6154:…Eli Smith raconte son court séjour de 1834 : "In our journey in 1834, instead of taking the direct road to Hums, we turned to the left, and ascended among the higher parts of the mountain. (...) We found Saidnaya with its nunnery, resembling a formidable fortress, situated high up on the third. From hence, we proceeded on the eastern side of this ridge to Maaloula, which is situated in a sublime glen at its foot. Beyond Maaloula, we crossed to the western side by a remarkable gap, and found Yebrud at its northern extremity. At Nebk we joined the ordinary road from Damascus to Hums. District of Maaloula. The three villages in this district, are remarkable for speaking still a corrupted Syriac. It is spoken equally by Muslims and Christians. I found among them many Syriac manuscripts ; but they were unable to read or understand them. So far as I have been able to learn, after extensive and careful inquiry, Syriac is now spoken in no other places in Syria. The Syrians, i.e. Jacobites, and papal Syrians, mentioned in the lists as inhabiting other places, speak only Arabic."
4796:
5160:
4805:
6191:
concentrated around
Antioch and adjacent regions of northern Syria and used Syriac as their literary and liturgical language. The Melkite community also included the Aramaic-speaking Jewish converts to Christianity in Palestine and the Orthodox Christians of Transjordan. During the 5th-6th centuries, they were engaged in literary work (mainly translation) in Palestinian Christian Aramaic, a Western Aramaic dialect, using a script closely resembling the Estrangela cursive of Osrhoene.
1592:
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5752:, les habitants de ce village et des lieux avoisinants raient des émigrés du pays de Sendjar. Ils disent qu'à une époque ancienne, urs ancêtres voulant se soustraire aux vexations des musulmans qui avaient ivahi la partie septentrionale de la Mésopotamie, auraient traverse l'Euphrate le désert de la Palmyrène, pour se réfugier définitivement sur les hauts ateaux de la Syrie orientale, à trois cents lieues de leur pays d'origine."
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6202:"The west Syriac tradition covers the Syriac Orthodox, Maronite, and Melkite churches, though the Melkites changed their Church's rite to that of Constantinople in the 9th-11th centuries, which required new translations of all its liturgical books.", quote from the book The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, p.917
6233:
converts to
Christianity, who had a long tradition of using Palestinian Aramaic dialects as literary languages. Closely associated with the Palestinian Melkites were the Melkites of Transjordan, who also used Palestinian Christian Aramaic. Another community of Aramaic-speaking Melkites existed in the
5207:
I then requested them to translate for me the Lord's Prayer into Ma'lulan Syriac for me; but a universal outcry was raised from every side as to the exorbitant nature of my demand. Some of the priests affirmed, ex cathedra, that not only had the Lord's Prayer never been uttered in modern Syriac, but
639:
that teaches courses to keep the language alive. The institute's activities were suspended in 2010 amid concerns that the square
Maalouli Aramaic alphabet used in the program, which was developed by the chairman of the language institute, George Rizkalla (Rezkallah), resembled the square script of
451:
The dialect of Bakhʽa was the most conservative. Arabic less influenced it than the other dialects and retains some vocabulary that is obsolete in other dialects. The dialect of Jubb'adin changed the most. Arabic heavily influenced it and has a more developed phonology. The dialect of
Maaloula is
6228:
The main center of
Aramaic-speaking Melkites was Palestine. During the 5th-6th centuries, they were engaged in literary, mainly translation work in the local Western Aramaic dialect, known as "Palestinian Christian Aramaic", using a script closely resembling the cursive Estrangela of Osrhoene.
3022:
Characters of the script system similar to the Old
Aramaic or Phoenician alphabet used occasionally for Western Neo-Aramaic with matching transliteration. The script is used as a true alphabet with distinct letters for all phonemes including vowels instead of the traditional abjad system with
6190:
In contrast to "Nestorians" and "Jacobites", a small group of
Syriacs accepted the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon. Non-Chalcedonian Syriacs called them "Melkites" (from Aramaic malka "king"), thereby connecting them to the Byzantine Emperor's denomination. Melkite Syriacs were mostly
630:
in search of better employment opportunities, thus forcing them into monolingual Arabic-speaking settings, in turn straining the opportunity to actively maintain
Western Neo-Aramaic as a language of daily use. Nevertheless, the Syrian government provides support for teaching the language.
5727:
The inhabitants of Bakh'a and Jubb'Adin are
Muslims (since the eighteenth century), as is a large portion of the people of Ma'lula, while the rest have remained Christian, mostly of Melkite (Greek Catholic) persuasion. The retention of the "Christian" language after conversion to Islam is
447:
of the majority. Despite this, Western
Aramaic appears to have survived for a relatively long time at least in some remote mountain villages in Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon. In fact, up until the 17th century, travelers in Lebanon still reported on several Aramaic-speaking villages.
4823:
4832:
6034:
Eid, Ghattas, Esther Seyffarth & Ingo Plag. 2022. The Maaloula Aramaic Speech Corpus (MASC): From printed material to a lemmatized and time-aligned corpus. In Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2022), 6513–6520. Marseille.
6172:
Since the Aramaic of Edessa was formerly the liturgical language of these Christians of Byzantine rite, a certain number of Syriac manuscripts from the monasteries and churches of Maʿ lūlā have come down to us, but most were burnt on the orders of a bishop in the 19th
778:, while also remaining a distinct phoneme, has in its traditional positions in Aramaic words started to undergo palatalization. In Bakhʽa, the palatalization is hardly apparent; in Maaloula, it is more obvious, and often leads to ; in Jubb'adin, it has become
5842:
Several years ago, the political leadership in Syria decided to establish an institute where Aramaic could be learned. Rizkalla was tasked with writing a textbook, primarily drawing upon his native language proficiency. For the script, he chose Hebrew
471:
ndōmex", meaning "I do not sleep" in the Maalouli dialect. These influences might indicate an older historical connection between Western Neo-Aramaic and Eastern Aramaic speakers. Other strong linguistic influences on Western Neo-Aramaic include
5136:... معلولا السريان منذ القديم ، والذين ثبتت سريانيتهم بأدلة كثيرة هم وعين التينة وبخعا وجبعدين فحافظوا على لغتهم وكتبهم أكثر من غيرهم . وكان للقوم في تلك الأيام لهجتان ، لهجة عاميّة وهي الباقية الآن في معلولا وجوارها ( جبعدين وبخعا ) ...
634:
Unlike Syriac, which has a rich literary tradition, Western Neo-Aramaic was solely passed down orally for generations until 2006 and was unwritten. Since 2006, Maaloula has been home to an Aramaic language institute established by the
644:. Consequently, all signs featuring the square Maalouli script were taken down. The program stated that they would instead use the more distinct Syriac alphabet, although use of Maalouli square script has continued to some degree.
655:
was used for Western Neo-Aramaic. This script seems to be used as a true alphabet with letters to represent both consonants and vowels instead of the traditional system of the Aramaic alphabet where it is used as an
5815:
As the villages are very small, located close to each other, and the three dialects are mutually intelligible, there has never been the creation of a script or a standard language. Aramaic is the unwritten village
790:, has also moved forward in Western Neo-Aramaic. In Bakhʽa it has become a strongly post-velar plosive, and in Maaloula more lightly post-velar. In Jubb'adin, however, it has replaced the velar plosive, and become
3920:. There was a compilation of Syriac manuscripts from the monasteries and churches of Maaloula. However, a notable portion of these manuscripts met destruction upon the directives of a bishop in the 19th century.
5322:
The fact that nearly all Arabic loans in Ma'lula originate from the period before the change from the rural dialect to the city dialect of Damascus shows that the contact between the Aramaeans and the Arabs was
5253:
Western Neo-Aramaic. This group consists of the dialects of the three villages Ma'lula, Bax'a, and Jubb'adin in western Syria. It is the only remnant of the dialects of Western Aramaic in the earlier periods.
621:
All three remaining Western Neo-Aramaic dialects are facing critical endangerment as living languages. As with any village community in the 21st century, young residents are migrating into major cities like
3900:
Several decades ago, the Christian inhabitants of Maaloula began translating Christian prayers and texts into their vernacular Aramaic dialect, given that their actual liturgical languages are Arabic and
443:, there was a linguistic shift to Arabic for local Muslims and later for remaining Christians; Arabic displaced various Aramaic dialects, including Western Aramaic varieties, as the
6234:
vicinity of Antioch and parts of Syria. These Melkites used Classical Syriac as a written language, the common literary language of the overwhelming majority of Christian Arameans.
4841:
396:. Bakhʽa was destroyed during the war and all the survivors fled to other parts of Syria or Lebanon. Western Neo-Aramaic is believed to be the closest living language to the
6064:
5284:
Ich kenne das Dorf nicht, doch gehört habe ich davon. Was ist mit Malula?‹ fragte der festgehaltene Derwisch. >Das letzte Dorf der Aramäer< lachte einer der…
5525:
5856:
5699:…Western Neo-Aramaic (Spitaler 1938; Arnold 1990), which is attested in three villages whose speakers just a few generations ago were still entirely Christian.
758:
in Maaloula and Jubb'adin. However, is the usual form for the relative particle in these two villages, with a variant , where Bakhʽa always uses . Among the
1417:. Short vowels are omitted or written with diacritics, long vowels are transcribed with macrons (Āā, Ēē, Īī, Ōō, Ūū) and are written with mater lectionis (
1429:
for /i/, which are also used at the end of a word if it ends with one of these vowels and if a word begins with any of these long vowels, they begin with
551:
in the seventh century, the three villages were originally all Christian until the 18th century. Maaloula is the only village that retains a sizeable
598:). According to their oral traditions, their ancestors embarked on a substantial migration in ancient times, driven by the challenges posed by the
6472:
a non-profit educational initiative dedicated to the preservation of Aramaic – the language of Jesus – and the rich cultural heritage of Maaloula.
5189:
There are no significant differences in the dialect of Malula between the speech of Christians and Muslims. The native name is siryōn or arōmay.
3855:
There are various versions of the Lord's Prayer in Western Neo-Aramaic, incorporating altered loanwords from several languages, notably Arabic:
587:
6245:
Das Neuwestaramäische Wörterbuch: Neuwestaramäisch von Werner Arnold, The Western Neo-Aramaic Dictionary: Western Neo-Aramaic by Werner Arnold
5886:
651:
In December 2016, during an Aramaic Singing Festival in Maaloula, a modified version of an older style of the Aramaic alphabet closer to the
468:
563:; the inhabitants of Bakhʽa and Jubb’adin converted to Islam over the generations. However, the first Muslims were not native converts, but
7719:
17:
6555:
648:
Arabic also broadcast a program about Western Neo-Aramaic and the villages in which it is spoken with the square script still in use.
8016:
7123:
7080:
7055:
7113:
7098:
575:
to monitor the Christian population. Maaloula glows in the pale blue wash with which houses are painted every year in honor of
556:
420:
Western Neo-Aramaic is the sole surviving remnant of the once extensive Western Aramaic-speaking area, which also included the
5763:
5078:
Since 2016, a rarely utilized, slightly modified version of the Old Phoenician alphabet has been used for Western Neo-Aramaic.
7108:
5671:… especially since in the eighth century BCE an Akkadian influence had already exerted itself even on Aramaic in the west.…
428:. It is now spoken exclusively by the inhabitants of Maaloula and Jubb'adin, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of
6053:. In Stefan Weninger (ed.), The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook: Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 685–696.
369:
105:
7143:
7138:
6105:
3444:
3381:
2760:
2679:
2055:
1992:
1192:
1183:
671:. Rinyo, the Syriac language organization, has published ABT's content, developed by Kanusoft.com. On their website, the
325:
8011:
5748:
Parisot, Jean (1898a, "Le dialecte de Maʕlula. Grammaire, vocabulaire et textes.", p. 270):"D'áprès leurs traditions,
6435:
6395:
6349:
6328:
6305:
6282:
6221:
6147:
5939:
5720:
5692:
5664:
5594:
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Viele Aramäer arbeiten heute in Damaskus, Beirut oder in den Golfstaaten und verbringen nur die Sommermonate im Dorf.
5460:
5432:
5402:
5374:
5346:
5315:
5277:
5246:
5182:
1398:
1380:
7712:
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3566:
3539:
2882:
2855:
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2150:
1117:
1025:
7075:
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6548:
4918:
3774:
3765:
3498:
2980:
2805:
2109:
1309:
1057:
315:
1411:
Square Maalouli alphabet used for Western Neo-Aramaic. Words beginning with a vowel are written with an initial
8001:
7894:
7338:
3399:
2697:
2010:
1365:
1151:
436:
is partly due to the relative isolation of the villages and their close-knit Christian and Muslim communities.
7060:
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5501:
3575:
2634:
1947:
1125:
1032:
560:
440:
7133:
7118:
3810:
3801:
3471:
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2787:
2082:
1930:
1316:
1080:
1012:
590:
in 1898, suggest that the people of Maaloula and nearby areas claim to be descendants of migrants from the
301:
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791:
787:
783:
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723:
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8006:
7705:
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7128:
6837:
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3852:
Lord's Prayer in Western Neo-Aramaic, Turoyo Neo-Aramaic, Classical Syriac (Eastern accent) and Hebrew.
3792:
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3480:
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2998:
2796:
2670:
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1983:
1288:
1165:
1158:
147:
6036:
3912:
in Maaloula in 1834, but no one could read or understand them. Classical Syriac, the Aramaic dialect of
460:
455:
The cross-linguistic influence between Aramaic and Arabic has been mutual, as Syrian Arabic itself (and
6991:
6984:
6541:
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3583:
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2098:
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2026:
2017:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1990:
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1972:
1963:
1954:
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1937:
1928:
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1135:
1087:
821:
409:
157:
142:
5297:
5159:
7349:
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6212:
Arman Akopian (11 December 2017). "Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites".
3828:
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3007:
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1295:
980:
249:
5422:
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of Western Neo-Aramaic has developed quite differently from other Aramaic dialects/languages. The
7391:
7328:
6938:
6593:
5882:
3516:
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3363:
3345:
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1974:
1965:
1921:
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966:
937:
923:
368:
branch consisting of three closely related dialects. Today, it is spoken by Christian and Muslim
5912:"Aramaic singing festival in Maaloula for preserving Aramaic language – Syrian Arab News Agency"
3908:
Pastor Edward Robinson reported that his companion, Eli Smith, found several manuscripts in the
6769:
6606:
6583:
6578:
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2643:
1956:
1142:
611:
389:
365:
83:
7029:
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3453:
2846:
2778:
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2141:
2073:
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1372:
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888:
879:
576:
477:
405:
132:
5829:
7763:
7612:
7354:
6747:
3916:, was utilized as the liturgical language by local Syriac Melkite Christians following the
2625:
1939:
973:
843:
750:, while remaining a phoneme, has had its traditional position in Aramaic words replaced by
610:, eventually finding a lasting sanctuary among Western Aramaic-speaking communities in the
245:
56:
6363:
8:
7960:
7873:
7839:
7626:
7295:
7238:
7166:
7023:
6818:
6779:
5338:
Untersuchungen zum Spracherwerb zweisprachiger Kinder im Aramäerdorf Dschubbadin (Syrien)
1051:
1001:
687:
translation into Western Neo-Aramaic was completed in 2017 and is now accessible online.
652:
636:
253:
7805:
6475:
208:
7767:
7728:
6484:
6359:
5040:
5036:
816:
385:
91:
7469:
7359:
5609:
Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon of Neo-Aramaic by Geoffrey Khan, Paul M. Noorlander
5020:
4795:
660:. A recently published book about the Maalouli Aramaic dialect also uses this script.
293:
7965:
7758:
7598:
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7302:
7175:
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5533:
5456:
5428:
5398:
5370:
5342:
5311:
5273:
5242:
5178:
5087:
The Anti-Lebanon mountains were geographically located in the eastern part of former
5044:
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3860:
3837:
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3591:
3507:
3408:
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2814:
2724:
2715:
2118:
2019:
1110:
1103:
1096:
944:
910:
862:
850:
828:
794:. Its phonology is strikingly similar to Arabic both being sister Semitic languages.
552:
473:
467:
loanwords unlike other Western Aramaic dialects, e. g. in their negation structure: "
397:
188:
137:
5618:
Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon of Neo-Aramaic, Geoffrey Khan, Paul M. Noorlander
321:
7970:
7955:
7935:
7925:
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7910:
7852:
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7411:
7374:
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7182:
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152:
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7035:
6931:
6797:
6787:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6423:
6407:"Stammbaum or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered"
6383:
6339:
6316:
6293:
6270:
6012:
Eid, Ghattas; Seyffarth, Esther; Rihan, Emad; Arnold, Werner; Plag, Ingo (2022).
5929:
5066:
4913:
3929:
3909:
1221:
871:
833:
770:, while /ɡ/ still remains a phoneme in some words. The unvoiced velar fricative,
759:
641:
257:
124:
6883:
5857:"Easter Sunday: A Syrian bid to resurrect Aramaic, the language of Jesus Christ"
5526:"Easter Sunday: A Syrian bid to resurrect Aramaic, the language of Jesus Christ"
718:, have been retained in Bakhʽa and Maaloula while they have mostly collapsed to
306:
7980:
7940:
7817:
7783:
7606:
7562:
7532:
7515:
7509:
7416:
7364:
7245:
7085:
6913:
4739:
3917:
1303:
672:
444:
238:
203:
5891:
5645:
Akkadian influences on Aramaic (Assyriological Studies) by Kaufman, Stephan A.
7995:
7858:
7542:
7537:
7461:
7223:
6803:
6379:
5537:
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4908:
691:
684:
583:
572:
193:
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7485:
6021:
5955:
5265:
4898:
3609:
3223:
2597:
991:
377:
95:
5409:
Die Kontakte zwischen den drei Aramäer-dörfern sind nicht besonders stark.
5307:
5147:
277:
7042:
6862:
6013:
3902:
1677:
1591:
1523:
1509:
1467:
1282:
1270:
618:”Sinjar“ (Aramaic:ܣܢܓܐܪ) is borne by some Christian and Muslim families.
463:. Similar to the Eastern Neo-Aramaic languages, Western Neo-Aramaic uses
425:
198:
5091:
in the year 1898, thus Jean Parisot wrote, "highlands of eastern Syria".
5021:"Zwei neuwestaramäische Texte über die Wassermühlen in Maalula (Syrien)"
1719:
1631:
1624:
1611:
1598:
1578:
1516:
1502:
1449:
663:
Aramaic Bible Translation (ABT) has spent over a decade translating the
6724:
6675:
5152:
4893:
1712:
1698:
1691:
1671:
1664:
1651:
1585:
1544:
1537:
1481:
1461:
1437:
1431:
1419:
1413:
1324:
1275:
645:
5205:. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain. p. 433.
1705:
1684:
1638:
1618:
1605:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1495:
1488:
1455:
1425:
694:
of Maalouli Western Neo-Aramaic has been available online since 2022.
7697:
6689:
6037:
http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2022/pdf/2022.lrec-1.699.pdf
3696:
3230:
3216:
3195:
3167:
3160:
3083:
3076:
3048:
1658:
1645:
1530:
1443:
1441:
at the end of the word, while words ending with /e/ are written with
703:
603:
525:
286:
270:
75:
6533:
6446:
6406:
5682:
5272:(in German). Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Company KG. p. 151.
1383:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
722:
in Jubb'adin under influence from Arabic. The labial consonant pair
7793:
7272:
6731:
6703:
5392:
5364:
4903:
623:
429:
373:
333:
87:
79:
7406:
5573:…. 7th century C.E. initiated the demise of the Aramaic language….
3847:
3689:
3675:
3661:
3647:
3633:
3209:
3202:
3181:
3139:
3041:
782:, and has thus merged phonemically with the original positions of
7448:
6846:
6710:
5896:
2192:
Syriac (Serta) and Arabic alphabet used for Western Neo-Aramaic.
615:
607:
432:. The continuation of this little cluster of Aramaic in a sea of
329:
3237:
7742:
7652:
6652:
6128:
Das Neuwestaramäische: Volkskundliche Texte aus Maʻlūla, p. 144
4727:
We are Arameans (Syriacs) and our language is Aramaic (Syriac)
3940:
3913:
3871:
1435:+ the mater lectionis). Words ending with /a/ are written with
627:
591:
452:
somewhere in between the two, but closer to that of Jubb'adin.
433:
5973:
400:, whose first language, according to scholarly consensus, was
6469:
5911:
4876:
4867:
4858:
4849:
4840:
4831:
4822:
4813:
4751:
3682:
3668:
3654:
3640:
3626:
3188:
3174:
3153:
3146:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3034:
664:
657:
564:
548:
404:
belonging to the Western branch as well; all other remaining
393:
65:
5627:
Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar - p. 464
6230:
595:
568:
513:
6384:"The Neo-Aramaic Dialects and Their Historical Background"
5295:
5228:
Maaloula (XIXe-XXIe siècles). Du vieux avec du neuf, p. 95
4719:
I am Aramean (Syriac) and my language is Aramaic (Syriac)
667:
into Maalouli Western Neo-Aramaic and recording audio for
332:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6165:
6087:
5683:
Shannon Dubenion-Smith; Joseph Salmons (15 August 2007).
5395:
Arabisch-aramäische Sprachbeziehungen im Qalamūn (Syrien)
5367:
Arabisch-aramäische Sprachbeziehungen im Qalamūn (Syrien)
5203:
On a Neo-Syriac language still spoken in the Anti-Lebanon
4124:
359:
346:
38:
6512:
The dialect of Maaloula. Grammar, vocabulary and texts.
6341:
The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions
6011:
5450:
5420:
5118:السريان في معلولا وجبعدين ولا يزال الأهلون فيها يتكلمون
6430:. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 747–755.
6323:. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 685–696.
679:
are available in Western Neo-Aramaic using the Syriac
5923:
5921:
5299:
Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective
5219:
Western Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of Jubaadin , p. 446
1259:
Western Neo-Aramaic has the following set of vowels:
600:
Muslim occupation of the northern part of Mesopotamia
6300:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 305–311.
5015:), Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1989, ISBN 3-447-02910-2.
547:
As in most of the Levant before the introduction of
44:
6140:
Maaloula (XIXe-XXIe siècles). Du vieux avec du neuf
6077:
New Testament in Western Neo-Aramaic (Serta/Arabic)
5208:
that to translate it would be a mere impossibility.
6254:Western Neo-Aramaic Vocabulary by Lambert Jungmann
5918:
5739:Studies in Islamic History and Civilization, p.308
5710:
5687:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 247.
5129:
5116:(in Arabic). Al-Maṭbaʻah al-Jadīdah. p. 56.
3948:Ōboḥ/Ōbay/Abūnaḥ ti bišmō/bišmoya yičqattaš ešmaẖ
7993:
6428:The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook
6321:The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook
6298:Aramaic in Its Historical and Linguistic Setting
5556:
614:. In Maaloula and the surrounding villages, the
6514:(1897–1898) By Jean Parisot (in French): Parts
6137:
5904:
5334:
5111:
3848:Liturgical language and sample of Lord's Prayer
6476:Western Neo-Aramaic alphabet and pronunciation
6294:"The Roots qrṭ and qrṣ in Western Neo-Aramaic"
5827:
5502:"The Village of Bakh'a in Qalamoun: Interview"
5393:Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold; P. Behnstedt (1993).
5365:Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold; P. Behnstedt (1993).
5200:
7713:
6549:
6447:"The Aramaic Language and its Classification"
6277:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. pp. 131–149.
6211:
3017:
2187:
6364:"Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature"
6142:(in French). Presses de l’Ifpo. p. 95.
5264:
571:who were settled in the villages during the
6014:"The Maaloula Aramaic Speech Corpus (MASC)"
5761:
5172:
1344:
415:
7720:
7706:
6556:
6542:
6214:Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies
5931:L'Arameen Parle A Maaloula – Issam Francis
5764:"Syria's Christians face uncertain future"
4450:emmay (lit. "my mothers", archaic phrase)
774:, is retained, but its plosive complement
582:Historical accounts, as documented by the
6344:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
5848:
5499:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
1399:Learn how and when to remove this message
6421:
6411:Journal of the American Oriental Society
5559:The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Amədya
5427:(in German). Harrassowitz. p. 133.
3975:g-dëṯyo i malkuṯayḏoḵ howe u ṣebyonayḏoḵ
3970:yṯēle molkaẖ/malkuṯaẖ yiṯkan ti čbaҁēleh
3877:, meaning "that it may be" or "to be"),
364:, "Syriac"), is a modern variety of the
6390:. London: Routledge. pp. 266–289.
5927:
5455:(in German). Harrassowitz. p. 15.
5069:since 2006, but its usage is declining.
4943:), 5 volumes. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden (
504:, "May") or agricultural terms such as
480:period, e. g. the names of the months:
326:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
7994:
7727:
6444:
6314:
6291:
6271:"New materials on Western Neo-Aramaic"
6268:
6048:
5654:
5500:Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (2020-01-26).
5369:(in German). Harassowitz. p. 42.
4125:Miscellaneous words and sample phrases
4073:kefi šesolẖim gam anaẖnu laẖot'im lanu
4041:wa šbaq lan a-ḥṭohayḏan ḵud d-aḥna ste
557:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch
7701:
6563:
6537:
6485:Samples of spoken Western Neo-Aramaic
6358:
6337:
6166:Bosworth; Van Donzel; Lewis; Pellat.
6138:Frédéric Pichon (27 September 2011).
5854:
5786:
5711:Wolfhart Heinrichs (14 August 2018).
5584:
5397:(in German). Harassowitz. p. 5.
5296:Yaron Matras; Jeanette Sakel (2007).
5018:
4019:Haw lan u laḥmo d-sniquṯayḏan adyawma
4002:ʾaykannāʾ d-ḇa-šmayyāʾ ʾāp̄ b-ʾarʿāʾ.
849:
842:
837:
832:
827:
820:
806:
6451:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
6378:
5655:Folmer, Margaretha (11 March 2022).
5557:Jared Greenblatt (7 December 2010).
4978:Texts of folk tradition from Maʿlūla
4068:ʾaykanāʾ d-āp̄ ḥnan šḇaqn l-ḥayāḇayn
3997:ḵud d'kit bi šmayo hawḵa bi arҁo ste
1348:
347:
39:
6404:
5762:Ma'ayeh, Suha Philip (2012-10-14).
5381:Die arabischen Dialekte der Aramäer
5239:From a Spoken to a Written Language
3953:Abuna d-këtyo bišmayo miqadeš ešmoḵ
602:. Seeking refuge, they crossed the
24:
7684:Languages between parentheses are
5828:Maissun Melhem (21 January 2010).
5589:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 347.
5141:
5037:10.13173/medilangrevi.28.2021.0135
25:
8028:
6463:
6424:"Aramaic-Arabic Language Contact"
6229:Palestinian Melkites were mostly
6188:. Gorgias Handbooks. p. 14.
5787:Sabar, Ariel (18 February 2013).
4024:Haḇ lan laḥmāʾ d-sūnqānan yawmānā
3827:
3809:
3791:
3773:
3755:
1329:
1315:
1308:
1294:
1287:
1230:
1204:
1191:
1182:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1134:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1056:
1031:
1024:
1011:
990:
979:
972:
965:
955:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
887:
878:
762:, the traditional voiced pair of
8017:Endangered Afroasiatic languages
7806:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
5659:. Penn State Press. p. 89.
5451:Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold (2006).
5421:Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold (2006).
5173:Daniel King (12 December 2018).
5158:
5134:(in Arabic). لينين. p. 45.
5065:It is a modified version of the
4974:Volkskundliche Texte aus Maʿlūla
4875:
4866:
4857:
4848:
4839:
4830:
4821:
4812:
4803:
4794:
4194:alo (defined)/iloha (undefined)
3992:iẖmel bišmō/bišmoya ẖet ҁalarҁa.
3963:Avinu šebašamayim yitkadeš šimḵa
3958:Aḇūn d-ḇa-šmayyāʾ neṯqaddaš šmāḵ
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1353:
354:), more commonly referred to as
7818:Suret (Assyrian & Chaldean)
6248:
6239:
6205:
6196:
6178:
6159:
6131:
6122:
6098:
6080:
6071:
6057:
6042:
6028:
6005:
5966:
5948:
5928:Francis, Issam (10 June 2016).
5875:
5821:
5813:(in German). 2003. p. 77.
5803:
5780:
5755:
5742:
5733:
5704:
5676:
5648:
5639:
5630:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5578:
5550:
5518:
5493:
5472:
5453:Lehrbuch des Neuwestaramäischen
5444:
5424:Lehrbuch des Neuwestaramäischen
5414:
5386:
5358:
5341:(in German). LIT. p. 133.
5328:
5289:
5258:
5231:
5081:
5013:A Manual to Western Neo-Aramaic
5009:Lehrbuch des Neuwestaramäischen
4919:Bible translations into Aramaic
3985:tavo malḵutḵa, ya'aseh retsonẖa
786:. The original uvular plosive,
730:in all three villages. Amongst
459:in general) retains an Aramaic
27:Modern Western Aramaic language
7895:Levantine Arabic Sign Language
7688:of the language on their left.
6216:. Gorgias Press. p. 573.
5855:Beach, Alastair (2010-04-02).
5789:"How To Save A Dying Language"
5222:
5213:
5194:
5166:
5132:إلياس أنطون نصر الله في معلولا
5123:
5105:
5072:
5059:
4046:wa-šḇōq lan ḥawbayn wa-ḥṭāhayn
4029:Et leẖem ẖukenu ten lanu hayom
3980:tēṯēʾ malkūṯāḵ nēhwēʾ ṣeḇyānāḵ
3866:, meaning "evil" or "devil"),
13:
1:
6065:"الأبجدية المربعة | PDF"
5587:Arabic as a Minority Language
5098:
5025:Mediterranean Language Review
4929:
4080:wlōfaš ttaẖlennaḥ bčaġribyōṯa
1819:Latin letter/Transliteration
797:
561:Melkite Greek Catholic Church
441:Muslim conquest of the Levant
5002:), 1990, ISBN 3-447-03099-2/
4991:), 1991, ISBN 3-447-03173-5,
4989:Oral Literature from Maʿlūla
4980:), 1991, ISBN 3-447-03166-2,
4969:), 1990, ISBN 3-447-03051-8,
4958:), 1989, ISBN 3-447-02949-8,
4730:anaḥ suroy w lišonaḥ siryōn
4714:mōn hanna? (m)/mōn hōḏ? (f)
3889:, meaning "to forgive") and
1219:
1173:
1049:
999:
908:
869:
697:
555:population belonging to the
45:
18:Western Neo-Aramaic language
7:
5832:(in German). Deutsche Welle
5830:"Schriftenstreit in Syrien"
5685:Historical Linguistics 2005
5302:. De Gruyter. p. 185.
4985:Orale Literatur aus Maʿlūla
4887:
4058:nġofrin lti maḥiṭ ҁemmaynaḥ
3922:
1379:the claims made and adding
1339:
229:Maalouli, Bakh'a, Jubb'adin
10:
8033:
6261:
6168:THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM
4784:
4722:ana sūray w lišōni siryōn
4095:ve'al tavienu lide nisayon
4085:w lo maҁbret lan l'nesyuno
3018:Alternate Aramaic alphabet
2188:Syriac and Arabic alphabet
710:of older Western Aramaic,
612:highlands of eastern Syria
360:
8012:Western Aramaic languages
7903:
7887:
7838:
7751:
7735:
7670:
7597:
7498:
7439:
7432:
7399:
7390:
7383:
7336:
7327:
7257:
7165:
7012:
6893:
6854:
6845:
6836:
6778:
6757:
6660:
6651:
6642:
6604:
6571:
6422:Weninger, Stefan (2012).
6110:www.assyrianlanguages.org
5960:Aramaic Bible Translation
5862:Christian Science Monitor
5530:Christian Science Monitor
4538:ex čōb? (m)/ex čiba? (f)
4007:kevašamayim ken ba'arets.
3897:, meaning "temptation").
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
1328:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1199:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1147:
1131:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1020:
1007:
1005:
987:
951:
949:
942:
935:
928:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
886:
884:
861:
856:
811:
804:
312:
300:
284:
268:
263:
235:
223:
181:
121:
111:
101:
71:
61:
52:
37:
32:
7681:or historical languages.
6491:(Semitic Audio Archive)
6470:Yawna – Maaloula Aramaic
5585:Owens, Jonathan (2000).
5335:Dr. Emna Labidi (2022).
5177:. Taylor & Francis.
5130:iنصر الله، إلياس أنطون.
5114:اثرنا في الايقليم السوري
5052:
4014:Aplēḥ leḥmaḥ uẖẖil yōmaḥ
3023:plosive-fricative pairs.
1345:Square Maalouli alphabet
683:script. Additionally, a
416:Distribution and history
6315:Arnold, Werner (2012).
6292:Arnold, Werner (2008).
6269:Arnold, Werner (1990).
6049:Werner, Arnold (2011).
5636:Brockelmann (GVG 1 §19)
5201:Jules Ferrette (1863).
4231:I swear (by the Cross)
4117:ki im ẖaltsenu min hara
4090:w-lāʾ taʿlan l-nesyōnāʾ
4063:sbaq lan lanek laf elan
4051:uselaẖ lanu al ẖata'enu
1453:is used both for final
372:in only two villages –
250:Syriac alphabet (Serṭā)
6445:Yildiz, Efrem (2000).
6275:Studies in Neo-Aramaic
6170:. Brill. p. 308.
6022:10.5281/zenodo.6496714
5713:Studies in Neo-Aramaic
5506:Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi
4759:What's your name? (m)
4107:elo mfaṣay lan mu bišo
4036:ġfurlēḥ ḥṭiyōṯaḥ eẖmil
1465:instead of also using
1447:at the end. Sometimes
390:Anti-Lebanon mountains
314:This article contains
246:Maalouli square script
209:Western Middle Aramaic
84:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
8002:Neo-Aramaic languages
6971:Christian Palestinian
6683:Ancient North Arabian
6489:Semitisches Tonarchiv
6338:Beyer, Klaus (1986).
6317:"Western Neo-Aramaic"
5892:"أرض تحكي لغة المسيح"
5715:. Brill. p. 11.
5657:Elephantine Revisited
5353:Aramäer von Ǧubbˁadīn
5308:10.1515/9783110199192
5112:Abū al-Faraj ʻIshsh.
5019:Wehbi, Rimon (2021).
4937:Das Neuwestaramäische
4924:Neo-Aramaic languages
4112:ʾelāʾ paṣān men bīšāʾ
577:Mary, mother of Jesus
406:Neo-Aramaic languages
7764:Circassian languages
7071:Koy Sanjaq Christian
6748:Pre-classical Arabic
6405:Kim, Ronald (2008).
5914:. 10 September 2016.
5561:. Brill. p. 2.
5480:"Brock Introduction"
4967:Texts from Ğubbʿadīn
4703:Peace to all of you
4146:Western Neo-Aramaic
4102:bes ḥaslannaḥ m-šēḏa
3926:Western Neo-Aramaic
7904:Immigrant languages
7840:Varieties of Arabic
7828:Western Neo-Aramaic
6914:Ashurian and Hatran
6360:Brock, Sebastian P.
6051:Western Neo-Aramaic
5974:"Bible - Rinyo.org"
5900:. 11 February 2016.
5439:Aramäern in Ma'lūla
5148:Western Neo-Aramaic
4963:Texte aus Ğubbʿadīn
4941:Western Neo-Aramaic
1824:Āā, Ēē, Īī, Ōō, Ūū
1264:
766:has collapsed into
746:in most places and
738:are retained while
653:Phoenician alphabet
637:Damascus University
424:and Lebanon in the
343:Western Neo-Aramaic
307:Western Neo-Aramaic
254:Phoenician alphabet
163:Western Neo-Aramaic
33:Western Neo-Aramaic
8007:Languages of Syria
7752:Minority languages
7729:Languages of Syria
6985:Jewish Palestinian
5999:scriptureearth.org
5811:Oriens Christianus
5270:Märchen aus Malula
3930:Turoyo Neo-Aramaic
1822:Aa, Ee, Ii, Oo, Uu
1364:possibly contains
1262:
606:and traversed the
370:Arameans (Syriacs)
117:30,000 (2023)
7989:
7988:
7736:Official language
7695:
7694:
7666:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7593:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7323:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7161:
7160:
7124:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
6921:Jewish Babylonian
6832:
6831:
6565:Semitic languages
6500:Jubb'adin dialect
5750:ġaddan ʕan ġaddin
5156:(27th ed., 2024)
4782:
4781:
4495:Aramean (Syriac)
4487:Congratulations!
4407:(Maternal) Uncle
4399:(Paternal) Uncle
4287:Brother/Brothers
4122:
4121:
3937:(Eastern accent)
3845:
3844:
3617:
3616:
3015:
3014:
2890:
2889:
2185:
2184:
1477:Maalouli letter:
1423:for /o/ and /u/,
1409:
1408:
1401:
1366:original research
1337:
1336:
1252:
1251:
865:
859:
734:, the fricatives
732:dental consonants
726:has collapsed to
708:labial consonants
677:Portrait of Jesus
669:Portrait of Jesus
553:Melkite Christian
536:, "to grind") or
398:language of Jesus
340:
339:
322:rendering support
318:phonetic symbols.
189:Proto-Afroasiatic
148:Northwest Semitic
16:(Redirected from
8024:
7868:
7861:
7722:
7715:
7708:
7699:
7698:
7437:
7436:
7397:
7396:
7388:
7387:
7334:
7333:
7202:northern dialect
6877:Biblical Aramaic
6870:Imperial Aramaic
6852:
6851:
6843:
6842:
6741:Nabataean Arabic
6658:
6657:
6649:
6648:
6624:Canaano-Akkadian
6558:
6551:
6544:
6535:
6534:
6528:Internet Archive
6505:Maalouli dialect
6458:
6441:
6418:
6401:
6388:The Syriac World
6375:
6355:
6334:
6311:
6288:
6255:
6252:
6246:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6209:
6203:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6186:CLASSICAL SYRIAC
6182:
6176:
6175:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6135:
6129:
6126:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6084:
6078:
6075:
6069:
6068:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6046:
6040:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6009:
6003:
6002:
5996:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5925:
5916:
5915:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5759:
5753:
5746:
5740:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5637:
5634:
5628:
5625:
5619:
5616:
5610:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5484:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5268:(25 July 2011).
5262:
5256:
5255:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5175:The Syriac World
5170:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5109:
5092:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5070:
5063:
5048:
5007:Arnold, Werner:
4956:Texts from Baxʿa
4935:Arnold, Werner:
4879:
4870:
4861:
4852:
4843:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4798:
4423:(Maternal) Aunt
4415:(Paternal) Aunt
4311:Tongue/Language
4247:Here/Here it is
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4132:
3935:Classical Syriac
3923:
3841:
3831:
3823:
3813:
3805:
3795:
3787:
3777:
3769:
3759:
3751:
3704:Transliteration
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3604:
3595:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3493:
3484:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3245:Transliteration
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3027:
3026:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2601:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:inline citations
1357:
1356:
1349:
1333:
1319:
1312:
1298:
1291:
1265:
1261:
1234:
1208:
1195:
1186:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1145:
1138:
1128:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1060:
1035:
1028:
1015:
994:
983:
976:
969:
959:
947:
940:
933:
926:
919:
891:
882:
863:
857:
802:
801:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:velar consonants
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
608:Palmyrene desert
457:Levantine Arabic
422:Palestine region
402:Galilean Aramaic
382:Syrian civil war
363:
362:
350:
349:
296:
280:
273:
241:
127:
106:Aramean (Syriac)
48:
42:
41:
30:
29:
21:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8022:
8021:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7985:
7899:
7883:
7864:
7857:
7834:
7747:
7743:Standard Arabic
7731:
7726:
7696:
7691:
7658:
7585:
7494:
7441:
7428:
7379:
7340:
7315:
7253:
7157:
7099:Urmia Christian
7015:
7008:
6895:
6889:
6828:
6788:Egyptian Arabic
6774:
6770:Modern Standard
6753:
6638:
6600:
6567:
6562:
6466:
6461:
6438:
6398:
6368:ARAM Periodical
6352:
6331:
6308:
6285:
6264:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6249:
6244:
6240:
6224:
6210:
6206:
6201:
6197:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6164:
6160:
6150:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6114:
6112:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6047:
6043:
6033:
6029:
6010:
6006:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5954:
5953:
5949:
5942:
5926:
5919:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5890:
5887:Wayback Machine
5880:
5876:
5867:
5865:
5853:
5849:
5835:
5833:
5826:
5822:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5794:
5792:
5785:
5781:
5772:
5770:
5760:
5756:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5734:
5723:
5709:
5705:
5695:
5681:
5677:
5667:
5653:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5604:
5597:
5583:
5579:
5569:
5555:
5551:
5542:
5540:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5510:
5508:
5498:
5494:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5449:
5445:
5435:
5419:
5415:
5405:
5391:
5387:
5377:
5363:
5359:
5349:
5333:
5329:
5318:
5294:
5290:
5280:
5263:
5259:
5249:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5171:
5167:
5157:
5146:
5142:
5128:
5124:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5095:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5073:
5067:Hebrew alphabet
5064:
5060:
5055:
4952:Texte aus Baxʿa
4932:
4914:Aramaic studies
4890:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4871:
4862:
4853:
4844:
4835:
4826:
4817:
4808:
4799:
4787:
4695:The little man
4138:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4127:
3910:Syriac language
3850:
3024:
3020:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:Arabic letter:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:Syriac letter:
2395:Arabic letter:
2198:Syriac letter:
2190:
1823:
1727:Hebrew letter:
1675:
1662:
1649:
1622:
1609:
1589:
1576:
1405:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1370:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1257:
845:
823:
800:
754:in Bakhʽa, and
700:
642:Hebrew alphabet
594:region (modern
488:, "February"),
418:
410:Eastern Aramaic
366:Western Aramaic
320:Without proper
292:
276:
269:
258:Arabic alphabet
256:
252:
248:
242:
237:
219:
184:
177:
158:Western Aramaic
143:Central Semitic
128:
125:Language family
123:
114:
113:Native speakers
46:siryōn (arōmay)
43:
40:ܣܪܝܘܢ (ܐܰܪܳܡܰܝ)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8030:
8020:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7907:
7905:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7891:
7889:
7888:Sign languages
7885:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7862:
7850:
7844:
7842:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7761:
7755:
7753:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7745:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7732:
7725:
7724:
7717:
7710:
7702:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7689:
7682:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7603:
7601:
7595:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7578:
7577:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7565:
7555:
7550:
7549:
7548:
7535:
7530:
7520:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7502:
7500:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7478:
7475:
7455:
7445:
7443:
7434:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7403:
7401:
7394:
7385:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7346:
7344:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7306:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7276:
7261:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7249:
7235:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7214:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7186:
7179:
7171:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7096:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7045:
7040:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7020:
7018:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7005:
7004:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6974:
6962:
6955:
6941:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6917:
6905:
6899:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6884:Middle Aramaic
6880:
6873:
6866:
6858:
6856:
6849:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6812:
6795:
6790:
6784:
6782:
6780:Dialect groups
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6761:
6759:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6744:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6728:
6721:
6714:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6679:
6672:
6664:
6662:
6655:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6612:
6610:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6581:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6568:
6561:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6495:Bakh’a dialect
6482:
6473:
6465:
6464:External links
6462:
6460:
6459:
6442:
6436:
6419:
6402:
6396:
6380:Khan, Geoffrey
6376:
6356:
6350:
6335:
6329:
6312:
6306:
6289:
6283:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6247:
6238:
6222:
6204:
6195:
6177:
6158:
6148:
6130:
6121:
6106:"Search Entry"
6097:
6092:www.aramia.net
6088:"襄阳阂俑装饰工程有限公司"
6079:
6070:
6056:
6041:
6027:
6004:
5983:
5965:
5947:
5940:
5917:
5903:
5874:
5847:
5820:
5802:
5779:
5754:
5741:
5732:
5721:
5703:
5693:
5675:
5665:
5647:
5638:
5629:
5620:
5611:
5602:
5595:
5577:
5567:
5549:
5532:. 2010-04-02.
5517:
5492:
5471:
5461:
5443:
5433:
5413:
5403:
5385:
5375:
5357:
5347:
5327:
5316:
5288:
5278:
5257:
5247:
5230:
5221:
5212:
5193:
5183:
5165:
5140:
5122:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5080:
5071:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5016:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4992:
4981:
4970:
4959:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4874:
4872:
4865:
4863:
4856:
4854:
4847:
4845:
4838:
4836:
4829:
4827:
4820:
4818:
4811:
4809:
4802:
4800:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4762:mō ušmax? (m)
4760:
4756:
4755:
4750:qameṣča (from
4748:
4744:
4743:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4706:šlōma lxulḥun
4704:
4700:
4699:
4698:ġabrōna zʕōra
4696:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3927:
3918:Byzantine rite
3849:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3770:
3761:
3752:
3743:
3742:Pronunciation
3739:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3614:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3431:
3422:
3413:
3404:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3340:Pronunciation
3337:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2966:Pronunciation
2963:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2842:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2593:
2592:Pronunciation
2589:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1914:
1913:Pronunciation
1910:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1668:
1655:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1615:
1602:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1407:
1406:
1361:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1006:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
988:
986:
984:
977:
970:
963:
961:
952:
950:
948:
941:
934:
927:
920:
913:
907:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
885:
883:
876:
874:
868:
867:
860:
854:
853:
848:
841:
836:
831:
826:
819:
810:
805:
799:
796:
699:
696:
690:An electronic
673:Book of Psalms
567:families from
478:Neo-Babylonian
445:first language
439:Following the
417:
414:
338:
337:
324:, you may see
310:
309:
304:
298:
297:
290:
282:
281:
274:
266:
265:
264:Language codes
261:
260:
243:
239:Writing system
236:
233:
232:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
212:
211:
204:Middle Aramaic
187:
185:
182:
179:
178:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
131:
129:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
73:
69:
68:
63:
62:Native to
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8029:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7902:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7867:
7863:
7860:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7811:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7769:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7750:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7723:
7718:
7716:
7711:
7709:
7704:
7703:
7700:
7687:
7683:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7669:
7655:
7654:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7636:
7635:
7631:
7630:
7629:
7628:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7596:
7575:
7572:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7497:
7487:
7484:
7479:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7438:
7435:
7431:
7425:
7422:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7392:Ethio-Semitic
7389:
7386:
7382:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7312:
7311:
7307:
7305:
7304:
7300:
7298:
7297:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7281:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7270:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7248:
7247:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7203:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7178:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7164:
7154:
7151:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7011:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6993:
6989:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6940:
6939:Judeo-Aramaic
6937:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6804:Siculo-Arabic
6801:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6756:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6559:
6554:
6552:
6547:
6545:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6443:
6439:
6437:9783110251586
6433:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6417:(3): 505–531.
6416:
6412:
6408:
6403:
6399:
6397:9781138899018
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6351:9783525535738
6347:
6343:
6342:
6336:
6332:
6330:9783110251586
6326:
6322:
6318:
6313:
6309:
6307:9783447057875
6303:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6286:
6284:9781555404307
6280:
6276:
6272:
6267:
6266:
6251:
6242:
6235:
6232:
6225:
6223:9781463238933
6219:
6215:
6208:
6199:
6192:
6187:
6181:
6174:
6169:
6162:
6155:
6151:
6149:9782351593196
6145:
6141:
6134:
6125:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6074:
6066:
6060:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6008:
6000:
5993:
5987:
5979:
5978:www.rinyo.org
5975:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5943:
5941:9781365174810
5937:
5933:
5932:
5924:
5922:
5913:
5907:
5899:
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5893:
5888:
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5878:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5790:
5783:
5769:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5745:
5736:
5729:
5724:
5722:9789004369535
5718:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5696:
5694:9789027292162
5690:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5668:
5666:9781646022083
5662:
5658:
5651:
5642:
5633:
5624:
5615:
5606:
5598:
5596:3-11-016578-3
5592:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5570:
5568:9789004192300
5564:
5560:
5553:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5507:
5503:
5496:
5488:
5481:
5475:
5468:
5464:
5462:9783447053136
5458:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5436:
5434:9783447053136
5430:
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4535:How are you?
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692:speech corpus
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686:
685:New Testament
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361:ܣܪܝܘܢ, siryōn
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194:Proto-Semitic
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53:Pronunciation
51:
47:
36:
31:
19:
7874:Mesopotamian
7827:
7674:
7651:
7632:
7625:
7618:
7611:
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7508:
7466:East Gurage
7308:
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7264:
7244:
7237:
7230:
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7209:
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7139:Urmia Jewish
7048:Northeastern
7028:
6999:
6990:
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6976:
6969:
6964:
6957:
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6943:
6919:
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6882:
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6819:Mesopotamian
6802:
6746:
6739:
6730:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6669:Proto-Arabic
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6198:
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6139:
6133:
6124:
6113:. Retrieved
6109:
6100:
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6059:
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6030:
6007:
5998:
5986:
5977:
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5959:
5950:
5934:. Lulu.com.
5930:
5906:
5895:
5883:Ghostarchive
5881:Archived at
5877:
5866:. Retrieved
5860:
5850:
5841:
5834:. Retrieved
5823:
5814:
5810:
5805:
5793:. Retrieved
5782:
5771:. Retrieved
5768:The National
5767:
5757:
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5605:
5586:
5580:
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5541:. Retrieved
5529:
5520:
5509:. Retrieved
5505:
5495:
5487:meti.byu.edu
5486:
5474:
5466:
5452:
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5269:
5266:Rafik Schami
5260:
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4955:
4951:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4899:Albert Socin
4559:Holy Spirit
4463:Grandmother
4455:Grandfather
4151:Hello/Peace
4116:
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4106:
4101:
4094:
4089:
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742:have become
701:
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541:
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355:
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133:Afro-Asiatic
7613:Hadramautic
7599:Old Arabian
7538:West Gurage
7462:East Gurage
7341:ern Arabian
7043:Neo-Mandaic
6965:Palestinian
6863:Old Aramaic
6457:(1): 23–44.
6374:(1): 11–23.
5836:15 November
5728:noteworthy.
5031:: 135–153.
4994:Volume 5:
4983:Volume 4:
4972:Volume 3:
4961:Volume 2:
4754:"camisia")
4671:Tooth/Crag
4663:Chin/Beard
4623:Stone/Rock
4562:ruḥa qutšō
4375:Long live!
3903:Koine Greek
1176:Approximant
573:Ottoman era
476:during the
426:7th century
392:of western
328:instead of
199:Old Aramaic
183:Early forms
7996:Categories
7961:Portuguese
7642:Rijal Alma
7627:Qatabanian
7296:Himyaritic
7239:Phoenician
7052:Christian
6855:Historical
6824:Peninsular
6725:Taymanitic
6676:Old Arabic
6661:Historical
6115:2024-02-06
5868:2010-04-02
5816:dialect...
5773:2024-02-06
5543:2022-11-07
5511:2024-02-06
5153:Ethnologue
5099:References
4950:Volume 1:
4930:Literature
4894:Eugen Prym
4742:loanword)
4506:šmōya/šmō
4447:My mother
4290:ḥōna/ḥuno
4266:bōṯar min
3893:(from Ar.
3891:čaġribyōṯa
3885:(from Ar.
1389:March 2022
1373:improve it
798:Consonants
646:Al-Jazeera
461:substratum
78:District,
7866:Damascene
7853:Levantine
7768:Kabardian
7686:varieties
7677:indicate
7558:Sebat Bet
7522:Tt-group
7337:Eastern (
7289:Deir Alla
7167:Canaanite
7134:Trans-Zab
7119:Inter-Zab
7001:Palmyrene
6992:Samaritan
6959:Nabataean
6838:Northwest
6793:Levantine
6765:Classical
6690:Dadanitic
5956:"Ma'luli"
5538:0882-7729
5323:intimate…
5045:245214675
4996:Grammatik
4631:Vineyard
4279:Daughter
4175:Mountain
1377:verifying
1052:Fricative
1002:Affricate
704:phonology
698:Phonology
604:Euphrates
586:linguist
526:plowshare
388:– in the
378:Jubb'adin
287:Glottolog
271:ISO 639-3
102:Ethnicity
96:Jubb'adin
76:Bab Touma
7966:Japanese
7859:Aleppine
7794:Kurmanji
7759:Armenian
7634:Awsanian
7505:N-group
7424:Tigrinya
7303:Samalian
7280:Galilean
7273:Ugaritic
7218:Medieval
7211:Mishnaic
7195:Biblical
7176:Ammonite
7129:Sanandaj
7114:Betanure
7093:Chaldean
7090:Assyrian
7076:Qaraqosh
7066:Hértevin
6978:Galilean
6952:Lebanese
6798:Maghrebi
6758:Literary
6732:Thamudic
6718:Safaitic
6704:Hasaitic
6697:Dumaitic
6617:Akkadian
6572:Branches
6480:Omniglot
6382:(2019).
6362:(1989).
6173:century.
5885:and the
5843:letters.
5791:. Ankawa
4904:Arameans
4888:See also
4775:Old man
4738:klēsya (
4554:barnōša
4314:liššōna
4258:daglōna
4223:Village
4167:Morning
4162:šammōša
4143:English
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
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2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
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2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
1340:Alphabet
1304:Open-mid
864:emphatic
824:alveolar
817:Alveolar
624:Damascus
494:ad(d)aru
474:Akkadian
430:Damascus
384:also in
374:Maaloula
334:Help:IPA
294:west2763
224:Dialects
88:Maaloula
80:Damascus
7971:Russian
7956:Chinese
7936:Italian
7926:Spanish
7921:Punjabi
7911:English
7813:Aramaic
7801:Turkish
7789:Kurdish
7774:Chechen
7679:extinct
7675:Italics
7620:Minaean
7547:Endegen
7474:Inneqor
7453:Argobba
7449:Amharic
7412:Dahalik
7384:Western
7375:Soqotri
7355:Ḥarsusi
7350:Baṭḥari
7266:Amorite
7232:Moabite
7183:Edomite
7153:Western
7109:Barzani
7105:Jewish
7024:Central
7016:Aramaic
6945:Western
6927:Mandaic
6908:Eastern
6903:Armazic
6894:Dialect
6847:Aramaic
6810:Maltese
6711:Hismaic
6644:Central
6633:Eblaite
6589:Central
6526:at the
6487:at the
6262:Sources
5897:YouTube
5795:2 April
5000:Grammar
4785:Gallery
4735:Church
4690:malkṯa
4615:Hunger
4567:Poison
4530:nōšqṯa
4522:rḥmōṯa
4490:ibrex!
4439:Mother
4431:Father
4327:Nation
4303:Donkey
4295:Sister
4234:bsliba
3887:yaghfir
3883:nġofrin
3879:ġfurlēḥ
3875:litakun
3622:Letter
3030:Letter
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
1371:Please
1263:Vowels
911:Plosive
851:Glottal
844:Pharyn-
829:Palatal
822:Palato-
616:surname
522:sikkatu
465:Kurdish
348:ܐܰܪܳܡܰܝ
330:Unicode
153:Aramaic
138:Semitic
7976:Danish
7951:Arabic
7946:Hebrew
7931:German
7916:French
7823:Turoyo
7779:Domari
7653:Sabaic
7647:Razihi
7553:Mesqan
7527:Mesmes
7480:Wolane
7477:Ulbare
7470:Siltʼe
7458:Harari
7442:versal
7440:Trans-
7370:Shehri
7360:Hobyot
7310:Sutean
7258:Others
7224:Modern
7189:Hebrew
7081:Senaya
7061:Bohtan
7056:Barwar
7036:Turoyo
7030:Mlaḥsô
6932:Syriac
6896:groups
6653:Arabic
6434:
6394:
6348:
6327:
6304:
6281:
6231:Jewish
6220:
6146:
5992:"Data"
5938:
5719:
5691:
5663:
5593:
5565:
5536:
5459:
5431:
5401:
5373:
5345:
5314:
5276:
5245:
5181:
5043:
4770:ḥelma
4767:Dream
4747:Shirt
4687:Queen
4682:zibnō
4674:šenna
4666:ḏeqna
4658:sefta
4650:ʕezza
4642:ḥaṣṣa
4634:xarma
4618:xafna
4610:ġelta
4602:felka
4591:Blood
4586:ġerma
4578:seyfa
4575:Sword
4570:samma
4551:Human
4546:ṣawma
4498:sūray
4482:yamma
4479:Ocean
4474:tarba
4466:žičča
4458:žetta
4426:ḥōlča
4418:ʕamṯa
4386:qabra
4383:Grave
4378:tiḥi!
4370:yawna
4359:Earth
4354:malka
4346:ṣahra
4322:kiršo
4319:Money
4306:ḥmōra
4282:berča
4263:After
4242:ḥalya
4226:qriṯa
4218:rayša
4210:femma
4207:Mouth
4202:šimša
4183:Water
4170:ṣofra
4154:šlōma
4129:": -->
3941:Hebrew
3914:Edessa
3895:jareeb
3881:&
3870:(from
3868:yiṯkan
3859:(from
1790:פּ ףּ
1769:כּ ךּ
1255:Vowels
839:Uvular
813:Dental
808:Labial
628:Aleppo
592:Sinjar
584:French
542:enbūbu
540:(Akk.
532:(Akk.
520:(Akk.
518:sekkṯa
508:(Akk.
502:ayyaru
500:(Akk.
492:(Akk.
486:šabāṭu
484:(Akk.
434:Arabic
386:Bakhʽa
356:Siryon
352:arōmay
92:Bakhʽa
72:Region
7981:Dutch
7941:Hindi
7879:Najdi
7848:Shawi
7784:Greek
7607:Faifi
7576:Gyeto
7570:Gumer
7563:Chaha
7533:Muher
7516:Soddo
7510:Gafat
7499:Outer
7433:South
7417:Tigre
7407:Geʽez
7400:North
7365:Mehri
7329:South
7246:Punic
7144:Zakho
7086:Suret
6594:South
5995:(PDF)
5483:(PDF)
5053:Notes
5041:S2CID
4778:sōba
4740:Greek
4679:Past
4647:Goat
4639:Back
4626:xefa
4607:Skin
4599:Half
4594:eḏma
4583:Bone
4543:Fast
4527:Kiss
4519:Love
4514:mōn?
4511:Who?
4442:emma
4410:ḥōla
4402:ḏōḏa
4394:xōla
4391:Food
4367:Dove
4362:arʕa
4351:King
4343:Moon
4338:ešna
4335:Year
4330:omṯa
4298:ḥōṯa
4274:ebra
4255:Liar
4239:Nice
4215:Head
4186:mōya
4178:ṭūra
1283:Close
1271:Front
1222:Trill
872:Nasal
858:plain
834:Velar
724:/b~v/
681:Serta
665:Bible
658:abjad
549:Islam
538:nbūba
534:sendu
530:senta
498:iyyar
482:āšbaṭ
394:Syria
66:Syria
7573:Gura
7567:Ezha
7543:Inor
7339:Mod-
7014:Neo-
6607:East
6584:West
6579:East
6432:ISBN
6392:ISBN
6346:ISBN
6325:ISBN
6302:ISBN
6279:ISBN
6218:ISBN
6144:ISBN
5936:ISBN
5838:2023
5797:2013
5717:ISBN
5689:ISBN
5661:ISBN
5591:ISBN
5563:ISBN
5534:ISSN
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5429:ISBN
5399:ISBN
5371:ISBN
5343:ISBN
5312:ISBN
5274:ISBN
5243:ISBN
5179:ISBN
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4752:lat.
4655:Lip
4503:Sky
4471:Way
4434:ōbu
4271:Son
4199:Sun
4191:God
4131:edit
3864:šēdu
3861:Akk.
3857:Šēḏa
2602:, ∅
1866:H̱ẖ
1796:צ ץ
1793:פ ף
1781:נ ן
1778:מ ם
1772:כ ך
1459:and
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1276:Back
846:geal
780:/tʃ/
764:/ɡɣ/
756:/tʃ/
752:/ts/
736:/θð/
714:and
702:The
675:and
640:the
626:and
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569:Homs
565:Arab
559:and
528:"),
516:"),
514:yoke
510:nīru
506:nīra
490:ōḏar
408:are
376:and
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2140:/
2134:ḳ
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2128:k
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2110:f
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2101:p
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2092:ʕ
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2074:n
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2065:m
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2056:l
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2047:x
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2040:/
2038:k
2036:/
2031:/
2029:j
2027:/
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2018:/
2013:/
2011:ħ
2009:/
2004:/
2002:z
2000:/
1995:/
1993:w
1991:/
1986:/
1984:h
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1977:/
1975:ð
1973:/
1968:/
1966:d
1964:/
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1957:ɣ
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1948:ʒ
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1922:b
1920:/
1402:)
1396:(
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1387:(
1369:.
1331:a
1317:o
1310:e
1296:u
1289:i
1232:r
1206:j
1193:l
1184:w
1166:h
1159:ʕ
1152:ħ
1143:ɣ
1136:x
1126:ʒ
1123:(
1118:ʃ
1088:z
1081:s
1074:ð
1067:θ
1058:f
1023:(
1016:)
1010:(
992:ʔ
981:q
974:ɡ
967:k
960:)
954:(
938:d
931:t
924:b
917:p
889:n
880:m
815:/
358:(
345:(
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20:)
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