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415:. A more recent estimate concluded that the number was around 3,500 people, mainly Estonian and Estonian Jews as well as some Soviet POWs and Jews from Poland and Czechoslovakia. According to an official Soviet account: "the main culprit, Ervin Viks, fled the ire of the people and now lives in Australia, whereas Linnas found shelter in the USA". The Soviet authorities requested the extradition of both men, but against the background of the
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fire, on other hand, during later investigation some guards of camp denied participation of police and said that execution was done by camp personnel. On the first day a total of 900 people were murdered in this way. Gerrets told that he had fired a pistol at a victim who was still making noises in
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Jaan Viik, (Jan Vijk, Ian Viik), a guard at the Jägala concentration camp was singled out for prosecution out of the hundreds of
Estonian camp guards and police for his particular brutality. He was accused of throwing small children into the air and shooting them. He did not deny the charge. Viik
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In 1987, Linnas was deported to the USSR, after a US federal appeals court had deemed evidence against him "overwhelming and largely uncontroverted." The
American judge remarked that his crimes "were such as to offend the decency of any civilized society." Linnas died in a Soviet prison hospital,
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where they were monstrously executed in a special pit. In mid-September the second troop train with 1,500 prisoners arrived to the railway station from
Germany. Mere, Laak, and Gerrets selected another thousand victims that were condemned by them to extermination. This group of prisoners, which
364:
were instructed to exterminate the Jews and
Gypsies. For that end in August–September 1941 Mere and his collaborators set up a death camp at Jägala, 30 km from Tallinn. Mere put Aleksander Laak in charge of the camp; Ralf Gerrets was appointed his deputy. On 5 September 1942 a train with
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included nursing women and their new-born babies, were transported to Kalevi-Liiva where they were killed. In March 1943 the personnel of the Kalevi-Liiva camp executed about fifty
Gypsies, half of which were under 5 years of age. Also were executed 60 Gypsy children of school age...
452:, continued to reject extradition requests for Viks, saying that since the USSR and Australia did not have an extradition treaty and Viks had passed immigration screening processes, any such extradition would undermine Australian sovereignty. Viks died in Australia in 1983.
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In 1942, transports of Jews from other countries arrived, and their murder and incarceration in slave labour camps was organised and supervised by German and
Estonian officials (including Mere and the German head of A-IV). The final acts of liquidating the camps, such as
189:. Before the trial he was an active member of the Estonian community in England, contributing to Estonian-language publications. At the time of the trial he was however held in captivity, accused of murder. He was never deported and died a free man in England in 1969.
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however, the only ones chosen for labor and to survive the war were a small group of young women who were taken through concentration camps in
Estonia, Poland and Germany to Bergen- Belsen, where they were liberated. Camp commandant Laak used the women as
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railway station. Mere, Laak and
Gerrets personally selected who of them should be executed and who should be moved to the Jägala death camp. More than 1,000 people, mostly children, the old, and the infirm, were translocated to a wasteland at
434:(Soviet Jurisprudence) in December before the trial had even occurred. The actual trial started in January the following year, delayed because one of the defendants was ill. Jüriste was executed on March 16, 1962, at the age of 65.
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and (presumably) the
Schutzmannschaftsbataillon of the KdS. Survivors report that, during this period when Jewish slave labourers were visible, the Estonian population in part attempted to help the Jews by providing food and so
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was executed by shooting on March 31, 1961, at the age of 44. Viik had already served time in prison prior to his trial. In 1946, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison for voluntarily serving in a concentration camp.
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The accused Mere, Gerrets and Viik actively participated in crimes and mass killings that were perpetrated by the Nazi invaders on the territory of the
Estonian SSR. In accordance with Fascist racial theory, the
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228:, the trial focused on the events of September 1942. According to testimony of the survivors, at least two transports with about 2,100–2,150 people, arrived at the railway station at
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from Theresienstadt arrived at the Raasiku station on September 5, 1942, after a five-day trip. According to testimony by one of the accused, Gerretts, eight busloads of Estonian
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in Estonia; those not selected for slave labor were sent by bus to an execution site near the camp. Later the police in teams of 6 to 8 men would execute the Jews by
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Original documents related to the Mere-Gerrets-Viik trial are to be found in Estonian State Archives – Party Archives Branch – ERA PA, Collection 129, boxes 63–70.
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Estonian State Archives of the Former Estonian KGB (State Security Committee) records relating to war crime investigations and trials in Estonia, 1940–1987
549:– This list includes the evidence presented at the trial. It list as evidence several articles by Mere in Estonian-language newspapers published in London
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Soviet evidence in North American courts: an analysis of problems and concerns with reliance on communist source evidence in alleged war criminal trials
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Mere, Gerrets, Viik and were all sentenced to death. Gerrets and Viik were both executed by shooting on March 31, 1961. Gerrets was 55 and Viik was 44.
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During the trials in Tallinn and Tartu several witnesses pointed out Heinrich Bergmann as the key figure behind the extermination of Estonian
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Quoted from the verdict passed on 11 March 1961, published in Немецко-фашистская оккупация в Эстонии. 1941–1944. Tallinn, 1963. Pages 53–54.
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Legge, Jerome S. (2010). "The Karl Linnas Deportation Case, the Office of Special Investigations, and American Ethnic Politics".
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in 1962. The accused Estonian collaborators were charged with killing Soviet citizens and were sentenced to death
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mines in northeastern Estonia. Women, children, and old people would be executed on arrival. In the case
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Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
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Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
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Extermination of the Gypsies in Estonia during World War II: Popular Images and Official Policies
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and sentenced to death. The transcript and verdict of the trial were published in the magazine
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Collaboration with Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe: the Case of the Estonian Security Police
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Luryi, Yuri (1977). "The Role of Defence Counsel in Political Trials in the U.S.S.R.".
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rests the responsibility for such crimes mainly on 2.5–4 % of the Estonian
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152:. The trial verdict and testimony were inadvertently published in the magazine
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In January 1962, a show trial was conducted with the three accused men tried
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Grandson's blog about tracing his grandmother who was killed at the site -
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Daviborshch's Cart: Narrating the Holocaust in Australian War Crimes Trials
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913:Немецко-фашистская оккупация в Эстонии. 1941–1944. Tallinn, 1963. Page 57.
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and attended by a mass audience. All three defendants were convicted and
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657:"Cold War Show Trials in Estonia: Justice and Propaganda in the Balance"
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196:. He was executed by shooting on March 31, 1961, at the age of 55.
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269:. A selection process was supervised by Ain-Ervin Mere, chief of
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992:, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln Ne., 2011, pp56–7
956:. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: University of Manitoba: 307–324.
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with German Jews. Around 1,700–1,750 people, mainly Jews, not
89:(1944–1991). The best-known trial was brought in 1961, by the
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145:
976:"SS-Obersturmführer Heinrich Bergmann - Axis History Forum"
857:"Two Estonians Who Helped Nazi to Kill Jews Are Executed"
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approximately 1,500 Czechoslovak citizens arrived to the
211:, was discovered in Canada; he committed suicide in 1960.
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the pile of bodies. The whole operation was directed by
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was held in the auditorium of the Navy Officers Club in
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Phase II: The German occupation of Estonia in 1941–1944
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By the early 1960s, the Soviet government was pursuing
763:"SD and SiPo in Estonia - Page 2 - Axis History Forum"
105:. The accused were charged with murdering up to 5,000
411:, who were accused of murdering 12,000 people in the
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Usually able bodied men were selected to work on the
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The Holocaust and the concentration camps in Estonia
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308:According to an article published by the journal "
220:While the accused may have been involved in other
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684:Jägala laager ja juutide hukkamine Kalevi-Liival
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456:reportedly of old age, in the same year, 1987.
156:('Socialist Legality') before the trial began.
305:, killing at least one who refused to comply.
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640:Estonian policemen stand trial for war crimes
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1008:Patrick J. Buchanan: Master Holocaust Denier
776:From Ghetto Terezin to Lithuania and Estonia
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248:for work at the Jägala camp were taken to
192:Ralf Gerrets, the deputy commandant at the
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927:. Americans for Due Process. p. 14.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:1960s war crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
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32:This article includes a list of general
1086:Geni (partial) list of people executed
644:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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141:, was not available for execution.
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579:"Nazi Firing Squads Shot Children"
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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175:Estonian Security Police and SD
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886:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
703:The Genocide of the Czech Jews
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624:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
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1076:Video extract of the trial -
892:(1). Oxford Journals: 26–55.
825:Contemporary European History
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432:Sotsialisticheskaya zakonnost
310:Contemporary European History
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154:Sotsialisticheskaya zakonnost
103:German occupation (1941–1944)
226:German occupation of Estonia
183:Estonian Self-Administration
125:by the Supreme Court of the
97:who had participated in the
87:Soviet occupation of Estonia
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1535:Military history of Tallinn
1435:Righteous Among the Nations
1144:Related articles by country
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144:A second trial was held in
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1303:Reichskommissariat Ostland
828:10.2, 181–198. P. 190–191.
591:. March 7, 1961. p. 1
512:. March 7, 1961. p. 1
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119:Jägala concentration camp
1550:The Holocaust in Estonia
1530:Legal history of Estonia
1505:1961 in the Soviet Union
1123:The Holocaust in Estonia
413:Tartu concentration camp
1474:Estonia in World War II
1282:Franz Walter Stahlecker
923:Paul, Zumbakis (1986).
803:– JERUUSALEMMA SÕNUMID
642:– Video footage at the
419:, were flatly refused.
222:crimes against humanity
53:more precise citations.
501:The Spartanburg Herald
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1313:Notable collaborators
739:Transport Be 1.9.1942
560:Masses and Mainstream
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346:from Theresienstadt.
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85:were held during the
1415:Einsatzgruppen trial
1064:on German Knowledge
950:Manitoba Law Journal
727:De dödsdömda vittnar
545:– Also available at
238:Czechoslovakian Jews
207:, the commandant of
111:Czechoslovakian Jews
93:authorities against
1345:Concentration camps
1277:Rudolf Joachim Seck
1242:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
1071:English translation
1056:English translation
173:, commander of the
95:local collaborators
1510:Soviet show trials
1225:Major perpetrators
1017:2007-07-22 at the
898:10.1093/hgs/dcq002
843:2007-06-21 at the
816:Birn, Ruth Bettina
799:2007-06-07 at the
794:Omakaitse omakohus
781:2007-09-27 at the
744:2007-09-27 at the
732:2007-09-27 at the
615:Weiss-Wendt, Anton
547:Axis History Forum
541:using document id
358:Sicherheitspolizei
271:Sicherheitspolizei
203:A fourth accused,
179:Sicherheitspolizei
135:sentenced to death
121:in 1942–1943. The
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1399:Sonderaktion 1005
1272:Martin Sandberger
1211:Zelig Kalmanovich
1204:Prominent victims
934:978-0-685-17594-1
655:Maripuu, Meelis.
471:Soviet war crimes
362:Sicherheitsdienst
283:Heinrich Bergmann
265:had arrived from
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1378:Jäger Report
1336:Evald Mikson
1232:Hans Aumeier
1195:Kalevi-Liiva
1134:Main article
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1062:Kalevi-Liiva
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627:17.1, 31–61.
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181:) under the
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127:Estonian SSR
123:public trial
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81:A number of
80:
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59:January 2024
56:
37:
1520:1962 in law
1515:1961 in law
1392:Concealment
1326:Karl Linnas
1066:(in German)
1051:(in German)
506:Spartanburg
424:in absentia
405:Karl Linnas
350:The verdict
344:Be 1.9.1942
312:" in 2001,
298:Be 1.9.1942
275:machine gun
258:Be 1.9.1942
232:, one from
224:during the
187:in absentia
165:The accused
150:in absentia
101:during the
51:introducing
1494:Categories
1448:Eha Masing
1443:Uku Masing
1237:Karl Jäger
867:2022-05-21
595:August 17,
482:References
409:Ervin Viks
303:sex slaves
255:Transport
252:and shot.
216:The crimes
160:The trials
34:references
1383:Judenfrei
1159:Lithuania
962:0076-3861
543:RG-06.026
516:17 August
336:Omakaitse
294:oil shale
117:near the
99:Holocaust
1015:Archived
841:Archived
818:(2001),
797:Archived
779:Archived
742:Archived
730:Archived
617:(2003).
589:Montreal
460:See also
417:Cold War
246:selected
1362:Vaivara
1179:Ukraine
1149:Belarus
367:Raasiku
267:Tallinn
230:Raasiku
131:Tallinn
47:improve
1357:Jägala
1352:Klooga
1188:Crimes
1174:Russia
1169:Poland
1164:Norway
1154:Latvia
1012:online
960:
931:
562:, 1963
448:, Sir
319:Klooga
242:Berlin
107:German
91:Soviet
36:, but
660:(PDF)
428:Tartu
236:with
146:Tartu
958:ISSN
929:ISBN
597:2010
518:2010
407:and
360:and
330:The
285:and
113:and
109:and
894:doi
426:in
326:on.
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