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695:
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1024:, the then Hungarian Prime Minister, who promoted the idea. The border was temporarily opened at 3 p.m., and 700â900 East Germans, who had travelled there after being tipped off, rushed across, without intervention from Hungarian border guards. It was the largest escape movement from East Germany since the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. The local organization in Sopron took over the Hungarian Democratic Forum, the other contacts were made via Habsburg and the Hungarian Minister of State
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2596:(ruling mayor of Berlin in 1989) expected the Berlin Wall to open: "We expected that one day the storm would come across the border from behind, actually, since Otto von Habsburg and the Pan-Europa-Union had the pan-European picnic on the border between Hungary and Austria on August 19, 1989 in Sopron. Hundreds of them came. It was stupid that people from the GDR should cross the border via Hungary and Austria. if there was a border crossing directly with them." In:
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833:, was prohibited in East Germany because its new open political criticisms annoyed upper circles of the GDR leadership. This caused a lot of resentment and helped to activate the opposition movement. After a year, the sale of the magazine was reinstated, and censored editions of the issues from the preceding year were made available in a special edition for East Germans.
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1361:(Church of St Nicholas). Prayers were said for people who had been mistreated by the state authorities, so the meetings took on a political character. The numbers attending grew and on 4 September 1989, it became a demonstration of over 1000 people in front of the church. The Stasi arrived to break it up, taking some demonstrators away in trucks.
878:, the East German parliament. The results of elections were generally about 99% "Yes" in favour of the list. However, before the 7 May 1989 election there were open signs of citizens' dissatisfaction with the government and the SED was concerned that there could be a significant number of "No" votes. The number of applications for an
1040:âs reaction to an opening of the border on the Iron Curtain. In particular, it was examined whether Moscow would give the Soviet troops stationed in Hungary the command to intervene. The West German government was already prepared for the mass escape, and trains and coaches were ready to take the escapees from Vienna to
1513:. Honecker responded that Mielke should not open his mouth so much. Mielke responded by putting the last nail in Honecker's coffin. He announced that the Stasi had a file on the now-ousted leader. It contained proof of Honecker's corrupt business practices, sexual activities, and how, as a member of the underground
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at the Austro-Hungarian border followed on 19 August 1989. This was a celebration of more open relationships between east and west, near Sopron, but on the
Austrian side of the border. The opening of the border gate then set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer
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Citizens demanded their legal right to observe the vote count. Election monitors from churches and other groups showed the figures had been falsified. About 10 percent of voters had put a line through every name on the list, indicating a "No" vote, and about 10 percent of the electorate had not voted
1808:
Between 1963 and 1988, the Stasi recorded that 14,737 people were returned to East
Germany after failed escape attempts via the borders of other Soviet bloc countries. It is not known how many East Germans were shot and killed while trying to escape to the west via these borders. The last one killed
1460:
The plans contained exact provisions for the use of all available prisons and camps, and when those were full for the conversion of other buildings: Nazi detention centers, schools, hospitals, and factory holiday hostels. Every detail was foreseen, from where the doorbell was located on the house of
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On 10 August 1989, Hungary announced it would be further relaxing its handling of first-time East German border offenders, which had already become lenient. It stamped the passports of people caught trying to illegally cross the border, rather than arresting them or reporting them to the East German
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In the weeks before the election, opposition activists called for it to be boycotted, and distributed a leaflet criticising Erich
Honecker's regime. Nevertheless, the result of the election was proclaimed as 98.5 percent "Yes". Clear evidence of electoral fraud was smuggled to the West German media.
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Although it was hailed as a communist success story, by the late 1980s its economic growth had slowed to less than 1% per annum and the government's economic goals were not reached. It had to deal with increasing global competition with run-down industrial infrastructure, and shortages of labour and
1251:
on 7 October 1989, the 40th anniversary of the founding of the GDR, were marred by demonstrations. There had been protests in the preceding weeks, and
Hungary and Czechoslovakia now allowed East Germans to travel freely across their borders to the west. From 1 to 8 October, 14 "Freedom Trains" took
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Applications to leave were often not approved and could take years to process. Making the application was risky as the applicants were considered disloyal "enemies of the state". It was common for people to lose their jobs after making an application and to be harassed by the Stasi. Retired people
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once per annum. Because East
Germans' travel to the west had been very restricted, until the middle of the 1980s only about 60,000 visitors had received "Welcome Money". However, between 9 and 22 November alone, over 11 million East Germans had crossed into West Berlin or West Germany. In November
1207:
However, growing political agitation in East
Germany was part of wider liberalisation within the Soviet bloc resulting from Gorbachev's reforms â the country was not as isolated as China. Although Gorbachev visited Beijing in May 1989 to normalize Sino-Soviet relations, and the Chinese people were
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Poor sewerage and industrial infrastructure led to major environmental problems. Half the country's domestic sewage was untreated, as was most industrial waste. Over a third of all East
Germany's rivers, and almost a third of its reservoirs and half of its lakes were severely polluted. Its forests
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countries. It was the Soviet Union's most important trading partner, although it was very much subordinate. It was a net exporter of technology. Its shared language, cultural and personal connections with West
Germany helped to boost its economy. Its trade with West Germany was 50 to 60 percent of
1452:
By 1984, 23 sites had been selected for "isolation and internment camps." Those who were to be imprisoned in them ran into six categories; including anyone who had ever been under surveillance for anti-state activities, including all members of peace movements which were not under Stasi control.
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The demonstrations became a regular weekly event in
Leipzig and around the country, with tens of thousands joining in. There were mass arrests and beatings at the Leipzig demonstrations on 11 September and going through until 2 October. After the demonstration on 9 October, in which the security
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In addition to the GDR 40th anniversary demonstrations and the protests against electoral fraud, from
September 1989 there were regular weekly pro-democracy demonstrations in towns and cities across the country. They are referred to as "Monday demonstrations" as that was the day they occurred in
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between April and June 1989 on West German television broadcasts. When the Chinese regime brutally crushed the demonstration on 3â4 June, several hundred and possibly several thousand protesters were killed. This caused concern for the nascent East German protest movement, that had demonstrated
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About 100,000 East Germans then travelled to Hungary, hoping to also get across the border. Many people camped in the garden of the West German embassy in Budapest, in parks and around the border areas. Although the East German government asked for these people to be deported back to the GDR,
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of August 19, 1989: âHabsburg distributed leaflets far into Poland, on which the East German holidaymakers were invited to a picnic. When they came to the picnic, they were given gifts, food and Deutsche Mark, and then they were persuaded to come to the West.â But with the mass exodus at the
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Although there were almost 500,000 Soviet troops stationed in the GDR, they were not going to help suppress any demonstrations. It later emerged that Gorbachev had ordered that the troops were to stay in their barracks during the commemorations. As the reformist Gorbachev was paraded along
1149:. It had over 200,000 members within a few weeks of being set up. On 20 September 1989 it applied to field candidates in the March 1990 general election. New Forum acted as an umbrella organisation for activist groups across the country. Other new political organisations including
1619:
After Hungary and Czechoslovakia allowed East Germans to cross to the west via their borders, there was nothing the GDR government could to do to prevent people leaving. Between 4â5 November, the weekend before the Berlin Wall was opened, over 50,000 people left. Party official
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and Leipzig respectively. In Leipzig, there was no violence, as the 70,000 participants were too many for the 8,000 armed security forces present to tackle. "The message from Leipzig soared over the entire country: The masses had the power to topple the regime peacefully".
807:
The policy of non-interference in Soviet Bloc countries' internal affairs was made official with Gorbachev's statement on 26 October 1989 that the "Soviet Union has no moral or political right to interfere in the affairs of its East European neighbors". This was dubbed the
1078:
From 10 September 1989, the Hungarian government allowed all East Germans to cross the Austro-Hungarian border without hindrance. Tens of thousands left and many also travelled to Czechoslovakia, whose government also gave in to demands to open its western border.
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Workers in East Germany earned more than those in other communist countries and they had better housing than most of them. But East German workers compared themselves with West Germans, who were much better off, which was another cause of dissatisfaction.
850:
raw materials. From 1986, its products were often seen as inferior and orders delivered to the Soviet Union were increasingly rejected due to poor quality control standards. Other communist countries were pursuing market-led reforms, but the government of
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As a result of new hopes inspired by the mass exodus of East Germans via Hungary, several opposition groups formed in Autumn 1989, with the aim of bringing about the same sorts of reforms in the GDR that had been instituted in Poland and Hungary.
557:
on 9 November 1989. Through a change in leadership and a willingness to negotiate, the SED attempted to win back the political initiative, but control of the situation increasingly lay with the West German government under Chancellor
545:
bureaucrats staged a takeover. Frustrated East german activists accepted the collapse of the GDR. East German citizens accepted the German reunification following 40 years of repression and inaction by the East German elites.
969:, retired on 22 May 1988 and other political parties were formed which challenged the old socialist order in Hungary, leading to a period of liberalisation. Almost a year later, on 2 May 1989, the Hungarian government began
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1208:
enthusiastic about his ideas, he had no influence with the Chinese government. Rather than stifle the East Germans' protests, the Tiananmen Square demonstration was further inspiration for their desire to instigate change.
1639:, a border official, allowed people to pass through into West Berlin. Over the next few days streams of cars queued at the checkpoints along the Berlin Wall and the inner German border to travel through to West Germany.
1252:
12,000 East German refugees from Prague across GDR territory to West Germany, with cheers from East Germans as they passed. All were signs that the anniversary, which Mikhail Gorbachev attended, would not run smoothly.
1350:("We are the people"), meaning that in a real democracy, the people determine how the country is governed. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, in demonstrations calling for German reunification, this morphed into
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between 1961 and 1988. However, the majority of attempts were thwarted and those caught were arrested and sent back to face the East German legal system. Some were also shot and killed by border guards.
973:. This encouraged East German citizens to start travelling to Hungary in the hope of being able to get to the west more easily, not only over the border, but also by going to the West German embassy in
1260:, cheering crowds lining the street called out "Gorbi, Gorbi," and "Gorbi, help us." However, there were still fears of a Tiananmen Square-style crackdown, as on 2 October, the SED party official
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Besetzung Stasi-Bezirksverwaltung 1989. Die Angst ĂŒberwunden. Denkmale in Erfurt (69): Mit der Besetzung der ersten Stasi-Bezirksverwaltung gab Erfurt am 4. Dezember 1989 ein DDR-weites Signal.
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forces were completely outnumbered by the 70,000 protesters and unable to hinder them, the demonstrations in Leipzig and elsewhere remained relatively peaceful. The largest gatherings were the
937:, although those involved had no choice in the matter. Between 1964 and 1989 a recorded 33,755 political prisoners and about 250,000 of their relatives and others were "sold" to West Germany.
665:
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proclaimed it was "a defeat for counter-revolutionary forces." Sixteen civil rights activists in East Berlin were arrested for protesting against the actions of the Chinese government.
944:
after 1961 travelled to other Eastern Bloc countries, as they believed their western borders were easier to breach than East Germany's. Around 7,000â8,000 East Germans escaped through
854:
rejected such changes, claiming they contradicted Marxist ideology. More than one-fifth of the government's income was spent on subsidising the costs of housing, food and basic goods.
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in Berlin on 4 November 1989, and 11 November in Leipzig, each with an estimated 500,000 protesters, although there are claims that up to 750,000 were at the Berlin demonstration.
1346:
The protesters called for an open border with West Germany, genuine democracy, and greater human rights and environmental protections. The most noted slogan protesters shouted was
1383:
On the 28 October 1989, to try to calm the protests, an amnesty was issued for political prisoners being held for border crimes or for participation in the weekly demonstrations.
907:
The Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc states had strongly isolationist policies and they developed complex systems and infrastructure to restrict their citizens travel beyond the
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were doubtful about his ability to bring about reform, saying that "he would have to undertake 'tremendous efforts' to dispel the mistrust of a great part of the population."
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authorities; first-time offenders would just get a warning, and no stamp. It also announced a proposal to downgrade illegal border crossing from a crime to a misdemeanour.
2947:
1566:, resigned as a consequence of the political upheaval caused by the mass exodus of citizens via the Hungarian and Czechoslovakian borders and the ongoing protests. The
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were damaged by sulphur dioxide and air pollution in cities was a problem. Protests about these environmental problems played a large part in the Peaceful Revolution.
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Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German â Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.
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announced at a press conference on the evening of Thursday 9 November 1989 that East Germans were free to travel through the checkpoints of the Berlin Wall and the
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1036:, distributed thousands of brochures inviting them to a picnic near the border at Sopron. Habsburg and Imre Pozsgay saw the event also as an opportunity to test
549:
Because of its hostile response to the reforms implemented within its "socialist brother lands", the SED leadership was already increasingly isolated within the
2706:
1057:
Pan-European Picnic, the subsequent hesitant behavior of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany and the non-intervention of the Soviet Union broke the dams.
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at the Hungarian-Austrian border, when hundreds of East Germans, who were allowed to travel to Hungary but not to the west, escaped to West Germany via Austria.
573:
and prepared free elections. After an election win for a coalition of parties that supported German reunification, the political path within the GDR was clear.
989:. After the demolition of the border facilities, the patrols of the heavily armed Hungarian border guards were tightened and there was still a shooting order.
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Not all pro-democracy activists wanted reunification with capitalist West Germany. Many envisioned a separate, left-leaning but genuinely democratic state.
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The GDR's lack of competitiveness in the global market economy, as well as its sharply rising national debt, hastened the destabilization of the SED's
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2195:, Vol. 40, No. 2, "Power, Purpose, and Collective Choice: Economic Strategy in Socialist States" (Spring, 1986), pp. 381â420. Retrieved 22 August 2019
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Most parts of East Germany could pick up West German television. In theory, watching it was banned, but it was tolerated as it couldn't be prevented.
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candidates. The National Front was, in theory, an alliance of political parties, but they were all controlled by the SED party, which controlled the
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Officially Honecker resigned due to ill health, but he had been sharply criticized by the party. Although Krenz, 52, was the youngest member of the
1343:, for example, they happened on Thursdays. The first wave of these was from 4 September 1989 to March 1990. They continued sporadically until 1991.
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Following the reforms, by 1988 relations had soured between Gorbachev and Honecker, although the relationship of KGB and the Stasi was still close.
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translates into "the turn" or "the turning point". The began to be used in reference to the Peaceful Revolution on 16 October 1989 in the magazine
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Krenz, the last SED leader of the GDR, was only in office for 46 days, resigning on 3 December, along with the rest of the SED Politburo and the
1028:. Extensive advertising for the planned picnic was made by posters and flyers among the GDR holidaymakers in Hungary. The Austrian branch of the
310:
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1646:("Welcome Money"). This was a payment that the West German government had given to visiting East Germans since 1970. In 1989 the amount was 100
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On 18 October, only eleven days after these events, Honecker was removed as head of the party and the state and was replaced by Egon Krenz.
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in Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin was crushed by security forces, who beat people up and made around 500 arrests. Other protests outside the
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882:(permission to leave the country) had increased and there was discontent about housing conditions and shortages of basic products.
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Churches were often pivotal in the demonstrations. The Leipzig "Monday demonstrations" stemmed from Monday prayer meetings at the
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to West Germany, to travel via East Germany. Between the first and eighth of October 1989, 14 so-called "Freedom Trains" (German:
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remained the real holders of political power. Over 200,000 members of the SED had left the party during the previous two months.
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removes section of the East German Constitution granting the SED a monopoly of power, thus ending Communist rule in East Germany.
4161:
2548:âDer 19. August 1989 war ein Test fĂŒr Gorbatschowsâ (German â August 19, 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009.
2015:
1528:, he was a hardliner who had congratulated the Chinese regime on its brutal crushing of the Tiananmen Square demonstration. The
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1477:), to each local Stasi precinct to begin the planned arrests, he was ignored. Terrified of an East German version of the mass
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In practice, there was no real choice in GDR elections, which consisted of citizens voting to approve a pre-selected list of
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in the late 1980s. A process of sociopolitical change that led to, among other openings, the opening of their borders to the
253:
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became the prime minister and 17 November he formed a 28-member Council of Minister which included 11 non-SED ministers.
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of the party. The country was then in practice run by Prime Minister Modrow. Krenz was succeeded as head of state by
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were more likely to have their applications accepted as the state would avoid the burden of paying their pensions.
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Vergessene Migrationsgeschichte/n? Die Ausreise aus der DDR in der Erinnerung von Ăbersiedler-Eltern und -Kindern
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2506:(The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland â German), in Wiener Zeitung 16 August 1999; Otmar Lahodynsky:
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When numerous East Germans were arrested for protesting the 40th-anniversary celebrations, many of them sang "
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This article is about the revolution in East Germany. For the concept of a revolution which is peaceful, see
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From 10 November, East Germans who had crossed the border queued outside West German banks to collect their
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East Germany's economy was stronger than other Eastern Bloc countries and it was the most successful of the
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who joked "You know the Frank Sinatra song, 'I Did It My Way'? Hungary and Poland are doing it their way."
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The East German government gave in to pressure to allow special trains carrying East German refugees from
714:(Monetary, Economy and Social Union) accord between East and West Germany, came into effect. East Germany
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1997:
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There were protests throughout the country, the most organised being three consecutive demonstrations in
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17:
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Ich packe meinen Koffer. Eine ethnologische Spurensuche rund um OstWest-Ausreisende und SpÀtaussiedelnde
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at all. After the initial protests on 7 May, there were demonstrations on the seventh of every month in
541:
followed an implosion of democratic institutions in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) as hundreds of
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1978:
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725:(Treaty of Unification) between the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany on 31 August 1990 and the
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2931:"The Dynamics of Informational Cascades: The Monday Demonstrations in Leipzig, East Germany, 1989â91"
1489:, Stasi agents throughout the GDR fortified their office-buildings and barricaded themselves inside.
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against electoral fraud in May. "We too feared the possibility of a 'Chinese solution,'" said Pastor
761:, which had ruled East Germany since the country was founded on 7 October 1949. Previous uprisings â
303:
170:
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Clamor in the East; East Germany opens Frontier to the West for Migration or Travel; Thousands Cross
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to implement "Plan X"âthe SED's plan to arrest and indefinitely detain 85,939 East Germans during a
1048:, where a refugee reception centre was waiting for the new arrivals. After the Pan-European Picnic,
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in August 1961. After that it was still possible to leave legally, by applying for and receiving an
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58:
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1306:" in police custody to imply that they, rather than their captors, were the real revolutionaries.
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in October 1990. The peaceful revolution was marked by nonviolent initiatives and demonstrations.
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6000:
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1016:, and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated. The idea of opening the border at a ceremony came from
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The government also forcibly exiled people, and political prisoners and their families could be
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States Parties to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol
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2089:(December 2011) "Contemporary Issues in Historical Perspective: The Demise of the Soviet Bloc"
1668:. The term was first used publicly in East Germany on 18 October by the last communist leader
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and December about 4 billion DM was paid out, and the system was stopped on 29 December 1989.
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When this information was broadcast, it was picked up in East Germany, instigating protests.
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nations to initiate their own political and economic reforms within the terms of the treaty.
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calling for the opening of the border with West Germany and greater human rights protections.
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31:
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Knowing Your Friends: Intelligence Inside Alliances and Coalitions from 1914 to the Cold War
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2536:(German â Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.
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Snipping away at the Iron Curtain: when Hungary opened its Austrian border â archive, 1989
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per person. It was a lucrative way for the East German government to get western currency.
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2961:"The Abortive Revolution Continues: East German Civil-Rights Activists since Unification"
2795:
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2510:(Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall â German), in:
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1008:
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623:
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50:
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Ranis Castle in Thuringia was among the locations selected for an internment camp under
1272:. There, he said, "In the struggles of our time, the GDR and China stand side by side."
1161:
formed. They all had similar aims, wanting greater democracy and environmental reforms.
966:
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was influenced by the Central Round Table, which put into action the dissolution of the
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Law, History, and Justice: Debating German State Crimes in the Long Twentieth Century
2025:
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1849:"From the Berlin Wall to Today â Lessons for Harnessing the Moment of the Whirlwind"
1558:
On 7 November 1989, the entire Cabinet of the East German government, the 44-member
911:. About 3.5 million people left the GDR for West Germany before the building of the
357:
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1434:. According to John Koehler, Plan X had been in preparation since 1979 and was, "a
1257:
809:
362:
166:
109:
75:
2430:
on German History in Documents and Images (GHDI) website. Retrieved 25 August 2019
1535:
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Leipzig, where they started, but they were staged on several days of the week. In
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1939:
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The first wave of demonstrations ended in March 1990 due to the forthcoming free
930:(permission to leave). Between 1961 and 1988 about 383,000 people left this way.
523:
451:
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778:
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66:
2390:"The Cold War's Forgotten Victims: Avenging East Germans Killed in Bulgaria"
87:
19 August 1989 â 3 October 1990 (1 year, 1 month and 2 weeks)
7005:
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6885:
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1982:
1739:
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1419:
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757:
in the late 1980s was the prelude to widespread demonstrations against the
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482:
433:
401:
377:
342:
298:
174:
96:
2920:. Deutscher Bundestag. Wissenschaftliche Dienste. Retrieved 27 August 2019
2176:
DDR Museum. The magazine "Sputnik" as a paper based ambassador of the USSR
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3628:
3498:
3244:
Fall of the Berlin Wall: The guard who opened the gate â and made history
2021:
1809:
was a 19-year-old man, shot at the Bulgarian-Turkish border in July 1989.
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2480:(German â Border opening in 1989: There was no protest from Moscow), in
2106:
The Soviet Non-Invasion of Poland in 1980/81 and the End of the Cold War
2078:. Abingdon-on-Thames:Routledge on Google Books. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
1101:, in Bavaria. Large crowds gathered to cheer the trains as they passed.
507:(GDR or DDR)âthe peaceful revolution marks the end of the ruling by the
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3648:
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3563:
3493:
3265:
2523:
Ludwig Greven "Und dann ging das Tor auf", in Die Zeit, 19 August 2014.
2303:"Crossing the Borders of Friendship: Mobility across Communist Borders"
1672:
in a speech to the Volkskammer upon his election as General Secretary.
1669:
1497:
On 18 October 1989, the 77-year-old Erich Honecker was replaced as the
1261:
1142:
982:
978:
396:
337:
5463:
3307:
2791:
1275:
On 7 October, a candelight demonstration with 1,500 protesters around
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6540:
6449:
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5508:
4414:
4208:
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3749:
3359:
2001:
1759:
1612:
1529:
1130:
1118:
690:, which supported reunification, got the highest proportion of votes.
248:
178:
2493:
MiklĂłs NĂ©meth in Interview, Austrian TV â ORF "Report", 25 June 2019
2244:
Der BundesprÀsident. The 25th anniversary of the peaceful revolution
1683:
960:
672:. The Stasi headquarters in Berlin were occupied on 15 January 1990.
6684:
6525:
6422:
6297:
6116:
6020:
5160:
5018:
4472:
3764:
3739:
3696:
3530:
3513:
3437:
3230:
3176:"Clamor in Europe; Egon Krenz's 46 Days as East Berlin Party Chief"
2748:
China's pro-democracy protests struck hope and fear in East Germany
2130:
Gorbachev's vision for a 'common European home'- archive, July 1989
1478:
1114:
977:
and seeking asylum. On 27 June 1989 the Hungarian foreign minister
974:
945:
790:
686:, which was also a quasi-referendum on reunification, in which the
605:
5804:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
3262:
East-West relationships between minimum exchange and welcome money
2562:[Pan-European Picnic: With the picnic basket to freedom].
2465:
Deutschland einig Vaterland â Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung
2143:
Gorbachev, in Finland, Disavows Any Right of Regional Intervention
827:
In November 1988, the distribution of the Soviet monthly magazine
6630:
6515:
6505:
6454:
5995:
4740:
3691:
3155:
East Germany's Cabinet Resigns, Bowing to Protest and Mass Flight
3141:
2269:
99 Percent for the Communists: How the End of East Germany Began
1631:
After some initial confusion, with 20,000 people arriving at the
1518:
1295:
1265:
1041:
949:
842:
589:
1331:
A demonstration on 30 October 1989 in front of the town hall in
800:(economic restructuring), in July 1989, Gorbachev permitted the
6698:
6500:
6439:
5374:
3618:
2729:
2055:
1697:
1340:
1332:
1291:
1287:
1239:
Confrontation between security forces and demonstrators at the
1083:
986:
669:
7183:
7139:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
6645:
6428:
4507:
2946:
Kramsch, Claire (1993) â Foreign Language Study â 295 pages
2256:
WahlfÀlschung 1989 Die Angst der SED vor tausend Nein-Stimmen
1588:
1502:
1427:
1398:
676:
570:
293:
3080:
The Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police
2995:
The Stasi: The East German Intelligence and Security Service
2508:
PaneuropĂ€isches Picknick: Die Generalprobe fĂŒr den Mauerfall
1922:. European Parliament, 26 June 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2019
661:
3 December 1989 â The Socialist Unity Party's stepping down.
6723:
6605:
4497:
4441:
3131:
East German Government Resigns, Pro-Reform Marches Continue
2534:
DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln
699:
2897:
1469:
However, when Mielke sent the orders, codenamed "Shield" (
1200:, supported the crackdown by the Chinese authorities. The
7178:
7158:
7153:
3415:
Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
3394:
2095:
83 (December 2011), pp. 788â854. Retrieved 22 August 2019
1795:
The price paid varied but on average it was about 40,000
819:
642:
General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany
565:
From December 1989, the GDR government of Prime Minister
2301:
Mark Keck-Szajbel, Mark; Stola, Dariusz (11 March 2015)
1936:
How a pan-European picnic brought down the iron curtain
1406:. In Stasi documents, it was referred to as "Rosebush" (
744:
2338:
Blask, Falk; Bindig, Belinda; Gelhausen, Franck (2009)
2309:, Vol. 29, issue 1, pp. 92â95. Retrieved 24 August 2015
2284:
Bryant, Chris and Stefan Wagstyl, Stefan (9 May 2009)
1555:
and head of propaganda, were also removed from office.
1501:
by Egon Krenz. After the vote to oust Honecker passed,
1003:, who played a leading role in opening the Iron Curtain
500:
and other shifts to the Soviet Union's foreign policy.
2769:
How 'Gorbi' Spoiled East Germany's 40th Birthday Party
2370:
HĂ€ftlingsdeals mit der DDR Menschen gegen Maisladungen
1615:, 10 November 1989, as East Germans visit West Germany
727:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
526:, similar to destabilization of such regimes in other
213:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
2478:
Grenzöffnung 1989: âEs gab keinen Protest aus Moskauâ
1461:
each person to be arrested to the adequate supply of
651:, enabling East Germans to travel freely to the west.
2997:, p. 202. Berlin: Springer. Retrieved 28 August 2019
2544:
2542:
1920:
On this day: 27 June â the Iron Curtain was breached
1679:
1538:, who was responsible for managing the economy, and
1492:
1465:
and the rules of dress and etiquette in the camps...
1243:
protest in Schönhauser Allee, Berlin, 7 October 1989
3227:
Berlin Wall blunderer Guenter Schabowski dies at 86
2851:
We Are the People' A Peaceful Revolution in Leipzig
2504:
Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln
2428:The Hopes of East German Refugees (August 8, 1989)
2258:, 9 May 2019 in LR online. Retrieved 23 August 2019
1959:(in German). Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum
1517:during the Nazi years, he had been arrested by the
1227:and other guests of honour at the 40th East German
702:, on 1 July 1990, the day that the GDR adopted the
553:when it permitted the opening of the border at the
3030:. New York / Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 193.
1871:
1073:1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
2726:West German TV: the class enemy in the front room
2613:Hungary allows 7000 East Germans to emigrate West
2539:
2388:Sontheimer, Michael; Supp, Barbara (4 July 2008)
2307:East European Politics and Societies and Cultures
961:Opening of the Hungarian and Czechoslovak borders
783:Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980â1981
477:, "the turning point") â was one of the peaceful
7270:
7124:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
3203:
3201:
2117:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
749:A fundamental shift in Soviet policy toward the
740:integrated into the Federal Republic of Germany.
5561:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
4968:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
3453:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
3147:
2809:Security Forces Storm Protester in East Germany
985:symbolically cut the border fence just outside
4234:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
2937:, Volume 47, Issue 1, October 1994, pp. 42â101
2651:Historic East German refugee train rolls again
2476:MiklĂłs NĂ©meth in Interview with Peter Bognar,
2228:East Germany provides bleak ideological lesson
2166:. London: Frank Cass. Retrieved 22 August 2019
1874:Germany 1989: In the Aftermath of the Cold War
1499:General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party
781:â were harshly put down by Soviet troops. The
617:opening of Hungary's border fence with Austria
129:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
27:1989â1990 process disestablishing East Germany
4457:
3323:
3198:
3195:. London: Routledge. Retrieved 30 August 2019
2918:Die Montagsdemonstrationen in der DDR 1989/90
2892:Beitrag der Serie Denkmale in Erfurt aus der
2665:
2663:
2384:
2382:
865:
515:. This peaceful transition later enabled the
7200:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
4751:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
3193:A History of Modern Germany: 1871 to Present
2987:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2607:
2605:
1846:
1169:
461:
6061:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
3233:, 1 November 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2019
3182:, 4 December 1989. Retrieved 28 August 2019
2967:Vol. 24, No. 1 (February 1995), pp. 105â134
2867:
2865:
2863:
2823:
2821:
2205:
2203:
2201:
897:
492:These events were enabled by Soviet leader
7164:United States involvement in regime change
4719:1947â1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
4464:
4450:
3330:
3316:
2993:Childs, David; Popplewell, Richard (2016)
2660:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2379:
2246:, 9 October 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2019
2068:
2066:
2064:
1589:Fall of the Berlin Wall and border opening
1211:
1164:
1104:
836:
65:
3171:
3169:
2882:
2786:Gethsemanekirche: The Gentle Trouble Spot
2757:
2602:
2412:Hungary And The Reunification Of Germany
2286:Outrage at poll that breached Berlin Wall
2075:German Reunification: Unfinished Business
2004:, 4 December 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2019
1945:
1930:
1928:
1847:Engler, Mark; Engler, Paul (2023-12-03).
1635:by 11.30 p.m., chanting "Open the gate",
971:dismantling its border fence with Austria
675:13 January 1990 â The dissolution of the
3008:Aufstand auf dem Berliner Alexanderplatz
2950:, p 258. Oxford: Oxford University Press
2948:Context and Culture in Language Teaching
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2860:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2829:The beginning of the end of East Germany
2818:
2775:7 October 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2019
2446:Nelsson, Richard, et al. (12 June 2019)
2198:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1602:
1397:
1363:
1326:
1312:
1268:, at the anniversary of the founding of
1234:
1215:
1176:Tiananmen Square democracy demonstration
1108:
1059:
995:
693:
580:
5290:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
3858:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
3337:
2923:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2645:
2643:
2598:Interview with Walter Momper, 9.11.2019
2433:
2317:
2315:
2189:Explaining the GDR's Economic Strategy
2061:
1993:
1991:
902:
794:(openness) and emphasized the need for
712:WĂ€hrungs-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialunion
14:
7271:
7134:Russian espionage in the United States
5406:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
3541:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3478:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
3166:
3023:
2970:
2827:Schlegel, Matthias (28 October 2009)
2560:"Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit"
2278:
2013:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1174:East Germans could see news about the
1097:) carried a total of 12,000 people to
935:ransomed to the West German government
846:its total trade with Western nations.
820:East German reaction to Soviet reforms
738:five re-established East German states
511:(SED) in 1989 and the transition to a
7129:Soviet espionage in the United States
5285:Indonesian mass killings of 1965â1966
5064:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
4729:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
4445:
3888:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
3311:
2903:
2838:
2669:Schmemann, Serge (20 September 1989)
2611:Schmemann, Serge (11 September 1989)
2557:
2327:Bundeszentrale fĂŒr politische Bildung
2007:
1998:How ordinary people smashed the Stasi
1890:
1509:"got nasty," and accused Honecker of
1319:Monday demonstrations in East Germany
785:was already one of non-intervention.
745:Soviet policy toward the Eastern Bloc
631:Monday demonstrations in East Germany
472:
254:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
7205:Soviet UnionâUnited States relations
5556:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
3207:Schmemann. Serge (10 November 1989)
2735:
2640:
2401:
2353:East Germany's trade in human beings
2312:
1988:
721:31 August 1990 â The signing of the
7169:Soviet involvement in regime change
3153:Schmemann, Serge (8 November 1989)
3006:Leber, Sebastian (4 November 2014)
2888:RaĂloff, Steffen (27 October 2012)
2209:Protzman, Ferdinand (15 May 1989) (
1910:
1388:parliamentary elections on 18 March
481:at the peak of the collapse of the
24:
7210:Soviet UnionâUnited States summits
4684:1947 Polish parliamentary election
4569:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
3129:Starcevi, Nesha (8 November 1989)
2807:Schmemann, Serge (9 October 1989)
2329:website. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
2014:Vilasi, Antonella Colonna (2015).
25:
7350:
5971:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
5906:United States invasion of Grenada
5176:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
5117:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
3385:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
3370:Criticism of communist party rule
3268:website. Retrieved 31 August 2019
3242:Paterson, Tony (7 November 2014)
2637:website, Retrieved 25 August 2019
2558:Frank, Michael (19 August 2009).
2418:website. Retrieved 24 August 2019
2416:Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty
1853:The Commons Social Change Library
1633:Bornholmer StraĂe border crossing
1493:Ruling party starts to lose power
1117:, holding banners supporting the
684:1990 East German general election
208:1990 East German general election
6046:United States invasion of Panama
5896:1982 EthiopianâSomali Border War
5536:1971 Turkish military memorandum
5499:Communist insurgency in Thailand
5469:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
5401:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
5228:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
5156:IndonesiaâMalaysia confrontation
4674:Restatement of Policy on Germany
4431:Human rights in the Soviet Union
3390:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
2724:Schaum, Marlis (7 January 2009)
2671:Opposition forms in East Germany
2351:Haines, Gavin (6 November 2014)
2226:Bryer, Keith (11 November 2015)
2051:Illmer, Andreas (18 March 2010)
1876:. Pearson Longman. p. 183.
1724:
1710:
1696:
1682:
1196:, the official newspaper of the
1137:). It was founded by the artist
716:adopted the West German currency
668:across the country, starting in
533:
509:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
274:
233:
6766:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
6147:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
6076:Fall of the inner German border
5976:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
5626:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
5616:Spanish transition to democracy
5576:1972â1975 Bangladesh insurgency
5203:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
4709:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947â1948
4590:Occupation of the Baltic states
4339:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
4269:Fall of the inner German border
3285:
3271:
3255:
3236:
3220:
3185:
3123:
3098:
3085:
3072:
3051:
3017:
3000:
2953:
2940:
2849:Curry, Andrew (9 October 2009)
2801:
2778:
2718:
2708:Popular Protest in East Germany
2699:
2688:van der Vat, Dan (19 Sep 2010)
2682:
2624:
2587:
2578:
2551:
2526:
2517:
2496:
2487:
2470:
2457:
2421:
2362:
2345:
2332:
2321:Wehr, Laura (14 December 2016)
2295:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2220:
2181:
2169:
2154:
2141:Keller, Bill (26 October 1989)
2135:
2128:Nelsson, Richard (10 Jul 2019)
2122:
2119:(PDF). Retrieved 22 August 2019
2098:
2081:
2045:
1953:"Geschichte der Bundesrepublik"
1934:Walker, Shaun (18 August 2019)
1821:
1812:
1802:
1789:
1779:
1599:Fall of the inner German border
1371:in East Berlin, 4 November 1989
5546:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
5181:Mozambican War of Independence
4620:Indonesian National Revolution
4329:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
3468:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
2916:Sator, Klaus (2 October 2014)
2368:Iken, Katja (24 October 2011)
1971:
1865:
1840:
1283:were also brutally repressed.
1071:Hungary, which had signed the
666:occupations of Stasi buildings
13:
1:
7144:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
6159:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
6112:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
5834:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
5799:Seven Days to the River Rhine
5531:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
4818:March 1949 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
4746:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'Ă©tat
4349:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
3948:Inter-regional Deputies Group
3933:National League for Democracy
2871:Tomforde, Anna (19 Oct 1989)
2649:Wood, Tanya (2 October 2009)
2267:Hawley, Charles (7 May 2009)
2093:The Journal of Modern History
1977:Tomforde, Anna (19 Oct 1989)
1834:
1231:celebrations, 7 October 1989
1129:The largest of these was the
1020:and was brought up by him to
981:and his Austrian counterpart
788:Having initiated a policy of
245:Anti-government demonstrators
6137:Fall of communism in Albania
6107:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
6056:Polish Round Table Agreement
5396:1968 Polish political crisis
5213:Eritrean War of Independence
4979:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
4874:East German uprising of 1953
4806:Chinese Communist Revolution
4471:
4259:Alexanderplatz demonstration
4224:Polish Round Table Agreement
3898:People's Movement of Ukraine
2976:Feffer, John (29 July 2014)
2773:Spiegel Online International
2395:Spiegel Online International
2273:Spiegel Online International
2211:East Germany Losing Its Edge
2160:Alexander, Martin S. (1998)
1654:
1378:Alexanderplatz demonstration
1369:Alexanderplatz demonstration
1323:Alexanderplatz demonstration
664:4 December 1989 â Citizens'
7:
7329:Contemporary German history
7324:Cold War history of Germany
6011:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
5739:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
5484:Corrective Movement (Syria)
5448:New People's Army rebellion
5443:Sino-Soviet border conflict
5171:Angolan War of Independence
5034:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
4914:1954 Guatemalan coup d'Ă©tat
4559:Jamaican political conflict
4304:January Events in Lithuania
4239:Hungarian Round Table Talks
3878:Democratic Party of Albania
3144:. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
2873:East Germans oust Honecker
2292:. Retrieved 23 August 2019
2178:. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
1979:East Germans oust Honecker
1872:Lothar Kettenacker (2009).
1675:
1075:on 14 March 1989, refused.
1032:, which was then headed by
940:Most of those who tried to
812:, by Gorbachev's spokesman
600:Late 1980s â The period of
576:
503:In East Germanyâthe former
496:'s decision to abandon the
458:) â also, in German called
10:
7355:
6207:Sino-Indian border dispute
6036:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
5966:1987â1989 JVP insurrection
5724:1976 Argentine coup d'Ă©tat
5636:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
5586:1973 Uruguayan coup d'Ă©tat
5270:1964 Brazilian coup d'Ă©tat
5238:Cyprus crisis of 1963â1964
4927:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
4694:Asian Relations Conference
3958:Hungarian Democratic Forum
3953:Alliance of Free Democrats
3943:Union of Democratic Forces
3292:Die 50 Tage des Egon Krenz
3252:. Retrieved 31 August 2019
3217:. Retrieved 31 August 2019
3163:. Retrieved 29 August 2019
3120:Peterson (2002), page 209.
3014:. Retrieved 28 August 1990
2900:. Retrieved 27 August 2019
2835:. Retrieved 26 August 2019
2746:Fong, Diana (3 June 2009)
2732:. Retrieved 26 August 2019
2696:. Retrieved 25 August 2019
2679:. Retrieved 25 August 2019
2621:. Retrieved 24 August 2019
2454:. Retrieved 24 August 2019
2398:. Retrieved 24 August 2019
2275:. Retrieved 23 August 2019
2234:. Retrieved 22 August 2019
2193:International Organization
2151:. Retrieved 22 August 2019
2132:. Retrieved 22 August 2019
1942:. Retrieved 20 August 2019
1592:
1515:Communist Party of Germany
1456:According to Anna Funder:
1316:
1270:People's Republic of China
1159:Socialist Democratic Party
866:Electoral fraud in the GDR
505:German Democratic Republic
498:Soviet sphere of influence
29:
7243:
7192:
7114:
7091:William Appleman Williams
7036:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
6818:
6790:
6739:
6671:
6664:
6598:
6463:
6388:
6318:
6311:
6220:
6167:
6099:
5812:
5551:Bangladesh Liberation War
5541:1971 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
5456:
5428:1969 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
5416:1968 Peruvian coup d'Ă©tat
5079:
4854:Arab Cold War (1952â1979)
4831:
4541:
4479:
4423:
4357:
4319:1991 protests in Belgrade
4199:
4124:
4033:
3975:
3966:
3848:
3710:
3657:
3554:
3486:
3423:
3345:
3296:The 50 Days of Egon Krenz
3069:Koehler (1999), page 143.
3057:Koehler (1999), page 142.
2978:The Monday Demonstrations
2187:Baylis, Thomas A. (1986)
2072:Bromley, Joyce E. (2017)
2058:. Retrieved 8 August 1990
1985:. Retrieved 4 August 2019
1393:
1290:on 7, 8 and 9 October in
1170:Tiananmen Square protests
328:
323:
304:Volkspolizei-Bereitschaft
225:
220:
184:
158:
136:
103:
91:
83:
64:
44:
39:
7294:20th-century revolutions
5866:1980 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
5701:CambodianâVietnamese War
5671:1978 Somali coup attempt
5631:Second IraqiâKurdish War
5596:1973 Chilean coup d'Ă©tat
5421:Revolutionary Government
5315:South African Border War
5107:1960 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
5024:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
4879:1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat
4859:1952 Egyptian revolution
4309:January Events in Latvia
4299:Reunification of Germany
4284:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
4214:1987â1989 Tibetan unrest
3938:National Salvation Front
3923:Belarusian Popular Front
3913:Popular Front of Estonia
3682:Polish underground press
3443:List of socialist states
3024:Weinke, Annette (2018).
2984:Retrieved 27 August 2019
2929:Lohmann, Susanne (1994)
2879:Retrieved 27 August 2019
2857:Retrieved 20 August 2019
2815:Retrieved 27 August 2019
2754:Retrieved 26 August 2019
2715:Retrieved 25 August 2019
2657:Retrieved 25 August 2019
2376:. Retrieved 30 July 2019
2359:. Retrieved 30 July 2019
2217:Retrieved 22 August 2019
2020:. Bloomington, Indiana:
2017:The History of the Stasi
1772:
1745:Common knowledge (logic)
1562:, led by Prime Minister
1440:Nazi concentration camps
1202:German People's Congress
1088:FlĂŒchtlingszĂŒge aus Prag
898:Gaps in the Iron Curtain
698:Queue outside a bank in
629:From 4 September 1989 â
196:Reunification of Germany
59:Reunification of Germany
6071:Fall of the Berlin Wall
6016:People Power Revolution
6001:Central American crisis
5941:1986 Black Sea incident
5591:1973 Afghan coup d'Ă©tat
5489:Western Sahara conflict
5300:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
5223:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
5166:Portuguese Colonial War
5129:First IraqiâKurdish War
4894:1954 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
4771:Annexation of Hyderabad
4714:1947â1949 Palestine war
4385:Economic liberalization
4324:1991 Belarusian strikes
4264:Fall of the Berlin Wall
3918:Public Against Violence
3908:Popular Front of Latvia
3687:Political demonstration
3536:Chinese economic reform
3448:People Power Revolution
3191:Orlow, Dietrich (2016)
2342:Berlin: Ringbuch Verlag
2104:Mastny, Vojtech (1998)
1595:Fall of the Berlin Wall
1483:Hungarian secret police
1354:("We are one people").
1212:40th anniversary of GDR
1165:Decisive events of 1989
1105:Newly formed opposition
837:Economy of East Germany
649:fall of the Berlin Wall
332:Main dissident leaders:
203:East German Round Table
190:Fall of the Berlin Wall
55:fall of the Berlin Wall
7319:Nonviolent revolutions
6365:Neoclassical economics
5876:Gulf of Sidra incident
5433:1969 Libyan revolution
5124:IraqiâKurdish conflict
4909:1954 Geneva Conference
4669:Turkish straits crisis
4664:Corfu Channel incident
3519:New political thinking
2690:BĂ€rbel Bohley Obituary
1907:. Abingdon: Routledge.
1616:
1474:
1467:
1442:got their start after
1415:
1411:
1372:
1335:
1281:Palace of the Republic
1244:
1232:
1122:
1067:
1004:
965:The Hungarian leader,
706:
654:1 December 1989 â The
647:9 November 1989 â The
593:
462:
455:
7334:Rebellions in Germany
7215:RussiaâNATO relations
7096:Jonathan Reed Winkler
6380:Democratic capitalism
6375:Supply-side economics
6343:American conservatism
6142:Breakup of Yugoslavia
6031:Bougainville conflict
5946:South Yemen civil war
5881:Martial law in Poland
5744:Nicaraguan Revolution
5719:Dirty War (Argentina)
5526:1971 JVP insurrection
5340:Years of Lead (Italy)
5218:North Yemen civil war
5136:Berlin Crisis of 1961
5112:AlbanianâSoviet split
5044:1959 Tibetan uprising
5009:Syrian Crisis of 1957
4864:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
4724:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
4390:Post-Soviet conflicts
4344:Tajikistani Civil War
4294:Revolution on Granite
4254:Monday Demonstrations
3780:SanjaasĂŒrengiin Zorig
3614:Mengistu Haile Mariam
3380:Eastern Bloc politics
3279:"Der Spiegel 42/1989"
2087:Kramer, Mark (2011) (
1903:Childs, David (2014)
1755:Pluralistic ignorance
1606:
1521:and had named names.
1458:
1447:came to power in 1933
1401:
1367:
1330:
1313:Weekly demonstrations
1238:
1219:
1112:
1063:
999:
767:Czechoslovakia (1953)
759:Socialist Unity Party
729:on 12 September 1990.
697:
622:19 August 1989 â The
584:
470:German pronunciation:
456:Friedliche Revolution
289:Socialist Unity Party
32:Nonviolent revolution
7314:German reunification
7284:1990 in East Germany
7279:1989 in East Germany
6636:Non-Aligned Movement
6258:Peaceful coexistence
6212:North Borneo dispute
6127:German reunification
6122:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
5820:Salvadoran Civil War
5769:Grand Mosque seizure
5764:Yemenite War of 1979
5656:Mozambican Civil War
5611:Carnation Revolution
5566:Yemenite War of 1972
5504:1970 Polish protests
5335:1967 Hong Kong riots
5310:Argentine Revolution
5260:Guatemalan Civil War
5188:Cuban Missile Crisis
5102:Bay of Pigs Invasion
4974:1956 PoznaĆ protests
4952:Geneva Summit (1955)
4554:Hukbalahap Rebellion
4533:Non-Aligned Movement
3800:Vytautas Landsbergis
3795:Viacheslav Chornovil
3624:Denis Sassou Nguesso
2959:Torpey, John (1995)
2894:ThĂŒringer Allgemeine
2705:Dale, Gareth (2006)
1766:Tear down this wall!
1568:Politburo of the SED
1560:Council of Ministers
1511:political corruption
1151:Democratic Awakening
903:Enemies of the state
779:Prague Spring (1968)
734:German reunification
704:West German currency
688:Alliance for Germany
682:18 March 1990 - The
596:Significant events:
586:Monday demonstration
517:German reunification
513:parliamentary system
264:Democratic Beginning
152:German reunification
115:Political repression
7309:Peaceful Revolution
7304:Protests in Germany
7289:Revolutions of 1989
7081:Alex von Tunzelmann
7071:Vladimir TismÄneanu
6996:Thomas J. McCormick
6991:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
6891:Robert Hugh Ferrell
6754:Crusade for Freedom
6551:Illiberal democracy
6435:Ho Chi Minh Thought
6238:Eisenhower Doctrine
6091:Peaceful Revolution
6086:Romanian Revolution
6066:Revolutions of 1989
6051:1988 Polish strikes
5961:Operation INFEKTION
5956:1987 Lieyu massacre
5861:Eritrean Civil Wars
5844:Peruvian Revolution
5794:1979 Herat uprising
5784:Sino-Vietnamese War
5749:UgandaâTanzania War
5729:EgyptianâLibyan War
5696:Third Indochina War
5691:Sino-Albanian split
5681:Ethiopian Civil War
5581:Eritrean Civil Wars
5521:Ping-pong diplomacy
5494:Cambodian Civil War
5320:Korean DMZ Conflict
5305:Cultural Revolution
5275:Dominican Civil War
5253:Tlatelolco massacre
5039:1959 Mosul uprising
5029:1958 Lebanon crisis
4756:Al-Wathbah uprising
4679:First Indochina War
4649:Iran crisis of 1946
4244:Pan-European Picnic
4219:1988 Polish strikes
3599:Wojciech Jaruzelski
3339:Revolutions of 1989
3298:) broadcast by the
2796:Haus der Geschichte
2564:SĂŒddeutsche Zeitung
1905:The Fall of the GDR
1718:East Germany portal
1626:inner German border
1611:border crossing in
1418:On 8 October 1989,
1352:"Wir sind ein Volk"
1348:"Wir sind das Volk"
1009:Pan-European Picnic
917:Inner German border
763:East Germany (1953)
624:Pan-European Picnic
615:27 June 1989 â The
479:revolutions of 1989
474:[diËËvÉndÉ]
448:Peaceful Revolution
51:Revolutions of 1989
40:Peaceful Revolution
7235:Russian Revolution
7031:Mary Elise Sarotte
7016:William B. Pickett
6941:Patrick J. Hearden
6921:Gabriel Gorodetsky
6916:Timothy Garton Ash
6901:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
6496:Ethnic nationalism
6248:Hallstein Doctrine
6132:Yemeni unification
5921:1985 Geneva Summit
5886:Casamance conflict
5789:New Jewel Movement
5774:Iranian Revolution
5759:ChadianâLibyan War
5706:Cambodian conflict
5686:Lebanese Civil War
5676:Western Sahara War
5651:June 1976 protests
5646:Cambodian genocide
5411:17 July Revolution
5365:Nigerian Civil War
5280:Rhodesian Bush War
5265:Colombian conflict
5208:Ramadan Revolution
4947:Bandung Conference
4823:Operation Valuable
4704:Partition of India
3604:Slobodan MiloĆĄeviÄ
3473:Vatican Opposition
3136:2019-08-30 at the
2965:Theory and Society
2410:(7 December 2009)
2111:2017-07-06 at the
1617:
1485:agents during the
1432:state of emergency
1416:
1373:
1336:
1304:The Internationale
1245:
1233:
1123:
1068:
1005:
736:achieved with the
710:1 July 1990 â The
707:
636:18 October 1989 â
594:
163:Civil disobedience
78:, 10 November 1989
7266:
7265:
7253:List of conflicts
7101:Rudolph Winnacker
7046:Giles Scott-Smith
7021:Ronald E. Powaski
6976:Melvyn P. Leffler
6906:John Lewis Gaddis
6881:Robert D. English
6846:Warren H. Carroll
6836:Michael Beschloss
6805:Nuclear arms race
6786:
6785:
6692:Neues Deutschland
6594:
6593:
6576:White nationalism
6546:Liberal democracy
6283:Ulbricht Doctrine
6273:Brezhnev Doctrine
6081:Velvet Revolution
5825:SovietâAfghan War
5641:Angolan Civil War
5438:Goulash Communism
5295:ASEAN Declaration
5248:Mexican Dirty War
5146:Annexation of Goa
5097:1960 U-2 incident
5071:Sino-Soviet split
5049:Laotian Civil War
4889:Bricker Amendment
4869:Mau Mau rebellion
4813:Malayan Emergency
4801:Chinese Civil War
4761:TitoâStalin split
4615:Division of Korea
4439:
4438:
4365:Colour revolution
4195:
4194:
4162:Congo-Brazzaville
3883:Democratic Russia
3840:Pope John Paul II
3835:George H. W. Bush
3785:Vladimir Bukovsky
3574:Mikhail Gorbachev
3569:Nicolae CeauÈescu
3355:Era of Stagnation
3037:978-1-7892-0105-5
1622:GĂŒnter Schabowski
1579:Central Committee
1552:Neues Deutschland
1277:Gethsemane Church
1247:Celebrations for
1241:Gethsemane Church
1225:Mikhail Gorbachev
1193:Neues Deutschland
1181:Christian Fuehrer
1121:, 23 October 1989
1113:Demonstrators in
1038:Mikhail Gorbachev
1034:Karl von Habsburg
1030:Paneuropean Union
1018:Otto von Habsburg
1001:Otto von Habsburg
814:Gennadi Gerasimov
755:Mikhail Gorbachev
732:3 October 1990 â
592:, 16 October 1989
494:Mikhail Gorbachev
444:
443:
424:GĂŒnter Schabowski
319:
318:
199:(3 October 1990)
193:(9 November 1989)
72:Berlin wall falls
16:(Redirected from
7346:
7299:1990 in politics
7011:David S. Painter
6936:John Earl Haynes
6866:Nicholas J. Cull
6851:Adrian Cioroianu
6831:Thomas A. Bailey
6778:Voice of America
6669:
6668:
6581:White separatism
6561:Social democracy
6556:Guided democracy
6536:Authoritarianism
6486:Ultranationalism
6476:Anti-imperialism
6403:MarxismâLeninism
6316:
6315:
6303:Kinmen Agreement
6268:Johnson Doctrine
6253:Kennedy Doctrine
6169:Frozen conflicts
6152:1991 August Coup
6041:Afghan Civil War
5936:ReykjavĂk Summit
5931:Somali Rebellion
5871:Ugandan Bush War
5849:GdaĆsk Agreement
5370:Protests of 1968
5350:War of Attrition
5059:Cuban Revolution
4995:We will bury you
4962:Cyprus Emergency
4942:Kashmir Princess
4932:Jebel Akhdar War
4781:Western betrayal
4466:
4459:
4452:
4443:
4442:
4314:Transnistria War
3973:
3972:
3815:Aung San Suu Kyi
3730:Alexander DubÄek
3667:Civil resistance
3524:Sinatra Doctrine
3504:Demokratizatsiya
3405:Shortage economy
3332:
3325:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3269:
3259:
3253:
3240:
3234:
3224:
3218:
3205:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3173:
3164:
3151:
3145:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3082:, pages 142â143.
3078:Koehler (1999),
3076:
3070:
3067:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3021:
3015:
3012:Der Tagesspiegel
3004:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2974:
2968:
2957:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2901:
2898:www.efurt-web.de
2886:
2880:
2869:
2858:
2847:
2836:
2833:Der Tagesspiegel
2825:
2816:
2805:
2799:
2782:
2776:
2766:
2755:
2744:
2733:
2722:
2716:
2703:
2697:
2686:
2680:
2667:
2658:
2647:
2638:
2628:
2622:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2537:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2474:
2468:
2463:Andreas Rödder:
2461:
2455:
2444:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2408:Jeszenszky, GĂ©za
2405:
2399:
2386:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2319:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2282:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2224:
2218:
2207:
2196:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2139:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2102:
2096:
2085:
2079:
2070:
2059:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2011:
2005:
1995:
1986:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1908:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1844:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1750:Mutual knowledge
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1549:, editor of the
1548:
1258:Unter den Linden
1096:
1052:dictated to the
942:escape illegally
929:
810:Sinatra Doctrine
723:Einigungsvertrag
604:liberalisation (
476:
471:
465:
363:Wolfgang Templin
279:
278:
277:
238:
237:
236:
227:
226:
167:Civil resistance
119:Economic failure
110:Authoritarianism
76:Brandenburg Gate
69:
37:
36:
21:
7354:
7353:
7349:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7339:Democratization
7269:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7239:
7230:Second Cold War
7188:
7116:
7110:
7086:Odd Arne Westad
7076:Patrick Vaughan
7061:Athan Theoharis
7041:Ellen Schrecker
7026:Yakov M. Rabkin
7001:Timothy Naftali
6946:Tvrtko Jakovina
6931:Jussi HanhimÀki
6814:
6792:
6782:
6760:Paix et Liberté
6735:
6679:Active measures
6660:
6590:
6571:White supremacy
6531:Totalitarianism
6459:
6384:
6307:
6293:Reagan Doctrine
6288:Carter Doctrine
6228:Truman Doctrine
6216:
6163:
6095:
5990:Soviet reaction
5901:Ndogboyosoi War
5808:
5779:Saur Revolution
5606:1973 oil crisis
5571:Munich massacre
5479:Alcora Exercise
5474:Black September
5452:
5198:Sino-Indian War
5092:Simba rebellion
5075:
4919:Capture of the
4827:
4766:Berlin Blockade
4699:May 1947 crises
4689:Truman Doctrine
4654:Greek Civil War
4643:Blacklist Forty
4610:Gouzenko Affair
4597:Cursed soldiers
4549:Morgenthau Plan
4537:
4475:
4470:
4440:
4435:
4419:
4380:Democratization
4370:Decommunization
4353:
4289:Helsinki Summit
4229:April 9 tragedy
4201:
4191:
4120:
4029:
3977:
3968:
3962:
3850:
3844:
3712:
3706:
3659:
3653:
3609:Mathieu Kérékou
3556:
3550:
3482:
3458:Reagan Doctrine
3433:Active measures
3425:
3419:
3410:Totalitarianism
3347:
3341:
3336:
3306:
3290:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3260:
3256:
3249:The Independent
3241:
3237:
3225:
3221:
3206:
3199:
3190:
3186:
3174:
3167:
3152:
3148:
3138:Wayback Machine
3128:
3124:
3119:
3112:
3104:Funder (2003),
3103:
3099:
3091:Funder (2003),
3090:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3042:
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3022:
3018:
3005:
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2887:
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2806:
2802:
2783:
2779:
2767:
2758:
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2736:
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2694:Guardian Online
2687:
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2452:Guardian Online
2445:
2434:
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2422:
2406:
2402:
2387:
2380:
2367:
2363:
2357:BBC News Online
2350:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2320:
2313:
2300:
2296:
2290:Financial Times
2283:
2279:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2232:Business Report
2225:
2221:
2208:
2199:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2159:
2155:
2140:
2136:
2127:
2123:
2113:Wayback Machine
2103:
2099:
2086:
2082:
2071:
2062:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2012:
2008:
1996:
1989:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1940:Guardian Online
1933:
1926:
1918:
1911:
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1711:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1657:
1601:
1593:Main articles:
1591:
1583:Manfred Gerlach
1542:
1540:Joachim Hermann
1495:
1487:1956 Revolution
1396:
1325:
1317:Main articles:
1315:
1214:
1172:
1167:
1107:
1090:
963:
923:
905:
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868:
839:
822:
747:
579:
536:
524:one-party state
469:
440:
439:
438:
411:
383:
382:
315:
275:
273:
268:
234:
232:
148:Economic reform
143:Democratization
99:
79:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7352:
7342:
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7336:
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7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
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7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7056:Timothy Snyder
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6986:Vojtech Mastny
6983:
6981:Geir Lundestad
6978:
6973:
6971:Walter Laqueur
6968:
6966:Walter LaFeber
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
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6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6896:André Fontaine
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
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6826:Gar Alperovitz
6822:
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6807:
6802:
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6602:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6566:Third-Worldism
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
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6405:
6400:
6394:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6355:Libertarianism
6352:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6335:
6333:Chicago school
6330:
6324:
6322:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6278:Nixon Doctrine
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6224:
6222:
6221:Foreign policy
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6173:
6171:
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6097:
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6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6006:Operation RYAN
6003:
5998:
5993:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5911:Able Archer 83
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5661:Oromo conflict
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5601:Yom Kippur War
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
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5425:
5424:
5423:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5384:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5233:Aden Emergency
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5151:Papua conflict
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5056:
5054:Kitchen Debate
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5014:Sputnik crisis
5011:
5006:
4998:
4991:
4986:
4984:Polish October
4981:
4976:
4971:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4884:Pact of Madrid
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4839:Bamboo Curtain
4835:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4579:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4488:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:Post-communism
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3995:Czechoslovakia
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3978:Eastern Europe
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3825:Isaias Afwerki
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3805:Zianon Pazniak
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:Erich Honecker
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3365:Anti-communism
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3312:
3305:
3304:
3284:
3270:
3254:
3235:
3219:
3214:New York Times
3197:
3184:
3180:New York Times
3165:
3160:New York Times
3146:
3122:
3110:
3108:, pages 63â64.
3097:
3084:
3071:
3059:
3050:
3036:
3016:
2999:
2986:
2969:
2952:
2939:
2935:World Politics
2922:
2902:
2881:
2859:
2855:Spiegel Online
2837:
2817:
2813:New York Times
2800:
2792:Sites of Unity
2777:
2756:
2734:
2717:
2698:
2681:
2676:New York Times
2659:
2639:
2623:
2618:New York Times
2601:
2586:
2577:
2550:
2538:
2532:Thomas Roser:
2525:
2516:
2514:9 August 2014.
2495:
2486:
2484:18 August 2014
2469:
2456:
2432:
2420:
2400:
2378:
2374:Spiegel Online
2361:
2344:
2331:
2311:
2294:
2277:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2219:
2215:New York Times
2197:
2180:
2168:
2153:
2148:New York Times
2134:
2121:
2097:
2080:
2060:
2044:
2030:
2006:
1987:
1970:
1944:
1924:
1909:
1889:
1882:
1864:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1801:
1797:Deutsche Marks
1788:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1732:Germany portal
1721:
1707:
1693:
1677:
1674:
1656:
1653:
1648:Deutsche Marks
1644:BegrĂŒĂungsgeld
1590:
1587:
1494:
1491:
1424:Erich Honecker
1395:
1392:
1314:
1311:
1221:Erich Honecker
1213:
1210:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1106:
1103:
1065:Erich Honecker
1050:Erich Honecker
962:
959:
954:Czechoslovakia
921:Ausreiseantrag
904:
901:
899:
896:
892:Alexanderplatz
880:Ausreiseantrag
872:National Front
867:
864:
852:Erich Honecker
838:
835:
821:
818:
775:Hungary (1956)
753:nations under
746:
743:
742:
741:
730:
719:
692:
691:
680:
673:
662:
659:
652:
645:
638:Erich Honecker
634:
627:
620:
613:
608:) and reform (
578:
575:
535:
532:
442:
441:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
415:
410:
409:
404:
399:
394:
392:Erich Honecker
388:
384:
381:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
358:Martin Böttger
355:
350:
345:
340:
334:
330:
329:
326:
325:
321:
320:
317:
316:
314:
313:
308:
307:
306:
296:
291:
271:
269:
267:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
230:
223:
222:
218:
217:
216:
215:
210:
205:
186:
182:
181:
160:
156:
155:
154:
153:
150:
145:
138:
134:
133:
132:
131:
126:
123:Anti-Communist
120:
117:
112:
105:
101:
100:
95:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
70:
62:
61:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7351:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7242:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7220:War on terror
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7191:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7115:Espionage and
7113:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7066:Andrew Thorpe
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6961:Gabriel Kolko
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6926:Fred Halliday
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6911:Lloyd Gardner
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6871:Norman Davies
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6856:John Costello
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6791:Technological
6789:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6672:Pro-communist
6670:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6599:Organizations
6597:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6413:Eurocommunism
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6310:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6243:Domino theory
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6197:South Ossetia
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5981:8888 Uprising
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5926:IranâIraq War
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5891:Falklands War
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5754:NDF Rebellion
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5734:German Autumn
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5621:Metapolitefsi
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5385:
5383:
5382:Prague Spring
5380:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5360:Al-Wadiah War
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5325:12-3 incident
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4904:Domino theory
4902:
4900:
4899:Petrov Affair
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4776:Madiun Affair
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:Marshall Plan
4734:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4485:United States
4482:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:Yugoslav Wars
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4400:Neo-Stalinism
4398:
4396:
4395:Neo-Sovietism
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4279:Black January
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4198:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Ronald Reagan
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:Zhelyu Zhelev
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:Boris Yeltsin
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Joachim Gauck
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3702:Strike action
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:Todor Zhivkov
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:Deng Xiaoping
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3463:Soviet Empire
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:International
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3280:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3117:
3115:
3107:
3101:
3094:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3066:
3064:
3054:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2996:
2990:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2919:
2913:
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19:
7225:Brinkmanship
7117:intelligence
7006:Marius Oprea
6956:Harvey Klehr
6886:Herbert Feis
6876:Willem Drees
6841:Archie Brown
6758:
6746:
6728:
6718:Trybuna Ludu
6716:
6709:
6705:Radio Moscow
6697:
6690:
6683:
6511:Anti-Zionism
6427:
6350:Keynesianism
6338:Conservatism
6202:Transnistria
6182:China-Taiwan
6090:
5839:Gera Demands
5712:
5513:
5388:
5193:El Porteñazo
5087:Congo Crisis
5002:
4937:Algerian War
4920:
4796:Western Bloc
4791:Eastern Bloc
4786:Iron Curtain
4642:
4634:
4626:
4603:
4583:
4575:
4492:Soviet Union
4490:
4483:
4358:Later events
4274:Malta Summit
4106:Turkmenistan
4034:Soviet Union
4020:Soviet Union
4000:East Germany
3999:
3820:Meles Zenawi
3775:Sali Berisha
3725:VĂĄclav Havel
3672:Human chains
3579:KĂĄroly GrĂłsz
3509:Khozraschyot
3400:Nomenklatura
3375:Eastern Bloc
3299:
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3187:
3179:
3158:
3149:
3125:
3105:
3100:
3092:
3087:
3079:
3074:
3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3026:
3019:
3002:
2989:
2981:
2972:
2964:
2955:
2942:
2934:
2925:
2884:
2877:The Guardian
2876:
2854:
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2803:
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2780:
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2720:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2684:
2674:
2654:
2634:
2626:
2616:
2589:
2580:
2568:. Retrieved
2563:
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2528:
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2511:
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2156:
2146:
2137:
2124:
2100:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2016:
2009:
2002:The Local.de
1983:The Guardian
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1956:
1947:
1904:
1873:
1867:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:
1842:
1823:
1814:
1804:
1791:
1781:
1740:Civil unrest
1704:1990s portal
1690:1980s portal
1663:
1659:
1658:
1641:
1637:Harald JĂ€ger
1630:
1618:
1576:
1557:
1550:
1534:
1523:
1507:Erich Mielke
1496:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1426:ordered the
1420:Erich Mielke
1417:
1403:
1385:
1382:
1374:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1308:
1301:
1285:
1274:
1254:
1249:Republic Day
1246:
1229:Republic Day
1206:
1191:
1189:
1187:in Leipzig.
1173:
1147:Jutta Seidel
1134:
1128:
1124:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1054:Daily Mirror
1053:
1026:Imre Pozsgay
1014:Iron Curtain
1012:a GDR or an
1006:
991:
964:
939:
932:
909:Iron Curtain
906:
888:
884:
879:
869:
860:
856:
848:
840:
828:
826:
823:
806:
795:
789:
787:
751:Eastern Bloc
748:
722:
718:on this day.
711:
595:
564:
551:Eastern Bloc
548:
537:
528:Eastern Bloc
521:
502:
491:
483:Eastern Bloc
460:
459:
447:
445:
434:Christa Luft
412:
402:Erich Mielke
385:
378:Christa Wolf
343:Ulrike Poppe
331:
324:Lead figures
299:Volkspolizei
280:
272:
239:
231:
194:
188:
175:Negotiations
97:East Germany
49:Part of the
45:
7051:Shen Zhihua
6861:Michael Cox
6793:competition
6740:Pro-Western
6730:Soviet Life
6656:Safari Club
6626:Warsaw Pact
6481:Nationalism
6471:Imperialism
6370:Reaganomics
6233:Containment
6026:Perestroika
5515:Realpolitik
5345:Six-Day War
5330:Greek junta
5141:Berlin Wall
4989:Suez Crisis
4957:Vietnam War
4844:McCarthyism
4659:Baruch Plan
4604:Unthinkable
4564:Dekemvriana
4503:Warsaw Pact
4334:August Coup
4187:South Yemen
4132:Afghanistan
3976:Central and
3969:by location
3873:Civic Forum
3760:Feng Congde
3735:Ion Iliescu
3720:Lech WaĆÄsa
3677:Magnitizdat
3639:Zhao Ziyang
3629:Heng Samrin
3589:MiloĆĄ JakeĆĄ
3499:Perestroika
2566:(in German)
2037:2 September
2022:AuthorHouse
1665:Der Spiegel
1572:Hans Modrow
1564:Willi Stoph
1543: [
1463:barbed wire
1438:of how the
1436:carbon copy
1155:United Left
1141:along with
1135:Neues Forum
1091: [
967:JĂĄnos KĂĄdĂĄr
924: [
913:Berlin Wall
894:in Berlin.
876:Volkskammer
802:Warsaw Pact
797:perestroika
656:Volkskammer
640:removed as
610:Perestroika
602:Soviet bloc
567:Hans Modrow
560:Helmut Kohl
555:Berlin Wall
543:West German
539:Technocracy
530:countries.
429:Gregor Gysi
419:Hans Modrow
407:Willi Stoph
386:Hardliners:
373:Ulrich MĂŒhe
348:Stefan Heym
185:Resulted in
18:Wende (GDR)
7273:Categories
6819:Historians
6810:Space Race
6711:Rudé pråvo
6665:Propaganda
6521:Neo-Nazism
6491:Chauvinism
6445:Trotskyism
6360:Monetarism
6328:Liberalism
6320:Capitalism
6312:Ideologies
6263:Ostpolitik
5986:Solidarity
5951:Toyota War
5854:Solidarity
5711:Operation
5666:Ogaden War
5355:Dhofar War
5243:Shifta War
5001:Operation
4849:Korean War
4641:Operation
4633:Operation
4625:Operation
4602:Operation
4582:Operation
4574:Operation
4375:Lustration
4249:Baltic Way
4200:Individual
4177:Mozambique
4116:Uzbekistan
4101:Tajikistan
4086:Kyrgyzstan
4081:Kazakhstan
4046:Azerbaijan
4025:Yugoslavia
3903:Solidarity
3863:Charter 77
3849:Opposition
3745:Wu'erkaixi
3711:Opposition
3658:Opposition
3649:Siad Barre
3594:Egon Krenz
3564:Ramiz Alia
3555:Government
3494:Uskoreniye
3426:background
3348:background
3266:DDR Museum
3095:, page 62.
2482:Die Presse
1957:www.hdg.de
1858:2024-09-14
1835:References
1670:Egon Krenz
1412:Rosenstock
1262:Egon Krenz
1157:, and the
1143:Jens Reich
983:Alois Mock
979:Gyula Horn
413:Moderates:
397:Egon Krenz
338:Jens Reich
282:Government
240:Opposition
125:discontent
7106:Ken Young
6951:Tony Judt
6800:Arms race
6773:Red Scare
6641:NN States
6586:Apartheid
6541:Autocracy
6450:Stalinism
6418:Guevarism
6408:Castroism
6398:Communism
6390:Socialism
5916:Star Wars
5509:Koza riot
4635:Beleaguer
4627:Masterdom
4415:Pink tide
4209:Jeltoqsan
4125:Elsewhere
4076:Lithuania
3928:Rastokhez
3868:New Forum
3851:movements
3750:Chai Ling
3360:Communism
3106:Stasiland
3093:Stasiland
3043:31 August
2713:Routledge
2711:page 148
1760:Stag hunt
1660:Die Wende
1655:Die Wende
1613:Thuringia
1607:Queue at
1530:New Forum
1526:Politburo
1479:lynchings
1131:New Forum
1119:New Forum
1046:Frankfurt
463:Die Wende
249:New Forum
179:Elections
104:Caused by
46:Die Wende
7258:Timeline
7248:Category
7193:See also
6685:Izvestia
6526:Islamism
6423:Hoxhaism
6298:Rollback
6177:Abkhazia
6117:Gulf War
6021:Glasnost
5391:incident
5161:Sand War
5019:Ifni War
4528:Rio Pact
4473:Cold War
4172:Mongolia
4167:Ethiopia
4152:Cambodia
4056:Chechnya
3990:Bulgaria
3765:Tank Man
3755:Wang Dan
3740:Liu Gang
3697:Samizdat
3692:Protests
3531:Glasnost
3514:500 Days
3438:Cold War
3346:Internal
3231:BBC News
3134:Archived
2982:HuffPost
2798:), 2022.
2109:Archived
1676:See also
1133:(German:
1115:Schwerin
975:Budapest
946:Bulgaria
915:and the
791:glasnost
777:and the
606:Glasnost
577:Timeline
92:Location
57:and the
6748:Amerika
6631:Comecon
6516:Fascism
6506:Zionism
6455:Titoism
5996:Contras
5464:DĂ©tente
4741:Comecon
4424:Related
4182:Somalia
4111:Ukraine
4091:Moldova
4066:Georgia
4061:Estonia
4051:Belarus
4041:Armenia
4015:Romania
4005:Hungary
3985:Albania
3893:SÄ
jƫdis
3713:leaders
3660:methods
3557:leaders
3546:Äá»i Má»i
3487:Reforms
3142:AP News
1963:29 June
1519:Gestapo
1296:Dresden
1266:Beijing
1264:was in
1183:of the
1044:, near
1042:Giessen
950:Hungary
830:Sputnik
590:Leipzig
221:Parties
159:Methods
6699:Pravda
6501:Racism
6440:Maoism
6192:Kosovo
5713:Condor
5389:Pueblo
5375:May 68
5003:Gladio
4921:Tuapse
4584:Jungle
4576:Priboi
4202:events
4137:Angola
4096:Russia
4071:Latvia
4010:Poland
3967:Events
3619:Ne Win
3034:
2730:DW.com
2570:4 June
2512:Profil
2056:DW.com
2028:
1880:
1609:Wartha
1505:chief
1475:Schild
1471:German
1444:Hitler
1408:German
1404:Plan X
1394:Plan X
1341:Erfurt
1333:Plauen
1292:Plauen
1288:Saxony
1084:Prague
987:Sopron
670:Erfurt
452:German
53:, the
7184:Stasi
6651:SAARC
6646:ASEAN
6611:SEATO
6464:Other
6429:Juche
6187:Korea
6100:1990s
5813:1980s
5457:1970s
5080:1960s
4832:1950s
4542:1940s
4523:NEATO
4518:SEATO
4508:ANZUS
4157:China
4147:Burma
4142:Benin
2635:UNHCR
2145:. in
2091:. In
1773:Notes
1547:]
1503:Stasi
1428:Stasi
1095:]
928:]
677:Stasi
571:Stasi
311:Grepo
294:Stasi
137:Goals
6724:TASS
6616:METO
6606:NATO
5832:and
5830:1980
5387:USS
4513:METO
4498:NATO
3302:2016
3045:2019
3032:ISBN
2790:In:
2572:2024
2039:2019
2026:ISBN
1965:2018
1878:ISBN
1597:and
1422:and
1321:and
1190:The
1145:and
1007:The
952:and
843:CMEA
700:Gera
489:.
446:The
84:Date
7179:KGB
7174:MVD
7159:MI6
7154:MI5
7149:CIA
6621:EEC
3395:KGB
3300:ZDF
3264:on
3246:in
3229:on
3211:in
3178:in
3157:in
3140:in
3010:in
2980:in
2963:in
2933:in
2896:on
2875:in
2853:in
2831:in
2811:in
2771:on
2750:on
2728:on
2692:in
2673:in
2653:on
2615:in
2450:in
2392:in
2372:in
2355:on
2325:on
2305:in
2288:in
2271:in
2230:in
2213:in
2191:in
2054:on
2000:in
1981:in
1938:on
1481:of
1449:."
1198:SED
1099:Hof
588:in
7275::
3200:^
3168:^
3113:^
3062:^
2905:^
2862:^
2840:^
2820:^
2759:^
2752:DW
2737:^
2662:^
2655:DW
2642:^
2604:^
2541:^
2435:^
2414:.
2381:^
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