300:, and magistrate courts. Additionally, the legislature has the ability to create various other appellate courts but thus far has not done so. The 1863 constitution used a system of townships to organize the judicial branch below the supreme court, but the original 1872 constitution replaced this township system with a reliance on county courts in addition to the supreme and circuit courts. These courts lost most of their judicial power in 1880 but were not formally abolished until 1974, when the present version of Article VIII was enacted. (At that time, the county courts became county commissions). Additionally, the 1974 amendments replaced justices of the peace with magistrates. Section 11 also authorizes the creation of municipal courts.
103:
the Flick
Amendment empowered conservatives, including former Confederates, who dominated the convention. These conservatives admired the government of Virginia, and the 1872 constitution resembled the 1850 constitution of that state in many ways. County courts became the center of governmental authority, decentralizing the state, and a system of business taxation was also implemented. As of 1995, this document has been amended 66 times, with an additional 46 proposals having been rejected. The majority of amendments proposed since 1960 have been ratified.
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258:. The article comprises three main parts: sections 2-15 deal with the legislature's composition, sections 16-34 provide legislative rules, and sections 35-54 set out the legislature's powers. Other provisions include a procedure for adding additional territory to the state (section 11). This section initially appeared in the 1863 Constitution. While never invoked under the 1872 Constitution, the legislature did utilize this provision in 1863 to add
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1934, while a 1957 amendment removed the state superintendent of schools). On the other hand, West
Virginia is one of the few states without an official lieutenant governor, and amendments to add such a position have repeatedly failed, most recently in 2012. Instead, the president of the state senate succeeds as acting governor in the event of a vacancy. West Virginia law therefore permits that person to unofficially use the title of "Governor."
840: (W.Va. 1981) ("The constitutional preference for public education in the context of this case simply means that in order for the pro rata provisions of W.Va. Code, 5A-2-23, to operate against public education, the State must develop a factual basis to show that there will be a deficit in the general revenue fund substantial enough to necessitate the reduction in expenditures for public education.").
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responsible for directly administering schools. Sections 6 and 10 regulate these districts, prohibiting the legislature from establishing additional ones and requiring geographical diversity among the members of local school boards. Initially, the 1872 Constitution prohibited whites and Blacks from being taught in the same public school. The prohibition did not apply to private schools, such as
202:. This provision arose following the Civil War and was added at the insistence of former Confederates who had been disfranchised following the war. Another provision guarantees students the right to pray in a school but does not mandate school prayer. A federal district court partially struck the section down, saying it violated the
87:, and with that amendment made, admitted the state into the Union. Significantly, the state's first constitution also abandoned the traditional system of county government found in Virginia and elsewhere in the South. Instead, the drafters of the 1863 document "Yankeefied" the state's local government, establishing a system of
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Article XI governs the legislature's ability to create and regulate corporations. Most notably, the legislature cannot create corporations through special laws but must rely on general laws applying to all corporations. This provision arose in response to the practices in the state of
Virginia, where
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Article X lays the foundation for the state's revenues and expenditures. The main taxes authorized by this section are property taxes and income tax, although the legislature has the power to levy additional taxes (section 5). Much of this section deals with financing education, and the state supreme
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Article VII details the executive branch of the state government. Most of the article concerns the powers of the state governor. Other officers in this branch include the secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, agriculture commissioner, and attorney general. (The agriculture commissioner was added in
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hoped. These provisions were unique to any state constitution. A 1992 amendment repealed most of this article, although sections 1 and 2 remain in force. Section 1 provides for the continuity of land ownership from
Virginia, while section 2 abolished the system of land warrants. (Land warrants were
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Article IX deals with the state's 55 counties. It establishes various elected offices, including sheriffs, prosecuting attorneys, and the county commissions. Section 2 additionally provides for the appointment of officials such as coroners and overseers of the poor, although most counties no longer
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Two years later, the state legislature called for a convention to draft a new constitution, which commenced in 1872. The convention made a number of changes to the preexisting document, including increasing the terms of office for the governor and legislators. As historian Sean
Patrick Adams notes,
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Article XII deals with the state's educational system. Because
Virginia lacked a statewide system of public education, the drafters of the 1863 constitution made establishing such a system a high priority. The system is overseen by the state board of education, with various local school districts
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Since through Divine
Providence we enjoy the blessings of civil, political and religious liberty, we, the people of West Virginia, in and through the provisions of this Constitution, reaffirm our faith in and constant reliance upon God and seek diligently to promote, preserve and perpetuate good
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The legislative, executive and judicial departments shall be separate and distinct, so that neither shall exercise the power properly belonging to either of the others; nor shall any person exercise the powers of more than one of them at the same time, except that justices of the peace shall be
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drafted provisions which aimed to ease access to land titles by resident landowners vis-à-vis non-resident land speculators. Additionally, the sale of "forfeited and delinquent lands" provided funding for the state's nascent educational system, although not as much as drafters such as
54:. It expresses the rights of the state's citizens and provides the framework for the organization of law and government. West Virginia is governed under its second and current constitution, which dates from 1872. The document includes fourteen articles and several amendments.
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Counties to the state following their ratification of the 1863 Constitution in
November 1863 after the remainder of the state had done so in March of that year. (West Virginia officially became a state in June 1863). Amendments to this article permitted the creation of the
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proved to be one of the main issues at the convention, but delegates sidestepped the question of emancipation and merely prohibited enslaved persons and free persons of color from entering the state. Congress, however, required the state to adopt a policy of
168:, and the wording of various legal documents. Due to its origins as a split from the state of Virginia, the eastern boundary laid out in Article II was disputed by the latter state. The boundary claimed by West Virginia was eventually recognized by the
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Fifteen amendments are attached to the end of the document. Two amendments, passed in 1902, revised the state's judicial system and educational funding system. The remaining thirteen authorize the issuance of various bonds.
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Article XIV provides two methods for amending the constitution: a constitutional convention (section 1) and legislative amendments (section 2). The former has only been used to enact the 1872 constitution.
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Article IV governs state elections and eligibility to hold office. Provisions include eligibility for voting, methods for impeaching or otherwise removing officials, and a guaranteed secret ballot.
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Article XIII regulates land ownership within the state. This article arose in 1862 in response to various land disputes left unresolved by the state government of
Virginia. State legislator
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also influenced West
Virginia's. The state's bill of rights also contains some provisions not found in either of its antecedents. These include a prohibition on "political tests" such as
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court has limited the legislature's discretion in funding education as a result. Section 10, however, permits local school boards to increase taxation in order to properly fund schools.
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348:. Since the school year consisted of four months of 22 days each, in some towns the whites used the school from September through December, and Blacks from January through April.
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powerful corporations influenced state legislators to pass laws granting them special treatment. Many of the provisions deal with the regulation of railroads.
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and declares that the state constitution is set out according to the principle that powers not enumerated for the federal government are
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Article II sets out the state's boundaries and defines the rights of citizens. It also deals with issues such as treason, the
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Article III sets out the rights of the state's citizens. Many of the rights found in Article III are also found in the
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Article VIII covers the judicial branch of the state government. The only courts established by this article are the
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government in the State of West Virginia for the common welfare, freedom and security of ourselves and our posterity.
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Transforming the Appalachian Countryside: Railroads, Deforestation, and Social Change in West Virginia, 1880-1920
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to form a new state, dubbed West Virginia, and wrote a constitution for that state. In the midst of the war,
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McCabe, Jr., Brooks F. (2012). "Benjamin Harrison Smith, Land Titles, and the West Virginia Constitution".
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documents issued by the state government authorizing the surveying and possession of undeveloped land).
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The preamble was added to the constitution in 1960 by referendum.
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created universal manhood suffrage within the state.
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407:. West Virginia State Legislature
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901:: 23–63, at pp. 26–27.
887:Woodson, C. G. (1922).
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1063:(1): 1–34.
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411:February 8,
66:during the
1453:Categories
1371:Washington
1291:New Mexico
1286:New Jersey
1161:California
699:Lewis 1889
520:Adams 2004
508:Lewis 1889
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451:Lewis 1889
439:Lewis 1889
427:Adams 2004
388:References
379:Amendments
166:state seal
1381:Wisconsin
1346:Tennessee
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1226:Louisiana
1077:146148351
933:149565330
747:April 16,
264:Jefferson
138:supremacy
89:townships
1366:Virginia
1316:Oklahoma
1296:New York
1271:Nebraska
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1018:54349872
483:45727827
260:Berkeley
230:—
124:—
112:Preamble
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64:Virginia
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1361:Vermont
1266:Montana
1206:Indiana
1186:Georgia
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925:2713579
778:§6A-1-4
140:of the
80:slavery
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405:(PDF)
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1311:Ohio
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1031:ISBN
1014:OCLC
1004:ISBN
749:2021
604:U.S.
479:OCLC
469:ISBN
413:2013
262:and
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