416:
Princeton
University Press and the Princeton University President both responded with statements that they unequivocally supported Belcher and Kleiner's "award-winning work." Kleiner wrote a philological response article, rebutting the charges of misunderstanding and mistranslating the Ge'ez, thereby undermining the basis for the charges of racism raised by Yirga. Kleiner argued that the disputed translations, a dozen or so words out of tens of thousands of words, were a result of choosing the contextually best term from the lexically legitimate ones, although he admits that all translations will have some mistakes. However, Belcher’s argues the mistranslations were not mistakes. Rather, the mistranslations were deliberate choice a “stretch” of critical words that change the meaning-making of her hagiography and at times contradictory interventions. He added that Ethiopian church members understand the second meaning ይትማርዓ/ይትማርሐ (
33:
404:
Täwaḥədo Church have stated online that “this book claims
Walatta Petros is a lesbian” and have written many comments about sexuality on a Guardian article about the translation. Belcher has published a rebuttal on her website and published a scholarly article on the topic of same-sex sexuality in the hagiography.
423:
guide/lead each other) as is common in monastery life. In this context,ይትማርዓ means ይትማርሐ(guide each other). Yirga agrees that one of the meanings is sexual but insists that the word is interchangeable with ይትማርሐ and should be understood contextually which means helping each other in a communal life.
246:
and shaved her head to become a nun in the
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, refusing to convert to Roman Catholicism. However, church and court officials urged her to return to her husband, because he was destroying the town where she was hiding. She returned home, but when she found out that her
399:
The
Russian historian Sevir Chernetsov published an article arguing that Walatta Petros was a non-gender-conforming saint. The American literary scholar Wendy Laura Belcher argued that Walatta Petros was one of the noble Ethiopian women responsible for the defeat of Roman Catholicism in Ethiopia in
390:
Little was published on
Walatta Petros in Western scholarship before the 21st century. Written before the corrected, full edition based on 12 manuscripts was published in 2015, incorrect information about her (i.e. birth and death dates, children, travel, and hagiography) appears on these websites,
297:
This was the beginning of her leadership of the religious communities that formed around her of those seeking to escape Roman
Catholicism. Over her lifetime, she set up seven religious communities—the first in Sudan, called Zabay (ca. 1627), and six around Lake Tana: Canqua (ca. 1630), Meselle (ca.
265:
forbade the teaching of
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Walatta Petros began to protest the Emperor's abandonment of native faith to embrace foreign beliefs and rituals. She was called before the court in 1622 for these protests, and the emperor wanted to kill her, but her family was able to
403:
Controversy has attended the
English translation of the Gädlä Wälättä P̣eṭros, starting in October 2014 after one of the co-translators, Belcher, started giving talks about the saint's relationship with Eheta Kristos and due to news coverage of the translation. Members of the Ethiopian Orthodox
415:
submitted an open letter to
Princeton University, Princeton University Press, and Princeton University President Christopher L. Eisgruber protesting the treatment of their religious texts and urging the university to cease support to this translation and forthcoming works by Professor Belcher.
172:
is written as ወለተ ጴጥሮስ. It is transliterated into the Latin alphabet in many ways online and scholarship, including the
Library of Congress spelling Walata Péṭros and Walatta Pēṭros. Her name is a compound name, meaning "Daughter of Peter," and should not be improperly shortened from "Walatta
438:
This is a portrait of Walatta Petros that appears in the manuscript created between 1716–1721 (and cataloged in different sources as EMML MS No. 8438, Tanasee 179, EMIP 0284, and MS D in the Belcher-Kleiner translation) and was previously found in the saint's monastery Qʷäraṭa on Lake Tana in
381:
Over a dozen manuscript copies were made in Ethiopia. The first print edition was published in 1912, based on one manuscript. The first translation into another language, Italian, was published in 1970, In 2015, the first English translation was published, which included color plates from the
321:
17), at the age of 50, twenty-six years after becoming a nun. It is also said that many people from the Lake Tana islands assembled to mourn her death since she was like a mother to them. Her friend Ehete Krestos succeeded her as abbess of her religious community, until her death in 1649.
394:
More has been published in the twenty-first century, almost entirely in English. The first was written by the French art historian Claire Bosc-Tiessé, who conducted field research at monasteries on Lake Ṭana about the creation of a royal illuminated manuscript of
1124:
173:
Petros" to "Petros." Other spellings are Walata Petros, Wallatta Petros, Wallata Petros, Waleta Petros, Waletta Petros, Walete Petros, Walleta Petros, Welete Petros, Wolata Petros plus Walatta Pétros, Walatta Pietros, Walatta Petrus, and Wälätä P'ét'ros.
325:
In 1650, Fasilides gave land for a monastery on Lake Tana, Qwarata, to be devoted to Walatta Petros. Since the seventeenth century, it has served as a place of asylum for those seeking to escape punishment by the king.
1298:"Considered Translations Reconsidered. A Rejoinder to Yirga Gelaw Woldeyes's Criticisms of Our Allegedly 'Sexualizing' Translations in The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Walatta Petros (2015)"
234:
in 1612, he called on Walatta Petros's husband to repress the anti-Catholic rebellion started in 1617. When Malka Krestos left to fight the rebellion, leading abbots in the Ethiopian
941:
Bosc-Tiessé, Claire (2003). Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.). "Creating an Iconographic Cycle: The Manuscript of the Acts of Wälättä P̣eṭros and the Emergence of Qʷäraṭa as a Place of Asylum".
317:
of her mobile religious community, leading it with her woman friend Ehete Kristos and without male leadership. After a three-month illness, Walatta Petros died on 23 November 1642 (
198:. Before her birth, it is said that her parents were told that she was fated to become an important and influential religious figure. Her father and brothers were officials at
975:
Belcher, Wendy Laura (1 January 2013). "Sisters Debating the Jesuits: The Role of African Women in Defeating Portuguese Proto-Colonialism in Seventeenth-Century Abyssinia".
956:
Chernetsov, Sevir (2005). "A Transgressor of the Norms of Female Behaviour in the Seventeenth-Century Ethiopia: The Heroine of the Life of Our Mother Walatta Petros".
1106:
1343:
411:
and pushed an orientalist and racist narrative of a queer, sex-driven, violent African woman in their translation. In October 2020, scholars and members of the
1171:
Belcher, Wendy Laura (1 January 2016). "Same-Sex Intimacies in the Early African Text Gädlä Wälättä P̣eṭros (1672): Queer Reading an Ethiopian Woman Saint".
814:
203:
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354:(Mälkəˀa Wälättä Peṭros and Sälamta Wälättä Peṭros). Later, in 1769, others added more miracles, including those about the following kings:
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and Sallamt and began preaching that people should reject the faith of the foreigners and never mention the name of the emperor during the
1219:"Colonial Rewriting of African History: Misinterpretations and Distortions in Belcher and Kleiner's Life and Struggles of Walatta Petros"
267:
1125:"The Saint Who Sent the Jesuits Packing: A New Translation of an Ethiopian Manuscript Sheds Light on African Women's Anticolonialism"
895:
Izsledovaniya V Oblasti Agiologicheskih Istochnikov Istorii Etiopii (Studies in the Hagiographic Sources on the History of Ethiopia)
586:. CSCO 316; Scriptores Aethiopici 61 (in Italian). Leuven, Belgium: Secrétariat du Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium.
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In a September 2020 academic article, Dr. Yirga Gelaw Woldeyes argued that Belcher and Kleiner lacked an understanding of the
1280:
498:
1089:"Same-Sex Intimacies in an Early Modern African Text about an Ethiopian Female Saint, Gädlä Wälättä P̣eṭros (1672)]"
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encyclopedia entries, histories, and journal articles: one published in 1902 in Russian and another in 1943 in Italian.
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assisted Walatta Petros in leaving her husband and joining them. After arriving at a monastery on Lake Ṭana, she took a
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of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, she left him for the final time, becoming a nun at the age of 25 in 1617.
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474:
The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Walatta Petros: A Seventeenth-Century African Biography of an Ethiopian Woman
278:, and this time her husband dissuaded the emperor from killing her, urging him to send the leader of the Jesuit
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Walatta Petros is one of 21 Ethiopian female saints, six of whom have hagiographies. The saint's hagiography,
32:
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Gädlä Wälättä P̣eṭros [The Life of Wälättä P̣eṭros: In the Original Gəˁəz and Translated into Amharic)
301:
Meanwhile, in 1632, Emperor Susenyos gave up trying convert the country to Roman Catholicism. His son
1338:
210:'s counselors. She gave birth to three children who all died in infancy and she decided to become a
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parchment manuscript illuminations of her life, and in 2018 a short student edition was published.
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539:"Gadla Walatta Petros Original Ethiopic Text (The Life-Struggles of Walatta Petros) (MS J, 1672)"
674:
625:
The Life of Walatta-Petros: A Seventeenth-Century Biography of an African Woman, Concise Edition
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1630), Zage (ca. 1632), Damboza (ca. 1637), Afar Faras (ca. 1638), and Zabol/Zambol (ca. 1641).
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from the saint's community, as well as adding his own thoughts. It has three parts: the
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1107:"Earliest Known Biography of an African Woman Translated to English for the First Time"
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350:, the miracles that happened to those who called on her name after her death, and two
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became king, and Fasilides worked to eradicate Roman Catholicism from the country.
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Vitae sanctorum indigenarum: Acta S. Walatta Petros. Miracula S. Zara-Buruk. I. II
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was written down in 1672, thirty years after the saint's death. The author was a
243:
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Papi, Maria Rosaria (1943). "Una Santa Abissina Anticattolica: Walatta-Petros".
286:, to try to convert her. When Mendes was unsuccessful, the king sent her into
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199:
343:
100:
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Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African-American Experience
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1011:"Princeton University – Belcher: Perspective on ancient Ethiopian texts"
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the 1600s. Some journalism has been published about the saint as well.
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611:. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥədo Church Press.
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275:
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1244:"Open Letter To Princeton University: Black History Matters Too"
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731:(2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7 April 2005.
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291:
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249:
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Galawdewos; Belcher, Wendy Laura; Kleiner, Michael (2015).
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274:. She was again called before the court in 1625 for this
211:
1154:"Controversy over Sexuality in the Gadla Walatta Petros"
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266:
dissuade him. She then moved to the northern regions of
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Fifteenth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies
226:
missionaries privately converted Emperor Susenyos from
132:; 1592 – 23 November 1642) was an Ethiopian saint. Her
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The Translation of the Poem Portrait of Walatta Petros
1226:
Journal of Afroasiatic Languages, History and Culture
342:
named Gälawdewos. He wrote it by collecting multiple
152:, forming many religious communities, and performing
751:
1272:
The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Walatta Petros
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Khristianski Vostok (Journal of the Christian East)
842:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
144:) was written in 1672. She is known for resisting
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520:The Translation of the Poem Hail to Walatta Petros
257:Resisting Roman Catholicism and Emperor Susenyos I
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1344:Christian female saints of the Early Modern era
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563:Galawdewos (1912). Conti Rossini, Carlo (ed.).
202:. Walatta Petros was married at a young age to
628:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1037:"Professor discusses African homosexuality"
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907:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
815:"Walatta Petros (Saint) – Brill Reference"
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37:Portrait of Walatta Petros painted in 1721
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704:Dictionary of African Christian Biography
476:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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1152:Belcher, Wendy Laura (9 December 2015).
1141:@African_HornET Twitter, December 8 2015
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1087:Belcher, Wendy Laura (27 October 2014).
1063:"A Broader Notion of African Literature"
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186:Walatta Petros was born in 1592 into a
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1061:Howard, Jennifer (21 September 2015).
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759:; Niven, Steven J. (2 February 2012).
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247:husband had supported the killing the
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580:Gälawdewos; Ricci, Lanfranco (1970).
569:(in Latin). Secrétariat du CorpusSCO.
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839:Ogot, Bethwell A. (1 January 1999).
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138:The Life-Struggles of Walatta Petros
866:Hastings, Adrian (5 January 1995).
700:"Walata Petros, Ethiopia, Orthodox"
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13:
1207:
1105:Flood, Allison (3 December 2015).
945:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz: 409–16.
845:. University of California Press.
786:Uhlig, Siegbert (1 January 2010).
86:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
14:
1355:
1123:Miller, Allison (November 2015),
1067:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1035:Zoppo, Avalon (3 December 2014).
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91:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
313:Walatta Petros continued as the
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1173:Research in African Literatures
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762:Dictionary of African Biography
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622:Galawdewos (27 November 2018).
16:Ethiopian saint in 17th century
1275:. Princeton University Press.
1269:Galawdewos (13 October 2015).
1217:Woldeyes, Yirga Gelaw (2020).
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168:Walatta Petros's name in the
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813:Böll, Verena (April 2011).
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924:Rassegna di Studi Etiopici
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1296:Kleiner, Michael (2020).
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819:Religion Past and Present
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897:. St Petersburg, Russia.
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1129:Perspectives on History
792:. Harrassowitz Verlag.
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893:Turaev, Boris (1902).
753:Gates, Henry Louis Jr.
650:"Santa Walatta Petros"
583:Vita Di Walatta Petros
397:Gädlä Wälättä P̣eṭros.
336:Gädlä Wälättä P̣eṭros,
366:, Ras Mikaˀel Səḥul,
194:to lands in southern
142:Gädlä Wälättä P̣eṭros
1015:Princeton University
757:Akyeampong, Emmanuel
872:. Clarendon Press.
607:Gälawdewos (2004).
228:Ethiopian Orthodoxy
156:for those seeking
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294:for three years.
261:In 1621, Emperor
232:Roman Catholicism
192:hereditary rights
150:Roman Catholicism
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79:Venerated in
74:(aged 49–50)
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