4801:
5666:(as part of the enquiry set up by the Chiefs of Staff) with writing a report on the lessons to be learned from the handling of pre-battle Ultra. The report concluded that "the costly reverse might have been avoided if Ultra had been more carefully considered". "Ultra intelligence was plentiful and informative" though "not wholly free from ambiguity", "but it was misread and misused". Lucas and Calvocoressi noted that "intelligence staffs had been too apt to assume that Ultra would tell them everything". Among the signs misread were the formation of the new 6th Panzer Army in the build-up area (west bank of the Rhine about Cologne); the new 'Star' (signals control-network) noted by the 'Fusion Room' traffic-analysts, linking "all the armoured divisions , including some transferred from the Russian front"; the daily aerial reconnaissance of the lightly defended target area by new
4780:
strategically unimportant area, did not launch the attack until 3 January. In addition, a series of renewed German attempts to re-encircle and seize
Bastogne using units moved to the southern shoulder of the salient from the north, put Patton in a desperate fight for the initiative, with the German maintaining offensive operations in sectors north and east of Bastogne until 7 January, and resulting in heavier fighting than during the 21–26 December siege of Bastogne itself; in addition, Patton's Third Army would have to clear out the "Harlange Pocket" east of Bastogne on the Belgian-Luxembourg border. One of these fierce actions around Bastogne occurred on 2 January, the Tiger IIs of German Heavy Tank Battalion 506 supported an attack by the 12th SS Hitlerjugend division against U.S. positions of the 6th Armored Division near Wardin and knocked out 15 Sherman tanks.
4432:
only cheerful faces at this table." Patton, realizing what
Eisenhower implied, responded, "Hell, let's have the guts to let the bastards go all the way to Paris. Then, we'll really cut 'em off and chew 'em up." Eisenhower, after saying he was not that optimistic, asked Patton how long it would take to turn his Third Army, located in northeastern France, north to counterattack. To the disbelief of the other generals present, Patton replied that he could attack with two divisions within 48 hours. Unknown to the other officers present, before he left, Patton had ordered his staff to prepare three contingency plans for a northward turn in at least corps strength. By the time Eisenhower asked him how long it would take, the movement was already underway. On 20 December, Eisenhower removed the First and Ninth U.S. Armies from Gen. Bradley's
5619:
4833:
4396:
5238:
4562:
3818:
4306:; when asked about their mission, some of them claimed they had been told to go to Paris to either kill or capture General Dwight Eisenhower. Security around the general was greatly increased, and Eisenhower was confined to his headquarters. Because Skorzeny's men were captured in American uniforms, they were executed as spies. This was the standard practice of every army at the time, as many belligerents considered it necessary to protect their territory against the grave dangers of enemy spying. Skorzeny said that he was told by German legal experts that as long he did not order his men to fight in combat while wearing American uniforms, such a tactic was a legitimate
5512:(200 killed, 969 wounded, and 239 missing.) T.N. Dupuy, David Bongard, and Richard Anderson list battle casualties for XXX Corps combat units as 1,462, including 222 killed, 977 wounded, and 263 missing to 16 January 1945 inclusive. Casualties among American divisions (excluding attached elements, corps and army-level combat support, and rear-area personnel) totaled 62,439 from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, inclusive: 6,238 killed, 32,712 wounded, and 23,399 missing. Historian Charles B. MacDonald lists 81,000 American casualties, 41,315 during the defensive phase and 39,672 during the drive to flatten the "Bulge" through 28 January.
4821:
5307:
4276:"), Otto Skorzeny successfully infiltrated a small part of his battalion of English-speaking Germans disguised in American uniforms behind the Allied lines. Although they failed to take the vital bridges over the Meuse, their presence caused confusion out of all proportion to their military activities, and rumors spread quickly. Even General George Patton was alarmed and, on 17 December, described the situation to General Dwight Eisenhower as "Krauts ... speaking perfect English ... raising hell, cutting wires, turning road signs around, spooking whole divisions, and shoving a bulge into our defenses."
850:
520:
479:
338:
324:
310:
282:
263:
3450:
3277:
3076:
895:
549:
450:
432:
414:
396:
378:
358:
197:
4641:. With casualties mounting, and running short on replacements, tanks, ammunition, and supplies, Seventh Army was forced to withdraw to defensive positions on the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January. The German offensive drew to a close on 25 January. In the bitter, desperate fighting of Operation Nordwind, VI Corps, which had borne the brunt of the fighting, suffered a total of 14,716 casualties. The total for Seventh Army for January was 11,609. Total casualties included at least 9,000 wounded. First, Third, and Seventh Armies suffered a total of 17,000 hospitalized from the cold.
3394:
3260:
3238:
3020:
3006:
2978:
534:
239:
4000:
223:
4428:), coming due west had been engaged and much slowed and frustrated in outlying battles at defensive positions up to 16 kilometers (10 mi) from the town proper, but these defensive positions were gradually being forced back onto and into the hasty defenses built within the municipality. Moreover, the sole corridor that was open (to the southeast) was threatened and it had been sporadically closed as the front shifted, and there was expectation that it would be completely closed sooner than later, given the strong likelihood that the town would soon be surrounded.
11674:
5390:, to ensure the vital areas were held securely, and to create reserves for counter-attack. I embarked on these measures: I put British troops under command of the Ninth Army to fight alongside American soldiers, and made that Army take over some of the First Army Front. I positioned British troops as reserves behind the First and Ninth Armies until such time as American reserves could be created. Slowly but surely the situation was held, and then finally restored. Similar action was taken on the southern flank of the bulge by Bradley, with the Third Army.
11835:
2620:
5556:
assault guns. Hermann Jung gave figures for 600 German tanks across the entire western front from
December 16, 1944, to February 1, 1945. Other sources place German losses in the range of 600–800: Magna E. Bauer's review of OKW records suggests 324 losses in December (77 Panzer IVs, 132 Panthers, 13 Tigers, and 102 assault guns) and even more in January. American losses over the same period were similarly heavy, totaling from 733 tanks and tank destroyers (exclusive of other types and losses suffered by British XXX Corps) to 800 in tanks alone.
2671:('People's Grenadier') units formed from a mix of battle-hardened veterans and recruits formerly regarded as too young, too old or too frail to fight. Training time, equipment and supplies were inadequate during the preparations. German fuel supplies were precarious—those materials and supplies that could not be directly transported by rail had to be horse-drawn to conserve fuel, and the mechanized and panzer divisions would depend heavily on captured fuel. As a result, the start of the offensive was delayed from 27 November until 16 December.
4760:
4258:, while a bit farther north, parts of 2nd Panzer Division were in sight of the Meuse near Dinant at Foy-Nôtre-Dame. A hastily assembled British blocking force on the east side of the river prevented the German Battlegroup Böhm from approaching the Dinant bridge. The 29th Armoured Brigade ambushed the Germans knocking out three Panthers and a number of vehicles in and around Foy-Nôtre-Dame. By late Christmas Eve the advance in this sector was stopped, as Allied forces threatened the narrow corridor held by the 2nd Panzer Division.
1926:
5423:
Americans in the
Ardennes (for every British soldier there were thirty to forty Americans in the fight), and that it belittled the part played by Bradley, Patton and other American commanders. In the context of Patton's and Montgomery's well-known antipathy, Montgomery's failure to mention the contribution of any American general besides Eisenhower was seen as insulting. Indeed, Bradley and his American commanders were already starting their counterattack by the time Montgomery was given command of 1st and 9th U.S. Armies.
5371:) on the northern shoulder of the German penetration lost communications with adjacent armies, as well as with Bradley's headquarters in Luxembourg City to the south of the "bulge". Consequently, at 10:30 a.m. on 20 December, Eisenhower transferred the command of the U.S. First and Ninth Armies temporarily from Bradley to Montgomery. Command of the U.S. First Army reverted to the U.S. 12th Army Group on 17 January 1945, and command of the U.S. Ninth Army reverted to the U.S. 12th Army Group on 4 April 1945.
15896:
4444:
4174:
3405:
3249:
3042:
875:
527:
507:
296:
5386:, who arrived for a conference at 11 am, I left at noon for the H.Q. of the First Army, where I had instructed Simpson to meet me. I found the northern flank of the bulge was very disorganized. Ninth Army had two corps and three divisions; First Army had three corps and fifteen divisions. Neither Army Commander had seen Bradley or any senior member of his staff since the battle began, and they had no directive on which to work. The first thing to do was to see the battle on the northern flank
3381:
3177:
2956:
2888:
3053:
3031:
2992:
3433:
3419:
210:
3900:
5281:
fuel their vehicles. As the battle ensued, on the northern shoulder of the offensive, Dietrich stopped the armored assault on the twin villages after two days and changed the axis of their advance southward through the hamlet of Domäne Bütgenbach. The headlong drive on
Elsenborn Ridge lacked needed support from German units that had already bypassed the ridge. Dietrich's decision unknowingly played into American hands, as Robertson had already decided to abandon the villages.
4331:
4122:
3576:
3224:
3208:
3197:
5296:
4490:
5903:
Battle
Participation, 1 June 1945' (copy CMH), which notes 11,609 Seventh Army battle casualties for the period, plus 2,836 cases of trench foot and 380 cases of frostbite, and estimates about 17,000 Germans killed or wounded with 5,985 processed prisoners of war. But the VI Corps AAR for January 1945 puts its total losses at 14,716 (773 killed, 4,838 wounded, 3,657 missing, and 5,448 nonbattle casualties); and Albert E. Cowdrey and Graham A. Cosmas,
5427:
the attack from the south under Patton was steady but slow and involved heavy losses, and
Montgomery was trying to avoid this situation. Morelock states that Monty was preoccupied with being allowed to lead a "single thrust offensive" to Berlin as the overall commander of Allied ground forces, and that he accordingly treated the Ardennes counteroffensive "as a sideshow, to be finished with the least possible effort and expenditure of resources."
8469:
4655:
4369:
was about the paratroopers. Actually, the 10th Armored
Division was in there December 18th, a day before we were, and had some very hard fighting before we ever got into it, and I sincerely believe that we would never have been able to get into Bastogne if it had not been for the defensive fighting of the three elements of the 10th Armored Division who were first into Bastogne and protected the town from invasion by the Germans."
4161:(106th Infantry), successfully resisted the German attacks, significantly slowing the German advance. At Montgomery's orders, St. Vith was evacuated on 21 December; U.S. troops fell back to entrenched positions in the area, presenting an imposing obstacle to a successful German advance. By 23 December, as the Germans shattered their flanks, the defenders' position became untenable and U.S. troops were ordered to retreat west of the
3653:
5322:
5491:
4357:
was responsible for an 18-kilometer (11 mi) front while its 2nd
Battalion was withheld as the divisional reserve. Panzer columns took the outlying villages and widely separated strong points in bitter fighting, and advanced to points near Bastogne within four days. The struggle for the villages and American strong points, plus transport confusion on the German side, slowed the attack sufficiently to allow the
4752:
5907:, draft CMH MS (1988), pp. 54–55, a forthcoming volume in the United States Army in World War II series, reports Seventh Army hospitals processing about 9,000 wounded and 17,000 'sick and injured' during the period. Many of these may have been returned to their units, and others may have come from American units operating in the Colmar area but still supported by Seventh Army medical services."
5680:
to know how much reconnaissance was flown over the Eiffel sector on the U.S. First Army Front". E. J. N. Rose, head Air
Adviser in Hut 3, read the paper at the time and described it in 1998 as "an extremely good report" that "showed the failure of intelligence at SHAEF and at the Air Ministry". Lucas and Calvocoressi "expected heads to roll at Eisenhower's HQ, but they did no more than wobble".
2048:. On 26 December the lead element of Patton's U.S. Third Army reached Bastogne from the south ending the siege. Although the offensive was effectively broken by 27 December, when the trapped units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts with only partial success, the battle continued for another month before the front line was effectively restored to its position prior to the attack.
76:
2462:('Plan Martin'). The two field marshals combined their plans to present a joint "small solution" to Hitler. When they offered their alternative plans, Hitler would not listen. Rundstedt later testified that while he recognized the merit of Hitler's operational plan, he saw from the very first that "all, absolutely all conditions for the possible success of such an offensive were lacking."
4455:, and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division. Conditions inside the perimeter were tough—most of the medical supplies and medical personnel had been captured. Food was scarce, and by 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day. The weather cleared the next day and supplies (primarily ammunition) were dropped over four of the next five days.
4365:) to reach Bastogne by truck on the morning of 19 December. The fierce defense of Bastogne, in which American paratroopers particularly distinguished themselves, made it impossible for the Germans to take the town with its important road junctions. The panzer columns swung past on either side, cutting off Bastogne on 20 December but failing to secure the vital crossroads.
3547:, and then Elsenborn Ridge was led by the units personally selected by Adolf Hitler. The 6th Panzer Army was given priority for supply and equipment and was assigned the shortest route to the ultimate objective of the offensive, Antwerp. The 6th Panzer Army included the elite of the Waffen-SS, including four Panzer divisions and five infantry divisions in three corps. SS-
5482:, writing in 1997, maintained that "Putting Monty in command of the northern flank had no effect on the battle". Ambrose wrote that: "Far from directing the victory, Montgomery had gotten in everyone's way, and had botched the counter-attack." Bradley blamed Montgomery's "stagnating conservatism" for his failure to counterattack when ordered to do so by Eisenhower.
4381:
ordered vast reinforcements to the area. Within a week 250,000 troops had been sent. General Gavin of the 82nd Airborne Division arrived on the scene first and ordered the 101st to hold Bastogne while the 82nd would take the more difficult task of facing the SS Panzer Divisions; it was also thrown into the battle north of the bulge, near Elsenborn Ridge.
4481:
simultaneous attack on all sides. The assault, despite initial success by its tanks in penetrating the American line, was defeated and all the tanks destroyed. On the following day of 26 December the spearhead of Gen. Patton's 4th Armored Division, supplemented by the 26th (Yankee) Infantry Division, broke through and opened a corridor to Bastogne.
5469:, a British author who has since been accused of putting words in the mouths of German generals, and attempting to "rewrite the historical record". After conducting several interviews via an interpreter, Liddell Hart in a subsequent book attributed to Manteuffel the following statement about Montgomery's contribution to the battle in the Ardennes:
4788:
Third Army and First Army linking up on 16 January with the capture of Houffalize. Sixth Panzer Army left the Ardennes and ceded its sector to the Fifth Panzer Army on 22 January, while St. Vith was recaptured by the Americans on 23 January, and the last German units participating in the offensive did not return to their start line until February.
2036:, blocked German access to key roads to the northwest and west which they had counted on for success. This congestion and terrain that favored the defenders, threw the German advance behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops. The farthest west the offensive reached was the village of Foy-Nôtre-Dame, south east of
5415:
have the picture of British troops fighting on both sides of the Americans who have suffered a hard blow." He stated that he (i.e., the German) was "headed off ... seen off ... and ... written off ... The battle has been the most interesting, I think possibly one of the most interesting and tricky battles I have ever handled."
2519:, 'Battle of the Ardennes'. The battle was militarily defined by the Allies as the Ardennes Counteroffensive, which included the German drive and the American effort to contain and later defeat it. The phrase 'Battle of the Bulge' was coined by contemporary press to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps.
5633:. The rapid advance by the German forces who surrounded the town, the spectacular resupply operations via parachute and glider, along with the fast action of General Patton's Third U.S. Army, all were featured in newspaper articles and on radio and captured the public's imagination; there were no correspondents in the area of
3703:. After a brief battle the lightly armed Americans surrendered. They were disarmed and, with some other Americans captured earlier (approximately 150 men), sent to stand in a field near the crossroads under light guard. About fifteen minutes after Peiper's advance guard passed through, the main body under the command of SS-
2708:
the Germans wanted them to believe-–that preparations were being carried out only for defensive, not offensive, operations. The Allies relied too much on Ultra, not human reconnaissance. In fact, because of the Germans' efforts, the Allies were led to believe that a new defensive army was being formed around
2860:, close enough for the generals and Panzer Corps commanders who were to lead the attack to visit Adlerhorst on 11 December, traveling there in an SS-operated bus convoy. With the castle acting as overflow accommodation, the main party was settled into the Adlerhorst's Haus 2 command bunker, including Gen.
4630:), and separate from the Ardennes Offensive, was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front. The weakened Seventh Army had, at Eisenhower's orders, sent troops, equipment, and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in the Ardennes, and the offensive left it in dire straits.
6243:
3833:. Peiper's forces were already behind his timetable because of the stiff American resistance and because when the Americans fell back, their engineers blew up bridges and emptied fuel dumps. Peiper's unit was delayed and his vehicles denied critically needed fuel. They took 36 hours to advance from the
4800:
5532:
The German High Command estimated that they lost between 81,834 and 98,024 men on the Western Front between 16 December 1944 and 25 January 1945; the accepted figure was 81,834, of which 12,652 were killed, 38,600 were wounded, and 30,582 were missing. Allied estimates on German casualties range from
5473:
The operations of the American 1st Army had developed into a series of individual holding actions. Montgomery's contribution to restoring the situation was that he turned a series of isolated actions into a coherent battle fought according to a clear and definite plan. It was his refusal to engage in
5430:
Many American officers had already grown to dislike Montgomery, who was seen by them as an overly cautious commander, arrogant, and all too willing to say uncharitable things about the Americans. However, on 18 January 1945 Churchill stated to Parliament "the United States troops have done almost all
4368:
Twenty years after the battle, General McAuliffe praised the men of the 10th Armored "Tiger" Division saying, "It's always seemed regrettable to me, that Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division didn't get the credit it deserved in the battle of Bastogne. All of the newspaper and radio talk
4356:
The 109th and 110th Regiments of the 28th Division fared worse, as they were spread so thinly that their positions were easily bypassed. Both offered stubborn resistance in the face of superior forces and threw the German schedule off by several days. The 110th's situation was by far the worst, as it
4225:
Unlike the German forces on the northern and southern shoulders who were experiencing great difficulties, the German advance in the center gained considerable ground. The Fifth Panzer Army was spearheaded by the 2nd Panzer Division while the Panzer Lehr Division (Elite Armored Demonstration Division)
4015:
The stiff American defense prevented the Germans from reaching the vast array of supplies near the Belgian cities of Liège and Spa and the road network west of the Elsenborn Ridge leading to the Meuse River. After more than 10 days of intense battle, they pushed the Americans out of the villages, but
3916:
Regiment in an attack and a company of Fallschirmjäger to infiltrate their lines. He followed this with a Panzer attack, gaining the eastern edge of the town. An American tank battalion arrived but, after a two-hour tank battle, Peiper finally captured Stoumont at 10:30. Knittel joined up with Peiper
3843:
Peiper attacked Stavelot on 18 December but was unable to capture the town before the Americans evacuated a large fuel depot. Three tanks attempted to take the bridge, but the lead vehicle was disabled by a mine. Following this, 60 grenadiers advanced forward but were stopped by concentrated American
2900:
to the north, where the 2nd Division had knocked a sizable dent in the Siegfried Line. Heavy snowstorms engulfed parts of the Ardennes area. While having the effect of keeping the Allied aircraft grounded, the weather also proved troublesome for the Germans because poor road conditions hampered their
2703:
to assassinate Hitler resulted in much tighter security and fewer leaks. The foggy autumn weather also prevented Allied reconnaissance aircraft from correctly assessing the ground situation. German units assembling in the area were even issued charcoal instead of wood for cooking fires to cut down on
2642:
and the damage it could inflict on the German offensive and its supply lines; the progress had to be rapid—the Meuse River, halfway to Antwerp, had to be reached by day 4; and Allied fuel supplies would have to be captured intact along the way because the combined Wehrmacht forces were short on fuel.
2441:
Model and von Rundstedt, expressed concern as to whether the goals of the offensive could be realized. Model and von Rundstedt both believed aiming for Antwerp was too ambitious, given Germany's scarce resources in late 1944. At the same time, they felt that maintaining a purely defensive posture (as
2427:
in 1940, and aimed at splitting the armies along the U.S.-British lines and capturing Antwerp. The plan banked on unfavorable weather, including heavy fog and low-lying clouds, which would minimize the Allied air advantage. Hitler originally set the offensive for late November, before the anticipated
2027:
due to bad weather. American forces were using this region primarily as a rest area for the U.S. First Army, and the lines were thinly held by fatigued troops and inexperienced replacement units. The Germans also took advantage of heavily overcast weather conditions that grounded the Allies' superior
5679:
For its part, Hut 3 had grown "shy of going beyond its job of amending and explaining German messages. Drawing broad conclusions was for the intelligence staff at SHAEF, who had information from all sources," including aerial reconnaissance. Lucas and Calvocoressi added that "it would be interesting
5588:
In response to the early success of the offensive, on 6 January Churchill contacted Stalin to request that the Soviets put pressure on the Germans on the Eastern Front. On 12 January, the Soviets began the massive Vistula–Oder Offensive, originally planned for 20 January. It had been brought forward
5511:
The Battle of the Bulge was the bloodiest battle for U.S. forces during World War II. A preliminary Army report restricted to the First and Third U.S. Armies listed 75,482 casualties (8,407 killed, 46,170 wounded and 20,905 missing); British XXX Corps losses to 17 January 1945 were recorded as 1,408
5426:
Focusing exclusively on his own generalship, Montgomery continued to say he thought the counteroffensive had gone very well but did not explain the reason for his delayed attack on 3 January. He later attributed this to needing more time for preparation on the northern front. According to Churchill,
5414:
Then Montgomery described the course of the battle for a half-hour. Coming to the end of his speech he said he had "employed the whole available power of the British Group of Armies; this power was brought into play very gradually ... Finally it was put into battle with a bang ... you thus
4787:
On 7/8 January 1945, Hitler agreed to gradually withdraw forces from the tip of the Ardennes salient to east of Houffalize to avoid being cut off, but the Germans continued to resist in the salient and were only gradually pushed back otherwise. Considerable fighting went on for another 3 weeks, with
2707:
For these reasons Allied High Command considered the Ardennes a quiet sector, relying on assessments from their intelligence services that the Germans were unable to launch any major offensive operations this late in the war. What little intelligence they had led the Allies to believe precisely what
2555:
The OKW decided by mid-September, at Hitler's insistence, that the offensive would be mounted in the Ardennes, as was done in 1940. In 1940 German forces had passed through the Ardennes in three days before engaging the enemy, but the 1944 plan called for battle in the forest itself. The main forces
2384:
One of the few advantages held by the German forces in November 1944 was that they were no longer defending all of Western Europe. Their front lines in the west had been considerably shortened by the Allied offensive and were much closer to the German heartland. This drastically reduced their supply
5709:
those in the northern Alsace who filled in the vacuum created by the U.S. Third Army racing north, engaged in the concurrent Operation Nordwind diversion in central and southern Alsace launched to weaken Allied response in the Ardennes, and provided reinforcements to units fighting in the Ardennes.
5537:
T.N. Dupuy's estimates based on fragmentary German records and oral testimony suggests casualties among divisions and brigades alone (excluding attached elements, corps and army-level combat support, and rear-area personnel) totaled 74,459 from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945, inclusive: 11,048
5519:
lists 105,102 casualties for the entire "Ardennes-Alsace" campaign, including 19,246 killed, 62,489 wounded, and 26,612 captured or missing; this number incorporates losses not just for the Battle of the Bulge but also all losses suffered during the period by units with the "Ardennes-Alsace" battle
5410:
On the same day as Hitler's withdrawal order of 7 January, Montgomery held his press conference at Zonhoven. Montgomery started with giving credit to the "courage and good fighting quality" of the American troops, characterizing a typical American as a "very brave fighting man who has that tenacity
5344:
in Germany had been agreed upon in February 1944, and a faster Allied advance in the autumn of 1944 would not have altered this. The Soviet Union would have also benefited from a rapid German collapse, and its participation in the war against Japan was greatly desired. There were reservations about
4532:
units of 2nd Panzer Division made two break-out attempts, again only with partial success, as major quantities of equipment fell into Allied hands. Further Allied pressure out of Marche finally led the German command to the conclusion that no further offensive action towards the Meuse was possible.
4431:
Gen. Eisenhower, realizing that the Allies could destroy German forces much more easily when they were out in the open and on the offensive than if they were on the defensive, told his generals, "The present situation is to be regarded as one of opportunity for us and not of disaster. There will be
4253:
On 22/23 December German forces reached the woods of Foy-Nôtre-Dame, only a few kilometers ahead of Dinant. The narrow corridor caused considerable difficulties, as constant flanking attacks threatened the division. On 24 December, German forces made their furthest penetration west. The Panzer Lehr
4007:
The U.S. 99th Infantry Division, outnumbered five to one, inflicted casualties in the ratio of 18 to one. The division lost about 20% of its effective strength, including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds, injuries, fatigue, or trench foot. German losses were much higher. In the northern
3750:
Peiper advanced north-west towards Büllingen, keeping to the plan to move west, unaware that if he had turned north he had an opportunity to flank and trap the entire 2nd and 99th Divisions. Instead, intent on driving west, Peiper turned south to detour around Hünningen, choosing a route designated
3534:
was actually the decisive component of the Battle of the Bulge. Untested troops of the 99th Infantry Division prevented the best equipped armored units of the German army from advancing and forced them to reroute their troops to unfavorable alternative routes that considerably slowed their advance.
5418:
Despite his positive remarks about American soldiers, the overall impression given by Montgomery, at least in the ears of the American military leadership, was that he had taken the lion's share of credit for the success of the campaign and had been responsible for rescuing the besieged Americans.
5280:
The German staff planning and organization of the attack was well done. Most of the units committed to the offensive reached their jump off points undetected. They were for the most part well organized and supplied for the attack, although they were counting on capturing American gasoline dumps to
5276:
soldiers would clog the roads the tanks needed for their rapid advance. In fact, their horse-drawn artillery and rocket units became a significant obstacle to the armored units. Other than making futile objections to Hitler in private, Dietrich generally stayed out of planning the offensive. Model
4531:
kept the 9th Panzer Division at Marche busy. As a result, parts of the 2nd Panzer Division were cut off. The Panzer-Lehr division tried to relieve them, but was only partially successful, as the perimeter held. For the next two days the perimeter was strengthened. On 26 and 27 December the trapped
4093:
The parachute drop was a complete failure. Heydte ended up with a total of around 300 troops. Too small and too weak to counter the Allies, they abandoned plans to take the crossroads and instead converted the mission to reconnaissance. With only enough ammunition for a single fight, they withdrew
2734:
in December of his suspicions. Bedell Smith sent Strong to warn Lieutenant General Omar Bradley, the commander of the 12th Army Group, of the danger. Bradley's response was succinct: "Let them come." Historian Patrick K. O'Donnell writes that on 8 December 1944 U.S. Rangers at great cost took Hill
5902:
A footnote in the U.S. Army's official history volume "Riviera to the Rhine" makes the following note on U.S. Seventh Army casualties: "As elsewhere, casualty figures are only rough estimates, and the figures presented are based on the postwar 'Seventh Army Operational Report, Alsace Campaign and
5812:
The Ardennes offensive was also named Rundstedt-Offensive, but von Rundstedt strongly objected "to the fact that this stupid operation in the Ardennes is sometimes called the 'Rundstedt-Offensive'. This is a complete misnomer. I had nothing to do with it. It came to me as an order complete to the
5670:
jets "as a matter of greatest urgency"; the marked increase in railway traffic in the build-up area; the movement of 1,000 trucks from the Italian front to the build-up area; disproportionate anxiety about tiny hitches in troop movements, suggesting a tight timetable; the quadrupling of Luftwaffe
5564:
Although the Germans managed to begin their offensive with complete surprise and enjoyed some initial successes, they were not able to seize the initiative on the Western Front. While the German command did not reach its goals, the Ardennes operation inflicted heavy losses and set back the Allied
5394:
Due to the news blackout imposed on the 16th, the change of leadership to Montgomery did not become public information until SHAEF announced that the change in command had "absolutely nothing to do with failure on the part of the three American generals". The announcement resulted in headlines in
3855:
and Cheneux. At Cheneux, the advance guard was attacked by American fighter-bombers, destroying two tanks and five halftracks, blocking the narrow road. The group began moving again at dusk at 16:00 and was able to return to its original route at around 18:00. Of the two bridges remaining between
3809:. Some of the injuries sustained before death included bayonet wounds to the head, broken legs, and their fingers cut off. The perpetrators were never punished for this crime. In 2001, a group of people began working on a tribute to the eleven black American soldiers to remember their sacrifices.
2853:(eyrie) command complex, co-located with OB West's base at Kransberg Castle. Believing in omens and the successes of his early war campaigns that had been planned at Kransberg, Hitler had chosen the site from which he had overseen the successful 1940 campaign against France and the Low Countries.
2250:
Montgomery and Bradley both pressed for priority delivery of supplies to their respective armies so they could continue their individual lines of advance and maintain pressure on the Germans, while Eisenhower preferred a broad-front strategy. He gave some priority to Montgomery's northern forces.
5756:
Includes complete headquarters and attachment strength for First Army, V Corps, and VIII Corps, and the complete strength of the 78th, 99th, 106th, 28th, and 4th Infantry Divisions and 7th & 9th Armored Divisions. Due to the accounting method employed in "Hitler's Last Gamble," this does not
5708:
issued battle credit in the form of the Ardennes-Alsace campaign citation to units and individuals that took part in operations in northwest Europe. The citation covered troops in the Ardennes sector where the main battle took place, as well as units further south in the Alsace sector, including
5595:
During World War II, most U.S. black soldiers still served only in maintenance or service positions, or in segregated units. Because of troop shortages during the Battle of the Bulge, Eisenhower decided to integrate the service for the first time. This was an important step toward a desegregated
5450:
Montgomery later said, "Distorted or not, I think now that I should never have held that press conference. So great were the feelings against me on the part of the American generals that whatever I said was bound to be wrong. I should therefore have said nothing." Eisenhower commented in his own
5245:
After officers of the regular German Army attempted to assassinate him, Hitler had increasingly trusted only the Nazi Party SS and its armed branch, the Waffen-SS. He entrusted them with carrying out his decisive counterattack. But following the Allied Normandy invasion, the SS armored units had
4466:, noted that McAuliffe's initial reply would be "tough to beat." Thus McAuliffe wrote on the paper, which was typed up and delivered to the Germans, the line he made famous and a morale booster to his troops: "NUTS!" That reply had to be explained, both to the Germans and to non-American Allies.
4380:
of Brandenberger's command was able to thrust forward 19 km (12 mi) on the inner flank to partially fulfill its assigned role. Eisenhower and his principal commanders realized by 17 December that the fighting in the Ardennes was a major offensive and not a local counterattack, and they
5422:
His comments were interpreted as self-promoting, particularly his claim that when the situation "began to deteriorate," Eisenhower had placed him in command in the north. Patton and Eisenhower both felt this was a misrepresentation of the relative share of the fighting played by the British and
5233:
The plan and timing for the Ardennes attack sprang from the mind of Adolf Hitler. He believed a critical fault line existed between the British and American military commands, and that a heavy blow on the Western Front would shatter this alliance. Planning for the "Watch on the Rhine" offensive
4767:
While the German offensive toward the Meuse had ground to a halt by the end of December, they still controlled a dangerous salient in the Allied line. Patton's Third Army in the south, centered around Bastogne, would attack north, Montgomery's forces in the north would strike south, and the two
4513:
By 24 December the German advance was effectively stalled short of the Meuse. Units of the British XXX Corps were holding the bridges at Dinant, Givet, and Namur and U.S. units were about to take over. The Germans had outrun their supply lines, and shortages of fuel and ammunition were becoming
4132:
The Germans fared better in the center (the 32 km (20 mi) Schnee Eifel sector) as the Fifth Panzer Army attacked positions held by the U.S. 28th and 106th Infantry Divisions. The Germans lacked the overwhelming strength that had been deployed in the north, but still possessed a marked
3631:
Peiper did not begin its advance until nearly 16:00, more than 16 hours behind schedule and didn't reach Bucholz Station until the early morning of 17 December. Their intention was to control the twin villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt which would clear a path to the high ground of Elsenborn Ridge.
5565:
invasion of Germany by several weeks. The High Command of the Allied forces had planned to resume the offensive by early January 1945, after the wet season rains and severe frosts, but those plans had to be postponed until 29 January 1945 in connection with the unexpected changes in the front.
5555:
Christer Bergström lists between 527 and 554 losses to all causes among German tanks, tank destroyers, and assault guns during the campaign, of which 324 were lost in combat. Of the German write-offs, 16–20 were Tigers, 191–194 Panthers, 141–158 Panzer IVs, and 179–182 were tank destroyers and
4480:
on Christmas Eve for its main assault the next day. Because it lacked sufficient troops and those of the 26th VG Division were near exhaustion, the XLVII Panzerkorps concentrated its assault on several individual locations on the west side of the perimeter in sequence rather than launching one
3663:
At 4:30 a.m. on 17 December 1944, the 1st SS Panzer Division was approximately 16 hours behind schedule when the convoys departed the village of Lanzerath enroute west to the town of Honsfeld. After capturing Honsfeld, Peiper detoured from his assigned route to seize a small fuel depot in
2403:
Hitler felt that his mobile reserves allowed him to mount one major offensive. Although he realized nothing significant could be accomplished in the Eastern Front, he still believed an offensive against the Western Allies, whom he considered militarily inferior to the Red Army, would have some
5234:
emphasized secrecy and the commitment of overwhelming force. Due to the use of landline communications within Germany, motorized runners carrying orders, and draconian threats from Hitler, the timing and mass of the attack was not detected by Ultra codebreakers and achieved complete surprise.
2662:
and various infantry units to form a defensive line as the battle unfolded. By this time the German Army suffered from an acute manpower shortage, and the force had been reduced to around 30 divisions. Although it retained most of its armor, there were not enough infantry units because of the
4832:
4779:
Eisenhower wanted Montgomery to go on the counter offensive on 1 January, with the aim of meeting up with Patton's advancing Third Army and cutting off German troops at the tip of the salient, trapping them in a pocket. Montgomery, refusing to risk underprepared infantry in a snowstorm for a
2895:
On 16 December 1944 at 05:30, the Germans began the assault with a massive, 90-minute artillery barrage using 1,600 artillery pieces across a 130-kilometer (80 mi) front on the Allied troops facing the 6th Panzer Army. The Americans' initial impression was that this was the anticipated,
5609:
in German front lines on wartime news maps, and it became the most widely used name for the battle. The offensive was planned by the German forces with utmost secrecy, with minimal radio traffic and movements of troops and equipment under cover of darkness. Intercepted German communications
4137:
and forced their surrender, a tribute to the way Manteuffel's new tactics had been applied. The official U.S. Army history states: "At least seven thousand were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand. The amount lost in arms and equipment, of course, was very
4073:
It was the German paratroopers' only nighttime drop during World War II. Heydte was given only eight days to prepare prior to the assault. He was not allowed to use his own regiment because their movement might alert the Allies to the impending counterattack. Instead, he was provided with a
2484:
The positions of the Allied armies stretched from southern France all the way north to the Netherlands. German planning for the counteroffensive rested on the premise that a successful strike against thinly manned stretches of the line would halt Allied advances on the entire Western Front.
5695:
as file HW 13/45. It sets out the various indications of an impending offensive that were received, then offers conclusions about the wisdom conferred by hindsight; the dangers of becoming wedded to a fixed view of the enemy's likely intentions; over-reliance on "Source" (i.e. ULTRA); and
3677:
difficult; at the exit to the village of Thirimont, the armored spearhead was unable to travel the road directly to Ligneuville, and Peiper deviated from the planned route, and rather than turn to the left, the armored spearhead turned to the right, and advanced towards the crossroads of
2306:, but no decisive breakthrough was achieved. There were 96 Allied divisions at or near the front, with an estimated ten more divisions on the way from the United Kingdom. Additional Allied airborne units remained in England. The Germans could field a total of 55 understrength divisions.
4246:, ordered the division to turn westwards towards Dinant and the Meuse, leaving only a blocking force at Marche-en-Famenne. Although advancing only in a narrow corridor, 2nd Panzer Division was still making rapid headway, leading to jubilation in Berlin. Headquarters now freed up the
2635:, recently brought back up to strength and re-equipped after heavy fighting during Operation Market Garden, was located just north of the Ardennes battlefield and tasked with holding U.S. forces in place, with the possibility of launching its own attack given favorable conditions.
5277:
and Manteuffel, technical experts from the eastern front, told Hitler that a limited offensive with the goal of surrounding and crushing the American 1st Army would be the best goal their offensive could hope to achieve. Their ideas shared the same fate as Dietrich's objections.
4411:
on 19 December. By this time, the town of Bastogne and its network of 11 hard-topped roads leading through the widely forested mountainous terrain with deep river valleys and boggy mud of the Ardennes region was under severe threat. Bastogne had previously been the site of the
4152:
In the center, the town of St. Vith, a vital road junction, presented the main challenge for both von Manteuffel's and Dietrich's forces. The defenders, led by the 7th Armored Division, included the remaining regiment of the 106th U.S. Infantry Division, with elements of the
5568:
The Allies pressed their advantage following the battle. By the beginning of February 1945, the lines were roughly where they had been in December 1944. In early February, the Allies launched an attack all along the Western front: in the north under Montgomery, they fought
5269:
Despite their loyalty, none of the German field commanders entrusted with planning and executing the offensive believed it was possible to capture Antwerp. Even Dietrich believed the Ardennes was a poor area for armored warfare and that the inexperienced and badly equipped
5589:
from 20 January to 12 January because meteorological reports warned of a thaw later in the month, and the tanks needed hard ground for the offensive (and the advance of the Red Army was assisted by two Panzer Armies (5th and 6th) being redeployed for the Ardennes attack).
3670:
infantry summarily executed dozens of U.S. POWs. Afterwards, Peiper advanced to the west, towards the River Meuse and captured Ligneuville, bypassing the towns of Mödersheid, Schoppen, Ondenval, and Thirimont. The terrain and poor quality of the roads made the advance of
2404:
chances of success. Hitler believed he could split the Allied forces and compel the Americans and British to settle for a separate peace, independent of the Soviet Union. Success in the west would give the Germans time to design and produce more advanced weapons (such as
5925:"Initial" is the sum total of all unit rosters of the respective combatants at the point at which those units entered the battle, while "Final" reflects the state of those units on 16 January 1945. For the strength of the opposing sides at any one time, see table above.
2544:
There is a popular impression that the chief trouble in the Ardennes is the lack of good roads. As anyone on the ground will agree, the Ardennes has a fairly good road system. It is not the lack of roads as much as the lack of almost anything else on which to move that
2522:
While the Ardennes Counteroffensive is the correct term in Allied military language, the official Ardennes-Alsace campaign reached beyond the Ardennes battle region, and the most popular description in English speaking countries remains simply 'Battle of the Bulge'.
4514:
critical. Up to this point the German losses had been light, notably in armor, with the exception of Peiper's losses. On the evening of 24 December, Manteuffel recommended to Hitler's Military Adjutant a halt to all offensive operations and a withdrawal back to the
2879:, who was put in charge of Operation Stösser, von der Heydte gave Operation Stösser less than a 10% chance of succeeding. Model told him it was necessary to make the attempt: "It must be done because this offensive is the last chance to conclude the war favorably."
5345:
whether the Allied logistical system possessed the required flexibility to support the narrow-front strategy, the reality of terrain and logistics argued strongly against it, and the consequences if the narrow front advance had failed would have been very severe.
3890:
Knittel crossed the bridge at Stavelot around 19:00 against American forces trying to retake the town. Knittel pressed forward towards La Gleize, and shortly afterward the Americans recaptured Stavelot. Peiper and Knittel both faced the prospect of being cut off.
2086:
Allied forces eventually came to more than 700,000 men; from these there were from 77,000 to more than 83,000 casualties, including at least 8,600 killed. The "Bulge" was the largest and bloodiest single battle fought by the United States in World War II and the
2782:
taken from corpses and prisoners of war. Their job was to go behind American lines and change signposts, misdirect traffic, generally cause disruption and seize bridges across the Meuse River. By late November another ambitious special operation was added: Col.
2722:, i.e., anti-aircraft cannons) in the area and the artificial multiplication of radio transmissions in the area. All of this meant that the attack, when it came, completely surprised the Allied forces. Remarkably, the U.S. Third Army intelligence chief, Colonel
4581:. Hundreds of planes attacked Allied airfields, destroying or severely damaging some 465 aircraft. The Luftwaffe lost 277 planes, 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied flak guns, set up to protect against German
5431:
the fighting". He ended with "Care must be taken in telling our proud tale not to claim for the British Army an undue share of what is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever famous American victory."
2373:, leaving the German Army with little battlefield intelligence and no way to interdict Allied supplies. The converse was equally damaging; daytime movement of German forces was rapidly noticed, and interdiction of supplies combined with the bombing of the
2246:
brought supplies to front-line troops, but used up five times as much fuel to reach the front line near the Belgian border. By early October, the Allies had suspended major offensives to improve their supply lines and supply availability at the front.
3921:
did not have sufficient fuel to cross the bridge west of Stoumont and continue his advance. He maintained his lines west of Stoumont for a while, until the evening of 19 December when he withdrew them to the village edge. On the same evening the U.S.
4469:
Both 2nd Panzer and Panzer-Lehr division moved forward from Bastogne after 21 December, leaving only Panzer-Lehr division's 901st Regiment to assist the 26th Volksgrenadier-Division in attempting to capture the crossroads. The 26th VG received one
9830:
The Operations of the 3rd Battalion, 395th Infantry (99th Infantry Division) Prior to and During the German Counter-Offensive, 10 November – 24 December 1944 (Ardennes Campaign) (Personal Experience of a Company Commander and Battalion Operations
2563:
Four armies were selected for the operation. Adolf Hitler personally selected for the counter-offensive on the northern shoulder of the western front the best troops available and officers he trusted. The lead role in the attack was given to the
6852:
2416:) and permit the concentration of forces in the east. After the war ended, this assessment was generally viewed as unrealistic, given Allied air superiority throughout Europe and their ability to continually disrupt German offensive operations.
4462:, acting commander of the 101st, was told of the German demand to surrender, in frustration he responded, "Nuts!" After turning to other pressing issues, his staff reminded him that they should reply to the German demand. One officer, Lt. Col.
2589:. They were given priority for supply and equipment and assigned the shortest route to the primary objective of the offensive, Antwerp, starting from the northernmost point on the intended battlefront, nearest the important road network hub of
4185:
To protect the river crossings on the Meuse at Givet, Dinant and Namur, Montgomery ordered those few units available to hold the bridges on 19 December. This led to a hastily assembled force including rear-echelon troops, military police and
2432:. The disputes between Montgomery and Bradley were well known, and Hitler hoped he could exploit this disunity. If the attack were to succeed in capturing Antwerp, four complete armies would be trapped without supplies behind German lines.
3747:. They destroyed a number of American armored units and vehicles, and took several dozen prisoners who were subsequently murdered. Peiper also captured 50,000 US gallons (190,000 L; 42,000 imp gal) of fuel for his vehicles.
2735:
400 during the Battle of the Hürtgen Forest. The next day GIs who relieved the Rangers reported a considerable movement of German troops inside the Ardennes in the enemy's rear, but that no one in the chain of command connected the dots.
9412:
5434:
Montgomery subsequently recognized his error and later wrote: "Not only was it probably a mistake to have held this conference at all in the sensitive state of feeling at the time, but what I said was skillfully distorted by the enemy."
5524:, and the Battle of Hürtgen Forest during that time period. For the period of December 1944 – January 1945 on the entire western front, Forrest Pogue gives a total of 28,178 U.S. military personnel captured, including shot down airmen.
3986:
In La Gleize, Peiper set up defenses waiting for German relief. When the relief force was unable to penetrate the Allied lines, he decided to break through the Allied lines and return to the German lines on 23 December. The men of the
4345:, then increasing the pressure on the key road centers of St. Vith and Bastogne. The more experienced U.S. 28th Infantry Division put up a much more dogged defense than the inexperienced soldiers of the 106th Infantry Division. The
3714:
arrived. The SS troopers suddenly opened fire on the prisoners. As soon as the firing began, the prisoners panicked. Most were shot where they stood, though some managed to flee. Accounts of the killing vary, but at least 84 of the
2395:, literally, 'Hunter Deployment') implied preparation for an offensive operation. Ultra also picked up communiqués regarding extensive rail and road movements in the region, as well as orders that movements should be made on time.
5411:
in battle which makes a great soldier", and went on to talk about the necessity of Allied teamwork, and praised Eisenhower, stating, "Teamwork wins battles and battle victories win wars. On our team, the captain is General Ike."
2336:
Hitler initially promised his generals a total of 18 infantry and 12 armored or mechanized divisions "for planning purposes." The plan was to pull 13 infantry divisions, two parachute divisions and six armored divisions from the
5784:
Ellis and Warhurst cite 200 killed, 969 wounded, and 239 missing; Dupuy, Bongard, and Anderson provide higher figures of 222 killed, 977 wounded, and 263 missing among line combat units from 16 December 1944 to 16 January 1945,
5696:
improvements in German security. It also stresses the role played by poor Allied security: "The Germans have this time prevented us from knowing enough about them; but we have not prevented them knowing far too much about us".
2616:, with the task of protecting the flank. This Army was made up of only four infantry divisions, with no large-scale armored formations to use as a spearhead unit. As a result, they made little progress throughout the battle.
6201:
2241:
were successful. This destruction hampered the German response to the invasion, but it proved equally hampering to the Allies, as it took time to repair the rail network's tracks and bridges. A trucking system nicknamed the
4783:
At the start of the offensive, the First and Third U.S. Armies were separated by about 40 km (25 mi). American progress in the south was also restricted to about a kilometer or a little over half a mile per day.
5402:
Montgomery requested permission from Churchill to give a press conference to explain the situation. Though some of his staff were concerned at how the press conference would affect Montgomery's image, it was cleared by
4505:
started attacking the German troops on the roads. Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne, dropping much-needed supplies—medicine, food, blankets, and ammunition. A team of volunteer surgeons flew in by
3566:
heavy tank, consumed 2 US gallons of fuel per mile (470 litres per 100 km), and the Germans only had enough fuel for an estimated 90 to 100 miles (140 to 160 km) of travel, not nearly enough to reach Antwerp.
2682:
had provided valuable intelligence about German dispositions. Once they reached the German border, this source dried up. In France, orders had been relayed within the German army using radio messages enciphered by the
2158:
The Allies defended the Ardennes line very thinly, due to the favorable defensive terrain (a densely wooded highland with deep river valleys and a rather thin road network) and because they had intelligence that the
2183:
and west of the original invasion beaches, but the Germans had thoroughly wrecked and mined the harbor before it could be taken. It took many months to rebuild its cargo-handling capability. The Allies captured the
5332:
One of the fault lines between the British and American high commands was Eisenhower's commitment to a broad front advance. This view was opposed by the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal
2385:
problems despite Allied control of the air. Additionally, their extensive telephone and telegraph network meant that radios were no longer necessary for communications, which lessened the effectiveness of Allied
4108:
Following the Malmedy massacre, on New Year's Day 1945, having previously received orders to take no prisoners, American soldiers executed approximately sixty German prisoners of war near the Belgian village of
4775:
The temperature during that January was extremely low, which required weapons to be maintained and truck engines run every half-hour to prevent their oil from congealing. The offensive went forward regardless.
4597:, losing 40 of their own planes while damaging only four American planes. While the Allies recovered from their losses within days, the operation left the Luftwaffe ineffective for the remainder of the war.
5256:, commander of the 12th SS Panzer (Armor) Division, captured by Belgian partisans on 6 September 1944. Thus Hitler gave responsibility for the key right flank of the assault to the best SS troops and a few
5580:
The German losses in the battle were especially critical: their last reserves were now gone, the Luftwaffe had been shattered, and remaining forces throughout the West were being pushed back to defend the
4794:, addressing the House of Commons following the Battle of the Bulge said, "This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever-famous American victory."
2742:
led it to be used as a training ground for new units and a rest area for units that had seen hard fighting. The U.S. units deployed in the Ardennes thus were a mixture of inexperienced troops (such as the
5451:
memoirs: "I doubt if Montgomery ever came to realize how resentful some American commanders were. They believed he had belittled them—and they were not slow to voice reciprocal scorn and contempt."
2730:
all correctly predicted the German offensive capability and intention to strike the U.S. VIII Corps area. These predictions were largely dismissed by the U.S. 12th Army Group. Strong had informed
9420:
7462:
5520:
credit (the entirety of U.S. First, Third and Seventh Armies), which includes losses suffered during the German offensive in Alsace, Operation Nordwind as well as forces engaged in the Saar and
8411:
4287:'s girlfriend, baseball scores, or the capital of a particular U.S. state—though many could not remember or did not know. General Omar Bradley was briefly detained when he correctly identified
4133:
numerical and material superiority over the very thinly spread 28th and 106th divisions. They succeeded in surrounding two largely intact regiments (422nd and 423rd) of the 106th Division in a
2171:
The Allies faced major supply issues, due to the rate of their advance coupled with the initial lack of deep-water ports. Over-the-beach supply operations using the Normandy landing areas, and
5348:
Montgomery's Chief of Staff, Major-General Francis de Guingand, stated in his post-war account that he had opposed Montgomery's narrow front strategy on political and administrative grounds.
2312:
first outlined his planned counter-offensive to his generals on 16 September 1944. The goal was to pierce the thinly held lines of the U.S. First Army between Monschau and Wasserbillig with
2023:
The Germans achieved a total surprise attack on the morning of 16 December 1944, due to a combination of Allied overconfidence, preoccupation with Allied offensive plans elsewhere and poor
4302:
The tightened security nonetheless made things very hard for the German infiltrators, and a number of them were captured. Even during interrogation, they continued their goal of spreading
2389:
intercepts. Nevertheless, some 40–50 messages per day were decrypted by Ultra. They recorded the quadrupling of German fighter forces, and a term used in an intercepted Luftwaffe message (
5443:
explained that "my dispatch to the BBC about it was intercepted by the German wireless, re-written to give it an anti-American bias, and then broadcast by Arnhem Radio, which was then in
3743:
Peiper entered Honsfeld, where they encountered one of the 99th Division's rest centers, clogged with confused American troops. They quickly captured portions of the 3rd Battalion of the
4501:
On 23 December the weather conditions started improving, allowing the Allied air forces to attack. They launched devastating bombing raids on the German supply points in their rear, and
16299:
4310:. Skorzeny and his men were fully aware of their likely fate, and most wore their German uniforms underneath their American ones in case of capture. Skorzeny was tried by an American
1340:
1143:
5356:
Montgomery differed from the U.S. command in how to respond to the German attack and his public statements to that effect caused tension in the American high command. Major-General
3860:
Peiper and the Meuse, the bridge over the Lienne was blown by the Americans as the Germans approached. Peiper turned north and halted his forces in the woods between La Gleize and
2088:
4230:
was passed at Ourtheville on 21 December. Lack of fuel held up the advance for one day, but on 23 December the offensive was resumed towards the two small towns of Hargimont and
3851:, leaving the bulk of his strength in Stavelot. When they reached it at 11:30 on 18 December, retreating U.S. engineers blew it up. Peiper detoured north towards the villages of
5605:'Operation Watch on the Rhine', while the Allies designated it the Ardennes Counteroffensive. The phrase "Battle of the Bulge" was coined by contemporary press to describe the
9622:
2638:
For the offensive to be successful, four criteria were deemed critical: the attack had to be a complete surprise; the weather conditions had to be poor to neutralize Allied
16304:
4349:(the most northerly of the 28th Division's regiments), holding a continuous front east of the Our, kept German troops from seizing and using the Our River bridges around
4138:
substantial. The Schnee Eifel battle, therefore, represents the most serious reverse suffered by American arms during the operations of 1944–45 in the European theater."
14467:
5290:
4820:
14212:
4523:
Disagreement and confusion at the Allied command prevented a strong response, throwing away the opportunity for a decisive action. In the center, on Christmas Eve, the
3979:
Peiper on 22 December, and although the Germans had run out of food and had virtually no fuel, they continued to fight. A Luftwaffe resupply mission went badly when SS-
13820:
7677:
9829:
8844:
3619:
3583:
The attacks by the Sixth Panzer Army's infantry units in the north fared badly because of unexpectedly fierce resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions.
2079:) also sustained heavy losses. In the wake of the defeat, many experienced German units were effectively out of men and equipment, and the survivors retreated to the
15818:
13836:
7141:
5596:
United States military. More than 2,000 black soldiers had volunteered to go to the front. A total of 708 black Americans were killed in combat during World War II.
2560:. The close terrain of the Ardennes would make rapid movement difficult, though open ground beyond the Meuse offered the prospect of a successful dash to the coast.
953:
12313:
12308:
12161:
5465:
After the war Manteuffel, who commanded the 5th Panzer Army in the Ardennes, was imprisoned awaiting trial for war crimes. During this period he was interviewed by
4165:. Since the German plan called for the capture of St. Vith by 18:00 on 17 December, the prolonged action in and around it dealt a major setback to their timetable.
3622:
along with four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset, about 16:00, causing 92 casualties among the Germans.
2091:. It was one of the most important battles of the war, as it marked the last major offensive attempted by the Axis powers on the Western front. After this defeat,
14156:
3975:. As he withdrew from Cheneux, American paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division engaged the Germans in fierce house-to-house fighting. The Americans shelled
13759:
13731:
12875:
12202:
3917:
and reported the Americans had recaptured Stavelot to their east. Peiper ordered Knittel to retake Stavelot. Assessing his own situation, he determined that his
12268:
5541:
German historian Hermann Jung lists 67,675 casualties from 16 December 1944 to late January 1945 for the three German armies that participated in the offensive.
3719:
were murdered. A few survived, and news of the killings of prisoners of war spread through Allied lines. Following the end of the war, soldiers and officers of
15797:
14476:
14163:
13297:
12410:
8471:
Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht (Wehrmachtführungsstab) 1940–1945: 1. Januar 1944-22. Mai 1945. Eingeleitet und erläutert von P. E. Schramm. 2 v
2513:('Ardennes Offensive') and Rundstedt-Offensive, both names being generally used nowadays in modern Germany. The French (and Belgian) name for the operation is
1333:
1136:
14779:
14142:
13451:
13076:
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12377:
3964:. Peiper learned that his reinforcements had been directed to gather in La Gleize to his east, and he withdrew, leaving wounded Americans and Germans in the
2442:
had been the case since Normandy) would only delay defeat, not avert it. They thus developed alternative, less ambitious plans that did not aim to cross the
5474:
premature and piecemeal counter-attacks which enabled the Americans to gather their reserves and frustrate the German attempts to extend their breakthrough.
13792:
13738:
12924:
12318:
3130:
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8639:
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13745:
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10589:
5723:
3965:
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5262:
units under the command of "Sepp" (Joseph) Dietrich, a fanatical political disciple of Hitler, and a loyal follower from the early days of the rise of
4593:
from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the pending large-scale German air operation. The Germans suffered heavy losses at an airfield named
2274:
had achieved only some of its objectives, while its territorial gains left the Allied supply situation stretched further than before. In October, the
16319:
16314:
16309:
14135:
13582:
13458:
11254:
1326:
1129:
4012:
wrote, "... the action of the 2nd and 99th Divisions on the northern shoulder could be considered the most decisive of the Ardennes campaign."
2290:
Despite a lull along the front after the Scheldt battles, the German situation remained dire. While operations continued in the autumn, notably the
13435:
12815:
11640:
10158:
9909:
3593:, but it was closed by two collapsed overpasses that German engineers failed to repair during the first day. Peiper's forces were rerouted through
2901:
advance. Poor traffic control led to massive traffic jams and fuel shortages in forward units. Nearly 10 hours into the assault, one of the German
2814:, aimed at crushing what was left of German resistance on the Eastern Front and thereby opening the way to Berlin. It was hoped that Soviet leader
7274:
5337:, as well as Field Marshal Montgomery, who promoted a rapid advance on a narrow front under his command, with the other allied armies in reserve.
13872:
13184:
5315:
2140:
8145:
3695:
Peiper was near the hamlet of Baugnez, on the height halfway between the town of Malmedy and Ligneuville, when they encountered elements of the
3589:
Peiper, at the head of Sepp Dietrich's Sixth Panzer Army, had been designated to take the Losheim-Losheimergraben road, a key route through the
2507:, a name that deceptively implied the Germans would be adopting a defensive posture along the Western Front. The Germans also referred to it as
13691:
12993:
12594:
11662:
10750:
9163:
4620:) launched a major offensive against the thinly-stretched, 110 kilometers (70 mi) line of the Seventh U.S. Army. This offensive, known as
15690:
5629:
The battle around Bastogne received a great deal of media attention because in early December 1944 it was a rest and recreation area for many
5447:' hands. Monitored at Bradley's HQ, this broadcast was mistaken for a BBC transmission and it was this twisted text that started the uproar."
3960:
Peiper on the morning of 21 December. They failed and were forced to withdraw, and a number were captured, including battalion commander Maj.
3949:, commanding officer of the I SS Panzer Corps, to increase its efforts to back Peiper's battle group, but Priess was unable to break through.
2377:
starved Germany of oil and gasoline. This fuel shortage intensified after the Soviets overran those fields in the course of their August 1944
14483:
14446:
14423:
13944:
12866:
12836:
12533:
11946:
8264:
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strictly reflect the extent of the forces in contact with each other on 16 December; accuracy is considerably improved for the later periods.
5548:
3844:
defensive fire. After a fierce tank battle the next day, the Germans finally entered the town when U.S. engineers failed to blow the bridge.
3774:) divisions, took the key road junction at Losheimergraben just north of Lanzerath and attacked the twin villages of Rocherath and Krinkelt.
946:
14198:
3945:
Sandig, which had been ordered to take Stavelot, launched another attack without success. Sixth Panzer Army commander Sepp Dietrich ordered
2114:
on 15 August 1944, the Allies advanced towards Germany more quickly than anticipated. The speed of the advance of the Allies caused several
14576:
14432:
14416:
14388:
13636:
12843:
2825:, and the close advance of the Red Army which would seize the site on 27 January 1945, Hitler and his staff had been forced to abandon the
2643:
The General Staff estimated they only had enough fuel to cover one third to one half of the ground to Antwerp in heavy combat conditions.
15333:
14400:
14312:
14256:
14219:
13501:
11732:
10509:
10219:
8421:
3696:
3562:
Peiper, consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles, which was charged with leading the main effort. Its newest and most powerful tank, the
2532:
1908:
1639:
1105:
5934:
David Eggenberger cites the official name as Ardennes-Alsace campaign, and describes this battle as the "Second Battle of the Ardennes".
14305:
13037:
11187:
10253:
9849:
7115:
5360:, Chief of Staff of Montgomery's 21st Army Group, rose to the occasion, and personally smoothed over the disagreements on 30 December.
4458:
Despite determined German attacks, the perimeter held. The German commander, Lüttwitz, requested Bastogne's surrender. When Brig. Gen.
2071:. The battle severely depleted Germany's armored forces, which remained largely unreplaced throughout the remainder of the war. German
1153:
15811:
14439:
12829:
12787:
9549:
4452:
3783:
3755:
3497:
3492:
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2818:
would delay the start of the operation once the German assault in the Ardennes had begun and wait for the outcome before continuing.
4082:
was tasked with contributing 100 men from each of its regiments. In loyalty to their commander, 150 men from Heydte's own unit, the
16354:
15660:
13479:
13253:
13016:
12882:
12693:
11791:
5454:
Bradley and Patton both threatened to resign unless Montgomery's command was changed. Eisenhower, encouraged by his British deputy
4807:
4569:
On 1 January, in an attempt to keep the offensive going, the Germans launched two new operations. At 09:15, the Luftwaffe launched
3342:
3306:
3301:
2876:
2449:
939:
7639:
4719:
3983:
Wilhelm Mohnke insisted the grid coordinates supplied by Peiper were wrong, parachuting supplies into American hands in Stoumont.
14555:
14352:
13389:
12889:
12801:
12737:
11936:
11117:
5671:
fighter forces in the West; and decrypts of Japanese diplomatic signals from Berlin to Tokyo, mentioning "the coming offensive".
5618:
4346:
4195:
4157:
and 28th U.S. Infantry Division. These units, which operated under the command of Generals Robert W. Hasbrouck (7th Armored) and
3953:
3744:
3479:
3232:
3227:
3211:
3200:
2986:
2837:, in which they had coordinated much of the fighting on the Eastern Front. After a brief visit to Berlin, Hitler traveled on his
2748:
2663:
defensive needs in the East. These 30 newly rebuilt divisions used some of the last reserves of the German Army. Among them were
81:
17:
9796:, Victory in the West: History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series, vol. II, Naval and Military Press,
7321:
4691:
4451:
By 21 December the Germans had surrounded Bastogne, which was defended by the 101st Airborne Division, the all African American
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3034:
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3000:
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2752:
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89:
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towards Germany and attacked the rear of the American lines. Only about 100 of his weary men finally reached the German rear.
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11490:
11472:
11449:
11431:
11306:
11284:
11244:
11157:
11067:
10875:
10808:
World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946
10779:
10651:
10621:
10557:
10499:
10463:
10427:
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9402:
9381:
9328:
9295:
9241:
9130:
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8445:
8247:
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4362:
4280:
3759:
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3422:
3061:
3023:
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1903:
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10420:
Dog Company: The Boys of Pointe du Hoc – The Rangers Who Accomplished D-Day's Toughest Mission and Led the Way across Europe
15587:
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14880:
14045:
13512:
13508:
13486:
13090:
12011:
10995:
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10518:
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9569:
9545:
9044:
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5516:
4698:
4672:
4528:
4524:
4154:
3700:
3408:
3252:
3120:
3045:
2586:
2041:
31:
10985:
7149:
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were forced to abandon their vehicles and heavy equipment, although most of the 800 remaining troops were able to escape.
142:
15502:
14966:
14298:
14284:
13497:
9801:
8566:
8265:"A Very Special Relationship: Basil Liddell Hart, Wehrmacht Generals and the Debate on West German Rearmament, 1945–1953"
5623:
5404:
3847:
Capitalizing on his success and not wanting to lose more time, Peiper rushed an advance group toward the vital bridge at
3115:
3100:
2538:
2378:
1110:
12059:
10913:
9943:
6138:
6109:
2282:, opening the port of Antwerp to shipping. As a result, by the end of October, the supply situation had eased somewhat.
1694:
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14460:
14015:
13267:
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12513:
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11226:
10687:
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10373:
9516:
9316:
Das Deutsche Reich in der Defensive Strategischer Luftkrieg in Europa, Krieg im Westen und in Ostasien 1943 bis 1944/45
4425:
4395:
4008:
sector opposite the 99th, this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of 60 tanks and big guns. Historian
3125:
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1757:
1407:
1302:
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10726:
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10445:
10409:
10337:
10316:
10305:
Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law: The Experience of International and National Courts
10148:
10104:
10086:
10064:
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9894:
9819:
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9762:
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1456:
12982:
12546:
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11670:
11297:
Brothers, Rivals, Victors: Eisenhower, Patton, Bradley, and the Partnership That Drove the Allied Conquest in Europe
7544:
6019:
5237:
4416:
headquarters. Two separate westbound German columns that were to have bypassed the town to the south and north, the
4239:
3906:-armed American M36 tank destroyers move forward to stem German spearhead near Werbomont, Belgium, 20 December 1944.
2790:
2251:
This had the short-term goal of opening the urgently needed port of Antwerp and the long-term goal of capturing the
2044:
on 24 December 1944. Improved weather conditions from around 24 December permitted air attacks on German forces and
15864:
15022:
14959:
14094:
13930:
13053:
11893:
9338:
9314:
8669:
6338:
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after the operation was given the go-ahead in early December, although its original name remains much better known.
4377:
4083:
3607:
3474:
3140:
2699:
order was imposed on all matters concerning the upcoming offensive. The major crackdown in the Wehrmacht after the
2215:
484:
13607:
11699:
11540:
The Long Road: From Oran to Pilsen: the Oral Histories of Veterans of World War II, European Theater of Operations
3632:
Occupation of this dominating terrain would allow control of the roads to the south and west and ensure supply to
15388:
15229:
15218:
15054:
14813:
14772:
14665:
14603:
13990:
13260:
13129:
13097:
12503:
11767:
11694:
8435:
5544:
The German casualty reports for the involved armies count 63,222 losses from 10 December 1944 to 31 January 1945.
4527:
attempted to attack and cut off the spearheads of the 2nd Panzer Division at the Meuse, while the units from the
3796:
on 17 December 1944. Eleven black American soldiers were tortured after surrendering and then shot by men of the
3337:
2784:
2691:, to give the intelligence known as Ultra. In Germany such orders were typically transmitted using telephone and
992:
45:
13777:
13345:
4687:
4003:
An American soldier escorts a German crewman from his wrecked Panther tank during the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge.
3910:
At dawn on 19 December, Peiper surprised the American defenders of Stoumont by sending infantry from the 2nd SS
3864:. He learned that Stoumont was strongly held and that the Americans were bringing up strong reinforcements from
2712:
in the northern Rhineland, possibly to defend against British attack. This was done by increasing the number of
15774:
15746:
15624:
15417:
14654:
14105:
14031:
13827:
13198:
12917:
12822:
12707:
12459:
12365:
11812:
11807:
11802:
9277:
8647:
4676:
4611:
4535:
In the south, Patton's Third Army was battling to relieve Bastogne. At 16:50 on 26 December, the lead element,
4207:
2926:, both road junctions of great strategic importance. In the south, Brandenberger's Seventh Army pushed towards
2227:
2197:
1215:
15995:
10605:
4322:
stemming from his leadership of Operation Greif but was acquitted. He later moved to Spain and South America.
2333:
and Dinant by the third day, and seize Antwerp and the western bank of the Scheldt estuary by the fourth day.
16344:
16329:
15834:
15767:
15718:
15649:
15474:
14980:
14931:
14695:
14688:
14291:
14052:
13843:
12896:
12518:
11781:
11762:
11648:
10914:
Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II: Final report, 7 December 1941 – 31 December 1946
4843:
4561:
4477:
4283:
at these checkpoints grilled troops on things that every American was expected to know, like the identity of
4235:
4079:
3937:
Hansen was still struggling against bad road conditions and stiff American resistance on the southern route.
1393:
1307:
85:
8095:
3817:
2175:
on the beaches, were unable to meet operational needs. The only deep-water port the Allies had captured was
16324:
16264:
15908:
15804:
15179:
15140:
14059:
13894:
13879:
13806:
13785:
13603:
13281:
13067:
13060:
13044:
12755:
12714:
12686:
12610:
12605:
4341:
Further south on Manteuffel's front, the main thrust was delivered by all attacking divisions crossing the
4243:
4187:
2349:
2144:
1985:
1350:
67:
12576:
11260:
4279:
Checkpoints were set up all over the Allied rear, greatly slowing the movement of soldiers and equipment.
4198:, which had turned in its tanks for re-equipping, was told to take back their tanks and head to the area.
1861:
16294:
16289:
16035:
15871:
15195:
15147:
14765:
14737:
14590:
14205:
14184:
13705:
13368:
13274:
12764:
12464:
12355:
11775:
10172:
7678:"World War II: Pathfinders Resupply 101st Airborne Division Troops in Bastogne Via Daring Parachute Drop"
5684:
2028:
air forces for an extended period. American resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive, around
1449:
10897:
9413:"Peter Calvocoressi: Political writer who served at Bletchley Park and assisted at the Nuremberg trials"
3970:
2423:
attack through the weakly defended Ardennes, mirroring the successful German offensive there during the
2325:
by the end of the first day, get the armor through the Ardennes by the end of the second day, reach the
2299:
2188:
intact in the first days of September, but it was not operational until 28 November. The estuary of the
1992:
which took place from 16 December 1944 to 25 January 1945. It was launched through the densely forested
1706:
1249:
16274:
16269:
16159:
16118:
16085:
15942:
15669:
15165:
15084:
15029:
14917:
14873:
14523:
14149:
14073:
13975:
13852:
13724:
13717:
13677:
13650:
13382:
13315:
12910:
12721:
12651:
12166:
11995:
11898:
10767:
9323:], Das Deutsche Reich und die Zweite Weltkrieg (in German), vol. 7, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt,
7282:
5733:
4413:
4202:
was significantly reinforced for this effort. Units of the corps which fought in the Ardennes were the
4199:
2811:
2429:
2340:
2055:, 2,600 artillery pieces, and over 1,000 combat aircraft. Between 63,000 and 104,000 of these men were
1876:
1871:
1841:
1733:
1565:
1272:
1200:
1075:
9032:
UK National Archives HW 13/45, "Indications of the German Offensive of December 1944", Part C, para. 5
16359:
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15488:
15273:
15133:
15105:
14938:
14843:
14633:
14066:
13140:
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11629:
5893:
slang. In this case it signified rejection, and was explained to the Germans as meaning "Go to Hell!"
4540:
3594:
3531:
3521:
2052:
2029:
1740:
1480:
1463:
1444:
1369:
1297:
1040:
1014:
13338:
6984:
Statement of General Lauer "the enemy had the key to success within his hands, but did not know it."
2803:, a night-time paratroop drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing a vital road junction near
75:
16284:
16279:
16065:
15972:
15310:
15287:
14539:
14340:
14333:
13997:
13657:
13629:
13622:
13009:
12625:
12400:
11797:
10113:
5689:
Indications of the German Offensive of December 1944, derived from ULTRA material, submitted to DMI
5306:
5266:
in Germany. The leadership composition of the Sixth Panzer Army had a distinctly political nature.
5014:
4634:
4536:
4234:. Hargimont was captured the same day, but Marche-en-Famenne was strongly defended by the American
4203:
3886:
Knittel, which had been designated to follow Hansen, to instead move forward to support Peiper. SS-
1804:
1485:
1439:
602:
539:
498:
492:
273:
13354:
13331:
10816:
9613:
8292:
5462:, Guingand, and Walter Smith, moved Eisenhower to reconsider and allowed Montgomery to apologize.
1929:
Map showing the swelling of "the Bulge" as the German offensive progressed creating the nose-like
15732:
15676:
15546:
15406:
15091:
14744:
14640:
14546:
14114:
13982:
13952:
13916:
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13665:
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13557:
13221:
13002:
12730:
12679:
12508:
12288:
12181:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11727:
10530:
10037:
Publications Combined: The Battle Of The Bulge - Key Writings Of The Ardennes, Rhine And Bastogne
9346:, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Royal Netherlands Army, Free University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
5341:
4712:
4665:
4572:
4437:
4358:
4017:
2632:
2271:
2133:
1866:
1699:
1689:
1514:
1233:
1195:
368:
10790:
The Other Price of Hitler's War: German Military and Civilian Losses Resulting From World War II
9918:
9593:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1494–2007
4372:
In the extreme south, Brandenberger's three infantry divisions were checked by divisions of the
16205:
16029:
16010:
16005:
15990:
15424:
15317:
15119:
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14973:
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14836:
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13615:
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13566:
13113:
13083:
12600:
12564:
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11786:
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11219:
A Machine Gunner's War: From Normandy to Victory with the 1st Infantry Division in World War II
10771:
9436:
7817:
7554:
3923:
3797:
3726:
2966:
2108:
1913:
1529:
1519:
1504:
11193:
11026:
10209:
9008:
7615:
7048:
6348:
3549:
3530:
is often credited as the central point where the German offensive was stopped, the battle for
2869:
2726:, the U.S. First Army intelligence chief and the SHAEF intelligence officer Brigadier General
16210:
16149:
16044:
15935:
15915:
15638:
15481:
15377:
15347:
15303:
15043:
15008:
15001:
14924:
14822:
14263:
14240:
14087:
13698:
13235:
12975:
12961:
12644:
12539:
12523:
11689:
9192:
6267:
5813:
last detail. Hitler had even written on the plan in his own handwriting 'not to be altered'".
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4288:
4009:
2628:
2279:
2076:
2024:
1785:
1723:
1601:
1553:
1254:
1068:
1004:
916:
866:
13533:
12197:
12083:
10759:
10275:
10259:
7119:
3999:
3825:
By the evening the spearhead had pushed north to engage the U.S. 99th Infantry Division and
16238:
16228:
16195:
16098:
16093:
16060:
16025:
15739:
15594:
15245:
15202:
15172:
15098:
14908:
14887:
13813:
13290:
12968:
12474:
12254:
12233:
12228:
11956:
11878:
11678:
11361:
11340:
10840:
10134:
5728:
5718:
5368:
5311:
4421:
4125:
3460:
3347:
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2675:
2605:
2601:
2386:
2258:
2136:
1978:
1898:
1793:
1627:
1509:
1424:
1414:
987:
572:
459:
418:
267:
12040:
9539:
4033:
2800:
2674:
Before the offensive the Allies were virtually blind to German troop movement. During the
2219:
1020:
8:
16220:
16070:
15857:
15509:
15465:
14987:
14121:
13887:
13414:
13244:
13228:
13177:
12528:
12498:
12372:
12298:
12293:
12278:
12273:
12223:
12141:
10571:
10308:
9713:
9637:
5944:
5610:
indicating a substantial German offensive preparation were not acted upon by the Allies.
5570:
5357:
5083:
4417:
4334:
4247:
3393:
3259:
3237:
3019:
3005:
2977:
2915:, killing 567 people, the highest death toll from a single rocket attack during the war.
2857:
2731:
2609:
2353:
2275:
2176:
2163:
was using the area across the German border as a rest-and-refit area for its own troops.
1856:
1818:
1771:
1764:
1663:
1548:
1429:
1291:
1279:
1190:
454:
12176:
11634:
10626:
10347:
10075:
9836:(Monograph), Fort Benning, Georgia: U.S. Army Infantry School, p. 3, archived from
9564:
Clarke, Jeffrey J.; Smith, Robert Ross (1993), "Chapter XXXVIII: The Battle of Alsace",
6961:
6418:
5592:
Churchill was elated at Stalin's offer of help, thanking Stalin for the thrilling news.
5407:
Alan Brooke, who was possibly the only person from whom Montgomery would accept advice.
16243:
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16108:
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16015:
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13407:
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12151:
12136:
12131:
12099:
11868:
11402:
11320:
11295:
11096:
10928:
10865:
9754:
An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present
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8393:
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5634:
5606:
5495:
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5466:
5300:
5263:
4627:
4594:
4556:
4376:
after an advance of 6.4 km (4 mi); that front was then firmly held. Only the
4147:
3903:
3145:
2905:
2759:
2619:
2502:
2366:). By November, it was clear that Soviet forces were preparing for a winter offensive.
2264:
2200:
2180:
2172:
2115:
2012:
and destroy each of the four Allied armies and force the western Allies to negotiate a
1930:
1881:
1675:
1668:
1606:
1539:
1524:
1385:
1205:
1177:
1170:
1045:
1009:
382:
300:
12303:
11277:
The Tigers of Bastogne: Voices of the 10th Armored Division in the Battle of the Bulge
11137:
10276:
9964:
3711:
3706:
2840:
2687:, and these could be picked up and decrypted by Allied code-breakers headquartered at
16200:
16169:
15841:
15725:
15615:
15555:
15516:
15449:
15431:
15397:
15340:
15294:
15238:
15063:
14801:
14793:
14730:
14583:
14177:
13709:
13170:
13149:
12859:
12570:
12344:
12339:
12283:
12078:
12035:
11883:
11863:
11853:
11819:
11737:
11600:
11579:
11561:
11543:
11525:
11507:
11486:
11468:
11445:
11427:
11409:
11387:
11369:
11348:
11327:
11302:
11280:
11240:
11222:
11174:
11153:
11150:
World War II and the Postwar Years in America: A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia
11063:
11037:
10999:
10964:
10946:
10936:
10871:
10848:
10793:
10775:
10760:
10744:
10722:
10714:
10701:
10683:
10665:
10647:
10597:
10575:
10553:
10522:
10495:
10477:
10459:
10441:
10423:
10405:
10387:
10369:
10353:
10333:
10325:
10312:
10283:
10239:
10192:
10164:
10144:
10138:
10121:
10100:
10082:
10060:
10021:
9971:
9903:
9890:
9872:
9815:
9797:
9776:
9758:
9752:
9738:
9679:
9661:
9645:
9626:
9596:
9573:
9520:
9494:
9467:
9442:
9398:
9377:
9324:
9291:
9273:
9255:
9237:
9216:
9178:
9172:
9157:
9136:
9126:
9108:
9090:
9072:
8847:. Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes. Archived from
8441:
8284:
8243:
8218:
8141:
7773:
7328:
6025:
5630:
5533:
81,000 to 103,900. Some authors have estimated German casualties as high as 125,000:
5521:
4791:
4459:
4390:
4311:
4231:
4103:
3725:
Peiper, including Peiper and SS general Dietrich, were tried for the incident at the
3527:
3108:
2679:
2659:
2357:
2291:
2192:
river that controlled access to the port had to be cleared of both German troops and
2111:
2064:
2060:
1981:
1832:
1825:
1799:
1778:
1682:
1579:
1534:
1434:
1239:
1225:
1220:
1210:
1184:
1093:
1050:
982:
342:
30:
This article is about the 1944 German offensive in World War II. For other uses, see
10815:
Stewart, Richard W., ed. (2010), "World War II: The War Against Germany and Italy",
9509:
9460:
9371:
4759:
4066:
Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte, considered by Germans to be a hero of the
2704:
smoke and reduce chances of Allied observers deducing a troop buildup was underway.
2267:
was able to reorganize the disrupted German armies into a coherent defensive force.
16020:
16000:
15760:
15753:
15697:
15361:
15126:
15112:
15015:
14952:
14903:
14716:
14569:
14516:
14326:
14277:
14191:
13421:
13398:
12931:
12453:
12429:
12395:
12349:
12243:
12238:
11903:
11888:
11462:
11088:
11076:
11055:
9991:
Hinsley, F. H., "Introduction: The Influence of Ultra in the Second World War", in
9693:
8276:
7327:. Office de Promotion du Tourisme de Wallonie et de Bruxelles. 2009. Archived from
5890:
4502:
4408:
3657:
3647:
2771:
2739:
2424:
2413:
2295:
2243:
2056:
1811:
1750:
1711:
1497:
1468:
1244:
1088:
328:
38:
12940:
11834:
10492:
Neil Webster's Cribs for Victory: The Untold Story of Bletchley Park's Secret Room
2810:
German intelligence had set 20 December as the expected date for the start of the
16154:
16126:
16040:
15783:
15495:
15410:
15368:
15266:
15209:
15077:
14859:
14850:
14379:
13961:
13937:
13191:
12207:
12146:
12030:
11976:
11404:
The Battle of the Bulge, The German View: Perspectives from Hitler's High Command
11022:
10958:
10641:
10205:
10035:
9730:
9321:
The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia 1943–1944/5
9064:
9048:
7767:
7275:"Why the Bulge Didn't Break: Green Troops Grew Up Fast to Become Heroes of Hofen"
6293:
6291:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5551:'s official numbers are 75,000 American casualties and 100,000 German casualties.
5364:
4582:
4507:
4433:
4400:
4373:
4267:
4178:
4134:
4067:
4021:
3716:
3287:
3086:
2775:
2767:
2653:
2647:
2639:
2597:
2565:
2556:
were to advance westward to the Meuse River, then turn northwest for Antwerp and
2303:
2223:
2204:
2185:
2152:
2104:
2068:
2005:
1851:
1716:
1644:
1596:
1558:
1473:
1260:
1027:
567:
562:
512:
441:
423:
314:
15895:
11007:
9041:
6167:
5458:, had decided to sack Montgomery. Intervention by Montgomery's and Eisenhower's
4443:
4173:
2604:
was assigned to the middle sector with the objective of capturing Brussels. The
16177:
16141:
15790:
15326:
15252:
13304:
13163:
12421:
12156:
12070:
12051:
12022:
11987:
11968:
11458:
10989:
10637:
10517:, U.S. Army in World War II: European Theater of Operations, Washington, D.C.:
8280:
5582:
5459:
5440:
5340:
Eisenhower based his decision on various military and political realities. The
4977:
4586:
4303:
4295:
because the American MP who questioned him mistakenly believed the capital was
4255:
4059:
4051:
3946:
3930:
arrived and deployed at La Gleize and along Peiper's planned route of advance.
3927:
3879:
3806:
3553:
2865:
2727:
2688:
2684:
2666:
2369:
Meanwhile, the Allied air offensive of early 1944 had effectively grounded the
2234:
2080:
1634:
1419:
1374:
1318:
1055:
874:
526:
506:
295:
215:
37:
Not to be confused with the 1940 German Army Group A Ardennes offensive in the
12469:
12249:
11504:
Skorzeny's Special Missions: The Memoirs of "The Most Dangerous Man in Europe"
10168:
7567:
6288:
5970:
3404:
3248:
3041:
2887:
2778:. These soldiers were to be dressed in American and British uniforms and wear
1925:
16258:
15601:
13526:
13375:
13214:
12405:
11592:
11499:
11166:
11041:
10950:
10601:
10097:
Commander in Chief, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War
10018:
Churchill and Hitler: Essays on the Political-Military Direction of Total War
9649:
9229:
9140:
9125:, Contributions in Military Studies, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press,
8288:
6142:
6113:
5874:
5803:
Pogue cites Allied estimates in excess of 24,000 killed and 16,000 prisoners.
5691: – were issued on 28 December 1944. Copy No. 2 is held by the
5663:
5455:
5379:
5045:
4590:
4578:
4463:
4315:
4158:
4087:
3961:
3380:
3176:
2955:
2815:
2763:
2696:
2574:
1745:
1570:
1400:
1285:
849:
519:
478:
436:
337:
323:
309:
281:
262:
202:
157:
144:
9340:
Beginning of the End: The Leadership of SS Obersturmbannführer Jochen Peiper
8615:"Battle of the Bulge | Summary, Commanders, & Significance | Britannica"
5399:, which for the first time mentioned British contributions to the fighting.
4086:, went against orders and joined him. They had little time to establish any
3432:
3418:
3052:
3030:
2991:
2709:
15982:
15900:
15704:
14004:
13909:
13540:
12903:
12667:
12435:
12360:
11873:
11315:
10911:
9789:
9735:
Hitler's Last Gamble: The Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 – January 1945
9609:
9358:
8417:
7832:
7658:
7092:
6215:
5667:
5383:
5326:
4601:
4565:
P-47s destroyed at Y-34 Metz-Frescaty airfield during Operation Bodenplatte
4284:
4227:
3899:
3865:
3449:
3276:
3188:
3075:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2700:
2405:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2211:
2092:
2013:
2009:
1989:
1620:
1121:
894:
554:
548:
449:
431:
413:
405:
400:
395:
377:
362:
357:
286:
244:
10402:
Hitler's Commander: Field Marshal Walter Model – Hitler's Favorite General
9926:, United States Army in World War II: Pictorial Record (Second ed.),
9568:, United States Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations,
5176:
Initial and Final manpower commitments for all units in Ardennes Campaign
4330:
4121:
4024:
prevented the German forces from reaching the road network to their west.
3575:
3544:
3223:
3207:
3196:
2646:
The plan originally called for just under 45 divisions, including a dozen
2612:, was assigned to the southernmost sector, near the Luxembourgish city of
2302:, the strategic situation in the west had changed little. The Allies were
2255:, the biggest industrial area of Germany. With the Allies stalled, German
15964:
15539:
15525:
15187:
13863:
13684:
13669:
13023:
12620:
12553:
11858:
11673:
10052:
9715:
84th Infantry Division in the Battle of Germany, November 1944 – May 1945
6947:
6945:
5651:
5573:(also known as the Battle of the Reichswald); east of Aachen they fought
5334:
5295:
4982:
4826:
U.S. 6th Armored Division tanks moving near Wardin, Belgium, January 1945
4772:
to reduce the bulge, and push east back toward the offensive start line.
4489:
4319:
4307:
3848:
3590:
3579:
Sepp Dietrich led the Sixth Panzer Army in the northernmost attack route.
2861:
2794:
2692:
2457:
2443:
2045:
2017:
1846:
1649:
11186:
10568:
Men of Steel: I SS Panzer Corps: The Ardennes and Eastern Front, 1944–45
9213:
Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1887–1976: A Selected Bibliography
8510:
8362:
6967:
4577:(Operation Baseplate), a major campaign against Allied airfields in the
3837:
region to Stavelot, while the same advance required nine hours in 1940.
3751:
Rollbahn D as he had been given latitude to choose the best route west.
14894:
14647:
14626:
13519:
12852:
12780:
11100:
10861:
9867:
Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V.; Wenger, J. Michael (1994),
9390:
5253:
4847:
4769:
4679: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4162:
3793:
3758:
attempted to break through the defending line of the U.S. 99th and the
2927:
2902:
2850:
2723:
2613:
2420:
2193:
2001:
1586:
1363:
132:
11637:– a list of Battle of the Bulge museums near the previous battlefield.
11384:
Leaders in Dangerous Times: Douglas Macarthur and Dwight D. Eisenhower
9850:"Montgomery Says Doughboy Courage, Fighting Ability Halted Nazi Drive"
8215:
In Pursuit of Military Excellence; The Evolution of Operational Theory
7747:
6942:
4447:
A German machine gunner marching through the Ardennes in December 1944
2738:
Because the Ardennes was considered a quiet sector, considerations of
2196:. These limitations led to differences between General Eisenhower and
931:
15157:
14562:
14359:
14170:
13968:
13923:
11626:
11576:
An Honor to Serve: Oral Histories United States Veterans World War II
11189:
Review and Recommendation of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes
10893:
9174:
A Blood Dimmed Tide, The Battle of the Bulge by the Men Who Fought It
7050:
Review and Recommendation of the Deputy Judge Advocate for War Crimes
6278:
6276:
6219:
5705:
5050:
4546:
4342:
4039:
4038:
Operation Stösser was a paratroop drop into the American rear in the
3852:
3600:
To preserve the quantity of armor available, the infantry of the 9th
2751:), and battle-hardened troops sent to that sector to recuperate (the
2578:
2370:
2160:
2122:
Troops were fatigued by weeks of continuous combat and rapid movement
2072:
1893:
93:
13444:
11092:
10384:
Generals of the Bulge: Leadership in the U.S. Army's Greatest Battle
8308:
Liddell Hart and the Mearsheimer Critique: A 'Pupil's' Retrospective
7358:
5886:
4755:
Erasing the Bulge—The Allied counterattack, 26 December – 25 January
4654:
3682:, which is equidistant from the city of Malmedy and Ligneuville and
2218:, in the south would get priority access to supplies. German forces
16187:
13428:
13156:
10956:
6263:
6211:
6087:
5499:
5444:
4494:
4292:
4110:
4016:
were unable to dislodge them from the ridge, where elements of the
3861:
3830:
3652:
3563:
2923:
2919:
2918:
In the center, von Manteuffel's Fifth Panzer Army attacked towards
2875:
In a personal conversation on 13 December between Walter Model and
2590:
2557:
2148:
2033:
1993:
1591:
124:
97:
9270:
Behind the Battle: Intelligence in the War with Germany, 1939-1945
6273:
5987:
5321:
3941:
Knittel was forced to disengage from the heights around Stavelot.
3762:. The 12th SS Panzer Division, reinforced by additional infantry (
2774:, was to lead a task force of English-speaking German soldiers in
2499:('Operation Watch on the Rhine'), after the German patriotic hymn
2330:
2051:
The Germans committed over 410,000 men, just over 1,400 tanks and
11192:, Philipps University of Marburg, 20 October 1947, archived from
9814:(Revised ed.), Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military Classics,
9484:(Revised ed.), Cleobury Mortimer, England: M & M Baldwin
8899:
8897:
8895:
8150:
5916:
For Allied forces, Dupuy counts light tanks with tank destroyers.
5766:
For Allied forces, Dupuy counts light tanks with tank destroyers.
5599:
The Germans officially referred to the offensive by the codename
5490:
5115:
4296:
4273:
3679:
2912:
2846:
2804:
2472:
2189:
1997:
387:
136:
128:
11003:
10762:
The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War
10526:
10140:
A Time For Trumpets: The Untold Story of the Battle of the Bulge
9630:
9524:
8784:
8158:
6469:
5877:, later a noted author, was captured while serving in this unit.
5378:
The First Army was fighting desperately. Having given orders to
15927:
14038:
12636:
10719:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
10357:
8724:
7952:
7089:"Remembering the invisible soldiers of the Battle of the Bulge"
6050:
6048:
5577:; in the center, under Hodges; and in the south, under Patton.
4638:
4063:
3792:, Belgium, approximately 6.5 miles (10.5 km) northeast of
3789:
3683:
3614:, had been ordered to clear the village first. A single 18-man
2762:
were planned for the offensive. By October it was decided that
2409:
2037:
2004:. The offensive was intended to stop Allied use of the Belgian
533:
228:
11237:
Strike and Hold: A Memoir of the 82nd Airborne in World War II
10883:
10474:
To Win the Winter Sky: The Air War over the Ardennes 1944–1945
10236:
Grenadiers, The Story of Waffen-SS General Kurt "Panzer" Meyer
9623:
Office of the Chief of Military History Department of the Army
9587:
Clodfelter, Michl ea (2008), "Twentieth Century (1900–1945)",
8892:
8072:
7988:
7823:
6673:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6139:"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1945"
6110:"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1944"
5374:
Montgomery wrote about the situation he found on 20 December:
915:
c. 800 aircraft lost, at least 500 in December and 280 during
14226:
10885:
10824:, American Military History, vol. II (Second ed.),
10643:
The Last Battle: The Classic History of the Battle for Berlin
9999:
Millward, William, "Chapter 1: Life in and out of Hut 3", in
9361:(30 April 1951), "The War America Fought: Sweep to Victory",
8595:
8326:
7568:"WWII 10th Armored Division in Bastogne by General McAuliffe"
7304:
7302:
7300:
7254:
7220:
7218:
7205:
7203:
5659:
5246:
suffered significant leadership casualties. This included SS-
4811:
4350:
4226:
came up from the south, leaving Bastogne to other units. The
3834:
3615:
2326:
2238:
44:"Ardennes Offensive" redirects here. For the video game, see
10330:
Panzers in Winter: Hitler's Army and the Battle of the Bulge
8943:
8941:
8916:
8914:
8912:
8700:
7964:
7418:
7091:. U.S. Wereth Memorial website. 29 June 1944. Archived from
6075:
6045:
865:
c. 1,000 aircraft lost, over 647 in December and 353 during
11620:
10456:
Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945
10438:
Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945
10214:, U.S. Army in Action Series (Facsimile reprint ed.),
9944:"Battle of the Bulge: U.S. Troops Fight at Elsenborn Ridge"
8953:
8812:
8110:
7928:
7856:
7844:
7735:
7486:
7484:
7394:
6973:
6853:"Explaining the silence surrounding Elsenborn Ridge battle"
6366:
5291:
Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II
4751:
2713:
2252:
11143:(Reprint ed.), Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press
10077:
Impact: The History of Germany's V-Weapons in World War II
8824:
8772:
8760:
8583:
8194:
8170:
8012:
7297:
7242:
7230:
7215:
7200:
7188:
7176:
7164:
6769:
4353:
for two days, before withdrawing progressively westwards.
3956:, 30th Infantry Division, attacked the dispersed units of
2155:, with limited Allied operational objectives in the area.
16300:
Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
10986:"Chapter 20: The German Counteroffensive in the Ardennes"
10628:
Decisive Battles: From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm
9869:
Nuts!: The Battle of the Bulge: The Story and Photographs
8938:
8926:
8909:
8748:
8736:
8546:
8522:
8498:
8314:
8000:
7916:
7904:
7805:
7793:
7725:
7723:
7590:
7532:
6992:
6990:
6930:
6757:
6567:
6565:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6493:
6225:
5436:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
3821:
German troops advancing past abandoned American equipment
3732:
9595:(Third ed.), Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland,
8870:
8868:
8866:
8800:
8374:
8060:
7940:
7708:
7696:
7620:
7481:
7346:
7029:
7007:
7005:
6870:
6820:
6781:
6745:
6589:
6065:
6063:
4261:
2930:
in its efforts to secure the flank from Allied attacks.
8977:
8688:
8534:
8350:
8122:
8024:
7578:
7520:
6709:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6191:
6189:
5999:
5363:
As the Ardennes crisis developed, the U.S. First Army (
4424:
of XLVII Panzer Corps, as well as the Corps' infantry (
2856:
Von Rundstedt set up his operational headquarters near
2008:
and to split the Allied lines, allowing the Germans to
13298:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
10698:
The Unknown Dead: Civilians in the Battle of the Bulge
9733:; Bongard, David L.; Anderson, Richard C. Jr. (1994),
9694:"Oscar Koch: An Unsung Hero Behind Patton's Victories"
8965:
8880:
8712:
8338:
8182:
8154:. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 416–428.
8048:
8036:
7868:
7720:
7382:
7370:
7142:"Belgian villagers remember 'Wereth 11' with memorial"
6987:
6810:
6808:
6562:
6529:
6517:
6481:
6387:
6354:
3933:
German efforts to reinforce Peiper were unsuccessful.
2471:), and von Rundstedt, overall commander of the German
11118:"Operation Nordwind: The "Other" Battle of the Bulge"
10867:
Generals: Ten British Commanders who Shaped the World
10352:, Cleveland; New York: The World Publishing Company,
10258:, United States Department of Defense, archived from
9866:
8863:
8092:"This Day in History: Monty holds a press conference"
7976:
7892:
7880:
7508:
7406:
7364:
7069:
7017:
7002:
6882:
6832:
6793:
6733:
6697:
6326:
6060:
4842:, U.S. Third Army links up with soldiers of the U.S.
4520:(literally 'Western Rampart'). Hitler rejected this.
4250:
for Fifth Panzer Army, which was deployed at Marche.
4128:
led the Fifth Panzer Army in the middle attack route.
2891:
Situation on the Western Front as of 15 December 1944
2481:), were put in charge of carrying out the operation.
2075:
personnel, and later also Luftwaffe aircraft (in the
10912:
U.S. Army Statistical and Accounting Branch (1953),
10596:. Vol. 17, no. 6. Leesburg, VA: Primedia.
10590:"Massacre At Malmédy During the Battle of the Bulge"
9729:
8516:
8486:
8368:
7838:
7607:
7605:
7496:
7442:
7430:
6894:
6649:
6637:
6505:
6448:
6282:
6186:
6162:
6160:
6093:
5993:
5981:
2933:
2583:
1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler
2577:. It included the most experienced formation of the
912:
527–554 tanks, tank destroyers and assault guns lost
16305:
Battles of World War II involving the United States
10933:
Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton
10081:, Rockville Centre, New York: Sarpedon Publishers,
9313:Boog, Horst; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (2001),
8242:. Cornell University Press. pp. 8–9, 203–204.
6805:
6661:
5724:
German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II
2896:localized counterattack resulting from the Allies'
2435:Several senior German military officers, including
11401:
11319:
11294:
11136:
10818:The United States Army in a Global Era, 1917–2008
10625:
10074:
9963:
9920:The War Against Germany: Europe and Adjacent Areas
9508:
9459:
9123:Home by Christmas: The Illusion of Victory in 1944
8140:
7057:
6918:
6906:
6721:
6685:
6625:
6577:
6550:
6419:"A Brief History of the U.S. Army in World War II"
6399:
5958:
5284:
4547:German supporting efforts across the Western Front
4337:led Seventh Army in the southernmost attack route.
3515:
2356:during the summer had destroyed much of Germany's
11148:Young, William H.; Young, Nancy K., eds. (2010),
11060:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
11027:"Fighting with Allies: The Debate Fifty Years On"
9288:The Ardennes: Hitler's Winter Offensive 1944–1945
8989:
7602:
6436:
6246:Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
6157:
6133:
6131:
6104:
6102:
3625:This created a bottleneck in the German advance.
3538:
2095:could only retreat for the remainder of the war.
16256:
10963:, Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company,
9966:Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park
9792:; Warhurst, A. E. (2009) , Butler, James (ed.),
9775:(First ed.), New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons,
9438:Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944–45
8845:"The Battle of Elsenborn December 1944 (Part V)"
8418:U.S. Army Statistical and Accounting Branch 1953
6859:, no. 4, 99th Infantry Division Association
6021:Snow and Steel: The Battle of the Bulge, 1944-45
5575:the second phase of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest
2493:The Wehrmacht's code name for the offensive was
1348:
495:(under 21st Army Group 20 December – 16 January)
11522:Hitler's Winter: The German Battle of the Bulge
11079:(1964), "Hitler's Image of the United States",
10006:
9885:Graham, Roger D; Colonel, USAF-Retired (2007),
9193:"Ardennes, Battle of the (Battle of the Bulge)"
8730:
8474:(in German). Bernard & Graefe. p. 1362
8437:Pogue's War: Diaries of a WWII Combat Historian
6222:tanks and 182 assault guns and tank destroyers.
5905:The Medical Department: The War Against Germany
4181:tank in Namur on the Meuse River, December 1944
11442:The Ardennes Offensive I Armee & VII Armee
10034:Jones, Jeffrey Frank, ed. (18 December 2019),
9658:The Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Final Gamble
9312:
7772:. Casemate / Vaktel Forlag. pp. 351–376.
6128:
6099:
6054:
4763:Map: Allied Offensive against Ardennes salient
2454:('Operation Autumn Mist') and von Rundstedt's
15943:
12652:
11656:
11623:– Official webpage of the United States Army.
11597:Panther vs. Sherman: Battle of the Bulge 1944
10983:
10662:Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia
10417:
10255:Battle of the Bulge Remembered 60 Years Later
9788:
9673:
9434:
8706:
8640:"70th Anniversary of the Battle of the Bulge"
8601:
8440:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 328.
8332:
8310:, Strategic Studies Institute, pp. 12–13
7759:
6763:
6475:
6320:American Experience – The Battle of the Bulge
6081:
6017:
5640:
5549:United States Army Center of Military History
1334:
1137:
947:
100:during the Battle of the Bulge, January 1945.
11519:
10957:Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge (1995),
10112:
10000:
9992:
9961:
9908:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9479:
9454:
9395:Secret Days: Code-breaking in Bletchley Park
8903:
8818:
7424:
6968:Review and Recommendation, War Crimes (1947)
5828:
5822:
5794:10,749 dead; 34,225 wounded; 22,487 captured
5683:Five copies of a report by the Chief of the
5600:
5271:
5257:
5247:
4855:
4621:
4615:
4605:
4570:
4515:
4493:American Infantry fighting their way toward
4471:
4407:Senior Allied commanders met in a bunker in
3911:
3801:
3788:Another, smaller, massacre was committed in
3769:
3763:
3738:
3720:
3704:
3690:
3672:
3665:
3633:
3626:
3601:
3584:
3557:
2838:
2826:
2788:
2717:
2664:
2651:
2569:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2494:
2476:
2466:
2455:
2447:
2436:
2390:
2361:
2338:
2313:
2256:
2089:third-deadliest campaign in American history
1151:
11274:
11217:Andrews, Ernest A.; Hurt, David B. (2022),
11216:
10927:
10458:(New with photos ed.), Da Capo Press,
9750:
9701:Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin
9636:
9563:
9544:, The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II,
9336:
8806:
8670:"Final Campaigns, the Allies enter Germany"
8237:
7958:
7934:
7753:
7741:
7463:"The British in the Battle of the Ardennes"
7248:
7236:
7224:
7209:
7182:
7170:
5538:killed, 34,168 wounded, and 29,243 missing.
4644:
3697:285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion
2849:on 11 December, taking up residence in the
2533:Wehrmacht forces for the Ardennes Offensive
2446:(in German and Dutch: Maas); Model's being
114:(1 month, 1 week and 5 days)
15950:
15936:
12659:
12645:
11663:
11649:
11381:
11147:
10749:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10695:
10363:
10345:
9962:Hinsley, F. H.; Strip, Alan, eds. (1993),
9916:
9770:
9586:
9162:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8778:
8766:
8200:
8176:
8078:
8018:
7994:
7910:
7400:
7308:
6231:
5223:
2823:20 July 1944 attempt to assassinate Hitler
2125:Supply lines were stretched extremely thin
1341:
1327:
1144:
1130:
954:
940:
16365:Battles of World War II involving Germany
11360:
11339:
10935:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
10847:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,
10677:
10186:
10156:
10133:
10072:
10015:
9847:
9827:
9691:
9655:
9589:The Toll of World War II, U.S. Statistics
9519:, vol. 6, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
9506:
9303:
9285:
8754:
8742:
8552:
8528:
8504:
8380:
8320:
8144:, Prime Minister (18 January 1945).
8042:
7862:
7850:
7811:
7799:
7765:
7596:
7460:
7281:. Military History Online. Archived from
7260:
7035:
7011:
6955:
6876:
6826:
6775:
6739:
6715:
6595:
6360:
6301:
6207:
6005:
4739:Learn how and when to remove this message
4361:(reinforced by elements from the 9th and
3784:333rd Artillery Battalion (United States)
2882:
2465:Model, commander of German Army Group B (
2398:
16320:Battles of World War II involving France
16315:Battles of World War II involving Canada
16310:Tank battles involving the United States
11573:
11555:
11498:
11115:
11075:
11054:
10587:
10565:
10381:
10302:
10204:
10094:
10059:, New York City: W.W. Norton & Co.,
9998:
9488:
9120:
8983:
8356:
8128:
8084:
7970:
7946:
7766:Bergstrom, Christer (19 December 2014).
7714:
7626:
7611:
7538:
7526:
6936:
6888:
6643:
6511:
6264:Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge 1995
6024:. Oxford University Press. p. 649.
6018:Caddick-Adams, Peter (31 October 2014).
5617:
5489:
5320:
5305:
5294:
5241:German field commanders plan the advance
5236:
4758:
4750:
4560:
4488:
4484:
4442:
4394:
4329:
4172:
4120:
3998:
3898:
3894:
3816:
3737:Driving to the south-east of Elsenborn,
3651:
3574:
3570:
2898:recent attack in the Wahlerscheid sector
2886:
2618:
2151:region primarily as a rest area for the
1924:
96:on their march to recapture the town of
11937:French Committee of National Liberation
11439:
11421:
11314:
11275:Collins, Michael; King, Martin (2013),
11234:
11221:, Philadelphia & Oxford: Casemate,
11106:
11021:
10814:
10805:
10659:
10547:
10489:
10349:The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery
10324:
10073:King, Benjamin; Kutta, Timothy (1998),
10051:
9990:
9917:Greenfield, Kent Roberts, ed. (1989) ,
9537:
9411:Bush, Johnathan A. (20 February 2010),
9369:
9357:
9267:
9249:
9190:
9102:
9084:
9063:
8971:
8959:
8932:
8920:
8886:
8836:
8794:
8790:
8694:
8571:(in German). Musterschmidt. p. 195
8540:
8492:
8116:
8054:
8030:
7922:
7874:
7729:
7664:
7584:
7075:
6814:
6667:
6655:
6611:
6332:
6297:
6255:
5622:The Battle of the Bulge diorama at the
5351:
4116:
3952:Small units of the U.S. 2nd Battalion,
3812:
3616:Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon
3218:392nd Engineer General Service Regiment
2166:
961:
112:16 December 1944 – 28 January 1945
14:
16257:
14506:
14484:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
11927:French Civil and Military High Command
11591:
11537:
11399:
11292:
11252:
11165:
11134:
10884:U.S. Army Center of Military History,
10839:
10713:
10550:The Ardennes Offensive VI Panzer Armee
10471:
10453:
10435:
10399:
10273:
9941:
9884:
9809:
9711:
9389:
9228:
9210:
8842:
8830:
8718:
8589:
8344:
8305:
8262:
8240:Liddell Hart and the Weight of History
8217:. London: Francass. pp. 108–109.
8188:
8164:
7702:
7490:
7388:
7376:
7194:
7063:
7041:
7023:
6900:
6838:
6799:
6787:
6703:
6679:
6619:
6615:
6607:
6571:
6544:
6523:
6499:
6487:
6393:
6381:
6344:
6174:. DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER
6069:
5228:
4543:, reached Bastogne, ending the siege.
4325:
4168:
4141:
3733:Kampfgruppe Peiper deflected southeast
3369:Southern Sector: Hochscheid to Mompach
2944:Northern Sector: Monschau to Krewinkel
2230:until the end of the war in May 1945.
692:1,912 tank destroyers and assault guns
661:1,970 tank destroyers and assault guns
630:1,713 tank destroyers and assault guns
15931:
15355:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
14787:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
14433:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
14389:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
13494:Rape during the occupation of Germany
12640:
11644:
11424:The Ardennes Offensive V Panzer Armee
10988:, in Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.),
10860:
10787:
10757:
10734:
10620:
10507:
10404:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo,
10251:
10233:
10033:
9970:, New York: Oxford University Press,
9644:, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,
9170:
9147:
8947:
8874:
8467:
8434:Pogue, Forrest C. (1 February 2006).
8433:
8212:
8006:
7982:
7898:
7886:
7550:
7514:
7412:
6850:
6751:
6305:
6195:
5964:
4868:
4865:
4262:Operation Greif and Operation Währung
1322:
1125:
935:
926:Approximately 3,000 civilians killed.
14477:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
13509:Rape during the liberation of France
12012:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
11578:, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies,
11560:, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies,
11542:, SVC Northern Appalachian Studies,
11480:
11256:Air Power in the Battle of the Bulge
10996:U.S. Army Center of Military History
10826:U.S. Army Center of Military History
10636:
10519:U.S. Army Center of Military History
10222:from the original on 4 December 2008
10216:U.S. Army Center of Military History
9928:U.S. Army Center of Military History
9692:Dougherty, Kevin (April–June 2002),
9608:
9570:U.S. Army Center of Military History
9552:from the original on 6 December 2008
9546:U.S. Army Center of Military History
9410:
8995:
8564:
8066:
7502:
7448:
7436:
7352:
7266:
6996:
6979:
6951:
6924:
6912:
6727:
6691:
6631:
6583:
6556:
6463:
6442:
6405:
6259:
5645:
5517:United States Department of the Army
4677:adding citations to reliable sources
4648:
4510:and began operating in a tool room.
4384:
4097:
4027:
3641:
3373:
3169:
2948:
2627:In an indirect, secondary role, the
2587:12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend
2147:) and his staff decided to hold the
908:(U.S. Estimate: 103,900 casualties)
824:3,256 anti-tank and artillery pieces
818:414 tank destroyers and assault guns
793:3,396 anti-tank and artillery pieces
787:462 tank destroyers and assault guns
762:4,131 anti-tank and artillery pieces
756:608 tank destroyers and assault guns
731:4,224 anti-tank and artillery pieces
725:667 tank destroyers and assault guns
698:3,181 anti-tank and artillery pieces
667:3,305 anti-tank and artillery pieces
636:2,408 anti-tank and artillery pieces
598:499 tank destroyers and assault guns
32:Battle of the Bulge (disambiguation)
11627:The Battle of the Bulge: Battlebook
11107:Whiting, Charles (9 October 2007),
10984:von Luttichau, Charles V. (2000) ,
10632:, London; New York: Continuum Books
10588:Reynolds, Michael (February 2003).
9234:Ardennes 1944: Hitler's Last Gamble
9071:, University Press of Mississippi,
7365:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994
5624:Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum
4838:M8 armored car on patrol from U.S.
4436:and placed them under Montgomery's
3689:At 12:30 p.m. on 17 December,
2845:('Special Train of the Führer') to
2539:Battle of the Bulge order of battle
2128:Supplies were dangerously depleted.
2077:concluding stages of the engagement
1035:Allied defense and counteroffensive
24:
14703:German invasion of the Netherlands
12983:Weather events during World War II
11833:
11467:, New York: Simon & Schuster,
11259:, Airpower Journal, archived from
11209:
10828:, pp. 133–168, CMH Pub. 30-22
10332:, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger,
9942:Hersko, Ralph E. (November 1998),
9373:A General's Life: An Autobiography
9290:, Havertown: Casemate Publishers,
9089:, New York: Simon & Schuster,
8517:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994
8369:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994
8146:"War Situation And Foreign Policy"
7839:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994
7116:"Wereth 11 Remembered in Ceremony"
7113:
6283:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994
6094:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994
5994:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994
5982:Dupuy, Bongard & Anderson 1994
5613:
3871:To Peiper's south, the advance of
2488:
2203:, commander of the Anglo-Canadian
608:971 anti-tank and artillery pieces
25:
16376:
15334:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
11942:Provisional Consultative Assembly
11614:
10303:McDonald, Gabrielle, ed. (2000),
10252:Miles, Donna (14 December 2004),
10040:, Jeffrey Frank Jones, p. 53
9848:Gallagher, Wes (8 January 1945),
9013:discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk
8646:. 20 January 2015. Archived from
5674:
2934:Units involved in initial assault
2235:destroy the French railway system
92:, move past a destroyed American
15957:
15894:
12666:
11672:
11574:Wissolik, Richard David (2007),
11556:Wissolik, Richard David (2005),
10916:(Report), Department of the Army
10900:from the original on 31 May 2021
10886:"Battle of the Bulge – Overview"
10700:, University Press of Kentucky,
10346:Montgomery, Bernard Law (1958),
9615:The Ardennes:Battle of the Bulge
9489:Cavanagh, William C. C. (2004),
9035:
9026:
9001:
8662:
8632:
8607:
8558:
8461:
8427:
8386:
8299:
8256:
8231:
8206:
8134:
7670:
7632:
7560:
7454:
7314:
7272:
7053:, 20 October 1947, pp. 4–22
5937:
5928:
5919:
5910:
5896:
5880:
5775:Includes two parachute divisions
5699:
5637:, Elsenborn, or Monschau-Höfen.
4831:
4819:
4799:
4653:
3448:
3431:
3417:
3403:
3392:
3379:
3275:
3258:
3247:
3236:
3222:
3206:
3195:
3175:
3074:
3051:
3040:
3029:
3018:
3004:
2990:
2976:
2954:
2107:at the end of July 1944 and the
893:
873:
848:
547:
532:
525:
518:
505:
477:
448:
430:
412:
394:
376:
356:
336:
322:
308:
294:
280:
261:
237:
221:
208:
195:
74:
16355:History of Luxembourg (Belgium)
11368:, Alpine Fine Arts Collection,
10118:History of the Second World War
9056:
9042:Units Entitled to Battle Credit
8151:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
7642:. The Drop Zone. Archived from
7279:American Forces in World War II
7134:
7107:
7081:
6844:
6601:
6411:
6311:
6249:
6237:
5867:
5856:
5845:
5836:
5816:
5806:
5797:
5788:
5778:
5285:Allied high-command controversy
4664:needs additional citations for
4637:was fighting on three sides in
4058:) area. The objective was the "
3543:The attack on Monschau, Höfen,
3516:Attack on the northern shoulder
3187:Surrounded and captured on the
2872:, von Manteuffel and Dietrich.
2785:Friedrich August von der Heydte
2678:, the extensive network of the
2285:
15581:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
13291:Territorial changes of Germany
13199:Indonesian National Revolution
11520:Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2022),
11081:The American Historical Review
11062:, Cambridge University Press,
11006:, CMH Pub 70-7, archived from
10845:Battle: The Story of the Bulge
10529:, CMH Pub. 7-1, archived from
10418:O'Donnell, Patrick K. (2012),
10211:Bastogne: The First Eight Days
10187:MacDonald, Charles B. (1998),
10163:, Center of Military History,
10157:MacDonald, Charles B. (1993),
10007:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013),
9771:Eisenhower, John S.D. (1969),
9674:de Senarclens, Pierre (1988),
9376:, The University of Michigan,
9337:Bouwmeester, Maj. Han (2004),
9195:, in Kingston, Jack A. (ed.),
8568:Die Ardennen-Offensive 1944/45
7684:. Historynet.com. 12 June 2006
6011:
5769:
5760:
5750:
4633:By 15 January, Seventh Army's
4537:Company D, 37th Tank Battalion
4196:British 11th Armoured Division
3539:Best German divisions assigned
3165:Central Sector: Roth to Gemünd
2939:Forces deployed North to South
2799:(paratrooper combat group) in
2749:106th "Golden Lions" Divisions
2304:slowly pushing towards Germany
2300:fighting in the Hürtgen Forest
2222:of several major ports on the
27:World War II battle, 1944–1945
13:
1:
16335:January 1945 events in Europe
14981:Japanese invasion of Thailand
14932:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
14696:German invasion of Luxembourg
13077:Mediterranean and Middle East
12616:Mediterranean and Middle East
12519:End of World War II in Europe
11782:French Forces of the Interior
11116:Whitlock, Flint (Fall 2010),
10366:A Field Marshal in the Family
9435:Caddick-Adams, Peter (2015),
9199:, vol. I, pp. 69–73
8843:Nyssen, Léon (15 July 2007).
8094:. History.com. Archived from
7461:Blockmans, Guy (6 May 2002).
7118:. Defense.gov. Archived from
5863:Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler
5739:
5485:
4478:15th Panzergrenadier Division
4212:British 6th Airborne Division
4192:British 29th Armoured Brigade
3756:277th Volksgrenadier Division
3638:Peiper's armored task force.
3498:212th Volksgrenadier Division
3493:276th Volksgrenadier Division
3480:352nd Volksgrenadier Division
3325:560th Volksgrenadier Division
3116:277th Volksgrenadier Division
3101:326th Volksgrenadier Division
2766:, the German SS-commando who
2226:coast into the autumn, while
2207:, over whether Montgomery or
2179:on the northern shore of the
2098:
1950: Front line, 25 December
1944: Front line, 20 December
1938: Front line, 16 December
1308:End of World War II in Europe
904:63,000~ to 75,000+ casualties
68:Western Front of World War II
16340:Battles involving Luxembourg
14888:Invasion of the Soviet Union
14577:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
13895:Independent State of Croatia
11293:Jordan, Jonathan W. (2011),
9828:Fabianich, Keith P. (1947),
9718:, New York: The Viking Press
9660:, Pearson Higher Education,
9491:The Battle East of Elsenborn
9480:Calvocoressi, Peter (2001),
9308:, New York: Ballantine Books
9286:Bergström, Christer (2014),
9197:Encyclopedia of World War II
7322:"The Battle of the Ardennes"
6210:, p. 426, including 20
6055:Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2001
5952:
5478:However, American historian
4850:, Belgium. January 16, 1945.
4426:26th Volksgrenadier Division
4318:for allegedly violating the
4062:" crossroads. It was led by
3777:
3475:5th Fallschirmjäger Division
3343:26th Volksgrenadier Division
3307:62nd Volksgrenadier Division
3302:18th Volksgrenadier Division
3141:3rd Fallschirmjäger Division
3126:12th Volksgrenadier Division
2770:the former Italian dictator
2228:Dunkirk remained under siege
1977:, was the last major German
1933:during 16–25 December 1944.
7:
16036:Second Battle of El Alamein
15996:Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski
15872:End of World War II in Asia
15712:Western invasion of Germany
15219:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
15196:Second Battle of El Alamein
14766:Hundred Regiments Offensive
14738:Battle of the Mediterranean
14591:Italian invasion of Albania
12765:Air warfare of World War II
11776:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
11635:Battle of the Bulge Museums
11382:MacDougall, Robert (2013),
11253:Carter, William R. (1989),
11235:Burriss, T. Moffat (2001),
10494:, Polperro Heritage Press,
10490:Pearson, Joss, ed. (2011),
10382:Morelock, Jerry D. (2015),
10009:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography
9751:Eggenberger, David (1985),
9656:Delaforce, Patrick (2004),
9507:Churchill, Winston (1953),
9441:, Oxford University Press,
9397:, London: Frontline Books,
9365:, vol. 30, no. 18
7756:, p. 527, footnote 14.
5889:can mean several things in
5712:
5685:Secret Intelligence Service
4846:of U.S. First Army west of
4585:/missile attacks and using
4113:(8 km from Bastogne).
3829:Peiper arrived in front of
2526:
2419:Hitler's plan called for a
2270:Field Marshal Montgomery's
2112:landings in southern France
2032:, and in the south, around
10:
16381:
16160:Battle of the Chinese Farm
16119:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
16086:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
15798:Naval bombardment of Japan
15166:First Battle of El Alamein
15085:Battle of Christmas Island
15030:Japanese invasion of Burma
14794:Italian invasion of Greece
14710:German invasion of Belgium
14682:German invasion of Denmark
14655:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
14524:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
12788:Comparative military ranks
12167:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
11899:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
11792:French Expeditionary Corps
10768:Cambridge University Press
10696:Schrijvers, Peter (2005),
10566:Reynolds, Michael (2006),
10508:Pogue, Forrest C. (1954),
10454:Parker, Danny S. (2004) ,
10400:Newton, Steven H. (2006),
10364:Montgomery, Brian (2010),
10274:Miller, Donald L. (2002),
10057:Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis
9304:Blumenson, Martin (1972),
8281:10.1177/096834459800500304
8238:Mearsheimer, John (2010).
8167:, p. 611, footnote 1.
6318:McCullough, David (2005).
5734:Operation Spring Awakening
5641:Bletchley Park post-mortem
5602:Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein
5515:An official report by the
5288:
4814:, Luxembourg, January 1945
4768:forces planned to meet at
4550:
4388:
4265:
4254:Division took the town of
4145:
4101:
4031:
3994:
3781:
3645:
3519:
3391:109th Infantry Regiment /
3257:110th Infantry Regiment /
3221:424th Infantry Regiment /
3205:423rd Infantry Regiment /
3194:422nd Infantry Regiment /
3050:394th Infantry Regiment /
3028:393rd Infantry Regiment /
2536:
2530:
2496:Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein
2341:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
1909:Raids on the Atlantic Wall
1904:Strategic Bombing Campaign
346:(1st Allied Airborne Army)
43:
36:
29:
16350:History of Liège Province
16219:
16186:
16168:
16140:
16117:
16084:
15981:
15963:
15887:
15719:Bratislava–Brno offensive
15659:
15650:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
15387:
15274:Allied invasion of Sicily
15228:
15134:Aleutian Islands campaign
15106:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
15053:
15044:Greek famine of 1941–1944
14939:Second Battle of Changsha
14844:German invasion of Greece
14812:
14689:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
14664:
14602:
14497:
14378:
14104:
14014:
13862:
13565:
13556:
13314:
13139:
13031:North and Central Pacific
12992:
12754:
12747:
12674:
12590:
12560:1946 legislative election
12489:
12446:
12419:
12386:
12327:
12216:
12190:
12124:
12108:
12092:
12068:
12049:
12020:
12004:
11985:
11966:
11955:
11932:French National Committee
11912:
11844:
11831:
11825:French Forces of the West
11718:
11685:
11400:Parker, Danny S. (1999),
11152:, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO,
11135:Wilmot, Chester (1972) ,
10788:Sorge, Martin K. (1986),
10660:Sandler, Stanley (2002),
10472:Parker, Danny S. (1994),
10436:Parker, Danny S. (1991),
10422:, Boston: Da Capo Press,
10278:The Story of World War II
10114:Liddell Hart, Basil Henry
10016:Jablonsky, David (1994),
9712:Draper, Theodore (1946),
9121:Andidora, Ronald (2002),
9103:Ambrose, Stephen (1998),
9085:Ambrose, Stephen (1992),
6682:, p. 84, Chapter VI.
6082:Ellis & Warhurst 2009
5704:After the war ended, the
5559:
5527:
5506:
5207:
5193:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5144:
5113:
5081:
5044:
5012:
4976:
4947:
4918:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4873:
4862:
4856:Force comparisons by date
4472:
4453:969th Artillery Battalion
3912:
3701:U.S. 7th Armored Division
3522:Battle of Elsenborn Ridge
2812:upcoming Soviet offensive
2053:armored fighting vehicles
2042:U.S. 2nd Armored Division
1360:
1165:
973:
925:
840:
603:armored fighting vehicles
580:
469:
250:
185:
104:
80:American soldiers of the
73:
65:
60:
16066:Battle of the Dukla Pass
15973:Battle of Cambrai (1917)
15311:Allied invasion of Italy
15288:Solomon Islands campaign
15037:Third Battle of Changsha
14634:First Battle of Changsha
14540:Second Sino-Japanese War
13480:German military brothels
13346:United States war crimes
12577:Trial of Philippe Pétain
12504:1945 municipal elections
12401:Liberation of Strasbourg
11558:They Say There Was a War
11485:, Osceola: MBI Pub. Co,
11171:Battle of the Bulge 1944
11109:Battle Of Hurtgen Forest
10806:Stanton, Shelby (2006),
10737:The Secrets of Station X
10680:Tigers in Combat, Vol. 1
10646:, Simon & Schuster,
10282:, Simon & Schuster,
10120:, G. P. Putnam's Sons.,
10099:, Simon & Schuster,
10020:, Taylor & Francis,
10001:Hinsley & Strip 1993
9993:Hinsley & Strip 1993
9211:Baxter, Colin F (1999),
9107:, Simon & Schuster,
5744:
5316:Supreme Allied Commander
4645:Allied counter-offensive
4600:On the same day, German
2877:Friedrich von der Heydte
2585:. It also contained the
2473:Army Command in the West
2430:Russian winter offensive
2379:Jassy-Kishinev Offensive
2141:Supreme Allied Commander
540:1st Allied Airborne Army
369:Führer und Reichskanzler
274:Supreme Allied Commander
86:Tennessee National Guard
15733:Second Guangxi campaign
15588:Philippines (1944–1945)
15092:Battle of the Coral Sea
14995:Fall of the Philippines
14641:Battle of South Guangxi
14547:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
13953:Italian Social Republic
12294:Liberation of Marseille
11483:World War II Day by Day
11440:Quarrie, Bruce (2001),
11422:Quarrie, Bruce (2000),
11386:, Trafford Publishing,
11139:The Struggle for Europe
10758:Solis, Gary D. (2010),
10735:Smith, Michael (2011),
10548:Quarrie, Bruce (1999),
10189:The Battle of the Bulge
10095:Larrabee, Eric (1987),
10011:, Woodland Publications
9854:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
9812:Hitler's Last Offensive
9810:Elstob, Peter (2003) ,
9538:Cirillo, Roger (1995),
9272:, Sinclair-Stephenson,
9268:Bennett, Ralph (1994),
9250:Bennett, Ralph (2011),
9009:"The Discovery Service"
8644:National D-Day Memorial
8468:Percy, Schramm (1961).
8263:Searle, Alaric (1998).
7769:The Ardennes, 1944–1945
7754:Clarke & Smith 1993
7742:Clarke & Smith 1993
5395:British newspapers and
5367:) and U.S. Ninth Army (
5342:Allied occupation zones
5224:Strategy and leadership
4573:Unternehmen Bodenplatte
4359:101st Airborne Division
4347:112th Infantry Regiment
3954:119th Infantry Regiment
3875:Hansen had stalled. SS-
3745:394th Infantry Regiment
3233:112th Infantry Regiment
3228:106th Infantry Division
3212:106th Infantry Division
3201:106th Infantry Division
3121:12th SS Panzer Division
2987:395th Infantry Regiment
2633:Gustav-Adolf von Zangen
2450:Unternehmen Herbstnebel
2272:Operation Market Garden
2233:The Allies' efforts to
2040:, being stopped by the
1196:Siegfried Line campaign
82:117th Infantry Regiment
18:Von Rundstedt Offensive
16206:Battle of Medina Ridge
16030:Operation Winter Storm
16011:Battle of Brody (1941)
16006:Battle of Sedan (1940)
15991:Battle of Khalkhin Gol
15318:Armistice of Cassibile
15120:Battle of Dutch Harbor
15071:Battle of the Java Sea
14974:Attack on Pearl Harbor
14874:Syria–Lebanon campaign
14867:Battle of South Shanxi
14837:Invasion of Yugoslavia
14620:Battle of the Atlantic
14234:Korean Liberation Army
13947:(until September 1943)
13904:(until September 1944)
13882:(until September 1944)
12534:Provisional Government
12198:Liberation of Saint-Lô
12172:Maquis de Saint-Marcel
12152:Liberation of Limousin
12116:Battle of Mont Mouchet
12100:Liberation of Limousin
11996:Syria–Lebanon campaign
11947:Provisional Government
11922:Empire Defense Council
11838:
11787:French Liberation Army
11538:Wilmes, David (1999),
11524:, Oxford, UK: Osprey,
11122:World War II Quarterly
11034:Joint Forces Quarterly
10721:, Simon and Schuster,
10678:Schneider, W. (2004),
9757:, Dover Publications,
9370:Bradley, Omar (1983),
9191:Axelrod, Alan (2007),
9171:Astor, Gerald (1992),
8767:Young & Young 2010
8565:Jung, Hermann (1971).
8213:Naveh, Shimon (1997).
7616:Chapter 21: The Relief
5829:
5823:
5626:
5601:
5503:
5476:
5392:
5329:
5318:
5303:
5272:
5258:
5248:
5242:
4844:84th Infantry Division
4764:
4756:
4622:
4617:Heeresgruppe Oberrhein
4616:
4612:Army Group Upper Rhine
4606:
4571:
4566:
4516:
4498:
4448:
4404:
4378:5th Parachute Division
4363:10th Armored Divisions
4338:
4272:For Operation Greif ("
4216:33rd Armoured Brigades
4182:
4129:
4084:6th Parachute Regiment
4055:
4047:
4043:
4004:
3924:82nd Airborne Division
3907:
3822:
3802:
3798:1st SS Panzer Division
3770:
3764:
3760:2nd Infantry Divisions
3739:
3727:Malmedy massacre trial
3721:
3705:
3691:
3673:
3666:
3660:
3634:
3627:
3620:99th Infantry Division
3602:
3585:
3580:
3558:
3414:12th Infantry Regiment
3398:28th Infantry Division
3264:28th Infantry Division
3242:28th Infantry Division
3131:1st SS Panzer Division
3057:99th Infantry Division
3035:99th Infantry Division
3015:38th Infantry Regiment
3001:23rd Infantry Regiment
2996:99th Infantry Division
2892:
2883:Initial German assault
2839:
2827:
2789:
2753:28th Infantry Division
2718:
2665:
2658:divisions forming the
2652:
2624:
2570:
2553:
2515:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2477:
2467:
2456:
2448:
2437:
2399:Drafting the offensive
2391:
2362:
2339:
2314:
2257:
2105:breakout from Normandy
1964:
1962: German movements
1956: Allied movements
999:Initial German assault
251:Commanders and leaders
90:30th Infantry Division
16211:Battle of Al Busayyah
16045:Battle of Prokhorovka
15482:Second Battle of Guam
15378:Bengal famine of 1943
15348:Second Battle of Kiev
15304:Battle of the Dnieper
15009:Battle of Wake Island
14881:East African campaign
14823:Battle of South Henan
14468:atrocities by Germans
14241:Korean Volunteer Army
13222:Occupation of Germany
12976:Music in World War II
12524:Victory in Europe Day
12203:Battle of Mont Gargan
12060:Liberation of Corsica
11837:
11813:4th Moroccan Mountain
11808:3rd Algerian Infantry
11803:2nd Moroccan Infantry
11481:Shaw, Antony (2000),
11408:, London: Greenhill,
11362:MacDonald, Charles B.
11341:MacDonald, Charles B.
10594:World War II Magazine
10135:MacDonald, Charles B.
9794:The Defeat of Germany
9047:16 March 2013 at the
8295:on 24 September 2021.
7682:World War II Magazine
6851:Wager, Eliot (2011),
6827:King & Kutta 1998
6384:, pp. 1088–1089.
5621:
5493:
5471:
5376:
5324:
5309:
5298:
5240:
4840:11th Armored Division
4762:
4754:
4688:"Battle of the Bulge"
4564:
4553:Operation Bodenplatte
4492:
4485:Allied counterstrikes
4446:
4398:
4333:
4208:53rd (Welsh) Infantry
4176:
4124:
4010:John S. D. Eisenhower
4002:
3902:
3895:German advance halted
3820:
3664:Büllingen, where the
3655:
3578:
3571:German forces held up
3437:4th Infantry Division
3428:8th Infantry Regiment
3423:4th Infantry Division
3320:116th Panzer Division
3024:2nd Infantry Division
3010:2nd Infantry Division
2982:2nd Infantry Division
2973:9th Infantry Regiment
2890:
2622:
2542:
2516:Bataille des Ardennes
2438:Generalfeldmarschalls
2280:Battle of the Scheldt
2025:aerial reconnaissance
1928:
1602:Battle of Britain Day
917:Operation Bodenplatte
867:Operation Bodenplatte
841:Casualties and losses
827:16 infantry divisions
796:15 infantry divisions
765:16 infantry divisions
734:13 infantry divisions
701:22 infantry divisions
670:22 infantry divisions
639:15 infantry divisions
16345:History of the Eifel
16330:December 1944 events
16239:Battle of Debaltseve
16229:Battle of Novoazovsk
16196:Battle of 73 Easting
16099:Battle of Asal Uttar
16094:Operation Grand Slam
16061:Battle of Studzianki
16026:Battle of Stalingrad
15768:Surrender of Germany
15246:Battle of West Hubei
15203:Guadalcanal campaign
15173:Battle of Stalingrad
15099:Battle of Madagascar
13873:Albania protectorate
13660:(formerly Swaziland)
13369:Wehrmacht war crimes
13185:Expulsion of Germans
12969:Art and World War II
12867:British contribution
12816:Governments in exile
12509:Advance to the Rhine
12314:Battle of Montélimar
12309:Liberation of Guéret
12289:Liberation of Toulon
12162:Liberation of Guéret
11879:Dwight D. Eisenhower
11679:Liberation of France
11196:on 29 September 2007
11077:Weinberg, Gerhard L.
11056:Weinberg, Gerhard L.
10994:(Reissue ed.),
10262:on 25 September 2015
10234:Meyer, Kurt (2005),
9638:De Guingand, Francis
9566:Riviera to the Rhine
9517:The Second World War
9423:on 25 September 2015
9148:Annan, Noel (1995),
8731:Holroyd-Doveton 2013
8306:Luvaas, Jay (1990),
7197:, pp. 103, 104.
6618:, pp. 329–334;
6262:, pp. 565–567;
5729:Liberation of France
5719:Battle of Garfagnana
5693:UK National Archives
5352:Montgomery's actions
5252:(Brigadier general)
4673:improve this article
4628:Operation North Wind
4623:Unternehmen Nordwind
4589:shells, but also by
4541:4th Armored Division
4525:2nd Armored Division
4422:Panzer-Lehr-Division
4244:XXXXVII Panzer-Korps
4155:9th Armored Division
4126:Hasso von Manteuffel
4117:Attack in the center
3813:Germans advance west
3409:9th Armored Division
3253:9th Armored Division
3146:150th Panzer Brigade
3046:9th Armored Division
2676:liberation of France
2602:Hasso von Manteuffel
2315:Generalfeldmarschall
2259:Generalfeldmarschall
2216:U.S. 12th Army Group
2173:direct landing ships
2167:Allied supply issues
2137:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1973:, also known as the
1899:Defence of the Reich
1380:The Heligoland Bight
1062:German counterattack
611:6 infantry divisions
419:Hasso von Manteuffel
268:Dwight D. Eisenhower
158:50.00417°N 5.72000°E
16325:History of Wallonia
16265:Battle of the Bulge
16221:Russo-Ukrainian War
16076:Battle of the Bulge
16071:Battle of Arracourt
15858:Potsdam Declaration
15747:Italy (Spring 1945)
15510:Liberation of Paris
14967:Siege of Sevastopol
13985:(until August 1944)
13888:Wang Jingwei regime
13710:from September 1943
13670:from September 1944
13608:from September 1944
13468:Romanian war crimes
13459:Persecution of Jews
13445:Croatian war crimes
13415:Japanese war crimes
13229:Occupation of Japan
13178:First Indochina War
12890:Military production
12802:Declarations of war
12514:Invasion of Germany
12378:Battle of Meximieux
12373:Battle of Arracourt
12335:Liberation of Nancy
12299:Liberation of Paris
12279:Battle of La Ciotat
12274:Battle of Port Cros
12239:Liberation of Brest
12224:Battle for Brittany
12142:Battle of Cherbourg
11621:Battle of the Bulge
11506:, Greenhill Books,
11263:on 16 December 2013
11010:on 30 December 2007
10960:Battle of the Bulge
10929:Van Creveld, Martin
10870:, Faber and Faber,
10792:, Greenwood Press,
10572:Casemate Publishers
10536:on 5 September 2021
10511:The Supreme Command
10386:, Stackpole Books,
10238:, Stackpole Books,
9511:Triumph and Tragedy
9466:, London: Cassell,
9456:Calvocoressi, Peter
8962:, pp. 270–272.
8950:, pp. 270–272.
8833:, pp. 122–123.
8592:, pp. 292–293.
8519:, pp. 474–477.
8371:, pp. 466–471.
8119:, pp. 382–385.
8081:, pp. 311–314.
8069:, pp. 204–205.
8009:, pp. 378–395.
7997:, pp. 276–277.
7973:, pp. 489–490.
7961:, pp. 410–413.
7826:Battle of the Bulge
7355:, pp. 259–260.
7285:on 25 February 2009
7263:, p. 461, 463.
7122:on 5 September 2015
6982:, p. 78,
6754:, pp. 362–366.
6502:, pp. 122–123.
6478:, pp. 456–458.
6244:Battle of the Bulge
6168:"DMSi ACSDB report"
5945:Neil Leslie Webster
5842:Only two battalions
5650:At Bletchley Park,
5571:Operation Veritable
5358:Freddie de Guingand
5229:Hitler's chosen few
5177:
5145:Infantry divisions
4418:2nd Panzer Division
4403:on 22 December 1944
4335:Erich Brandenberger
4326:Attack in the south
4248:9th Panzer Division
4242:, commander of the
4169:Meuse River bridges
4142:Battle for St. Vith
4090:or train together.
3550:Obersturmbannführer
3402:Combat Command A /
3338:2nd Panzer Division
3246:Combat Command R /
3039:Combat Command B /
2967:102nd Cavalry Group
2610:Erich Brandenberger
2571:Oberstgruppenführer
2375:Romanian oil fields
2354:Operation Bagration
2345:strategic reserve.
2276:First Canadian Army
2220:remained in control
1971:Battle of the Bulge
1888:Strategic campaigns
1491:Ypres–Comines Canal
1303:Invasion of Germany
965:Battle of the Bulge
862:800 tanks destroyed
830:8 armored divisions
799:8 armored divisions
768:8 armored divisions
737:7 armored divisions
704:8 armored divisions
673:8 armored divisions
642:6 armored divisions
614:2 armored divisions
455:Erich Brandenberger
154: /
61:Battle of the Bulge
16295:1945 in Luxembourg
16290:1944 in Luxembourg
16244:Battle of Vuhledar
16234:Mariupol offensive
16132:Battle of Basantar
16109:Battle of Chawinda
16104:Battle of Phillora
16056:Battle of Radzymin
16051:Operation Goodwood
16016:Operation Crusader
15851:Surrender of Japan
15684:Battle of Iwo Jima
15533:Belgrade offensive
14946:Siege of Leningrad
14830:Battle of Shanggao
14759:British Somaliland
14724:Dunkirk evacuation
14675:Norwegian campaign
14613:Invasion of Poland
14440:Japanese prisoners
13408:Italian war crimes
13339:British war crimes
13254:Soviet occupations
13038:South-West Pacific
12925:Allied cooperation
12883:Military equipment
12582:Klaus Barbie trial
12319:Liberation of Nice
12137:Battle of Carentan
12132:Operation Overlord
11869:Bernard Montgomery
11839:
11599:, Oxford: Osprey,
11366:The Last Offensive
11322:The Longest Winter
11173:, Oxford: Osprey,
10715:Shirer, William L.
10476:, Combined Books,
10440:, Combined Books,
10326:Mitcham, Samuel W.
10206:Marshall, S. L. A.
10160:The Last Offensive
9236:, London: Viking,
9177:, Donald I. Fine,
8707:de Senarclens 1988
8650:on 21 October 2022
8619:www.britannica.com
8602:Caddick-Adams 2015
8333:Caddick-Adams 2015
8142:Churchill, Winston
7334:on 7 February 2011
6999:, pp. 75–106.
6958:, p. 203–209.
6790:, pp. 16, 19.
6622:, pp. 95–100.
6476:von Luttichau 2000
5984:, appendices E, F.
5687: –
5656:Peter Calvocoressi
5631:war correspondents
5627:
5522:Lorraine campaigns
5504:
5496:Mardasson Memorial
5467:B. H. Liddell Hart
5330:
5319:
5304:
5264:National Socialism
5243:
5175:
4765:
4757:
4567:
4557:Operation Nordwind
4499:
4476:Regiment from the
4449:
4405:
4339:
4291:as the capital of
4183:
4148:Battle of St. Vith
4130:
4080:II Parachute Corps
4005:
3908:
3823:
3754:To the north, the
3674:Kampfgruppe Peiper
3661:
3581:
3545:Krinkelt-Rocherath
3332:XLVII Panzer Corps
3314:LVIII Panzer Corps
3135:Kampfgruppe Peiper
3062:14th Cavalry Group
2893:
2760:special operations
2625:
2568:, commanded by SS
2503:Die Wacht am Rhein
2363:Heeresgruppe Mitte
2265:Gerd von Rundstedt
2263:('Field Marshal')
2209:Lieutenant General
2201:Bernard Montgomery
2181:Cotentin peninsula
2132:By December 1944,
2116:military logistics
1975:Ardennes Offensive
1965:
1914:Battle of Atlantic
833:2 armored brigades
802:3 armored brigades
771:3 armored brigades
707:2 armored brigades
676:2 armored brigades
383:Gerd von Rundstedt
301:Bernard Montgomery
94:M5A1 "Stuart" tank
47:Ardennes Offensive
16275:Conflicts in 1945
16270:Conflicts in 1944
16252:
16251:
16201:Battle of Norfolk
15925:
15924:
15883:
15882:
15726:Battle of Okinawa
15625:Burma (1944–1945)
15459:Mariana and Palau
15239:Tunisian campaign
15064:Fall of Singapore
14988:Fall of Hong Kong
14731:Battle of Britain
14584:Operation Himmler
14493:
14492:
14157:Dutch East Indies
13800:Southern Rhodesia
13552:
13551:
13452:Genocide of Serbs
13355:German war crimes
13332:Soviet war crimes
13325:Allied war crimes
13171:Division of Korea
13150:Chinese Civil War
12948:Strategic bombing
12860:Manhattan Project
12634:
12633:
12571:Trente Glorieuses
12547:Épuration sauvage
12485:
12484:
12345:Operation Undergo
12340:Operation Astonia
12284:Provence landings
12084:Battle of Glières
12079:Battle of Vercors
12041:Battle of Réunion
12036:Tunisian campaign
11884:Raymond O. Barton
11864:Winston Churchill
11854:Charles de Gaulle
11606:978-1-84603-292-9
11585:978-1-885851-20-8
11567:978-1-885851-51-2
11549:978-1-885851-13-0
11531:978-1-4728-4739-3
11513:978-1-85367-291-0
11492:978-0-7603-0939-1
11474:978-0-684-80330-2
11451:978-1-85532-913-3
11433:978-1-85532-857-0
11347:, Burford Books,
11345:Company Commander
11326:, Da Capo Press,
11308:978-0-451-23212-0
11286:978-1-61200-181-4
11246:978-1-57488-348-0
11159:978-0-313-35652-0
11069:978-0-521-55879-2
10991:Command Decisions
10877:978-0-571-22485-2
10810:, Stackpole Books
10781:978-0-521-87088-7
10653:978-0-684-80329-6
10559:978-1-85532-853-2
10501:978-0-9559541-8-4
10465:978-0-306-81391-7
10429:978-0-306-82029-8
10368:, Pen and Sword,
10289:978-0-7432-1198-7
10245:978-0-8117-3197-3
10198:978-1-85799-128-4
10127:978-0-306-80912-5
10027:978-0-7146-4119-5
9878:978-0-02-881069-0
9871:, Potomac Books,
9737:, HarperCollins,
9667:978-1-4058-4062-0
9642:Operation Victory
9602:978-0-7864-3319-3
9579:978-0-16-034746-7
9548:, CMH Pub 72-26,
9493:, Pen and Sword,
9448:978-0-19933-514-5
9404:978-1-84832-615-6
9383:978-0-671-41023-0
9330:978-3-421-05507-1
9297:978-1-61200-277-4
9252:Ultra in the West
9243:978-0-670-91864-5
9132:978-0-313-31751-4
9078:978-1-57806-026-9
8935:, pp. 66–67.
8906:, pp. 61–64.
8904:Calvocoressi 2001
8819:Calvocoressi 1980
8447:978-0-8131-9160-7
8394:"Ardennes-Alsace"
8249:978-0-8014-7631-0
7925:, pp. 32–43.
7865:, pp. 21–22.
7853:, pp. 77–79.
7779:978-1-61200-277-4
7705:, pp. 84–86.
7640:"NUTS! Revisited"
7493:, pp. 76–83.
7469:on 23 August 2012
7425:Liddell Hart 1970
7146:Stars and Stripes
6778:, pp. 86–89.
6031:978-0-19-933516-9
5646:Missed indicators
5397:Stars and Stripes
5221:
5220:
5173:
5172:
4806:Americans of the
4792:Winston Churchill
4749:
4748:
4741:
4723:
4529:4th Cavalry Group
4503:P-47 Thunderbolts
4460:Anthony McAuliffe
4391:Siege of Bastogne
4385:Siege of Bastogne
4312:military tribunal
4232:Marche-en-Famenne
4220:34th Tank Brigade
4200:British XXX Corps
4179:Sherman "Firefly"
4104:Chenogne massacre
4098:Chenogne massacre
4034:Operation Stösser
4028:Operation Stösser
3966:Froidcourt Castle
3642:Malmedy massacres
3528:Siege of Bastogne
3512:
3511:
3365:
3364:
3292:(von Manteuffel)
3289:Fifth Panzer Army
3161:
3160:
3109:I SS Panzer Corps
3088:Sixth Panzer Army
2801:Operation Stösser
2719:Flugabwehrkanonen
2680:French Resistance
2660:armored spearhead
2598:Fifth Panzer Army
2510:Ardennenoffensive
2414:super-heavy tanks
2358:Army Group Center
2292:Lorraine Campaign
2214:, commanding the
2065:wounded in action
1922:
1921:
1316:
1315:
1119:
1118:
1094:Chenogne massacre
930:
929:
859:81,000 casualties
740:1 armored brigade
645:1 armored brigade
343:Lewis H. Brereton
304:(21st Army Group)
290:(12th Army Group)
181:
180:
163:50.00417; 5.72000
16:(Redirected from
16372:
16360:History of Namur
16021:Battle of Gazala
16001:Battle of Hannut
15952:
15945:
15938:
15929:
15928:
15918:
15911:
15904:
15901:World portal
15899:
15898:
15874:
15867:
15860:
15853:
15844:
15837:
15830:
15821:
15814:
15807:
15800:
15793:
15786:
15777:
15770:
15763:
15761:Prague offensive
15756:
15754:Battle of Berlin
15749:
15742:
15735:
15728:
15721:
15714:
15707:
15700:
15698:Vienna offensive
15693:
15686:
15679:
15677:Battle of Manila
15672:
15652:
15643:
15634:
15627:
15618:
15611:
15604:
15597:
15590:
15583:
15576:
15567:
15558:
15551:
15542:
15535:
15528:
15521:
15512:
15505:
15498:
15491:
15484:
15477:
15470:
15461:
15454:
15445:
15436:
15427:
15420:
15418:Korsun–Cherkassy
15413:
15402:
15380:
15371:
15364:
15357:
15350:
15343:
15336:
15329:
15320:
15313:
15306:
15299:
15290:
15283:
15276:
15269:
15262:
15260:Bombing of Gorky
15255:
15248:
15241:
15221:
15214:
15205:
15198:
15191:
15182:
15175:
15168:
15161:
15150:
15143:
15136:
15129:
15127:Battle of Midway
15122:
15115:
15113:Battle of Gazala
15108:
15101:
15094:
15087:
15080:
15073:
15066:
15046:
15039:
15032:
15025:
15023:Battle of Borneo
15018:
15016:Malayan campaign
15011:
15004:
14997:
14990:
14983:
14976:
14969:
14962:
14960:Bombing of Gorky
14955:
14953:Battle of Moscow
14948:
14941:
14934:
14927:
14920:
14913:
14897:
14890:
14883:
14876:
14869:
14862:
14853:
14846:
14839:
14832:
14825:
14805:
14796:
14789:
14782:
14775:
14768:
14761:
14754:
14747:
14740:
14733:
14726:
14719:
14717:Battle of France
14712:
14705:
14698:
14691:
14684:
14677:
14657:
14650:
14643:
14636:
14629:
14622:
14615:
14593:
14586:
14579:
14572:
14570:Munich Agreement
14565:
14558:
14549:
14542:
14535:
14526:
14519:
14504:
14503:
14486:
14479:
14470:
14463:
14456:
14455:Soviet prisoners
14449:
14442:
14435:
14426:
14419:
14410:
14403:
14396:
14395:German prisoners
14391:
14371:
14362:
14355:
14348:
14343:
14336:
14329:
14322:
14315:
14308:
14301:
14294:
14287:
14280:
14273:
14266:
14259:
14252:
14243:
14236:
14229:
14222:
14215:
14208:
14201:
14194:
14187:
14180:
14173:
14166:
14159:
14152:
14145:
14138:
14131:
14124:
14117:
14097:
14090:
14083:
14076:
14069:
14062:
14055:
14048:
14041:
14034:
14027:
14007:
14000:
13993:
13986:
13978:
13971:
13964:
13955:
13948:
13940:
13933:
13931:French Indochina
13926:
13919:
13912:
13905:
13897:
13890:
13883:
13875:
13855:
13846:
13839:
13830:
13823:
13816:
13809:
13802:
13795:
13788:
13781:
13778:from August 1944
13769:
13762:
13755:
13748:
13741:
13734:
13727:
13720:
13713:
13701:
13694:
13687:
13680:
13673:
13661:
13653:
13646:
13639:
13632:
13625:
13618:
13611:
13599:
13592:
13585:
13578:
13563:
13562:
13543:
13536:
13529:
13522:
13515:
13504:
13489:
13482:
13475:
13470:
13461:
13454:
13447:
13438:
13431:
13424:
13422:Nanjing Massacre
13417:
13410:
13401:
13399:Nuremberg trials
13392:
13385:
13378:
13371:
13364:
13357:
13348:
13341:
13334:
13327:
13307:
13300:
13293:
13284:
13277:
13270:
13263:
13256:
13249:
13240:
13231:
13224:
13217:
13210:
13201:
13194:
13187:
13180:
13173:
13166:
13159:
13152:
13132:
13123:
13116:
13109:
13100:
13093:
13086:
13079:
13070:
13063:
13056:
13047:
13040:
13033:
13026:
13019:
13012:
13005:
13003:Asia and Pacific
12985:
12978:
12971:
12964:
12957:
12950:
12943:
12934:
12932:Mulberry harbour
12927:
12920:
12913:
12906:
12899:
12892:
12885:
12878:
12869:
12862:
12855:
12846:
12839:
12832:
12825:
12818:
12811:
12804:
12797:
12790:
12783:
12774:
12767:
12752:
12751:
12740:
12733:
12724:
12717:
12710:
12703:
12696:
12689:
12682:
12661:
12654:
12647:
12638:
12637:
12540:Épuration légale
12492:
12454:Atlantic pockets
12430:Atlantic pockets
12396:Battle of Alsace
12350:Atlantic pockets
12244:Atlantic pockets
12182:Battle of Ushant
12177:Maquis de Saffré
11964:
11963:
11915:
11904:Philippe Kieffer
11894:Philippe Leclerc
11889:George S. Patton
11847:
11733:Commando Kieffer
11721:
11677:
11676:
11665:
11658:
11651:
11642:
11641:
11630:U.S. Army Europe
11609:
11588:
11570:
11552:
11534:
11516:
11495:
11477:
11464:A Bridge Too Far
11454:
11436:
11418:
11407:
11396:
11378:
11357:
11336:
11325:
11311:
11300:
11289:
11271:
11270:
11268:
11249:
11231:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11183:
11162:
11144:
11142:
11131:
11130:
11128:
11112:
11103:
11087:(4): 1006–1021,
11072:
11051:
11050:
11048:
11031:
11023:Weigley, Russell
11018:
11017:
11015:
10980:
10979:
10977:
10953:
10924:
10923:
10921:
10908:
10907:
10905:
10880:
10857:
10836:
10835:
10833:
10823:
10811:
10802:
10784:
10765:
10754:
10748:
10740:
10731:
10710:
10692:
10674:
10656:
10633:
10631:
10617:
10615:
10613:
10604:. Archived from
10584:
10562:
10544:
10543:
10541:
10535:
10516:
10504:
10486:
10468:
10450:
10432:
10414:
10396:
10378:
10360:
10342:
10321:
10299:
10298:
10296:
10281:
10270:
10269:
10267:
10248:
10230:
10229:
10227:
10218:, CMH Pub 22-2,
10201:
10183:
10182:
10180:
10171:, archived from
10153:
10143:, Bantam Books,
10130:
10109:
10091:
10080:
10069:
10048:
10047:
10045:
10030:
10012:
10003:
9995:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9969:
9958:
9957:
9955:
9938:
9937:
9935:
9925:
9913:
9907:
9899:
9881:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9844:
9843:on 18 March 2009
9842:
9835:
9824:
9806:
9790:Ellis, Lionel F.
9785:
9773:The Bitter Woods
9767:
9747:
9731:Dupuy, Trevor N.
9726:
9725:
9723:
9708:
9698:
9688:
9670:
9652:
9633:
9620:
9605:
9583:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9534:
9533:
9531:
9514:
9503:
9485:
9482:Top Secret Ultra
9476:
9465:
9462:Top Secret Ultra
9451:
9431:
9430:
9428:
9419:, archived from
9407:
9386:
9366:
9359:Bradley, Omar N.
9354:
9353:
9351:
9345:
9333:
9309:
9300:
9282:
9264:
9246:
9225:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9187:
9167:
9161:
9153:
9150:Changing Enemies
9144:
9117:
9105:Citizen Soldiers
9099:
9087:Band of Brothers
9081:
9069:Americans at War
9065:Ambrose, Stephen
9051:
9039:
9033:
9030:
9024:
9023:
9021:
9019:
9005:
8999:
8993:
8987:
8981:
8975:
8969:
8963:
8957:
8951:
8945:
8936:
8930:
8924:
8923:, p. 179ff.
8918:
8907:
8901:
8890:
8884:
8878:
8872:
8861:
8860:
8858:
8856:
8840:
8834:
8828:
8822:
8816:
8810:
8807:Eggenberger 1985
8804:
8798:
8788:
8782:
8776:
8770:
8764:
8758:
8752:
8746:
8740:
8734:
8728:
8722:
8716:
8710:
8704:
8698:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8666:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8636:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8611:
8605:
8599:
8593:
8587:
8581:
8580:
8578:
8576:
8562:
8556:
8550:
8544:
8538:
8532:
8526:
8520:
8514:
8508:
8502:
8496:
8490:
8484:
8483:
8481:
8479:
8465:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8431:
8425:
8415:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8404:
8398:history.army.mil
8390:
8384:
8378:
8372:
8366:
8360:
8354:
8348:
8342:
8336:
8330:
8324:
8318:
8312:
8311:
8303:
8297:
8296:
8291:. Archived from
8260:
8254:
8253:
8235:
8229:
8228:
8210:
8204:
8198:
8192:
8186:
8180:
8174:
8168:
8162:
8156:
8155:
8138:
8132:
8126:
8120:
8114:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8088:
8082:
8076:
8070:
8064:
8058:
8052:
8046:
8040:
8034:
8028:
8022:
8016:
8010:
8004:
7998:
7992:
7986:
7980:
7974:
7968:
7962:
7959:De Guingand 1947
7956:
7950:
7944:
7938:
7935:Van Creveld 1977
7932:
7926:
7920:
7914:
7908:
7902:
7896:
7890:
7884:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7803:
7797:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7763:
7757:
7751:
7745:
7739:
7733:
7727:
7718:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7674:
7668:
7667:, c. "Bastogne".
7662:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7646:on 14 March 2010
7636:
7630:
7624:
7618:
7609:
7600:
7594:
7588:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7564:
7558:
7548:
7542:
7536:
7530:
7524:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7488:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7465:. Archived from
7458:
7452:
7446:
7440:
7434:
7428:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7404:
7398:
7392:
7386:
7380:
7374:
7368:
7362:
7356:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7333:
7326:
7318:
7312:
7306:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7249:Bouwmeester 2004
7246:
7240:
7237:Bouwmeester 2004
7234:
7228:
7225:Bouwmeester 2004
7222:
7213:
7210:Bouwmeester 2004
7207:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7183:Bouwmeester 2004
7180:
7174:
7171:Bouwmeester 2004
7168:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7152:on 21 March 2021
7148:. Archived from
7138:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7114:Hoover, Steven.
7111:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7085:
7079:
7073:
7067:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7009:
7000:
6994:
6985:
6977:
6971:
6965:
6959:
6949:
6940:
6939:, p. 34-40.
6934:
6928:
6922:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6886:
6880:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6848:
6842:
6836:
6830:
6824:
6818:
6812:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6767:
6761:
6755:
6749:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6725:
6719:
6713:
6707:
6701:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6605:
6599:
6593:
6587:
6581:
6575:
6569:
6560:
6554:
6548:
6542:
6527:
6521:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6497:
6491:
6485:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6466:, pp. 1–64.
6461:
6446:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6423:history.army.mil
6415:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6364:
6358:
6352:
6342:
6336:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6315:
6309:
6295:
6286:
6280:
6271:
6253:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6205:
6199:
6193:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6164:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6141:. Archived from
6135:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6112:. Archived from
6106:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6058:
6052:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6015:
6009:
6003:
5997:
5991:
5985:
5979:
5968:
5962:
5947:
5943:Calvocoressi to
5941:
5935:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5908:
5900:
5894:
5891:American English
5884:
5878:
5871:
5865:
5860:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5840:
5834:
5832:
5826:
5820:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5801:
5795:
5792:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5767:
5764:
5758:
5754:
5604:
5275:
5261:
5251:
5178:
5174:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4860:
4859:
4835:
4823:
4803:
4744:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4681:
4657:
4649:
4625:
4619:
4609:
4576:
4519:
4475:
4474:
4078:of 800 men. The
3974:
3926:under Maj. Gen.
3915:
3914:
3805:
3773:
3767:
3742:
3724:
3710:
3694:
3676:
3669:
3658:Malmedy massacre
3648:Malmedy massacre
3637:
3630:
3610:Fallschirmjaeger
3605:
3603:Fallschirmjaeger
3588:
3561:
3465:(Brandenberger)
3453:
3452:
3435:
3421:
3407:
3396:
3384:
3383:
3374:
3280:
3279:
3262:
3251:
3240:
3226:
3210:
3199:
3180:
3179:
3170:
3079:
3078:
3055:
3044:
3033:
3022:
3008:
2994:
2980:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2844:
2833:headquarters in
2832:
2798:
2772:Benito Mussolini
2740:economy of force
2721:
2695:, and a special
2670:
2657:
2631:, under General
2608:, under General
2573:
2551:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2498:
2480:
2470:
2461:
2453:
2440:
2425:Battle of France
2394:
2365:
2344:
2317:
2296:Battle of Aachen
2262:
2244:Red Ball Express
1990:Second World War
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1751:Atlantic Pockets
1355:
1351:Western Front of
1343:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1160:
1158:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1089:Malmedy massacre
968:
966:
956:
949:
942:
933:
932:
898:
897:
878:
877:
853:
852:
790:1,090 other AFVs
759:1,496 other AFVs
728:1,261 other AFVs
695:7,079 other AFVs
664:7,769 other AFVs
633:5,352 other AFVs
552:
551:
537:
536:
530:
529:
523:
522:
510:
509:
482:
481:
453:
452:
435:
434:
417:
416:
399:
398:
381:
380:
361:
360:
341:
340:
329:George S. Patton
327:
326:
313:
312:
299:
298:
285:
284:
270:
266:
265:
243:
241:
240:
227:
225:
224:
214:
212:
211:
201:
199:
198:
169:
168:
166:
165:
164:
159:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
106:
105:
78:
58:
57:
39:Battle of France
21:
16380:
16379:
16375:
16374:
16373:
16371:
16370:
16369:
16285:1945 in Belgium
16280:1944 in Belgium
16255:
16254:
16253:
16248:
16215:
16182:
16164:
16155:Valley of Tears
16136:
16127:Battle of Chamb
16113:
16080:
16041:Battle of Kursk
15977:
15959:
15956:
15926:
15921:
15914:
15907:
15893:
15891:
15879:
15870:
15863:
15856:
15849:
15840:
15833:
15826:
15817:
15812:Atomic bombings
15810:
15803:
15796:
15789:
15782:
15773:
15766:
15759:
15752:
15745:
15738:
15731:
15724:
15717:
15710:
15703:
15696:
15689:
15682:
15675:
15668:
15655:
15648:
15637:
15630:
15623:
15614:
15607:
15600:
15593:
15586:
15579:
15570:
15561:
15554:
15545:
15538:
15531:
15524:
15515:
15508:
15503:Eastern Romania
15501:
15496:Warsaw Uprising
15494:
15489:Tannenberg Line
15487:
15480:
15475:Western Ukraine
15473:
15464:
15457:
15448:
15439:
15430:
15423:
15416:
15405:
15396:
15383:
15376:
15367:
15360:
15353:
15346:
15339:
15332:
15325:
15316:
15309:
15302:
15293:
15286:
15279:
15272:
15267:Battle of Kursk
15265:
15258:
15251:
15244:
15237:
15224:
15217:
15208:
15201:
15194:
15185:
15178:
15171:
15164:
15155:
15146:
15139:
15132:
15125:
15118:
15111:
15104:
15097:
15090:
15083:
15078:St Nazaire Raid
15076:
15069:
15062:
15049:
15042:
15035:
15028:
15021:
15014:
15007:
15000:
14993:
14986:
14979:
14972:
14965:
14958:
14951:
14944:
14937:
14930:
14923:
14916:
14902:
14893:
14886:
14879:
14872:
14865:
14860:Anglo-Iraqi War
14858:
14851:Battle of Crete
14849:
14842:
14835:
14828:
14821:
14808:
14799:
14792:
14785:
14780:Eastern Romania
14778:
14771:
14764:
14757:
14750:
14743:
14736:
14729:
14722:
14715:
14708:
14701:
14694:
14687:
14680:
14673:
14660:
14653:
14646:
14639:
14632:
14625:
14618:
14611:
14598:
14589:
14582:
14575:
14568:
14561:
14554:
14545:
14538:
14531:
14522:
14515:
14489:
14482:
14475:
14466:
14459:
14454:
14445:
14438:
14431:
14422:
14415:
14406:
14399:
14394:
14387:
14374:
14367:
14358:
14351:
14346:
14341:Western Ukraine
14339:
14332:
14325:
14318:
14311:
14304:
14297:
14290:
14285:Northeast China
14283:
14276:
14269:
14262:
14255:
14248:
14239:
14232:
14225:
14218:
14211:
14204:
14197:
14190:
14183:
14176:
14169:
14162:
14155:
14148:
14141:
14134:
14127:
14120:
14113:
14100:
14093:
14086:
14079:
14072:
14065:
14058:
14051:
14044:
14037:
14030:
14023:
14010:
14003:
13996:
13991:Slovak Republic
13989:
13981:
13974:
13967:
13962:Empire of Japan
13960:
13951:
13943:
13936:
13929:
13922:
13915:
13908:
13900:
13893:
13886:
13878:
13871:
13858:
13851:
13842:
13835:
13826:
13819:
13812:
13805:
13798:
13791:
13784:
13772:
13765:
13758:
13751:
13744:
13737:
13730:
13723:
13716:
13704:
13697:
13690:
13683:
13676:
13664:
13656:
13649:
13642:
13635:
13628:
13621:
13614:
13602:
13595:
13588:
13581:
13574:
13548:
13539:
13532:
13525:
13518:
13507:
13492:
13485:
13478:
13474:Sexual violence
13473:
13466:
13457:
13450:
13443:
13434:
13427:
13420:
13413:
13406:
13397:
13388:
13381:
13374:
13367:
13360:
13353:
13344:
13337:
13330:
13323:
13310:
13303:
13296:
13289:
13280:
13273:
13266:
13259:
13252:
13243:
13234:
13227:
13220:
13213:
13204:
13197:
13192:Greek Civil War
13190:
13183:
13176:
13169:
13162:
13155:
13148:
13135:
13128:
13119:
13112:
13105:
13096:
13089:
13082:
13075:
13066:
13059:
13052:
13043:
13036:
13029:
13022:
13017:South-East Asia
13015:
13008:
13001:
12988:
12981:
12974:
12967:
12960:
12953:
12946:
12939:
12930:
12923:
12916:
12909:
12902:
12895:
12888:
12881:
12876:Military awards
12874:
12865:
12858:
12851:
12842:
12835:
12828:
12821:
12814:
12807:
12800:
12793:
12786:
12779:
12770:
12763:
12743:
12736:
12729:
12720:
12713:
12706:
12701:
12692:
12685:
12678:
12670:
12665:
12635:
12630:
12586:
12565:Fourth Republic
12490:
12481:
12442:
12415:
12388:
12382:
12323:
12304:Maillé massacre
12212:
12208:Operation Cobra
12186:
12147:Battle for Caen
12120:
12104:
12088:
12064:
12045:
12031:Operation Torch
12016:
12000:
11981:
11977:Battle of Gabon
11958:
11951:
11913:
11908:
11845:
11840:
11829:
11798:1st Free French
11719:
11714:
11681:
11671:
11669:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11586:
11568:
11550:
11532:
11514:
11493:
11475:
11459:Ryan, Cornelius
11457:
11452:
11434:
11416:
11394:
11376:
11355:
11334:
11309:
11287:
11266:
11264:
11247:
11229:
11212:
11210:Further reading
11207:
11199:
11197:
11181:
11160:
11126:
11124:
11111:, Da Capo Press
11093:10.2307/1842933
11070:
11046:
11044:
11029:
11025:(Summer 1995),
11013:
11011:
10975:
10973:
10971:
10943:
10919:
10917:
10903:
10901:
10878:
10855:
10831:
10829:
10821:
10800:
10782:
10742:
10741:
10729:
10708:
10690:
10672:
10654:
10638:Ryan, Cornelius
10622:Riley, Jonathon
10611:
10609:
10608:on 7 March 2007
10582:
10560:
10539:
10537:
10533:
10514:
10502:
10484:
10466:
10448:
10430:
10412:
10394:
10376:
10340:
10319:
10294:
10292:
10290:
10265:
10263:
10246:
10225:
10223:
10199:
10178:
10176:
10175:on 4 April 2023
10151:
10128:
10107:
10089:
10067:
10043:
10041:
10028:
9982:
9980:
9978:
9953:
9951:
9933:
9931:
9930:, CMH Pub. 12-3
9923:
9901:
9900:
9897:
9889:, AuthorHouse,
9879:
9858:
9856:
9840:
9833:
9822:
9804:
9803:978-184574059-7
9783:
9765:
9745:
9721:
9719:
9696:
9686:
9678:, Transaction,
9668:
9618:
9603:
9582:, CMH Pub. 7-10
9580:
9555:
9553:
9541:Ardennes-Alsace
9529:
9527:
9501:
9474:
9449:
9426:
9424:
9417:The Independent
9405:
9384:
9349:
9347:
9343:
9331:
9298:
9280:
9262:
9244:
9223:
9202:
9200:
9185:
9155:
9154:
9133:
9115:
9097:
9079:
9059:
9054:
9049:Wayback Machine
9040:
9036:
9031:
9027:
9017:
9015:
9007:
9006:
9002:
8994:
8990:
8982:
8978:
8970:
8966:
8958:
8954:
8946:
8939:
8931:
8927:
8919:
8910:
8902:
8893:
8885:
8881:
8873:
8864:
8854:
8852:
8851:on 12 July 2015
8841:
8837:
8829:
8825:
8817:
8813:
8805:
8801:
8789:
8785:
8779:Clodfelter 2008
8777:
8773:
8765:
8761:
8753:
8749:
8741:
8737:
8729:
8725:
8717:
8713:
8705:
8701:
8693:
8689:
8679:
8677:
8676:. 16 March 2020
8668:
8667:
8663:
8653:
8651:
8638:
8637:
8633:
8623:
8621:
8613:
8612:
8608:
8600:
8596:
8588:
8584:
8574:
8572:
8563:
8559:
8551:
8547:
8539:
8535:
8527:
8523:
8515:
8511:
8503:
8499:
8491:
8487:
8477:
8475:
8466:
8462:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8432:
8428:
8416:
8412:
8402:
8400:
8392:
8391:
8387:
8379:
8375:
8367:
8363:
8355:
8351:
8343:
8339:
8331:
8327:
8319:
8315:
8304:
8300:
8261:
8257:
8250:
8236:
8232:
8225:
8211:
8207:
8201:Montgomery 2010
8199:
8195:
8187:
8183:
8179:, pp. 281.
8177:Montgomery 1958
8175:
8171:
8163:
8159:
8139:
8135:
8127:
8123:
8115:
8111:
8101:
8099:
8090:
8089:
8085:
8079:Montgomery 1958
8077:
8073:
8065:
8061:
8053:
8049:
8041:
8037:
8029:
8025:
8019:Montgomery 1958
8017:
8013:
8005:
8001:
7995:Montgomery 1958
7993:
7989:
7981:
7977:
7969:
7965:
7957:
7953:
7945:
7941:
7933:
7929:
7921:
7917:
7911:Eisenhower 1969
7909:
7905:
7897:
7893:
7885:
7881:
7873:
7869:
7861:
7857:
7849:
7845:
7837:
7833:
7824:U.S. Army CMH,
7822:
7818:
7810:
7806:
7798:
7794:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7764:
7760:
7752:
7748:
7740:
7736:
7728:
7721:
7713:
7709:
7701:
7697:
7687:
7685:
7676:
7675:
7671:
7663:
7659:
7649:
7647:
7638:
7637:
7633:
7625:
7621:
7614:, p. 172,
7610:
7603:
7595:
7591:
7583:
7579:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7549:
7545:
7541:, p. 1951.
7537:
7533:
7525:
7521:
7513:
7509:
7501:
7497:
7489:
7482:
7472:
7470:
7459:
7455:
7447:
7443:
7435:
7431:
7423:
7419:
7411:
7407:
7403:, p. 303f.
7401:Schrijvers 2005
7399:
7395:
7387:
7383:
7375:
7371:
7363:
7359:
7351:
7347:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7324:
7320:
7319:
7315:
7309:Eisenhower 1969
7307:
7298:
7288:
7286:
7271:
7267:
7259:
7255:
7247:
7243:
7235:
7231:
7223:
7216:
7208:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7181:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7155:
7153:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7125:
7123:
7112:
7108:
7098:
7096:
7095:on 28 July 2011
7087:
7086:
7082:
7074:
7070:
7062:
7058:
7047:
7046:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7022:
7018:
7010:
7003:
6995:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6974:
6970:, p. 4-22.
6966:
6962:
6950:
6943:
6935:
6931:
6923:
6919:
6911:
6907:
6899:
6895:
6887:
6883:
6875:
6871:
6862:
6860:
6849:
6845:
6837:
6833:
6825:
6821:
6813:
6806:
6798:
6794:
6786:
6782:
6774:
6770:
6762:
6758:
6750:
6746:
6738:
6734:
6726:
6722:
6714:
6710:
6702:
6698:
6690:
6686:
6678:
6674:
6666:
6662:
6654:
6650:
6642:
6638:
6630:
6626:
6606:
6602:
6594:
6590:
6582:
6578:
6574:, p. 1090.
6570:
6563:
6555:
6551:
6547:, p. 1092.
6543:
6530:
6526:, p. 1091.
6522:
6518:
6510:
6506:
6498:
6494:
6490:, p. 1085.
6486:
6482:
6474:
6470:
6462:
6449:
6441:
6437:
6427:
6425:
6417:
6416:
6412:
6404:
6400:
6396:, p. 1086.
6392:
6388:
6380:
6367:
6359:
6355:
6343:
6339:
6331:
6327:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6304:, p. 618;
6296:
6289:
6281:
6274:
6254:
6250:
6242:
6238:
6232:Schrijvers 2005
6230:
6226:
6206:
6202:
6194:
6187:
6177:
6175:
6166:
6165:
6158:
6148:
6146:
6137:
6136:
6129:
6119:
6117:
6108:
6107:
6100:
6092:
6088:
6080:
6076:
6068:
6061:
6053:
6046:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6016:
6012:
6004:
6000:
5992:
5988:
5980:
5971:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5950:
5942:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5911:
5901:
5897:
5885:
5881:
5872:
5868:
5861:
5857:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5807:
5802:
5798:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5715:
5702:
5677:
5662:were tasked by
5648:
5643:
5616:
5614:Media attention
5562:
5530:
5509:
5488:
5480:Stephen Ambrose
5460:Chiefs of Staff
5354:
5293:
5287:
5231:
5226:
5049:
4980:
4978:Tank destroyers
4858:
4851:
4836:
4827:
4824:
4815:
4808:101st Engineers
4804:
4745:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4682:
4680:
4670:
4658:
4647:
4587:proximity fused
4583:V-1 flying bomb
4559:
4551:Main articles:
4549:
4508:military glider
4497:, December 1944
4487:
4473:Panzergrenadier
4438:21st Army Group
4434:12th Army Group
4393:
4387:
4374:U.S. VIII Corps
4328:
4314:in 1947 at the
4270:
4268:Operation Greif
4264:
4214:, the 29th and
4210:Divisions, the
4204:51st (Highland)
4190:personnel. The
4171:
4150:
4144:
4135:pincer movement
4119:
4106:
4100:
4068:Battle of Crete
4036:
4030:
4022:First U.S. Army
3997:
3968:
3913:Panzergrenadier
3897:
3888:Sturmbannführer
3815:
3786:
3780:
3765:Panzergrenadier
3735:
3712:Werner Pötschke
3707:Sturmbannführer
3650:
3644:
3573:
3541:
3532:Elsenborn Ridge
3524:
3518:
3513:
3447:
3442:
3378:
3366:
3274:
3269:
3174:
3162:
3073:
3068:
2953:
2936:
2885:
2841:Führersonderzug
2791:Fallschirmjäger
2776:Operation Greif
2654:Panzergrenadier
2640:air superiority
2623:The German plan
2566:6th Panzer Army
2552:
2550:Theodore Draper
2549:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2491:
2489:Operation names
2401:
2352:, the Soviets'
2288:
2224:English Channel
2205:21st Army Group
2186:port of Antwerp
2169:
2153:U.S. First Army
2101:
2030:Elsenborn Ridge
2006:port of Antwerp
1996:region between
1967:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1923:
1918:
1645:St Nazaire Raid
1597:The Hardest Day
1464:Fort Eben-Emael
1450:Rotterdam Blitz
1408:The Netherlands
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1317:
1312:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1120:
1115:
1111:Order of battle
1041:Elsenborn Ridge
1015:Lanzerath Ridge
969:
964:
962:
960:
921:
892:
888:
872:
847:
836:
710:
568:6th Panzer Army
563:5th Panzer Army
546:
531:
524:
517:
513:21st Army Group
504:
485:12th Army Group
476:
465:
457:
447:
442:6th Panzer Army
439:
429:
424:5th Panzer Army
421:
411:
403:
393:
385:
375:
365:
355:
349:
345:
335:
331:
321:
317:
315:Courtney Hodges
307:
303:
293:
289:
279:
271:
260:
259:
238:
236:
233:
222:
220:
209:
207:
196:
194:
162:
160:
156:
153:
148:
145:
143:
141:
140:
139:
113:
79:
52:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16378:
16368:
16367:
16362:
16357:
16352:
16347:
16342:
16337:
16332:
16327:
16322:
16317:
16312:
16307:
16302:
16297:
16292:
16287:
16282:
16277:
16272:
16267:
16250:
16249:
16247:
16246:
16241:
16236:
16231:
16225:
16223:
16217:
16216:
16214:
16213:
16208:
16203:
16198:
16192:
16190:
16184:
16183:
16181:
16180:
16178:Operation Nasr
16174:
16172:
16166:
16165:
16163:
16162:
16157:
16152:
16150:Operation Badr
16146:
16144:
16142:Yom Kippur War
16138:
16137:
16135:
16134:
16129:
16123:
16121:
16115:
16114:
16112:
16111:
16106:
16101:
16096:
16090:
16088:
16082:
16081:
16079:
16078:
16073:
16068:
16063:
16058:
16053:
16048:
16038:
16033:
16023:
16018:
16013:
16008:
16003:
15998:
15993:
15987:
15985:
15979:
15978:
15976:
15975:
15969:
15967:
15961:
15960:
15955:
15954:
15947:
15940:
15932:
15923:
15922:
15920:
15919:
15912:
15905:
15888:
15885:
15884:
15881:
15880:
15878:
15877:
15876:
15875:
15868:
15861:
15847:
15846:
15845:
15831:
15828:South Sakhalin
15824:
15823:
15822:
15808:
15801:
15794:
15787:
15780:
15779:
15778:
15764:
15757:
15750:
15743:
15736:
15729:
15722:
15715:
15708:
15701:
15694:
15687:
15680:
15673:
15665:
15663:
15657:
15656:
15654:
15653:
15646:
15645:
15644:
15628:
15621:
15620:
15619:
15605:
15598:
15591:
15584:
15577:
15568:
15559:
15552:
15543:
15536:
15529:
15522:
15513:
15506:
15499:
15492:
15485:
15478:
15471:
15462:
15455:
15446:
15437:
15428:
15421:
15414:
15403:
15393:
15391:
15385:
15384:
15382:
15381:
15374:
15373:
15372:
15365:
15351:
15344:
15337:
15330:
15323:
15322:
15321:
15307:
15300:
15291:
15284:
15277:
15270:
15263:
15256:
15253:Battle of Attu
15249:
15242:
15234:
15232:
15226:
15225:
15223:
15222:
15215:
15206:
15199:
15192:
15183:
15176:
15169:
15162:
15153:
15152:
15151:
15144:
15130:
15123:
15116:
15109:
15102:
15095:
15088:
15081:
15074:
15067:
15059:
15057:
15051:
15050:
15048:
15047:
15040:
15033:
15026:
15019:
15012:
15005:
15002:Battle of Guam
14998:
14991:
14984:
14977:
14970:
14963:
14956:
14949:
14942:
14935:
14928:
14925:Battle of Kiev
14921:
14914:
14900:
14899:
14898:
14884:
14877:
14870:
14863:
14856:
14855:
14854:
14840:
14833:
14826:
14818:
14816:
14810:
14809:
14807:
14806:
14797:
14790:
14783:
14776:
14769:
14762:
14755:
14748:
14741:
14734:
14727:
14720:
14713:
14706:
14699:
14692:
14685:
14678:
14670:
14668:
14662:
14661:
14659:
14658:
14651:
14644:
14637:
14630:
14623:
14616:
14608:
14606:
14600:
14599:
14597:
14596:
14595:
14594:
14587:
14580:
14573:
14566:
14552:
14551:
14550:
14543:
14529:
14528:
14527:
14512:
14510:
14501:
14495:
14494:
14491:
14490:
14488:
14487:
14480:
14473:
14472:
14471:
14464:
14452:
14451:
14450:
14436:
14429:
14428:
14427:
14424:United Kingdom
14420:
14413:
14412:
14411:
14392:
14384:
14382:
14376:
14375:
14373:
14372:
14365:
14364:
14363:
14356:
14344:
14337:
14330:
14323:
14316:
14309:
14302:
14295:
14288:
14281:
14274:
14267:
14260:
14253:
14246:
14245:
14244:
14237:
14223:
14216:
14209:
14202:
14195:
14188:
14181:
14174:
14167:
14160:
14153:
14146:
14139:
14132:
14125:
14118:
14110:
14108:
14102:
14101:
14099:
14098:
14091:
14084:
14077:
14070:
14063:
14056:
14049:
14042:
14035:
14028:
14020:
14018:
14012:
14011:
14009:
14008:
14001:
13994:
13987:
13979:
13972:
13965:
13958:
13957:
13956:
13941:
13934:
13927:
13920:
13913:
13906:
13898:
13891:
13884:
13876:
13868:
13866:
13860:
13859:
13857:
13856:
13849:
13848:
13847:
13833:
13832:
13831:
13828:British Empire
13821:United Kingdom
13817:
13810:
13803:
13796:
13789:
13782:
13770:
13763:
13756:
13749:
13742:
13735:
13728:
13721:
13714:
13702:
13695:
13688:
13681:
13674:
13662:
13654:
13647:
13640:
13637:Czechoslovakia
13633:
13626:
13619:
13612:
13600:
13593:
13586:
13579:
13571:
13569:
13560:
13554:
13553:
13550:
13549:
13547:
13546:
13545:
13544:
13537:
13534:Rape of Manila
13530:
13523:
13516:
13505:
13490:
13483:
13471:
13464:
13463:
13462:
13455:
13441:
13440:
13439:
13432:
13425:
13411:
13404:
13403:
13402:
13395:
13394:
13393:
13386:
13372:
13365:
13351:
13350:
13349:
13342:
13335:
13320:
13318:
13312:
13311:
13309:
13308:
13305:United Nations
13301:
13294:
13287:
13286:
13285:
13278:
13271:
13264:
13250:
13241:
13232:
13225:
13218:
13211:
13202:
13195:
13188:
13181:
13174:
13167:
13164:Decolonization
13160:
13153:
13145:
13143:
13137:
13136:
13134:
13133:
13126:
13125:
13124:
13110:
13103:
13102:
13101:
13094:
13087:
13073:
13072:
13071:
13064:
13050:
13049:
13048:
13041:
13034:
13027:
13020:
13013:
12998:
12996:
12990:
12989:
12987:
12986:
12979:
12972:
12965:
12958:
12951:
12944:
12937:
12936:
12935:
12928:
12914:
12907:
12900:
12893:
12886:
12879:
12872:
12871:
12870:
12856:
12849:
12848:
12847:
12840:
12837:United Kingdom
12833:
12819:
12812:
12805:
12798:
12791:
12784:
12777:
12776:
12775:
12760:
12758:
12749:
12745:
12744:
12742:
12741:
12734:
12727:
12726:
12725:
12718:
12711:
12699:
12698:
12697:
12683:
12675:
12672:
12671:
12664:
12663:
12656:
12649:
12641:
12632:
12631:
12629:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12595:WW II theatres
12591:
12588:
12587:
12585:
12584:
12579:
12574:
12567:
12562:
12557:
12550:
12543:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12495:
12493:
12487:
12486:
12483:
12482:
12480:
12479:
12478:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12450:
12448:
12444:
12443:
12441:
12440:
12439:
12438:
12426:
12424:
12417:
12416:
12414:
12413:
12408:
12403:
12398:
12392:
12390:
12384:
12383:
12381:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12369:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12331:
12329:
12325:
12324:
12322:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12260:
12259:
12258:
12257:
12252:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12220:
12218:
12214:
12213:
12211:
12210:
12205:
12200:
12194:
12192:
12188:
12187:
12185:
12184:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12157:Tulle massacre
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12134:
12128:
12126:
12122:
12121:
12119:
12118:
12112:
12110:
12106:
12105:
12103:
12102:
12096:
12094:
12090:
12089:
12087:
12086:
12081:
12075:
12073:
12066:
12065:
12063:
12062:
12056:
12054:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12043:
12038:
12033:
12027:
12025:
12018:
12017:
12015:
12014:
12008:
12006:
12002:
12001:
11999:
11998:
11992:
11990:
11983:
11982:
11980:
11979:
11973:
11971:
11961:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11949:
11944:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11918:
11916:
11914:Administration
11910:
11909:
11907:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11866:
11861:
11856:
11850:
11848:
11842:
11841:
11832:
11830:
11828:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11816:
11815:
11810:
11805:
11800:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11772:
11771:
11770:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11750:
11748:3rd Army Corps
11745:
11735:
11730:
11728:Army of Africa
11724:
11722:
11716:
11715:
11713:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11697:
11692:
11686:
11683:
11682:
11668:
11667:
11660:
11653:
11645:
11639:
11638:
11632:
11624:
11616:
11615:External links
11613:
11611:
11610:
11605:
11593:Zaloga, Steven
11589:
11584:
11571:
11566:
11553:
11548:
11535:
11530:
11517:
11512:
11500:Skorzeny, Otto
11496:
11491:
11478:
11473:
11455:
11450:
11437:
11432:
11419:
11414:
11397:
11392:
11379:
11374:
11358:
11353:
11337:
11332:
11312:
11307:
11290:
11285:
11272:
11250:
11245:
11232:
11228:978-1636241043
11227:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11205:
11184:
11179:
11167:Zaloga, Steven
11163:
11158:
11145:
11132:
11113:
11104:
11073:
11068:
11052:
11019:
10981:
10969:
10954:
10941:
10925:
10909:
10881:
10876:
10858:
10853:
10837:
10812:
10803:
10798:
10785:
10780:
10755:
10732:
10727:
10711:
10706:
10693:
10689:978-0811731713
10688:
10675:
10670:
10657:
10652:
10634:
10618:
10585:
10580:
10563:
10558:
10545:
10505:
10500:
10487:
10482:
10469:
10464:
10451:
10446:
10433:
10428:
10415:
10410:
10397:
10393:978-0811711999
10392:
10379:
10375:978-1848844254
10374:
10361:
10343:
10338:
10322:
10317:
10300:
10288:
10271:
10249:
10244:
10231:
10202:
10197:
10184:
10154:
10149:
10131:
10126:
10110:
10105:
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10049:
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10026:
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9988:
9976:
9959:
9939:
9914:
9895:
9882:
9877:
9864:
9845:
9825:
9820:
9807:
9802:
9786:
9781:
9768:
9763:
9748:
9743:
9727:
9709:
9689:
9684:
9671:
9666:
9653:
9634:
9606:
9601:
9584:
9578:
9561:
9535:
9504:
9499:
9486:
9477:
9472:
9452:
9447:
9432:
9408:
9403:
9387:
9382:
9367:
9355:
9334:
9329:
9310:
9301:
9296:
9283:
9278:
9265:
9260:
9254:, Hutchinson,
9247:
9242:
9230:Beevor, Antony
9226:
9221:
9208:
9188:
9183:
9168:
9145:
9131:
9118:
9113:
9100:
9095:
9082:
9077:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9052:
9034:
9025:
9000:
8988:
8976:
8964:
8952:
8937:
8925:
8908:
8891:
8879:
8877:, p. 121.
8862:
8835:
8823:
8811:
8799:
8783:
8781:, p. 561.
8771:
8769:, p. 534.
8759:
8757:, p. 127.
8755:Blumenson 1972
8747:
8745:, p. 244.
8743:Churchill 1953
8735:
8733:, p. 367.
8723:
8721:, p. 331.
8711:
8699:
8697:, p. 101.
8687:
8674:Bletchley Park
8661:
8631:
8606:
8604:, p. 649.
8594:
8582:
8557:
8555:, p. 426.
8553:Bergström 2014
8545:
8543:, p. 157.
8533:
8531:, p. 424.
8529:Bergström 2014
8521:
8509:
8507:, p. 425.
8505:Bergström 2014
8497:
8485:
8460:
8446:
8426:
8410:
8385:
8381:MacDonald 1993
8373:
8361:
8349:
8347:, p. 111.
8337:
8335:, p. 644.
8325:
8323:, p. 318.
8321:Delaforce 2004
8313:
8298:
8275:(3): 327–357.
8269:War in History
8255:
8248:
8230:
8223:
8205:
8203:, p. 296.
8193:
8191:, p. 611.
8181:
8169:
8157:
8133:
8121:
8109:
8098:on 5 July 2014
8083:
8071:
8059:
8047:
8043:Gallagher 1945
8035:
8033:, p. 198.
8023:
8021:, p. 276.
8011:
7999:
7987:
7985:, p. 194.
7975:
7963:
7951:
7949:, p. 177.
7939:
7937:, p. 230.
7927:
7915:
7903:
7901:, p. 113.
7891:
7889:, p. 308.
7879:
7867:
7863:MacDonald 1984
7855:
7851:MacDonald 1984
7843:
7831:
7816:
7814:, p. 379.
7812:Bergström 2014
7804:
7802:, p. 274.
7800:Schneider 2004
7792:
7778:
7758:
7746:
7744:, p. 527.
7734:
7719:
7717:, p. 769.
7707:
7695:
7669:
7657:
7631:
7629:, p. 177.
7619:
7601:
7599:, p. 422.
7597:MacDonald 1984
7589:
7587:, p. 208.
7577:
7559:
7543:
7531:
7519:
7517:, p. 171.
7507:
7505:, p. 568.
7495:
7480:
7453:
7451:, p. 407.
7441:
7439:, p. 170.
7429:
7427:, p. 653.
7417:
7415:, p. 147.
7405:
7393:
7391:, p. 137.
7381:
7379:, p. 130.
7369:
7357:
7345:
7313:
7311:, p. 224.
7296:
7265:
7261:MacDonald 1984
7253:
7251:, p. 112.
7241:
7239:, p. 111.
7229:
7227:, p. 109.
7214:
7212:, p. 108.
7199:
7187:
7185:, p. 107.
7175:
7173:, p. 106.
7163:
7133:
7106:
7080:
7068:
7056:
7040:
7038:, p. 210.
7036:MacDonald 1984
7028:
7026:, p. 382.
7016:
7012:MacDonald 1984
7001:
6986:
6972:
6960:
6956:MacDonald 1984
6954:, p. 78;
6941:
6929:
6917:
6905:
6893:
6881:
6879:, p. 410.
6877:MacDonald 1984
6869:
6843:
6841:, p. 186.
6831:
6829:, p. 281.
6819:
6804:
6802:, p. 132.
6792:
6780:
6776:MacDonald 1984
6768:
6764:O'Donnell 2012
6756:
6744:
6740:Dougherty 2002
6732:
6720:
6716:MacDonald 1984
6708:
6706:, p. 118.
6696:
6684:
6672:
6660:
6648:
6636:
6624:
6614:, p. 38;
6610:, p. 33;
6600:
6598:, p. 194.
6596:Jablonsky 1994
6588:
6576:
6561:
6549:
6528:
6516:
6504:
6492:
6480:
6468:
6447:
6435:
6410:
6398:
6386:
6365:
6361:Fabianich 1947
6353:
6337:
6325:
6310:
6302:MacDonald 1998
6300:, p. 53;
6287:
6272:
6258:, p. 73;
6248:
6236:
6234:, p. 339.
6224:
6208:Bergström 2014
6200:
6198:, p. 396.
6185:
6172:apps.dtic.mil/
6156:
6145:on 25 May 2013
6127:
6116:on 25 May 2013
6098:
6096:, p. 470.
6086:
6084:, p. 195.
6074:
6072:, p. 339.
6059:
6057:, p. 632.
6044:
6030:
6010:
6008:, p. 618.
6006:MacDonald 1984
5998:
5996:, p. 480.
5986:
5969:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5936:
5927:
5918:
5909:
5895:
5879:
5866:
5855:
5844:
5835:
5824:Wacht am Rhein
5815:
5805:
5796:
5787:
5777:
5768:
5759:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5714:
5711:
5701:
5698:
5676:
5675:SHAEF failures
5673:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5615:
5612:
5583:Siegfried Line
5561:
5558:
5553:
5552:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5529:
5526:
5508:
5505:
5487:
5484:
5441:Chester Wilmot
5439:correspondent
5353:
5350:
5299:Field Marshal
5289:Main article:
5286:
5283:
5273:Volksgrenadier
5259:Volksgrenadier
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4837:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4818:
4816:
4805:
4798:
4747:
4746:
4661:
4659:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4607:Heeresgruppe G
4548:
4545:
4486:
4483:
4389:Main article:
4386:
4383:
4327:
4324:
4304:disinformation
4266:Main article:
4263:
4260:
4188:Army Air Force
4170:
4167:
4146:Main article:
4143:
4140:
4118:
4115:
4102:Main article:
4099:
4096:
4060:Baraque Michel
4032:Main article:
4029:
4026:
3996:
3993:
3947:Hermann Priess
3896:
3893:
3814:
3811:
3782:Main article:
3779:
3776:
3771:Volksgrenadier
3734:
3731:
3646:Main article:
3643:
3640:
3572:
3569:
3554:Joachim Peiper
3540:
3537:
3520:Main article:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3425:
3411:
3400:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3255:
3244:
3230:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3203:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3048:
3037:
3026:
3012:
2998:
2984:
2970:
2947:
2935:
2932:
2906:destroyed the
2884:
2881:
2866:Wilhelm Keitel
2787:was to lead a
2728:Kenneth Strong
2689:Bletchley Park
2685:Enigma machine
2667:Volksgrenadier
2629:Fifteenth Army
2600:under General
2547:
2531:Main article:
2528:
2525:
2490:
2487:
2468:Heeresgruppe B
2400:
2397:
2392:Jägeraufmarsch
2287:
2284:
2168:
2165:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2100:
2097:
2081:Siegfried Line
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1707:Hürtgen Forest
1704:
1697:
1692:
1690:Siegfried Line
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1640:Commando Raids
1637:
1635:Baedeker Blitz
1632:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1440:The Grebbeberg
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1250:Hürtgen Forest
1247:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
990:
985:
979:
978:
974:
971:
970:
959:
958:
951:
944:
936:
928:
927:
923:
922:
920:
919:
913:
906:
905:
891:
889:
887:
886:
870:
869:
863:
860:
846:
843:
842:
838:
837:
835:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:907 other AFVs
819:
816:
813:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
781:c. 401,000 men
773:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:c. 449,000 men
742:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
713:
711:
709:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
678:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
655:c. 705,000 men
647:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
624:c. 541,000 men
616:
615:
612:
609:
606:
599:
596:
593:
586:
583:
582:
578:
577:
576:
575:
570:
565:
543:
502:
501:
496:
472:
471:
470:Units involved
467:
466:
464:
463:
445:
427:
409:
391:
373:
352:
350:
348:
347:
333:
319:
305:
291:
277:
256:
253:
252:
248:
247:
234:
232:
231:
218:
216:United Kingdom
205:
191:
188:
187:
183:
182:
179:
178:
177:Allied victory
175:
171:
170:
122:
120:
116:
115:
110:
102:
101:
88:, part of the
71:
70:
63:
62:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16377:
16366:
16363:
16361:
16358:
16356:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16341:
16338:
16336:
16333:
16331:
16328:
16326:
16323:
16321:
16318:
16316:
16313:
16311:
16308:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16288:
16286:
16283:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16262:
16260:
16245:
16242:
16240:
16237:
16235:
16232:
16230:
16227:
16226:
16224:
16222:
16218:
16212:
16209:
16207:
16204:
16202:
16199:
16197:
16194:
16193:
16191:
16189:
16185:
16179:
16176:
16175:
16173:
16171:
16170:Iran–Iraq War
16167:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16148:
16147:
16145:
16143:
16139:
16133:
16130:
16128:
16125:
16124:
16122:
16120:
16116:
16110:
16107:
16105:
16102:
16100:
16097:
16095:
16092:
16091:
16089:
16087:
16083:
16077:
16074:
16072:
16069:
16067:
16064:
16062:
16059:
16057:
16054:
16052:
16049:
16046:
16042:
16039:
16037:
16034:
16031:
16027:
16024:
16022:
16019:
16017:
16014:
16012:
16009:
16007:
16004:
16002:
15999:
15997:
15994:
15992:
15989:
15988:
15986:
15984:
15980:
15974:
15971:
15970:
15968:
15966:
15962:
15953:
15948:
15946:
15941:
15939:
15934:
15933:
15930:
15917:
15913:
15910:
15906:
15903:
15902:
15897:
15890:
15889:
15886:
15873:
15869:
15866:
15862:
15859:
15855:
15854:
15852:
15848:
15843:
15839:
15838:
15836:
15835:Kuril Islands
15832:
15829:
15825:
15820:
15816:
15815:
15813:
15809:
15806:
15802:
15799:
15795:
15792:
15788:
15785:
15781:
15776:
15772:
15771:
15769:
15765:
15762:
15758:
15755:
15751:
15748:
15744:
15741:
15737:
15734:
15730:
15727:
15723:
15720:
15716:
15713:
15709:
15706:
15702:
15699:
15695:
15692:
15688:
15685:
15681:
15678:
15674:
15671:
15667:
15666:
15664:
15662:
15658:
15651:
15647:
15642:
15641:
15636:
15635:
15633:
15629:
15626:
15622:
15617:
15613:
15612:
15610:
15606:
15603:
15602:Syrmian Front
15599:
15596:
15592:
15589:
15585:
15582:
15578:
15575:
15574:
15569:
15566:
15565:
15560:
15557:
15553:
15550:
15549:
15548:Market Garden
15544:
15541:
15537:
15534:
15530:
15527:
15523:
15520:
15519:
15514:
15511:
15507:
15504:
15500:
15497:
15493:
15490:
15486:
15483:
15479:
15476:
15472:
15469:
15468:
15463:
15460:
15456:
15453:
15452:
15447:
15444:
15443:
15438:
15435:
15434:
15429:
15426:
15422:
15419:
15415:
15412:
15408:
15407:Monte Cassino
15404:
15401:
15400:
15395:
15394:
15392:
15390:
15386:
15379:
15375:
15370:
15366:
15363:
15359:
15358:
15356:
15352:
15349:
15345:
15342:
15338:
15335:
15331:
15328:
15324:
15319:
15315:
15314:
15312:
15308:
15305:
15301:
15298:
15297:
15292:
15289:
15285:
15282:
15278:
15275:
15271:
15268:
15264:
15261:
15257:
15254:
15250:
15247:
15243:
15240:
15236:
15235:
15233:
15231:
15227:
15220:
15216:
15213:
15212:
15207:
15204:
15200:
15197:
15193:
15190:
15189:
15184:
15181:
15177:
15174:
15170:
15167:
15163:
15160:
15159:
15154:
15149:
15145:
15142:
15138:
15137:
15135:
15131:
15128:
15124:
15121:
15117:
15114:
15110:
15107:
15103:
15100:
15096:
15093:
15089:
15086:
15082:
15079:
15075:
15072:
15068:
15065:
15061:
15060:
15058:
15056:
15052:
15045:
15041:
15038:
15034:
15031:
15027:
15024:
15020:
15017:
15013:
15010:
15006:
15003:
14999:
14996:
14992:
14989:
14985:
14982:
14978:
14975:
14971:
14968:
14964:
14961:
14957:
14954:
14950:
14947:
14943:
14940:
14936:
14933:
14929:
14926:
14922:
14919:
14915:
14911:
14910:
14905:
14901:
14896:
14892:
14891:
14889:
14885:
14882:
14878:
14875:
14871:
14868:
14864:
14861:
14857:
14852:
14848:
14847:
14845:
14841:
14838:
14834:
14831:
14827:
14824:
14820:
14819:
14817:
14815:
14811:
14804:
14803:
14798:
14795:
14791:
14788:
14784:
14781:
14777:
14774:
14773:Baltic states
14770:
14767:
14763:
14760:
14756:
14753:
14749:
14746:
14742:
14739:
14735:
14732:
14728:
14725:
14721:
14718:
14714:
14711:
14707:
14704:
14700:
14697:
14693:
14690:
14686:
14683:
14679:
14676:
14672:
14671:
14669:
14667:
14663:
14656:
14652:
14649:
14645:
14642:
14638:
14635:
14631:
14628:
14624:
14621:
14617:
14614:
14610:
14609:
14607:
14605:
14601:
14592:
14588:
14585:
14581:
14578:
14574:
14571:
14567:
14564:
14560:
14559:
14557:
14553:
14548:
14544:
14541:
14537:
14536:
14534:
14530:
14525:
14521:
14520:
14518:
14514:
14513:
14511:
14509:
14505:
14502:
14500:
14496:
14485:
14481:
14478:
14474:
14469:
14465:
14462:
14458:
14457:
14453:
14448:
14444:
14443:
14441:
14437:
14434:
14430:
14425:
14421:
14418:
14417:United States
14414:
14409:
14405:
14404:
14402:
14398:
14397:
14393:
14390:
14386:
14385:
14383:
14381:
14377:
14370:
14366:
14361:
14357:
14354:
14353:Quốc dân Đảng
14350:
14349:
14345:
14342:
14338:
14335:
14331:
14328:
14324:
14321:
14317:
14314:
14310:
14307:
14303:
14300:
14296:
14293:
14289:
14286:
14282:
14279:
14275:
14272:
14268:
14265:
14261:
14258:
14254:
14251:
14247:
14242:
14238:
14235:
14231:
14230:
14228:
14224:
14221:
14217:
14214:
14210:
14207:
14203:
14200:
14196:
14193:
14189:
14186:
14182:
14179:
14175:
14172:
14168:
14165:
14161:
14158:
14154:
14151:
14147:
14144:
14140:
14137:
14133:
14130:
14126:
14123:
14119:
14116:
14112:
14111:
14109:
14107:
14103:
14096:
14092:
14089:
14085:
14082:
14078:
14075:
14071:
14068:
14064:
14061:
14057:
14054:
14053:Liechtenstein
14050:
14047:
14043:
14040:
14036:
14033:
14029:
14026:
14022:
14021:
14019:
14017:
14013:
14006:
14002:
13999:
13995:
13992:
13988:
13984:
13980:
13977:
13973:
13970:
13966:
13963:
13959:
13954:
13950:
13949:
13946:
13942:
13939:
13935:
13932:
13928:
13925:
13921:
13918:
13914:
13911:
13907:
13903:
13899:
13896:
13892:
13889:
13885:
13881:
13877:
13874:
13870:
13869:
13867:
13865:
13861:
13854:
13850:
13845:
13841:
13840:
13838:
13837:United States
13834:
13829:
13825:
13824:
13822:
13818:
13815:
13811:
13808:
13804:
13801:
13797:
13794:
13790:
13787:
13783:
13779:
13775:
13771:
13768:
13764:
13761:
13757:
13754:
13750:
13747:
13743:
13740:
13736:
13733:
13729:
13726:
13722:
13719:
13715:
13711:
13707:
13703:
13700:
13696:
13693:
13689:
13686:
13682:
13679:
13675:
13671:
13667:
13663:
13659:
13655:
13652:
13648:
13645:
13641:
13638:
13634:
13631:
13627:
13624:
13620:
13617:
13613:
13609:
13605:
13601:
13598:
13594:
13591:
13587:
13584:
13580:
13577:
13573:
13572:
13570:
13568:
13564:
13561:
13559:
13555:
13542:
13538:
13535:
13531:
13528:
13527:Comfort women
13524:
13521:
13517:
13514:
13511: /
13510:
13506:
13503:
13500: /
13499:
13496: /
13495:
13491:
13488:
13487:Camp brothels
13484:
13481:
13477:
13476:
13472:
13469:
13465:
13460:
13456:
13453:
13449:
13448:
13446:
13442:
13437:
13433:
13430:
13426:
13423:
13419:
13418:
13416:
13412:
13409:
13405:
13400:
13396:
13391:
13387:
13384:
13380:
13379:
13377:
13376:The Holocaust
13373:
13370:
13366:
13363:
13362:forced labour
13359:
13358:
13356:
13352:
13347:
13343:
13340:
13336:
13333:
13329:
13328:
13326:
13322:
13321:
13319:
13317:
13313:
13306:
13302:
13299:
13295:
13292:
13288:
13283:
13279:
13276:
13272:
13269:
13265:
13262:
13258:
13257:
13255:
13251:
13248:
13247:
13242:
13239:
13238:
13233:
13230:
13226:
13223:
13219:
13216:
13215:Marshall Plan
13212:
13209:
13208:
13203:
13200:
13196:
13193:
13189:
13186:
13182:
13179:
13175:
13172:
13168:
13165:
13161:
13158:
13154:
13151:
13147:
13146:
13144:
13142:
13138:
13131:
13127:
13122:
13118:
13117:
13115:
13111:
13108:
13104:
13099:
13095:
13092:
13088:
13085:
13081:
13080:
13078:
13074:
13069:
13068:Eastern Front
13065:
13062:
13061:Western Front
13058:
13057:
13055:
13051:
13046:
13042:
13039:
13035:
13032:
13028:
13025:
13021:
13018:
13014:
13011:
13007:
13006:
13004:
13000:
12999:
12997:
12995:
12991:
12984:
12980:
12977:
12973:
12970:
12966:
12963:
12959:
12956:
12955:Puppet states
12952:
12949:
12945:
12942:
12938:
12933:
12929:
12926:
12922:
12921:
12919:
12915:
12912:
12908:
12905:
12901:
12898:
12897:Naval history
12894:
12891:
12887:
12884:
12880:
12877:
12873:
12868:
12864:
12863:
12861:
12857:
12854:
12850:
12845:
12844:United States
12841:
12838:
12834:
12831:
12827:
12826:
12824:
12820:
12817:
12813:
12810:
12806:
12803:
12799:
12796:
12792:
12789:
12785:
12782:
12778:
12773:
12769:
12768:
12766:
12762:
12761:
12759:
12757:
12753:
12750:
12746:
12739:
12735:
12732:
12728:
12723:
12719:
12716:
12712:
12709:
12705:
12704:
12700:
12695:
12691:
12690:
12688:
12684:
12681:
12677:
12676:
12673:
12669:
12662:
12657:
12655:
12650:
12648:
12643:
12642:
12639:
12627:
12626:Sino Japanese
12624:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12611:Eastern Front
12609:
12607:
12606:Western Front
12604:
12602:
12599:
12596:
12593:
12592:
12589:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12572:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12555:
12551:
12549:
12548:
12544:
12542:
12541:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12496:
12494:
12488:
12476:
12475:Saint-Nazaire
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12451:
12449:
12445:
12437:
12434:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12427:
12425:
12423:
12418:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12406:Colmar Pocket
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12393:
12391:
12385:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12332:
12330:
12326:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12290:
12287:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12256:
12255:Saint-Nazaire
12253:
12251:
12248:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12230:
12227:
12226:
12225:
12222:
12221:
12219:
12215:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12195:
12193:
12189:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12129:
12127:
12123:
12117:
12114:
12113:
12111:
12107:
12101:
12098:
12097:
12095:
12091:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12076:
12074:
12072:
12067:
12061:
12058:
12057:
12055:
12053:
12048:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12028:
12026:
12024:
12019:
12013:
12010:
12009:
12007:
12003:
11997:
11994:
11993:
11991:
11989:
11984:
11978:
11975:
11974:
11972:
11970:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11954:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11919:
11917:
11911:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11860:
11857:
11855:
11852:
11851:
11849:
11843:
11836:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11814:
11811:
11809:
11806:
11804:
11801:
11799:
11796:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11777:
11773:
11769:
11768:32nd Infantry
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11743:Cavalry Corps
11741:
11740:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11725:
11723:
11717:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11687:
11684:
11680:
11675:
11666:
11661:
11659:
11654:
11652:
11647:
11646:
11643:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11625:
11622:
11619:
11618:
11608:
11602:
11598:
11594:
11590:
11587:
11581:
11577:
11572:
11569:
11563:
11559:
11554:
11551:
11545:
11541:
11536:
11533:
11527:
11523:
11518:
11515:
11509:
11505:
11501:
11497:
11494:
11488:
11484:
11479:
11476:
11470:
11466:
11465:
11460:
11456:
11453:
11447:
11443:
11438:
11435:
11429:
11425:
11420:
11417:
11415:1-85367-354-4
11411:
11406:
11405:
11398:
11395:
11393:9781490712314
11389:
11385:
11380:
11377:
11375:1-56852-001-8
11371:
11367:
11363:
11359:
11356:
11354:1-58080-038-6
11350:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11335:
11333:0-306-81304-1
11329:
11324:
11323:
11317:
11316:Kershaw, Alex
11313:
11310:
11304:
11299:
11298:
11291:
11288:
11282:
11278:
11273:
11262:
11258:
11257:
11251:
11248:
11242:
11239:, Brassey's,
11238:
11233:
11230:
11224:
11220:
11215:
11214:
11195:
11191:
11190:
11185:
11182:
11180:1-84176-810-3
11176:
11172:
11168:
11164:
11161:
11155:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11140:
11133:
11123:
11119:
11114:
11110:
11105:
11102:
11098:
11094:
11090:
11086:
11082:
11078:
11074:
11071:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11043:
11039:
11035:
11028:
11024:
11020:
11009:
11005:
11001:
10997:
10993:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10972:
10970:1-56311-013-X
10966:
10962:
10961:
10955:
10952:
10948:
10944:
10942:0-521-29793-1
10938:
10934:
10930:
10926:
10915:
10910:
10899:
10895:
10891:
10887:
10882:
10879:
10873:
10869:
10868:
10863:
10859:
10856:
10854:0-8032-9437-9
10850:
10846:
10842:
10838:
10827:
10820:
10819:
10813:
10809:
10804:
10801:
10799:0-313-25293-9
10795:
10791:
10786:
10783:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10764:
10763:
10756:
10752:
10746:
10738:
10733:
10730:
10728:0-671-72868-7
10724:
10720:
10716:
10712:
10709:
10707:0-8131-2352-6
10703:
10699:
10694:
10691:
10685:
10682:, Stackpole,
10681:
10676:
10673:
10671:1-57607-344-0
10667:
10663:
10658:
10655:
10649:
10645:
10644:
10639:
10635:
10630:
10629:
10623:
10619:
10607:
10603:
10599:
10595:
10591:
10586:
10583:
10581:1-932033-51-3
10577:
10573:
10569:
10564:
10561:
10555:
10551:
10546:
10532:
10528:
10524:
10520:
10513:
10512:
10506:
10503:
10497:
10493:
10488:
10485:
10483:0-938289-35-7
10479:
10475:
10470:
10467:
10461:
10457:
10452:
10449:
10447:0-938289-04-7
10443:
10439:
10434:
10431:
10425:
10421:
10416:
10413:
10411:0-306-81399-8
10407:
10403:
10398:
10395:
10389:
10385:
10380:
10377:
10371:
10367:
10362:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10350:
10344:
10341:
10339:0-275-97115-5
10335:
10331:
10327:
10323:
10320:
10318:90-411-1135-2
10314:
10310:
10306:
10301:
10291:
10285:
10280:
10279:
10272:
10261:
10257:
10256:
10250:
10247:
10241:
10237:
10232:
10221:
10217:
10213:
10212:
10207:
10203:
10200:
10194:
10190:
10185:
10174:
10170:
10166:
10162:
10161:
10155:
10152:
10150:0-553-34226-6
10146:
10142:
10141:
10136:
10132:
10129:
10123:
10119:
10115:
10111:
10108:
10106:0-671-66382-8
10102:
10098:
10093:
10090:
10088:1-885119-51-8
10084:
10079:
10078:
10071:
10068:
10066:0-393-04994-9
10062:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10039:
10038:
10032:
10029:
10023:
10019:
10014:
10010:
10005:
10002:
9997:
9994:
9989:
9979:
9977:0-19-820327-6
9973:
9968:
9967:
9960:
9949:
9945:
9940:
9929:
9922:
9921:
9915:
9911:
9905:
9898:
9896:9781467830966
9892:
9888:
9883:
9880:
9874:
9870:
9865:
9855:
9851:
9846:
9839:
9832:
9826:
9823:
9821:0-85052-984-0
9817:
9813:
9808:
9805:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9784:
9782:0-306-80652-5
9778:
9774:
9769:
9766:
9764:0-486-24913-1
9760:
9756:
9755:
9749:
9746:
9744:0-06-016627-4
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9717:
9716:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9695:
9690:
9687:
9685:0-88738-152-9
9681:
9677:
9672:
9669:
9663:
9659:
9654:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9617:
9616:
9611:
9610:Cole, Hugh M.
9607:
9604:
9598:
9594:
9590:
9585:
9581:
9575:
9571:
9567:
9562:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9542:
9536:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9513:
9512:
9505:
9502:
9500:1-84415-126-3
9496:
9492:
9487:
9483:
9478:
9475:
9473:0-304-30546-4
9469:
9464:
9463:
9457:
9453:
9450:
9444:
9440:
9439:
9433:
9422:
9418:
9414:
9409:
9406:
9400:
9396:
9392:
9388:
9385:
9379:
9375:
9374:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9342:
9341:
9335:
9332:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9317:
9311:
9307:
9302:
9299:
9293:
9289:
9284:
9281:
9275:
9271:
9266:
9263:
9261:9780571253746
9257:
9253:
9248:
9245:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9224:
9222:9780313291197
9218:
9214:
9209:
9198:
9194:
9189:
9186:
9184:1-55611-281-5
9180:
9176:
9175:
9169:
9165:
9159:
9151:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9128:
9124:
9119:
9116:
9114:0-684-84801-5
9110:
9106:
9101:
9098:
9096:0-671-76922-7
9092:
9088:
9083:
9080:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9061:
9050:
9046:
9043:
9038:
9029:
9014:
9010:
9004:
8997:
8992:
8986:, p. 24.
8985:
8984:Millward 1993
8980:
8974:, p. 67.
8973:
8968:
8961:
8956:
8949:
8944:
8942:
8934:
8929:
8922:
8917:
8915:
8913:
8905:
8900:
8898:
8896:
8889:, p. 11.
8888:
8883:
8876:
8871:
8869:
8867:
8850:
8846:
8839:
8832:
8827:
8821:, p. 48.
8820:
8815:
8808:
8803:
8796:
8793:, p. 4;
8792:
8787:
8780:
8775:
8768:
8763:
8756:
8751:
8744:
8739:
8732:
8727:
8720:
8715:
8709:, p. 39.
8708:
8703:
8696:
8691:
8675:
8671:
8665:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8635:
8620:
8616:
8610:
8603:
8598:
8591:
8586:
8570:
8569:
8561:
8554:
8549:
8542:
8537:
8530:
8525:
8518:
8513:
8506:
8501:
8494:
8489:
8473:
8472:
8464:
8449:
8443:
8439:
8438:
8430:
8423:
8419:
8414:
8399:
8395:
8389:
8383:, p. 53.
8382:
8377:
8370:
8365:
8359:, p. 92.
8358:
8357:Morelock 2015
8353:
8346:
8341:
8334:
8329:
8322:
8317:
8309:
8302:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8259:
8251:
8245:
8241:
8234:
8226:
8224:0-7146-4727-6
8220:
8216:
8209:
8202:
8197:
8190:
8185:
8178:
8173:
8166:
8161:
8153:
8152:
8147:
8143:
8137:
8131:, p. 65.
8130:
8129:Morelock 2015
8125:
8118:
8113:
8097:
8093:
8087:
8080:
8075:
8068:
8063:
8057:, p. 58.
8056:
8051:
8044:
8039:
8032:
8027:
8020:
8015:
8008:
8003:
7996:
7991:
7984:
7979:
7972:
7971:Larrabee 1987
7967:
7960:
7955:
7948:
7947:Andidora 2002
7943:
7936:
7931:
7924:
7919:
7913:, p. 91.
7912:
7907:
7900:
7895:
7888:
7883:
7877:, p. 10.
7876:
7871:
7864:
7859:
7852:
7847:
7841:, appendix E.
7840:
7835:
7828:
7827:
7820:
7813:
7808:
7801:
7796:
7781:
7775:
7771:
7770:
7762:
7755:
7750:
7743:
7738:
7732:, p. 53.
7731:
7726:
7724:
7716:
7715:Weinberg 1995
7711:
7704:
7699:
7683:
7679:
7673:
7666:
7661:
7645:
7641:
7635:
7628:
7627:Marshall 1988
7623:
7617:
7613:
7612:Marshall 1988
7608:
7606:
7598:
7593:
7586:
7581:
7573:
7569:
7563:
7556:
7552:
7547:
7540:
7539:McDonald 2000
7535:
7529:, p. 58.
7528:
7527:Reynolds 2006
7523:
7516:
7511:
7504:
7499:
7492:
7487:
7485:
7468:
7464:
7457:
7450:
7445:
7438:
7433:
7426:
7421:
7414:
7409:
7402:
7397:
7390:
7385:
7378:
7373:
7367:, p. 88.
7366:
7361:
7354:
7349:
7330:
7323:
7317:
7310:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7269:
7262:
7257:
7250:
7245:
7238:
7233:
7226:
7221:
7219:
7211:
7206:
7204:
7196:
7191:
7184:
7179:
7172:
7167:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7137:
7121:
7117:
7110:
7094:
7090:
7084:
7078:, p. 31.
7077:
7072:
7065:
7060:
7052:
7051:
7044:
7037:
7032:
7025:
7020:
7013:
7008:
7006:
6998:
6993:
6991:
6981:
6976:
6969:
6964:
6957:
6953:
6948:
6946:
6938:
6937:Reynolds 2003
6933:
6927:, p. 83.
6926:
6921:
6915:, p. 73.
6914:
6909:
6903:, p. 69.
6902:
6897:
6890:
6889:Cavanagh 2004
6885:
6878:
6873:
6858:
6854:
6847:
6840:
6835:
6828:
6823:
6816:
6811:
6809:
6801:
6796:
6789:
6784:
6777:
6772:
6765:
6760:
6753:
6748:
6741:
6736:
6730:, p. 21.
6729:
6724:
6718:, p. 40.
6717:
6712:
6705:
6700:
6694:, p. 86.
6693:
6688:
6681:
6676:
6669:
6664:
6657:
6652:
6645:
6644:Whitlock 2010
6640:
6634:, p. 24.
6633:
6628:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6597:
6592:
6586:, p. 19.
6585:
6580:
6573:
6568:
6566:
6559:, p. 17.
6558:
6553:
6546:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6525:
6520:
6513:
6512:Weinberg 1964
6508:
6501:
6496:
6489:
6484:
6477:
6472:
6465:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6444:
6439:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6408:, p. 68.
6407:
6402:
6395:
6390:
6383:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6362:
6357:
6350:
6346:
6341:
6335:, p. 52.
6334:
6329:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6294:
6292:
6285:, p. 18.
6284:
6279:
6277:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6245:
6240:
6233:
6228:
6221:
6217:
6216:Panther tanks
6213:
6209:
6204:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6161:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6132:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6103:
6095:
6090:
6083:
6078:
6071:
6066:
6064:
6056:
6051:
6049:
6033:
6027:
6023:
6022:
6014:
6007:
6002:
5995:
5990:
5983:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5967:, p. 53.
5966:
5961:
5957:
5946:
5940:
5931:
5922:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5876:
5875:Kurt Vonnegut
5870:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5852:Hitler Jugend
5848:
5839:
5831:
5825:
5819:
5809:
5800:
5791:
5781:
5772:
5763:
5753:
5749:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5700:Battle credit
5697:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5625:
5620:
5611:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5557:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5483:
5481:
5475:
5470:
5468:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5456:Arthur Tedder
5452:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5359:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5338:
5336:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5249:Brigadeführer
5239:
5235:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5179:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4872:
4861:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4829:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4771:
4761:
4753:
4743:
4740:
4732:
4729:December 2018
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690: –
4689:
4685:
4684:Find sources:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4662:This section
4660:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4591:friendly fire
4588:
4584:
4580:
4579:Low Countries
4575:
4574:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4504:
4496:
4491:
4482:
4479:
4467:
4465:
4464:Harry Kinnard
4461:
4456:
4454:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:Dachau Trials
4313:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4236:84th Division
4233:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4180:
4175:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:Alan W. Jones
4156:
4149:
4139:
4136:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4112:
4105:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4088:unit cohesion
4085:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4044:Hautes Fagnes
4041:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4001:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3981:Brigadeführer
3978:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3962:Hal D. McCown
3959:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3939:Schnellgruppe
3936:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3905:
3901:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3884:Schnellgruppe
3881:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:Schnellgruppe
3800:belonging to
3799:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3775:
3772:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3668:
3659:
3656:Scene of the
3654:
3649:
3639:
3636:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3508:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:German Forces
3451:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:German Forces
3278:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3157:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3081:German Forces
3077:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:Otto Skorzeny
2761:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2697:radio silence
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:Sepp Dietrich
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2428:start of the
2426:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:Eastern Front
2346:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:Field Marshal
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:Western Front
2142:
2138:
2135:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:Western Front
1983:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1932:
1927:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:Colmar Pocket
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1701:Market Garden
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1572:
1571:Haddock Force
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1401:Schuster Line
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1354:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1286:Colmar Pocket
1284:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1234:Market Garden
1231:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:Channel Coast
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:Western Front
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:German forces
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
976:
975:
972:
967:
957:
952:
950:
945:
943:
938:
937:
934:
924:
918:
914:
911:
910:
909:
903:
902:
901:
896:
890:
884:
883:
882:
881:
876:
868:
864:
861:
858:
857:
856:
851:
845:
844:
839:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
810:
809:
808:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
779:
778:
777:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
748:
747:
746:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
717:
716:
712:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
684:
683:
682:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
653:
652:
651:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
622:
621:
620:
613:
610:
607:
604:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
589:
585:
584:
579:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
557:
556:
550:
544:
542:
541:
535:
528:
521:
516:
515:
514:
508:
500:
497:
494:
491:
490:
489:
487:
486:
480:
474:
473:
468:
461:
456:
451:
446:
443:
438:
437:Sepp Dietrich
433:
428:
425:
420:
415:
410:
407:
402:
397:
392:
389:
384:
379:
374:
371:
370:
364:
359:
354:
353:
351:
344:
339:
334:
330:
325:
320:
316:
311:
306:
302:
297:
292:
288:
283:
278:
275:
269:
264:
258:
257:
255:
254:
249:
246:
235:
230:
219:
217:
206:
204:
203:United States
193:
192:
190:
189:
184:
176:
173:
172:
167:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
118:
117:
111:
108:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
77:
72:
69:
64:
59:
54:
50:
48:
40:
33:
19:
16075:
15958:Tank battles
15909:Bibliography
15892:
15705:Project Hula
15670:Vistula–Oder
15639:
15631:
15572:
15563:
15547:
15517:
15466:
15450:
15441:
15432:
15398:
15295:
15210:
15186:
15156:
14907:
14800:
14745:North Africa
14447:Soviet Union
14401:Soviet Union
14327:Soviet Union
14095:Vatican City
14005:Vichy France
13910:German Reich
13807:Soviet Union
13793:South Africa
13786:Sierra Leone
13739:Newfoundland
13558:Participants
13541:Marocchinate
13245:
13236:
13206:
13084:North Africa
13045:Indian Ocean
12904:Nazi plunder
12795:Cryptography
12668:World War II
12569:
12552:
12545:
12538:
12499:End of Vichy
11874:Henri Giraud
11774:
11596:
11575:
11557:
11539:
11521:
11503:
11482:
11463:
11441:
11423:
11403:
11383:
11365:
11344:
11321:
11296:
11279:, Casemate,
11276:
11265:, retrieved
11261:the original
11255:
11236:
11218:
11198:, retrieved
11194:the original
11188:
11170:
11149:
11138:
11125:, retrieved
11121:
11108:
11084:
11080:
11059:
11045:, retrieved
11033:
11012:, retrieved
11008:the original
10990:
10974:, retrieved
10959:
10932:
10918:, retrieved
10902:, retrieved
10889:
10866:
10844:
10841:Toland, John
10830:, retrieved
10817:
10807:
10789:
10761:
10736:
10718:
10697:
10679:
10664:, ABC-CLIO,
10661:
10642:
10627:
10612:29 September
10610:. Retrieved
10606:the original
10593:
10567:
10549:
10538:, retrieved
10531:the original
10510:
10491:
10473:
10455:
10437:
10419:
10401:
10383:
10365:
10348:
10329:
10304:
10293:, retrieved
10277:
10264:, retrieved
10260:the original
10254:
10235:
10224:, retrieved
10210:
10188:
10177:, retrieved
10173:the original
10159:
10139:
10117:
10096:
10076:
10056:
10053:Kershaw, Ian
10042:, retrieved
10036:
10017:
10008:
9981:, retrieved
9965:
9952:, retrieved
9950:, HistoryNet
9948:World War II
9947:
9932:, retrieved
9919:
9886:
9868:
9857:, retrieved
9853:
9838:the original
9811:
9793:
9772:
9753:
9734:
9720:, retrieved
9714:
9704:
9700:
9675:
9657:
9641:
9614:
9592:
9588:
9565:
9554:, retrieved
9540:
9528:, retrieved
9510:
9490:
9481:
9461:
9437:
9425:, retrieved
9421:the original
9416:
9415:, Obituary,
9394:
9372:
9362:
9348:, retrieved
9339:
9320:
9315:
9305:
9287:
9269:
9251:
9233:
9215:, ABC-CLIO,
9212:
9201:, retrieved
9196:
9173:
9149:
9122:
9104:
9086:
9068:
9057:Bibliography
9037:
9028:
9016:. Retrieved
9012:
9003:
8991:
8979:
8972:Pearson 2011
8967:
8960:Bennett 1994
8955:
8933:Pearson 2011
8928:
8921:Bennett 2011
8887:Hinsley 1993
8882:
8853:. Retrieved
8849:the original
8838:
8826:
8814:
8802:
8795:Stanton 2006
8791:Cirillo 1995
8786:
8774:
8762:
8750:
8738:
8726:
8714:
8702:
8695:Sandler 2002
8690:
8678:. Retrieved
8673:
8664:
8652:. Retrieved
8648:the original
8643:
8634:
8622:. Retrieved
8618:
8609:
8597:
8585:
8573:. Retrieved
8567:
8560:
8548:
8541:Stewart 2010
8536:
8524:
8512:
8500:
8493:Cirillo 1995
8488:
8476:. Retrieved
8470:
8463:
8451:. Retrieved
8436:
8429:
8413:
8401:. Retrieved
8397:
8388:
8376:
8364:
8352:
8340:
8328:
8316:
8307:
8301:
8293:the original
8272:
8268:
8258:
8239:
8233:
8214:
8208:
8196:
8184:
8172:
8160:
8149:
8136:
8124:
8117:Bradley 1983
8112:
8102:21 September
8100:. Retrieved
8096:the original
8086:
8074:
8062:
8055:Bradley 1951
8050:
8038:
8031:Whiting 2007
8026:
8014:
8002:
7990:
7978:
7966:
7954:
7942:
7930:
7923:Weigley 1995
7918:
7906:
7894:
7882:
7875:Mitcham 2006
7870:
7858:
7846:
7834:
7825:
7819:
7807:
7795:
7783:. Retrieved
7768:
7761:
7749:
7737:
7730:Cirillo 1995
7710:
7698:
7686:. Retrieved
7681:
7672:
7665:Ambrose 1992
7660:
7648:. Retrieved
7644:the original
7634:
7622:
7592:
7585:Ambrose 1998
7580:
7571:
7562:
7546:
7534:
7522:
7510:
7498:
7471:. Retrieved
7467:the original
7456:
7444:
7432:
7420:
7408:
7396:
7384:
7372:
7360:
7348:
7336:. Retrieved
7329:the original
7316:
7287:. Retrieved
7283:the original
7278:
7268:
7256:
7244:
7232:
7190:
7178:
7166:
7154:. Retrieved
7150:the original
7145:
7136:
7124:. Retrieved
7120:the original
7109:
7097:. Retrieved
7093:the original
7083:
7076:Quarrie 1999
7071:
7059:
7049:
7043:
7031:
7019:
6975:
6963:
6932:
6920:
6908:
6896:
6891:, p. 8.
6884:
6872:
6861:, retrieved
6857:Checkerboard
6856:
6846:
6834:
6822:
6815:Quarrie 1999
6795:
6783:
6771:
6759:
6747:
6735:
6723:
6711:
6699:
6687:
6675:
6668:Stanton 2006
6663:
6658:, p. 4.
6656:Cirillo 1995
6651:
6639:
6627:
6612:Mitcham 2006
6603:
6591:
6579:
6552:
6519:
6507:
6495:
6483:
6471:
6445:, p. 1.
6438:
6426:. Retrieved
6422:
6413:
6401:
6389:
6363:, p. 3.
6356:
6340:
6328:
6322:(Videotape).
6319:
6313:
6298:Cirillo 1995
6256:Axelrod 2007
6251:
6239:
6227:
6203:
6176:. Retrieved
6171:
6147:. Retrieved
6143:the original
6118:. Retrieved
6114:the original
6089:
6077:
6035:. Retrieved
6020:
6013:
6001:
5989:
5960:
5939:
5930:
5921:
5912:
5904:
5898:
5882:
5869:
5862:
5858:
5851:
5847:
5838:
5827:was renamed
5818:
5808:
5799:
5790:
5780:
5771:
5762:
5752:
5703:
5688:
5682:
5678:
5668:Arado Ar 234
5649:
5628:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5587:
5579:
5567:
5563:
5554:
5531:
5514:
5510:
5477:
5472:
5464:
5453:
5449:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5396:
5393:
5388:as one whole
5387:
5377:
5373:
5362:
5355:
5347:
5339:
5331:
5279:
5268:
5244:
5232:
4983:assault guns
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4766:
4735:
4726:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4683:
4671:Please help
4666:verification
4663:
4632:
4602:Army Group G
4599:
4568:
4534:
4522:
4512:
4500:
4468:
4457:
4450:
4430:
4406:
4371:
4367:
4355:
4340:
4301:
4285:Mickey Mouse
4281:American MPs
4278:
4271:
4252:
4240:von Lüttwitz
4228:Ourthe River
4224:
4184:
4151:
4131:
4107:
4092:
4075:
4072:
4037:
4014:
4006:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3957:
3951:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3918:
3909:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3857:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3826:
3824:
3787:
3753:
3749:
3736:
3688:
3662:
3624:
3609:
3599:
3582:
3548:
3542:
3525:
3506:
3486:
3468:
3462:Seventh Army
3461:
3454:
3446:
3441:
3385:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3348:
3331:
3313:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3273:
3268:
3189:Schnee Eifel
3181:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3134:
3107:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3067:
3064:, Mechanized
2969:, Mechanized
2960:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2917:
2907:
2894:
2874:
2855:
2835:East Prussia
2829:Wolfsschanze
2820:
2809:
2757:
2737:
2732:Bedell Smith
2706:
2701:20 July plot
2673:
2645:
2637:
2626:
2606:Seventh Army
2595:
2562:
2554:
2543:
2521:
2492:
2483:
2464:
2434:
2418:
2412:designs and
2406:jet aircraft
2402:
2383:
2368:
2347:
2335:
2323:Army Group B
2319:Walter Model
2310:Adolf Hitler
2308:
2289:
2286:German plans
2269:
2249:
2232:
2212:Omar Bradley
2170:
2157:
2131:
2102:
2085:
2050:
2046:supply lines
2022:
2014:peace treaty
1974:
1970:
1968:
1887:
1886:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1734:
1728:
1717:
1700:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1657:
1656:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1578:
1577:
1559:
1540:
1496:
1495:
1474:
1455:
1454:
1406:
1405:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1362:
1353:World War II
1290:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1232:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1074:
1067:
1026:
1019:
993:Wahlerscheid
963:
907:
899:
885:1,408–1,462+
879:
871:
854:
806:
805:
775:
774:
745:24 December:
744:
743:
715:16 December:
714:
680:
679:
649:
648:
619:24 December:
618:
617:
601:1,921 other
588:16 December:
587:
555:Army Group B
553:
545:
538:
511:
503:
483:
475:
406:Army Group B
401:Walter Model
367:
363:Adolf Hitler
332:(Third Army)
318:(First Army)
287:Omar Bradley
245:Nazi Germany
186:Belligerents
66:Part of the
53:
49:(video game)
46:
15640:Bodenplatte
15526:Gothic Line
14752:West Africa
14299:Philippines
14278:Netherlands
14143:Czech lands
14081:Switzerland
14025:Afghanistan
13976:Philippines
13844:Puerto Rico
13760:Philippines
13746:New Zealand
13732:Netherlands
13685:Free France
13436:Prosecution
13237:Osoaviakhim
13107:West Africa
13091:East Africa
12738:Conferences
12554:Tripartisme
12529:Victory Day
12465:La Rochelle
12356:La Rochelle
11859:Jean Moulin
11820:Second Army
11794:Divisions:
11763:1st Armored
11705:Netherlands
11047:28 February
10862:Urban, Mark
10191:, Phoenix,
10044:10 November
9887:The Nimrods
9391:Briggs, Asa
8831:Briggs 2011
8719:Beevor 2015
8590:Parker 1991
8345:Baxter 1999
8189:Wilmot 1972
8165:Wilmot 1972
7785:10 November
7703:Zaloga 2004
7650:23 February
7491:Zaloga 2004
7389:Parker 2004
7377:Parker 2004
7273:Dean, Rob.
7195:Toland 1999
7064:Hersko 1998
7024:Toland 1999
6901:Parker 2004
6839:Beevor 2015
6800:Parker 2004
6788:Toland 1999
6704:Parker 1994
6680:Draper 1946
6620:Parker 1991
6616:Newton 2006
6608:Elstob 2003
6572:Shirer 1990
6545:Shirer 1990
6524:Shirer 1990
6500:Parker 1994
6488:Shirer 1990
6394:Shirer 1990
6382:Shirer 1990
6345:Miller 2002
6333:Ambrose1997
6214:tanks, 194
6070:Parker 1991
5830:Herbstnebel
5664:General Nye
5652:F. L. Lucas
5335:Alan Brooke
4320:laws of war
4308:ruse of war
4289:Springfield
4076:Kampfgruppe
3989:Kampfgruppe
3977:Kampfgruppe
3969: [
3958:Kampfgruppe
3943:Kampfgruppe
3935:Kampfgruppe
3928:James Gavin
3919:Kampfgruppe
3904:M3 90mm gun
3873:Kampfgruppe
3858:Kampfgruppe
3849:Trois-Ponts
3841:Kampfgruppe
3827:Kampfgruppe
3740:Kampfgruppe
3722:Kampfgruppe
3692:Kampfgruppe
3635:Kampfgruppe
3628:Kampfgruppe
3591:Losheim Gap
3586:Kampfgruppe
3559:Kampfgruppe
3469:LXXXV Corps
3386:U.S. Forces
3349:Panzer Lehr
3334:(Lüttwitz)
3182:U.S. Forces
3133:(Including
3097:(Hitzfeld)
3095:LXVII Corps
3091:(Dietrich)
2961:U.S. Forces
2903:V-2 rockets
2870:Blumentritt
2862:Alfred Jodl
2795:Kampfgruppe
2768:had rescued
2693:teleprinter
2458:Fall Martin
2444:Meuse River
2278:fought the
2194:naval mines
2093:Nazi forces
2018:Axis powers
1787:Blockbuster
1695:Netherlands
1650:Dieppe Raid
1445:Afsluitdijk
1370:River Forth
1157:(1944–1945)
1069:Bodenplatte
1005:Losheim Gap
812:383,016 men
807:16 January:
719:406,342 men
689:2,428 tanks
686:700,520 men
681:16 January:
658:2,409 tanks
627:1,616 tanks
592:228,741 men
161: /
16259:Categories
15740:West Hunan
15573:Pointblank
14909:Silver Fox
14895:Summer War
14648:Winter War
14627:Phoney War
14408:Azerbaijan
14369:Yugoslavia
14264:Luxembourg
14106:Resistance
13853:Yugoslavia
13718:Luxembourg
13520:Sook Ching
13316:War crimes
12918:Technology
12911:Opposition
12853:Lend-Lease
12830:Australian
12823:Home front
12781:Blitzkrieg
12731:Casualties
12722:Commanders
12694:Operations
12389:March 1945
12387:Nov 1944 -
12234:Saint-Malo
12093:March 1944
11738:First Army
11700:Luxembourg
11444:, Osprey,
11426:, Osprey,
11267:9 February
10770:, p.
10552:, Osprey,
10226:6 December
10169:1018406550
9707:(1): 64–66
9306:Eisenhower
9279:0712665218
8948:Smith 2011
8875:Annan 1995
8680:21 October
8654:21 October
8420:, p.
8007:Pogue 1954
7983:Urban 2005
7899:Astor 1992
7887:Meyer 2005
7553:, p.
7551:Solis 2010
7515:Riley 2010
7413:Sorge 1986
6752:Pogue 1954
6428:21 October
6347:, p.
6306:Miles 2004
6266:, p.
6196:Pogue 1954
5965:Jones 2019
5785:inclusive.
5740:References
5635:Saint-Vith
5486:Casualties
5312:Eisenhower
5301:Montgomery
5254:Kurt Meyer
4848:Houffalize
4770:Houffalize
4699:newspapers
4414:VIII Corps
4218:, and the
4163:Salm River
4056:Hoge Venen
4048:Hohes Venn
4046:; German:
3877:Oberführer
3794:Saint-Vith
3606:Regiment,
3526:While the
3487:LXXX Corps
3296:LXVI Corps
3148:(Skorzeny)
2928:Luxembourg
2911:cinema in
2851:Adlerhorst
2821:After the
2758:Two major
2724:Oscar Koch
2710:Düsseldorf
2614:Echternach
2537:See also:
2421:Blitzkrieg
2103:After the
2099:Background
2020:' favour.
2002:Luxembourg
1794:Lumberjack
1664:Baby Blitz
1629:Donnerkeil
1587:Kanalkampf
1510:Montcornet
1415:Maastricht
1394:Luxembourg
1364:Phoney War
1292:Reichswald
1100:Background
988:Kesternich
776:2 January:
650:2 January:
499:Third Army
493:First Army
133:Luxembourg
15805:Manchuria
15691:Indochina
15467:Bagration
14918:Lithuania
14563:Anschluss
14360:Viet Minh
14257:Lithuania
14199:Hong Kong
13969:Manchukuo
13924:Azad Hind
13583:Australia
13383:Aftermath
13246:Paperclip
13141:Aftermath
12941:Total war
12809:Diplomacy
12772:In Europe
12491:Aftermath
12328:Sept 1944
12191:July 1944
11461:(1995) ,
11042:1070-0692
11036:: 38–45,
10951:185298453
10894:U.S. Army
10602:0898-4204
10208:(1988) ,
9650:503437701
9143:, No. 216
9141:248051360
9018:31 August
8996:Bush 2010
8289:0968-3445
8067:Ryan 1995
7503:Cole 1964
7449:Cole 1964
7437:Cole 1964
7353:Cole 1964
7338:26 August
6997:Cole 1964
6980:Cole 1964
6952:Cole 1964
6925:Cole 1964
6913:Cole 1964
6863:30 August
6728:Cole 1964
6692:Cole 1964
6632:Cole 1964
6584:Cole 1964
6557:Cole 1964
6464:Cole 1964
6443:Cole 1964
6406:Ryan 1995
6260:Cole 1964
6220:Panzer IV
5953:Citations
5706:U.S. Army
5502:, Belgium
5183:American
5084:divisions
5051:artillery
5046:Anti-tank
4940:~401,000
4937:~449,000
4928:~705,000
4925:~541,000
4343:River Our
4042:(French:
4040:High Fens
3853:La Gleize
3778:Wereth 11
3667:Waffen-SS
3618:from the
3595:Lanzerath
3471:(Kniess)
3316:(Kruger)
2579:Waffen-SS
2371:Luftwaffe
2253:Ruhr area
2237:prior to
2177:Cherbourg
2161:Wehrmacht
2073:Luftwaffe
1979:offensive
1894:The Blitz
1877:Nuremberg
1872:Heilbronn
1857:Frankfurt
1842:Paderborn
1820:Undertone
1773:Veritable
1766:Blackcock
1658:1944–1945
1615:1941–1943
1549:Abbeville
1430:Rotterdam
1425:The Hague
1280:Blackcock
1083:Massacres
855:American:
815:216 tanks
784:287 tanks
753:423 tanks
722:557 tanks
595:483 tanks
149:5°43′12″E
146:50°0′15″N
16188:Gulf War
15916:Category
15865:document
15775:document
15632:Ardennes
15616:Budapest
15564:Crossbow
15442:Overlord
15281:Smolensk
14499:Timeline
14334:Slovakia
14320:Thailand
14171:Ethiopia
14136:Bulgaria
14060:Portugal
13998:Thailand
13880:Bulgaria
13658:Eswatini
13651:Ethiopia
13604:Bulgaria
13429:Unit 731
13390:Response
13207:Keelhaul
13157:Cold War
13130:Americas
13121:timeline
13114:Atlantic
12994:Theaters
12601:Atlantic
12447:May 1945
12269:Égletons
12217:Aug 1944
12125:Jun 1944
12109:May 1944
12005:Dec 1941
11959:campaign
11595:(2008),
11502:(1997),
11364:(1994),
11343:(1999),
11318:(2004),
11169:(2004),
11058:(1995),
11004:59-60007
10931:(1977),
10898:archived
10890:Army.mil
10864:(2005),
10843:(1999),
10745:citation
10739:, London
10717:(1990),
10640:(1995),
10624:(2010),
10527:53-61717
10328:(2006),
10309:Springer
10220:archived
10179:29 April
10137:(1984),
10116:(1970),
10055:(2000),
9904:citation
9831:Officer)
9640:(1947),
9631:65060001
9612:(1964),
9550:archived
9525:53-12165
9458:(1980),
9427:8 August
9393:(2011),
9232:(2015),
9158:citation
9152:, London
9067:(1997),
9045:Archived
8575:23 April
8478:23 April
8453:23 April
8403:23 April
7289:17 March
7156:25 March
6212:Tiger II
6037:23 April
5873:Private
5713:See also
5500:Bastogne
5445:Goebbels
5325:General
5310:General
5217:425,941
5203:498,622
5194:Initial
5186:British
5116:brigades
5114:Armored
5082:Armored
4943:383,016
4934:406,342
4931:700,520
4922:228,741
4635:VI Corps
4517:Westwall
4495:Bastogne
4293:Illinois
4177:British
4111:Chenogne
3882:ordered
3862:Stoumont
3831:Stavelot
3612:Division
3564:Tiger II
3489:(Beyer)
3351:Division
3298:(Lucht)
3112:(Prieß)
2924:St. Vith
2920:Bastogne
2908:Cine Rex
2780:dog tags
2591:Monschau
2558:Brussels
2548:—
2545:matters.
2527:Planning
2329:between
2149:Ardennes
2118:issues:
2069:captured
2034:Bastogne
2010:encircle
1994:Ardennes
1982:campaign
1862:Würzburg
1741:2nd Alps
1735:Nordwind
1677:Chastity
1670:Overlord
1622:Cerberus
1608:Sea Lion
1592:Adlertag
1566:1st Alps
1525:Boulogne
1481:Gembloux
1386:Wikinger
1273:Nordwind
1240:Lorraine
1221:Boulogne
1211:Le Havre
1178:Chastity
1171:Overlord
1076:Nordwind
1051:Bastogne
1046:St. Vith
1010:Clervaux
880:British:
581:Strength
573:7th Army
460:7th Army
125:Ardennes
119:Location
98:St. Vith
15842:Shumshu
15609:Hungary
15556:Estonia
15540:Lapland
15518:Dragoon
15451:Neptune
15433:Ichi-Go
15399:Tempest
15341:Changde
15296:Cottage
15188:Jubilee
14904:Finland
14802:Compass
14508:Prelude
14461:Finland
14347:Vietnam
14313:Romania
14185:Germany
14164:Estonia
14150:Denmark
14129:Belgium
14122:Austria
14115:Albania
14046:Ireland
14032:Andorra
14016:Neutral
13983:Romania
13917:Hungary
13902:Finland
13774:Romania
13666:Finland
13644:Denmark
13590:Belgium
13576:Algeria
13282:Romania
13268:Hungary
13024:Pacific
12748:General
12702:Leaders
12687:Battles
12680:Outline
12621:Pacific
12470:Lorient
12460:Dunkirk
12366:Dunkirk
12250:Lorient
11846:Leaders
11690:Belgium
11301:, NAL,
11200:7 March
11127:19 July
11101:1842933
11014:18 June
10976:19 July
10920:20 July
10904:20 July
10832:19 July
10540:17 July
10358:58-9414
10295:19 July
10266:12 June
9983:20 July
9954:20 July
9934:20 July
9859:12 June
9722:20 July
9556:16 July
9530:19 July
9203:19 July
8624:24 June
7688:12 July
7572:YouTube
7473:10 July
7126:12 July
7099:12 July
6178:25 July
5380:Dempsey
5369:Simpson
5327:Bradley
5214:111,100
5211:680,706
5200:111,904
5197:687,498
5189:German
5053:pieces
4866:Allied
4713:scholar
4539:of the
4297:Chicago
4274:Griffin
4238:. Gen.
4020:of the
4018:V Corps
3995:Outcome
3807:Knittel
3680:Baugnez
2913:Antwerp
2868:, Gen.
2864:, Gen.
2858:Limburg
2847:Giessen
2805:Malmedy
2478:OB West
2348:On the
2190:Schelde
2143:on the
2134:General
2061:missing
2016:in the
1998:Belgium
1988:during
1984:on the
1931:salient
1882:Hamburg
1852:TF Baum
1834:Varsity
1827:Plunder
1805:Cologne
1800:Remagen
1780:Grenade
1758:Germany
1724:Scheldt
1684:Dragoon
1580:Britain
1535:Dunkirk
1457:Belgium
1435:Zeeland
1255:Scheldt
1216:Dunkirk
1185:Dragoon
1021:Stösser
983:Vianden
977:Prelude
900:German:
388:OB West
137:Germany
129:Belgium
15819:Debate
15791:Taipei
15784:Borneo
15362:Tarawa
14556:Europe
14517:Africa
14306:Poland
14292:Norway
14271:Malaya
14250:Latvia
14192:Greece
14178:France
14074:Sweden
14039:Bhutan
13767:Poland
13753:Norway
13725:Mexico
13692:Greece
13678:France
13616:Canada
13597:Brazil
13567:Allies
13513:Serbia
13502:Poland
13275:Poland
13261:Baltic
13054:Europe
12756:Topics
12708:Allied
12411:Bitche
12264:Lioran
12229:Rennes
11957:French
11720:Forces
11710:Norway
11603:
11582:
11564:
11546:
11528:
11510:
11489:
11471:
11448:
11430:
11412:
11390:
11372:
11351:
11330:
11305:
11283:
11243:
11225:
11177:
11156:
11099:
11066:
11040:
11002:
10967:
10949:
10939:
10874:
10851:
10796:
10778:
10725:
10704:
10686:
10668:
10650:
10600:
10578:
10556:
10525:
10498:
10480:
10462:
10444:
10426:
10408:
10390:
10372:
10356:
10336:
10315:
10286:
10242:
10195:
10167:
10147:
10124:
10103:
10085:
10063:
10024:
9974:
9893:
9875:
9818:
9800:
9779:
9761:
9741:
9682:
9664:
9648:
9629:
9599:
9576:
9523:
9497:
9470:
9445:
9401:
9380:
9350:7 June
9327:
9294:
9276:
9258:
9240:
9219:
9181:
9139:
9129:
9111:
9093:
9075:
8855:6 June
8444:
8287:
8246:
8221:
7776:
6218:, 158
6149:29 May
6120:29 May
6028:
5560:Result
5528:German
5507:Allied
5384:Crerar
5365:Hodges
5314:, the
5208:Final
5077:3,256
5074:3,396
5071:4,131
5068:4,224
5065:3,181
5062:3,305
5059:2,408
5037:1,090
5034:1,496
5031:1,261
5028:7,079
5025:7,769
5022:5,352
5019:1,921
5013:Other
4996:1,912
4993:1,970
4990:1,713
4960:2,428
4957:2,409
4954:1,616
4948:Tanks
4913:16 Jan
4903:24 Dec
4898:16 Dec
4893:16 Jan
4883:24 Dec
4878:16 Dec
4863:Force
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4686:
4639:Alsace
4610:) and
4409:Verdun
4256:Celles
4064:Oberst
3880:Mohnke
3790:Wereth
3684:Waimes
3507:
3360:
3156:
2816:Stalin
2648:panzer
2581:: the
2410:U-boat
2408:, new
2294:, the
2109:Allied
2057:killed
2038:Dinant
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1867:Kassel
1813:Gisela
1712:Aachen
1541:Dynamo
1530:Calais
1515:Saumur
1498:France
1486:La Lys
1469:Hannut
1245:Aachen
1226:Calais
1206:Dieppe
605:(AFVs)
242:
229:Canada
226:
213:
200:
174:Result
15595:Leyte
15425:Narva
15411:Anzio
15369:Makin
15327:Burma
15211:Torch
15180:Rzhev
15141:Kiska
14227:Korea
14213:Japan
14206:Italy
14088:Tibet
14067:Spain
13945:Italy
13706:Italy
13699:India
13623:China
13498:Japan
13098:Italy
13010:China
12962:Women
12436:Royan
12361:Royan
12050:Sept
11695:Italy
11097:JSTOR
11030:(PDF)
10822:(PDF)
10534:(PDF)
10515:(PDF)
9924:(PDF)
9841:(PDF)
9834:(PDF)
9697:(PDF)
9676:Yalta
9619:(PDF)
9344:(PDF)
9319:[
7332:(PDF)
7325:(PDF)
5745:Notes
5660:Hut 3
5607:bulge
5498:near
4908:2 Jan
4888:2 Jan
4874:Date
4869:Axis
4812:Wiltz
4810:near
4720:JSTOR
4706:books
4399:U.S.
4351:Ouren
4052:Dutch
3973:]
3835:Eifel
2387:Ultra
2331:Liège
2327:Meuse
2239:D-Day
2139:(the
2067:, or
1729:Bulge
1718:Queen
1560:Paula
1554:Lille
1520:Arras
1505:Sedan
1475:David
1267:Bulge
1261:Queen
1191:Paris
1028:Greif
15983:WWII
15661:1945
15389:1944
15230:1943
15158:Blue
15148:Attu
15055:1942
14814:1941
14666:1940
14604:1939
14533:Asia
14380:POWs
14220:Jews
13938:Iraq
13864:Axis
13814:Tuva
13630:Cuba
12715:Axis
12422:1945
12420:Apr
12071:1944
12069:Jan
12052:1943
12023:1942
12021:Nov
11988:1941
11986:Jun
11969:1940
11967:Nov
11601:ISBN
11580:ISBN
11562:ISBN
11544:ISBN
11526:ISBN
11508:ISBN
11487:ISBN
11469:ISBN
11446:ISBN
11428:ISBN
11410:ISBN
11388:ISBN
11370:ISBN
11349:ISBN
11328:ISBN
11303:ISBN
11281:ISBN
11269:2012
11241:ISBN
11223:ISBN
11202:2007
11175:ISBN
11154:ISBN
11129:2021
11064:ISBN
11049:2021
11038:ISSN
11016:2010
11000:LCCN
10978:2021
10965:ISBN
10947:OCLC
10937:ISBN
10922:2021
10906:2021
10872:ISBN
10849:ISBN
10834:2021
10794:ISBN
10776:ISBN
10751:link
10723:ISBN
10702:ISBN
10684:ISBN
10666:ISBN
10648:ISBN
10614:2007
10598:ISSN
10576:ISBN
10554:ISBN
10542:2021
10523:LCCN
10496:ISBN
10478:ISBN
10460:ISBN
10442:ISBN
10424:ISBN
10406:ISBN
10388:ISBN
10370:ISBN
10354:LCCN
10334:ISBN
10313:ISBN
10297:2021
10284:ISBN
10268:2012
10240:ISBN
10228:2008
10193:ISBN
10181:2023
10165:OCLC
10145:ISBN
10122:ISBN
10101:ISBN
10083:ISBN
10061:ISBN
10046:2022
10022:ISBN
9985:2021
9972:ISBN
9956:2021
9936:2021
9910:link
9891:ISBN
9873:ISBN
9861:2012
9816:ISBN
9798:ISBN
9777:ISBN
9759:ISBN
9739:ISBN
9724:2021
9680:ISBN
9662:ISBN
9646:OCLC
9627:LCCN
9597:ISBN
9574:ISBN
9558:2021
9532:2021
9521:LCCN
9495:ISBN
9468:ISBN
9443:ISBN
9429:2018
9399:ISBN
9378:ISBN
9363:Life
9352:2012
9325:ISBN
9292:ISBN
9274:ISBN
9256:ISBN
9238:ISBN
9217:ISBN
9205:2021
9179:ISBN
9164:link
9137:OCLC
9127:ISBN
9109:ISBN
9091:ISBN
9073:ISBN
9020:2018
8857:2011
8682:2022
8656:2022
8626:2022
8577:2023
8480:2023
8455:2023
8442:ISBN
8405:2023
8285:ISSN
8244:ISBN
8219:ISBN
8104:2014
7787:2022
7774:ISBN
7690:2011
7652:2010
7475:2015
7340:2010
7291:2009
7158:2021
7128:2011
7101:2011
6865:2021
6430:2022
6180:2023
6151:2018
6122:2018
6039:2023
6026:ISBN
5887:Nuts
5654:and
5547:The
5494:The
5405:CIGS
5382:and
5056:971
5040:907
5015:AFVs
5008:414
5005:462
5002:608
4999:667
4987:499
4981:and
4972:216
4969:287
4966:423
4963:557
4951:483
4919:Men
4692:news
4595:Y-29
4555:and
4420:and
4401:POWs
4206:and
3768:and
3717:POWs
3608:3rd
3556:led
2922:and
2747:and
2745:99th
2714:flak
2650:and
2596:The
2298:and
2000:and
1969:The
1847:Ruhr
1420:Mill
1375:Saar
1298:Alps
1056:Bure
123:The
109:Date
15965:WWI
11758:5th
11753:4th
11089:doi
10772:432
8277:doi
7555:432
6349:358
5658:of
5437:BBC
5169:16
5166:15
5163:16
5160:13
5157:22
5154:22
5151:15
5048:and
4675:by
4194:of
3866:Spa
2755:).
2321:'s
16261::
15409:/
12456::
12432::
12352::
12246::
11120:,
11095:,
11085:69
11083:,
11032:,
10998:,
10945:,
10896:,
10892:,
10888:,
10774:,
10766:,
10747:}}
10743:{{
10592:.
10574:,
10570:,
10521:,
10311:,
10307:,
9946:,
9906:}}
9902:{{
9852:,
9705:28
9703:,
9699:,
9625:,
9621:,
9591:,
9572:,
9515:,
9160:}}
9156:{{
9135:,
9011:.
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8911:^
8894:^
8865:^
8672:.
8642:.
8617:.
8422:92
8396:.
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7680:.
7604:^
7570:.
7483:^
7299:^
7277:.
7217:^
7202:^
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7004:^
6989:^
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6855:,
6807:^
6564:^
6531:^
6450:^
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6368:^
6290:^
6275:^
6268:55
6188:^
6170:.
6159:^
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6101:^
6062:^
6047:^
5972:^
5585:.
5148:6
5140:2
5137:3
5134:3
5131:1
5128:2
5125:2
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5109:8
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4299:.
4222:.
4070:.
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4050:;
3971:fr
3868:.
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3699:,
3686:.
3597:.
3430:/
3416:/
3235:/
3191::
3017:/
3003:/
2989:/
2975:/
2807:.
2593:.
2381:.
2083:.
2063:,
2059:,
558::
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