590:
44:
524:
beaten the Romans and sent them away under a capitulation; on the other hand, it appealed to
Corbulo because he was about to wipe out the ill repute earned before in the same location. When Tiridates I arrived at the Roman camp he took off his royal diadem and placed it on the ground near a statue of Nero, agreeing to receive it back only from Nero in Rome. Tiridates I was recognized as the vassal king of Armenia; a Roman garrison would remain in the country permanently, in Sophene while Artaxata would be reconstructed. Corbulo left his son-in-law
445:
389:
325:
1895:
370:, which he saw as a violation of the former settlement made between the Parthians and Romans regarding Armenia. Lack of resources and a winter epidemic forced Vologases to withdraw his troops from Armenia, allowing Rhadamistus to come back and punish locals as traitors; they shortly revolted and helped Tiridates restore his authority. Rhadamistus himself returned to Iberia and was soon put to death by his father
490:, raised suspicions as to Corbulo's motives: some whispered that he had reached an agreement of mutual withdrawal with the Parthians, and that he was unwilling to risk his reputation by renewing hostilities against them. At any rate, a truce was arranged and a Parthian embassy was dispatched to Rome. The negotiations failed to reach an agreement, and war was resumed in the spring of 62.
531:
After
Tiridates' visit in Rome, Nero summoned Vologases I to Rome several times, but when the invitations became burdensome to Vologases I, he sent back a dispatch to this effect: "It is far easier for you than for me to traverse so great a body of water. Therefore, if you will come to Asia, we can
523:
and beyond into
Armenia, eliminating all of the regional governors he suspected were pro-Parthian. Finally in Rhandeia, Corbulo and Tiridates I met to make a peace agreement. The location of Rhandeia suited both Tiridates I and Corbulo. It appealed to Tiridates I because that is where his army had
474:
on his head. He also appointed a certain nobleman named
Monaeses as the commander of a Parthian force that included contingents from Adiabene. Monaeses was sent into Armenia, where he besieged Tigranocerta in 62. The city was strongly fortified, and had been further reinforced by two
486:, near Tigranocerta and the RomanāParthian border. The failed siege and a shortage of fodder for his cavalry forced Vologases to agree to withdraw Monaeses from Armenia. At the same time, however, the Romans also left Armenia, which, according to the contemporary Roman historian
431:
The loyalty of the
Armenian population was split up between the Parthians and Romans, although overall they preferred Parthian rule, due to it being more tolerant, and also due to the similarity between Parthian and Armenian culture. Corbulo conquered the Armenian capital of
667:. This planned long trade-route would greatly improve the economy of the Parthian Empire. In order to accomplish this, Vologases strengthened relations with other powers whom he was able to establish long-distance trade with, most notably
440:
in southern
Armenia, where he wintered. Tiridates took advantage of this situation to return to northern Armenia from Atropatene. However, by the spring of 60, he was forced to withdraw by the Roman forces once more.
310:
branch established by
Vologases I has been coined by the modern historian Marek Jan Olbrycht as the "Vologasids" or the "House of Vologases I", which ruled the Parthian Empire from 51 till its fall in 224.
2580:
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "Dynastic
Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of SÄsÄn". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.).
572:, but did not achieve any decisive result. The Alans quickly withdrew with a lot of booty after plundering Armenia and Media Atropatene. Vologases I later died in 78, and was succeeded by his son
343:), and thus, one of his first objectives was to strengthen the Parthian position in strategically and politically unstable regions which had served for decades as the source of war with the
589:
448:
Operations during the final years of the war: the raids of
Tigranes into Parthian territory provoked a Parthian counterattack, which culminated in the surrender of the Roman army of
497:, governor of Cappadocia, to settle the question by bringing Armenia under direct Roman administration. Paetus was an incapable commander and suffered a humiliating defeat at the
470:
This situation was important and endangered the relations between
Vologases and his subjects. During a public feast, Vologases supported Tiridates' appeals, and placed the royal
525:
2173:, vol. 2, London & New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, pp. 7ā25,
2364:
1776:
2211:
Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2016). "Ancient Iranian Motifs and Zoroastrian Iconography". In Williams, Markus; Stewart, Sarah; Hintze, Almut (eds.).
3192:
2572:
1795:
467:, including Tiridates, protested in front of the entire Parthian court, complaining that Vologases did not do enough to protect his subjects.
1910:
655:
Vologases sought to accomplish the goal of Artabanus II, by attempting to establish a long and structured trade-route that spanned through
1919:
1712:
623:. However, the use of Greek-alphabet legends on Parthian coins remained until the collapse of the empire. On the reverse of his silver
459:
on the Armenian throne. The new ruler, protected by a strong Roman force, became bold and started in 61 attacking the border areas of
3202:
2775:
2169:
Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007b), "The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period", in Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Sarah Stewart (ed.),
540:
However, Vologases I was still satisfied with this result and honored the memory of Nero, though he stood in good relations with
3187:
420:
to raid the Romans far and wide in 58. Corbulo responded by using the same tactics. He also emboldened the Roman client-kings
2644:
2402:
2302:
2178:
1880:
3197:
383:
2612:
2467:
332:
Vologases became the new Parthian king in 51. He sought to continue the policies of the prominent former Parthian king
2676:
2590:
2488:
2437:
2222:
2201:
2120:
2091:
1841:
479:. The Parthians attempts to scale the city proved fruitless, with the Adiabenian contingents suffering heavy losses.
408:
to restore Roman authority in the country. Vologases was unable to aid his brother, due to the rebellion of his son
2693:
Gregoratti, Leonardo (2015). "A Tale of Two Great Kings: Artabanus and Vologaeses". In Krasnowolska, A. (ed.).
516:
352:
1767:
363:
2768:
2623:
3177:
978:
710:
348:
593:
Silver tetradrachm of Vologases I facing left, receiving diadem from one of the female Iranian deities (
2874:
2553:
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2015). "Arsacid Iran and the nomads of Central Asia ā Ways of cultural transfer".
2112:
1789:
549:
307:
139:
675:, and was unrelenting against the Greek elites who questioned his rule. Vologases founded the town of
3090:
2906:
2858:
2784:
2735:
519:. The command of the troops was returned to Corbulo, who, the following year, led a strong army into
421:
362:
Vologases felt his invasion was justified due to the recent usurpation of the Armenian throne by the
2545:
2355:
2279:
3106:
3098:
3082:
3066:
2986:
2834:
1425:
494:
449:
115:
2753:
627:, he is being invested as king by a female deity, representing one of the female Iranian deities (
3146:
3058:
2994:
2978:
2938:
2761:
2480:
Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West
1405:
405:
393:
371:
333:
123:
43:
1574:
295:, and possibly subsequently the whole Parthian Empire for a few months. Vologases' mother was a
2850:
1751:
1738:
1725:
955:
753:
456:
356:
2962:
2890:
2810:
2666:
2532:
2457:
2342:
2266:
2144:
2501:"Parthian King's tiara - Numismatic evidence and some aspects of Arsacid political ideology"
1900:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2802:
8:
2882:
714:
502:
400:
Unhappy with the Parthian reconquest of Armenia, in 54 the newly ascended Roman emperor
3182:
2655:
2600:
2566:
2108:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
498:
2668:
Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia
2639:, vol. 3, London & New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1027ā1054,
482:
At this point, Corbulo sent an envoy to Vologases, who had encamped with his court at
2672:
2640:
2608:
2586:
2484:
2463:
2433:
2398:
2298:
2218:
2197:
2174:
2116:
2087:
1876:
1837:
664:
616:
509:
227:
184:
110:
2429:
King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)
1771:
2384:
2379:
2131:
2066:
292:
49:
2557:
Complexity of Interaction along the Eurasian Steppe Zone in the First Millenium CE
1821:. Great Britain: Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 1842. p. 496.
705:("Acts of Religion"), Vologases ordered his subjects to safeguard variants of the
374:
for having plotted against the royal power in order to prove his loyalty to Rome.
2946:
2788:
2478:
2427:
2292:
2106:
2102:
2081:
709:
books and schooling, which had been scattered due to raids and plundering by the
565:
545:
303:
260:
199:
63:
2710:
2561:. Bonn Contributions to Asian Archaeology. Vol. 7. Bonn. pp. 333ā390.
2288:
696:
692:
612:
248:
219:
172:
528:
to accompany Tiridates I to Rome in order to attest his own fidelity to Nero.
3171:
2426:
Gregoratti, Leonardo (2017). "The Arsacid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).
2101:
Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids". In
1914:
1901:
620:
417:
195:
34:
2603:(2013). "Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).
2188:
Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2012). "Parthian coins: Kingship and Divine Glory".
3138:
3114:
2898:
1906:
476:
444:
437:
388:
344:
683:
and Seleucia, with the intention of breaking the Greek monopoly on trade.
3130:
3042:
3010:
2930:
2842:
2414:"The Parthian Empire: Romans, Jews, Nomads, and Chinese on the Silk Road"
1938:
1819:
The Penny CyclopƦdia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
1387:
624:
409:
367:
240:
162:
119:
2635:
Schlumberger, Daniel (1983), "Parthian Art", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.),
1923:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 196.
3050:
3026:
3018:
3002:
2954:
2866:
2826:
2818:
2745:
2695:
Studies on the Iranian World: Before Islam: Medieval and Modern, Vol. 1
1363:
814:
676:
573:
561:
464:
288:
207:
203:
149:
127:
91:
81:
2315:"The Parthian Aristocracy: its Social Position and Political Activity"
3122:
2970:
2922:
2914:
2728:
2447:
Gregoratti, Leonardo (2018). "Vologases I". In Bagnall, Roger (ed.).
1856:
680:
671:. Vologases sought to impose his authority over the trade revenue of
668:
656:
643:
569:
541:
299:
2555:
2519:
2413:
2333:
2314:
2212:
1454:
3074:
2783:
2500:
2253:
2234:
2190:
2156:
1933:
672:
557:
520:
460:
433:
413:
324:
53:
2583:
The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion
2459:
The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
2061:
701:
634:
600:
487:
483:
425:
267:, the first form of the name, is a compound of words "strength" (
134:
347:. He gave the kingship of Media Atropatene to his elder brother
2214:
The Zoroastrian Flame Exploring Religion, History and Tradition
1781:
706:
629:
595:
471:
436:, which he had destroyed. The following year (59) he conquered
296:
159:
2654:
Schippmann, K. (1987). "Azerbaijan iii. Pre-Islamic History".
619:
appear on his minted coins alongside the now almost illegible
412:
and subsequently a revolt in the eastern Parthian province of
291:, a Parthian prince who ruled the northern Iranian kingdom of
2011:
660:
553:
223:
2001:
1999:
1695:
1693:
2035:
638:
604:
401:
2697:. KrakĆ³w: Jagiellonian University Press. pp. 203ā210.
1613:
463:, a vassal kingdom of the Parthians. The Adiabenian king,
2432:. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1ā236.
1996:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1630:
1628:
1473:
1471:
1469:
2023:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
351:, while the even more politically important kingship of
1675:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1625:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1466:
1945:
1777:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
1519:
1507:
1495:
2397:, Oxford & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.,
2196:. Computus Druck Satz & Verlag. pp. 67ā83.
641:. Both of these deities are closely linked with the
1652:
1640:
1580:
16:
1st century AD King of Kings of the Parthian Empire
2554:
2518:
2499:
2412:
2332:
2313:
2252:
2233:
2189:
2155:
2142:
1483:
1460:
611:Vologases was the first Arsacid ruler to have the
392:Operations during the first two years of the war:
259:). The etymology of the name is unclear, although
2287:DÄ
browa, Edward (2012). "The Arsacid Empire". In
2143:Chaumont, M. L.; Schippmann, K. (1988). "BalÄÅ”".
3169:
2157:"Religious iconography on ancient Iranian coins"
359:after a Parthian invasion of the country in 53.
48:The portrait of Vologases I on the obverse of a
202:from 51 to 78. He was the son and successor of
2671:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1ā539.
234:
24:
2769:
2624:"Personal Names, Iranian iv. Parthian Period"
2240:History of the Ancient Near East / Monographs
2132:"Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period"
206:(r. 51). He was succeeded by his younger son
2634:
2083:Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation
1990:
1978:
428:tribes to attack outlying areas of Armenia.
2297:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1ā432.
2171:The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran
544:also, to whom he offered an army of 40,000
2776:
2762:
2692:
2653:
2571:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2446:
2425:
2410:
2392:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1970:
1808:Tacitus, Annals, 15.1ā6,Dio Cassius, 62.20
1794:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1699:
1545:
1477:
568:; Vologases I applied in vain for help to
455:Nero appointed a Cappadocian prince named
42:
2599:
2383:
416:. Supported by Vologases, Tiridates sent
2664:
2657:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2
2579:
2552:
2516:
2497:
2146:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6
2129:
1762:
1760:
1501:
588:
443:
387:
355:was given to Vologases' younger brother
323:
2621:
2520:"Vologases I and Pakoros II in Parthia"
2476:
2362:
2330:
2311:
2286:
2250:
2231:
2168:
2153:
2136:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4
2079:
1974:
1831:
1684:
1634:
1619:
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1541:
1537:
1525:
1513:
535:
3170:
2294:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
2210:
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1958:
1886:
377:
319:
2757:
2192:The Parthian Empire and its Religions
2100:
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743:
1836:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 36.
691:Vologases is an important figure in
235:
188:
25:
2605:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran
2455:
2449:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
1825:
1744:
1731:
1718:
1705:
556:, a great nomadic tribe beyond the
508:commanded by Calvisius Sabinus and
396:'s invasion and conquest of Armenia
13:
2686:
1567:
532:then arrange to meet each other."
14:
3214:
3193:People of the RomanāParthian Wars
2217:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 179ā203.
686:
647:("Divine Glory") of the monarch.
2451:. Leiden: John Wiley & Sons.
2154:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007a).
2055:
1893:
695:. According to the 10th-century
239:). The name is also attested in
3203:Iranian people of Greek descent
2393:Garthwaite, Gene Ralph (2005),
2073:
2050:
1984:
1964:
1927:
1865:
1850:
1811:
1802:
1431:
1411:
1393:
1369:
968:
719:
493:The Roman government then sent
338:
2385:10.4467/20800909EL.18.005.8925
2254:"The Arsacids and their State"
1551:
1531:
1461:Chaumont & Schippmann 1988
727:
517:Lucius Funisulanus Vettonianus
210:, who continued his policies.
1:
3188:1st-century Parthian monarchs
2411:Gregoratti, Leonardo (2014).
1911:Vologaeses s.v. Vologaeses I.
1448:
579:
501:in 62, losing the legions of
328:Map of ParthianāRoman borders
282:
2517:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2013).
2498:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (1997).
2365:"Arsacid Dynastic Marriages"
1871:Si Sheppard (2013). Osprey:
754:Kings of the Parthian Empire
7:
3160:usurpers or rival claimants
2736:King of the Parthian Empire
2665:Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011).
2607:. Oxford University Press.
1973:, pp. 80ā81; see also
384:RomanāParthian War of 58ā63
10:
3219:
3198:1st-century Iranian people
2334:"Tacitus on the Parthians"
2113:Cambridge University Press
1873:The Jewish Revolt AD 66ā74
607:, standing with a sceptre.
584:
381:
3158:
2798:
2742:
2733:
2725:
2704:
2637:Cambridge History of Iran
2622:Schmitt, RĆ¼diger (2005).
2419:Journal of Late Antiquity
2162:Journal of Late Antiquity
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1182:
1180:
1112:
1110:
1042:
1040:
926:
924:
922:
916:
914:
912:
890:
886:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
724:) in the 4th-century BC.
424:, Pharasmanes I, and the
422:Antiochus IV of Commagene
168:
155:
145:
133:
109:
101:
97:
87:
77:
69:
61:
41:
32:
21:
2477:Marciak, MichaÅ (2017).
2363:DÄ
browa, Edward (2018).
2331:DÄ
browa, Edward (2017).
2312:DÄ
browa, Edward (2013).
2251:DÄ
browa, Edward (2010).
2232:DÄ
browa, Edward (2007).
2130:Chaumont, M. L. (1986).
2080:Alemany, AgustĆ (2000).
650:
526:Lucius Annius Vinicianus
495:Lucius Caesennius Paetus
314:
2706:Vologases I of Parthia
2235:"The Parthian Kingship"
1920:EncyclopƦdia Britannica
679:in the neighborhood of
287:Vologases was a son of
213:
2540:Cite journal requires
2350:Cite journal requires
2274:Cite journal requires
956:Tiridates I of Armenia
722: 336ā323 BC
608:
552:. Soon afterwards the
452:
397:
329:
2628:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2456:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
1832:Cassius, Dio (2004).
979:Pacorus of Atropatene
699:Zoroastrian document
663:and the coast of the
592:
447:
391:
382:Further information:
327:
1750:Tacitus, The Annals
1737:Tacitus, The Annals
1724:Tacitus, The Annals
1711:Tacitus, The Annals
1573:Tacitus, The Annals
536:Later life and death
279:in Modern Persian).
50:Parthian tetradrachm
2660:. pp. 221ā224.
2601:Rezakhani, Khodadad
2149:. pp. 574ā580.
2138:. pp. 418ā438.
1622:, pp. 181ā182.
1463:, pp. 574ā580.
736:
715:Alexander the Great
378:War with the Romans
320:Invasion of Armenia
271:), and "handsome" (
3178:1st-century births
2506:Notae Numismaticae
2164:. London: 413ā434.
2115:. pp. 21ā99.
2020:, p. 131ā132.
1560:, pp. 79ā80;
1548:, pp. 221ā224
732:
609:
499:Battle of Rhandeia
453:
404:sent his general,
398:
330:
306:. The name of the
3165:
3164:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2793:
2792:(247 BC ā 224 AD)
2752:
2751:
2743:Succeeded by
2646:978-0-521-20092-9
2404:978-1-55786-860-2
2304:978-0-19-987575-7
2180:978-1-84511-406-0
2044:, pp. 56ā57.
1991:Schlumberger 1983
1979:Schlumberger 1983
1977:, p. 21 and
1881:978-1-78096-183-5
1834:Dio's Rome Vol. 5
1790:cite encyclopedia
1610:, pp. 81ā83.
1446:
1445:
775:
774:
768:
767:
750:
749:
665:Mediterranean Sea
218:Vologases is the
178:
177:
3210:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2791:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2726:Preceded by
2721:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2682:
2661:
2649:
2631:
2618:
2596:
2576:
2570:
2562:
2560:
2549:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2513:
2503:
2494:
2473:
2452:
2443:
2422:
2421:. London: 43ā70.
2416:
2407:
2389:
2387:
2369:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2336:
2327:
2317:
2308:
2283:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2247:
2237:
2228:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2165:
2159:
2150:
2139:
2126:
2103:Yarshater, Ehsan
2097:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1943:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1764:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1688:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1555:
1549:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1464:
1458:
1435:
1433:
1415:
1413:
1397:
1395:
1373:
1371:
972:
970:
777:
776:
759:
758:
741:
740:
737:
731:
723:
721:
342:
340:
302:of the Parthian
293:Media Atropatene
238:
237:
190:
46:
28:
27:
19:
18:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3154:
2875:Mithridates III
2830:(170ā165/64 BC)
2794:
2789:Parthian Empire
2782:
2748:
2739:
2731:
2715:
2714:
2711:Arsacid dynasty
2707:
2689:
2687:Further reading
2679:
2647:
2615:
2593:
2585:. Oxbow Books.
2564:
2563:
2541:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2491:
2470:
2440:
2405:
2367:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2305:
2289:Daryaee, Touraj
2275:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2225:
2204:
2181:
2123:
2094:
2076:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:Gregoratti 2014
2040:
2036:
2030:Gregoratti 2014
2028:
2024:
2018:Gregoratti 2017
2016:
2012:
2006:Gregoratti 2017
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1971:Garthwaite 2005
1969:
1965:
1957:
1946:
1932:
1928:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1870:
1866:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1787:
1786:
1765:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1700:Gregoratti 2017
1698:
1691:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1556:
1552:
1546:Schippmann 1987
1540:, p. 125;
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1478:Gregoratti 2018
1476:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1434: 79/80ā81
1430:
1428:
1410:
1408:
1392:
1390:
1368:
1366:
967:
965:
817:
730:
718:
689:
653:
613:Parthian script
587:
582:
538:
386:
380:
341: 12ā38/41
337:
322:
317:
285:
261:Ferdinand Justi
216:
200:Parthian Empire
140:Arsacid dynasty
126:
122:
118:
64:Parthian Empire
57:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3216:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3091:Parthamaspates
3088:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2907:Mithridates IV
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2859:Mithridates II
2856:
2848:
2840:
2838:(165/4ā132 BC)
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2781:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2662:
2651:
2645:
2632:
2619:
2614:978-0199733309
2613:
2597:
2591:
2577:
2550:
2542:|journal=
2514:
2495:
2489:
2474:
2469:978-1610693912
2468:
2453:
2444:
2438:
2423:
2408:
2403:
2390:
2360:
2352:|journal=
2328:
2309:
2303:
2284:
2276:|journal=
2248:
2229:
2223:
2208:
2202:
2185:
2179:
2166:
2151:
2140:
2127:
2121:
2098:
2092:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
2008:, p. 131.
1995:
1993:, p. 1030
1983:
1981:, p. 1030
1963:
1961:, p. 183.
1944:
1926:
1915:Chisholm, Hugh
1885:
1864:
1849:
1842:
1824:
1810:
1801:
1784:. p. 851.
1768:Smith, William
1756:
1743:
1730:
1717:
1704:
1702:, p. 132.
1689:
1687:, p. 360.
1674:
1651:
1639:
1637:, p. 182.
1624:
1612:
1600:
1579:
1566:
1550:
1544:, p. 34;
1530:
1528:, p. 175.
1518:
1516:, p. 125.
1506:
1494:
1482:
1465:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
976:
974:
960:
958:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
930:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
906:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
842:
840:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
773:
772:
769:
766:
764:
763:
756:
751:
748:
746:
745:
729:
726:
697:Middle Persian
693:Zoroastrianism
688:
687:Zoroastrianism
685:
652:
649:
586:
583:
581:
578:
537:
534:
418:flying columns
379:
376:
321:
318:
316:
313:
284:
281:
263:proposes that
255:(also spelled
249:Middle Persian
215:
212:
176:
175:
173:Zoroastrianism
170:
166:
165:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
113:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
59:
58:
47:
39:
38:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3215:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3157:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3107:Mithridates V
3105:
3100:
3099:Sinatruces II
3097:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3083:Vologases III
3081:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3067:Artabanus III
3065:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2998:(36ā38/41 AD)
2996:
2993:
2988:
2987:Tiridates III
2985:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2870:(91ā87/80 BC)
2868:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2835:Mithridates I
2833:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2680:
2678:9780521766418
2674:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2592:9781785702082
2588:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2547:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2490:9789004350724
2486:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2439:9780692864401
2435:
2431:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2344:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2224:9780857728159
2220:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2203:9783940598134
2199:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2122:0-521-20092-X
2118:
2114:
2111:. Cambridge:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2093:9789004114425
2089:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:Ancient works
2043:
2038:
2032:, p. 56.
2031:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:Meyer, Eduard
1903:
1902:public domain
1889:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1843:1-4191-1613-4
1839:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1672:, p. 83.
1671:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1649:, p. 82.
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1598:, p. 81.
1597:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1504:, p. 24.
1503:
1502:Olbrycht 2016
1498:
1492:, p. 79.
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1427:
1426:Artabanus III
1407:
1389:
1372: 78ā110
1365:
1337:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1217:
1215:
1147:
1145:
1077:
1075:
1007:
1005:
980:
964:
957:
931:
928:
920:
918:
910:
908:
907:
888:
884:
882:
870:
868:
843:
841:
816:
778:
770:
765:
760:
757:
755:
752:
747:
742:
739:
738:
735:
725:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:
698:
694:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
648:
646:
645:
640:
636:
632:
631:
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
602:
598:
597:
591:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:Jewish Revolt
547:
546:horse archers
543:
533:
529:
527:
522:
518:
515:commanded by
514:
513:
507:
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500:
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451:
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429:
427:
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415:
411:
407:
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395:
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385:
375:
373:
372:Pharasmanes I
369:
365:
360:
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354:
350:
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335:
326:
312:
309:
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196:King of Kings
193:
186:
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174:
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138:
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116:Artabanus III
114:
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76:
72:
68:
65:
60:
55:
51:
45:
40:
37:
36:
35:King of Kings
31:
20:
3150:(213ā224 AD)
3147:Artabanus IV
3142:(208ā228 AD)
3139:Vologases VI
3134:(191ā208 AD)
3118:(147ā191 AD)
3115:Vologases IV
3110:(129ā140 AD)
3094:(116ā117 AD)
3086:(110ā147 AD)
3078:(109ā129 AD)
3059:Vologases II
3034:
2995:Artabanus II
2979:Artabanus II
2939:Tiridates II
2899:Phraates III
2854:(127ā124 BC)
2846:(132ā127 BC)
2822:(191ā170 BC)
2814:(217ā191 BC)
2806:(247ā217 BC)
2734:
2717:
2709:
2694:
2667:
2656:
2636:
2627:
2604:
2582:
2556:
2533:cite journal
2524:
2509:
2505:
2479:
2462:. ABC-CLIO.
2458:
2448:
2428:
2418:
2395:The Persians
2394:
2375:
2371:
2343:cite journal
2323:
2319:
2293:
2267:cite journal
2258:
2243:
2239:
2213:
2191:
2170:
2161:
2145:
2135:
2107:
2082:
2074:Modern works
2065:
2051:Bibliography
2037:
2025:
2013:
1986:
1975:Curtis 2007b
1966:
1937:
1929:
1918:
1888:
1872:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1813:
1804:
1775:
1746:
1733:
1720:
1707:
1685:Marciak 2017
1642:
1635:DÄ
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1620:DÄ
browa 2017
1615:
1603:
1569:
1564:, p. 35
1562:DÄ
browa 2010
1553:
1542:DÄ
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1538:DÄ
browa 2007
1533:
1526:DÄ
browa 2012
1521:
1514:DÄ
browa 2007
1509:
1497:
1485:
1480:, p. 1.
1456:
1414: 78ā80
1406:Vologases II
1396: 54ā58
971: 51ā78
962:
733:
700:
690:
654:
642:
628:
625:tetradrachms
610:
594:
539:
530:
511:
504:
492:
481:
469:
454:
438:Tigranocerta
430:
399:
361:
334:Artabanus II
331:
286:
276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
252:
244:
230:
226:form of the
217:
191:
180:
179:
124:Vologases II
62:King of the
52:, minted at
33:
3131:Vologases V
3054:(78ā110 AD)
3043:Vardanes II
3035:Vologases I
3011:Gotarzes II
2958:(2 BCā4 AD)
2950:(2 BCā4 AD)
2931:Phraates IV
2862:(124ā91 BC)
2851:Artabanus I
2843:Phraates II
1959:Curtis 2016
1939:Jewish Wars
1388:Vardanes II
963:Vologases I
771:Contenders
728:Family tree
548:during the
410:Vardanes II
368:Rhadamistus
241:New Persian
181:Vologases I
120:Vardanes II
78:Predecessor
22:Vologases I
3172:Categories
3070:(79ā81 AD)
3062:(78ā80 AD)
3051:Pacorus II
3046:(55ā58 AD)
3038:(51ā78 AD)
3027:Vonones II
3022:(49ā51 AD)
3019:Meherdates
3014:(40ā51 AD)
3006:(40ā46 AD)
3003:Vardanes I
2990:(35ā36 AD)
2982:(12ā35 AD)
2963:Orodes III
2955:Phraates V
2918:(57ā38 BC)
2910:(57ā54 BC)
2902:(69ā57 BC)
2894:(75ā69 BC)
2891:Sinatruces
2886:(80ā75 BC)
2878:(87ā80 BC)
2867:Gotarzes I
2827:Phraates I
2819:Priapatius
2811:Arsaces II
2746:Pacorus II
2527:: 280ā286.
2337:: 171ā189.
2246:: 123ā134.
1670:Bivar 1983
1647:Bivar 1983
1608:Bivar 1983
1596:Bivar 1983
1558:Bivar 1983
1490:Bivar 1983
1449:References
1364:Pacorus II
815:Vonones II
711:Macedonian
677:Valashabad
580:Government
574:Pacorus II
562:Atropatene
560:, invaded
289:Vonones II
283:Background
208:Pacorus II
204:Vonones II
194:) was the
150:Vonones II
128:Pacorus II
92:Pacorus II
82:Vonones II
3183:78 deaths
3123:Osroes II
2974:(6ā12 AD)
2971:Vonones I
2934:(37ā2 BC)
2923:Pacorus I
2915:Orodes II
2803:Arsaces I
2729:Vonones I
2567:cite book
2483:. BRILL.
2378:: 73ā83.
2086:. BRILL.
1909:(1911). "
1875:, p. 31.
1857:Suetonius
1772:"Corbulo"
681:Ctesiphon
669:Han China
657:East Asia
644:khvarenah
570:Vespasian
542:Vespasian
505:Fulminata
465:Monobazos
357:Tiridates
300:concubine
253:WardÄkhsh
163:concubine
88:Successor
3126:(191 AD)
3102:(116 AD)
3075:Osroes I
2966:(4ā6 AD)
2883:Orodes I
2512:: 27ā61.
2372:Electrum
2326:: 53ā62.
2320:Parthica
2261:: 21ā52.
1934:Josephus
1770:(1867).
673:Seleucia
617:language
558:Caucasus
521:Melitene
512:Scythica
461:Adiabene
457:Tigranes
434:Artaxata
414:Hyrcania
257:WalÄkhsh
236:š
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228:Parthian
192:Walagash
189:š
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185:Parthian
169:Religion
54:Seleucia
26:š
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3030:(51 AD)
2942:(32 BC)
2926:(39 BC)
2787:of the
2291:(ed.).
2105:(ed.).
2062:Tacitus
1917:(ed.).
1904::
1862:, p. 57
818:(r. 51)
707:Avestan
702:Denkard
635:Anahita
601:Anahita
585:Coinage
566:Armenia
488:Tacitus
484:Nisibis
477:legions
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364:Iberian
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308:Arsacid
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231:WalagaÅ”
198:of the
135:Dynasty
2785:Rulers
2740:51ā78
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2067:Annals
1913:". In
1898:
1879:
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1782:Boston
762:Yellow
744:Orange
734:Legend
630:yazata
596:yazata
472:diadem
450:Pateus
426:Moschi
345:Romans
269:varÉda
245:BalÄsh
156:Mother
146:Father
2718:Died:
2368:(PDF)
1942:7.8.4
1575:13.37
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661:India
651:Trade
621:Greek
554:Alans
510:IIII
315:Reign
304:harem
297:Greek
224:Latin
220:Greek
160:Greek
111:Issue
73:51ā78
70:Reign
56:in 52
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2673:ISBN
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2573:link
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