1730:monasteries
1704:Charlemagne
1663:Spiš Castle
1631:Justinian I
1593:Middle Ages
1344:Trojan Wars
1306:Reformation
1298:Middle Ages
1282:Greco-Roman
1187:Mesopotamia
1021:Metaphysics
936:By religion
792:Continental
772:Renaissance
607:Meiji Japan
583:at the 732
546:Orientalism
514:Renaissance
482:Charlemagne
438:Christendom
372:Terminology
346:subcultures
330:experiments
322:natural law
255:Hellenistic
216:rationalism
212:Renaissance
208:Middle Ages
13564:Categories
12538:Subculture
12316:Bioculture
12145:Rio Treaty
11656:Relativism
11614:Liberalism
11580:Empiricism
11532:Philosophy
11520:Secularism
11471:Philosophy
11408:Literature
11202:Capitalism
10778:Singapore
9948:8 February
9901:Ipsos MORI
9873:31 January
9851:31 January
9662:"Americas"
9645:31 January
9623:31 January
9272:2 February
9244:2 February
8826:HathiTrust
8372:brophy.net
8347:brophy.net
8343:"Contents"
8093:6 December
7974:. p. 284.
7375:9 November
7241:(1): 104.
7078:E. Grant,
6969:Frank 2001
6317:Scott 2018
6183:Europenses
5981:8126913665
5623:Retrieved
5350:1596983280
5320:1851821252
4852:References
4814:Montenegro
4804:published
4490:Volleyball
4478:Basketball
4435:world game
3953:in 1989),
3840:relativity
3760:study and
3728:, and the
3676:, and the
3670:Rh disease
3627:microscope
3619:Eyeglasses
3615:automobile
3611:locomotive
3591:transistor
3523:, camera,
3428:Literature
3370:astronaut
3351:The Greek
3233:See also:
3219:Beaux-Arts
3145:Romanesque
3098:skyscraper
3077:Romanesque
3075:, and the
3071:orders of
3065:Corinthian
2902:Literature
2888:Vaudeville
2880:music hall
2872:Ben Jonson
2830:folk dance
2826:step dance
2483:, and the
2471:, and the
2465:pipe organ
2420:Romanesque
2382:See also:
2359:volleyball
2355:basketball
2288:Secularism
2273:Industrial
2257:syncretism
2216:capitalist
2052:David Hume
2036:John Locke
2021:skepticism
2003:, and the
1993:Qing China
1929:Scholastic
1757:philosophy
1739:After the
1734:seminaries
1726:cathedrals
1709:After the
1691:Notre-Dame
1661:) and the
1629:Mosaic of
1601:monotheism
1543:syncretism
1531:Greek East
1458:Asia Minor
1435:literature
1423:Phoenician
1417:, Jewish,
1380:barbarians
1262:barbarians
1221:Phoenician
1029:Aesthetics
718:Categories
660:Philosophy
611:Qing China
592:white race
422:philosophy
358:syncretism
302:philosophy
286:Al-Andalus
242:, and the
232:Empiricism
91:philosophy
13366:Culturgen
13134:Mormonism
13092:Religions
12765:Cultureme
12683:Destroyed
12309:Subfields
12090:Five Eyes
12085:EU–UK TCA
11927:Democracy
11816:Old Norse
11705:Abrahamic
11662:Peritrope
11644:Tolerance
11624:Socialism
11454:Mythology
11442:Classical
11391:Languages
11369:Astrology
11217:Modernism
11031:Old World
10966:OK boomer
10361:Reviews:
9867:"Germany"
9776:14 August
9737:14 August
9691:17 August
9668:17 August
9204:ignored (
9194:cite book
9097:0772-7674
8962:1122–1127
8434:16 August
8069:195048595
7830:654535012
7762:668182929
7643:17 August
7608:USA Today
7000:, trans.
6271:157454140
6042:cite book
5552:0733-4540
5517:851653645
5420:cite book
5412:858610469
5021:. BRILL.
4857:Citations
4530:Aristotle
4415:, modern
4413:ping pong
4373:sacrifice
4351:—such as
4242:neo-pagan
4129:Christian
4125:Catholics
4017:Sputnik 1
4010:New World
3971:flyby of
3956:Voyager 1
3942:Voyager 2
3872:Ohm's law
3832:mechanics
3812:evolution
3730:endoscope
3623:telescope
3493:telegraph
3424:Chemistry
3368:Apollo 11
3284:galingale
3259:Crusaders
3122:Classical
3118:Parthenon
3093:Victorian
3037:June 2022
2961:Satyricon
2956:Petronius
2918:epic poem
2801:Swan Lake
2688:Mona Lisa
2469:accordion
2367:Apollo 11
2269:Discovery
2251:(such as
2161:Principia
2138:is being
2125:chemistry
2113:astronomy
1975:, and by
1848:canon law
1844:Roman law
1715:feudalism
1681:, France)
1597:reasoning
1425:and even
1376:Near East
1372:Aristotle
1360:Herodotus
1121:Logicians
1116:Ethicists
1074:Political
1034:Education
955:Christian
950:Confucian
849:Indonesia
803:By region
741:By period
603:Near East
502:Aristotle
426:worldview
352:(such as
145:artifacts
121:heritages
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13517:Category
13099:Buddhism
12849:Politics
12258:Sciences
12150:Schengen
12080:Eurozone
11920:Property
11915:Religion
11806:Frankish
11796:Germanic
11776:Paganism
11697:Religion
11685:European
11597:Humanism
11500:Religion
11459:Painting
11425:Internet
11376:Folklore
11347:Clothing
11318:Calendar
11294:Cyrillic
11279:Alphabet
11242:Cold War
10916:Struggle
10874:Concepts
10833:Vietnam
10772:Decreței
10768:Romania
10722:Post-90s
10717:Post-80s
10712:Post-70s
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10541:Archived
10497:, 2007.
10479:, 2014.
10458:, 2006.
10437:, 2020.
10380:(2002).
10178:Archived
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9919:Archived
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9617:"Europe"
9178:00061677
9126:Equality
9110:27 April
8873:(1498),
8855:Archived
8482:Archived
8395:Archived
8327:23 April
8216:51658522
8087:BBC News
7997:BBC News
7918:Archived
7881:30 April
7797:52520631
7528:27-24075
7519:16011753
7393:(2003).
7369:Archived
7321:(1992).
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6132:. p. xvi
6112:. p. 369
6094:Archived
5997:Archived
5954:(2002),
5798:TimeMaps
5780:19353503
5584:(2004).
5484:52605048
5326:Archived
5283:Archived
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4822:Bulgaria
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4616:Cyrillic
4563:Gospels.
4522:Socrates
4465:baseball
4431:Football
4389:James II
4380:Jousting
4324:. Baron
4226:Hellenic
4218:Germanic
4216:include
4145:atheists
4110:Americas
4038:Religion
4032:articles
3937:asteroid
3888:electron
3870:(1820),
3866:(1820),
3854:include
3824:genetics
3808:topology
3780:calculus
3742:hormones
3734:Vitamins
3682:smallpox
3674:diabetes
3580:elements
3473:and the
3311:Viandier
3301:Anthimus
3247:foodways
3245:Western
3191:Sangallo
2822:flamenco
2804:pictured
2724:(Madrid)
2722:El Prado
2645:Florence
2473:theremin
2457:oratorio
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2398:showing
2331:electric
2301:and the
2131:template
2090:Voltaire
2044:Voltaire
1925:Humanist
1876:Florence
1872:scholars
1856:equality
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1641:, Italy)
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1354:against
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1286:Germanic
1276:and the
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900:American
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767:Medieval
708:Glossary
693:Contents
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581:Umayyads
577:Frankish
569:identity
478:Frankish
400:and the
390:'s 1996
334:sciences
228:humanism
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13548:Changes
13529:Commons
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13163:Sikhism
13158:Judaism
12589:Aspects
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12237:Culture
11995:Benelux
11900:Thought
11850:Atheism
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11767:Culture
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11715:Culture
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11515:Decline
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11340:Studies
11323:Cuisine
11311:Periods
11271:Culture
11100:History
11066:Eastern
11061:Western
11012:culture
10942:Related
10808:Taiwan
10758:Poland
10672:Related
10640:Cuspers
10103:Sources
9725:, 393,
9319:14 July
9184:12 June
9061:24 June
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8890:, OUP.
8831:20 June
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7613:24 July
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4421:netball
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3884:nucleus
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3792:tensors
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925:Russian
920:Italian
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864:Vietnam
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750:Ancient
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200:Judaism
194:in the
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7032:JSTOR
6267:S2CID
6259:JSTOR
6020:38–39
4830:Egypt
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551:Some
498:Plato
480:King
180:legal
115:, or
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56:with
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9213:link
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