690:
674:
702:
53:
609:
1856:
1506:
1330:
1197:
510:. This planned long trade-route would greatly improve the economy of the Parthian Empire. In order to accomplish this, Pacorus strengthened relations with other powers whom he was able to establish long distance trade with, most notably
650:. This lasted until the reign of his son and successor, Vologases III. In the Parthian era, Iranians used Hellenistic iconography to portray their divine figures, thus the investiture scene can be associated with the
584:. The influence of the Parthian Empire is demonstrated by the existence of Parthian aspects in the coinage of numerous political entities in those areas. During his last years of rule, Pacorus co-ruled with his son
256:
During the latter part of his father's reign, Pacorus ruled the
Parthian Empire along with him. After Vologases I's death in 78, Pacorus became the sole ruler, but was quickly met by a revolt by his brother
1581:
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016b). "Dynastic
Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.).
452:. Under Vologases I, the empire experienced a resurgence. During the last years of his reign, Pacorus ruled alongside him. After Vologases I's death in 78, Pacorus became the sole ruler of the empire.
689:
673:
631:
that demonstrated his youth, having ascended the throne around the age of sixteen or seventeen. From 82/3, he is depicted with a beard. From 93–96, Pacorus is portrayed with his father's
635:. The modern historian Marek Jan Olbrycht surmises that the wearing of the tiara in the latter part of his reign was reflected the power and status of his empire at this time.
1841:. Vol. 2. London & New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum. pp. 87–104.
484:, until he found about the real identity of the impostor. Coin mints of Artabanus III disappear after 81, which suggests that by this year Pacorus had defeated him.
557:
speculated that the
Parthians would have been relieved at the failed efforts by the Han Empire to open diplomatic relations with Rome, especially after Ban Chao's
287:), which included increasing the economic sources of the Parthian Empire by establishing a new trade system and strengthening relations with other powers, such as
701:
642:
investing him as king. Under
Pacorus, the usage of the image of Tyche on the reverse of Parthian coins became more regular than that of the seated king with a
303:. The influence of the Parthians is demonstrated by the existence of their aspects in the coinage of numerous political entities in those areas.
1251:
Curtis, Vesta
Sarkhosh (2016). "Ancient Iranian Motifs and Zoroastrian Iconography". In Williams, Markus; Stewart, Sarah; Hintze, Almut (eds.).
600:. Pacorus died in the same year, and was succeeded by Vologases III, who continued his father's struggle with Osroes I over the Arsacid crown.
1601:
Potter, D. S. (1991). "The
Inscriptions on the Bronze Herakles from Mesene: Vologeses IV's War with Rome and the Date of Tacitus' "Annales"".
1311:
1440:
1835:
Wang, Tao (2007). "Parthia in China: a Re-examination of the
Historical Records". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh and Sarah Stewart (ed.).
2015:
1279:
2432:
2427:
1903:
1879:
1846:
1497:
1321:
1289:
814:, pp. 206–208 has surmised Pacorus to be the same newly ascended Parthian king described by the contemporary Roman poet
2447:
2442:
519:
1666:
1640:
1454:
1722:
1591:
1476:
1382:
1264:
1241:
1187:
1632:
The
Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature
1621:
1431:
464:, which lasted until the latter's defeat in 80. In 79/80, Pacorus' rule was contended by another Parthian prince—
261:, which lasted until the latter's defeat in 80. In 79/80, Pacorus' rule was contended by another Parthian prince—
553:) with a detailed report on the Roman Empire based on oral accounts of his Parthian hosts. The modern historian
2422:
1836:
2008:
2437:
1700:
554:
2114:
1714:
542:
was the only means to reach Rome. Discouraged by this, Gan Ying returned to the Han court and provided
193:
2330:
2146:
2098:
2024:
1965:
1814:
1778:
1573:
1541:
1361:
2346:
2338:
2322:
2306:
2226:
2074:
1975:
1955:
726:
585:
465:
270:
262:
177:
169:
122:
109:
1993:
1487:
2386:
2298:
2234:
2218:
2178:
2001:
1948:
1468:
Sophene, Gordyene, and
Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West
488:
461:
277:
258:
102:
2274:
2090:
1939:
1630:
1466:
1295:
734:
730:
435:
243:
203:
181:
93:
1179:
52:
2202:
2130:
2050:
1801:
1765:
1560:
1528:
1348:
1218:
1677:
1516:"Parthian King's tiara - Numismatic evidence and some aspects of Arsacid political ideology"
2042:
276:
Like his father, Pacorus continued the same policies of the prominent former
Parthian king
388:
Pacorus II's name is recorded in the bilingual inscription on the famous bronze statue of
8:
2417:
2122:
1982:
722:
558:
310:
on the reverse of Parthian coins became more regular than that of the seated king with a
173:
129:
1868:
1710:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
1650:
1610:
1420:
1412:
1172:
1855:
1505:
1329:
1196:
480:. Artabanus III initially agreed to lend military aid to Terentius Maximus to capture
1899:
1875:
1842:
1718:
1662:
1636:
1587:
1493:
1472:
1450:
1424:
1378:
1317:
1285:
1260:
1237:
1183:
543:
539:
538:, where the Parthian authorities convinced him that an arduous sea voyage around the
507:
498:), by attempting to establish a long and structured trade-route that spanned through
477:
414:
378:
374:
164:
1823:
1373:
King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)
1404:
1205:
628:
2186:
2028:
1893:
1708:
1704:
1688:
239:
75:
1921:
1275:
360:
347:
213:
1892:(1986). "Han Foreign Relations". In Twitchett, Denis and Michael Loewe (ed.).
1408:
2411:
1392:
1369:
Gregoratti, Leonardo (2017). "The Arsacid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).
643:
311:
273:, who continued his father's struggle with Osroes I over the Parthian crown.
235:
43:
1653:(2013). "Arsacid, Elymaean, and Persid Coinage". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).
1228:
Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2012). "Parthian coins: Kingship and Divine Glory".
612:
Coin of Pacorus II being invested as king by a goddess, representing either
2378:
2354:
2138:
1889:
1863:
777:
659:, i.e., kingly glory, with Tyche representing one of the Iranian goddesses
535:
531:
527:
1895:
Cambridge History of China: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
2370:
2282:
2250:
2170:
2082:
1552:"The Sacral Kingship of the early Arsacids I. Fire Cult and Kingly Glory"
608:
566:
473:
468:, who seemed to have little support in the empire, with the exception of
397:
367:
57:
1898:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 377–462.
1614:
1313:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)
269:, appeared in 109. The following year, Pacorus was succeeded by his son
2266:
2258:
2242:
2194:
2106:
2066:
2058:
1167:
581:
300:
1416:
2362:
2210:
2162:
2154:
885:
738:
655:
597:
511:
499:
469:
288:
1788:
1551:
1371:
1253:
2314:
2023:
1756:
1741:
1655:
1515:
1446:
1339:
1230:
647:
623:
On the obverse of his coins, Pacorus is portrayed simply wearing a
589:
573:
523:
515:
393:
389:
315:
292:
266:
65:
22:
627:. At first, he appeared beardless on his coins, a rare feature in
1584:
The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion
815:
660:
613:
593:
577:
562:
319:
296:
188:
904:
902:
900:
1255:
The Zoroastrian Flame Exploring Religion, History and Tradition
968:
680:
651:
624:
291:. Parthian interest also continued to grow in eastern lands of
695:
Coin of Pacorus II wearing a diadem and beard, minted in 92/93
534:
before departing towards Rome. He traveled as far west as the
472:. Artabanus III's most notable action was to give refuge to a
1395:(1994). "Statius' Young Parthian King ('Thebaid' 8.286-93)".
929:
897:
708:
639:
632:
592:
appeared. In 110, Pacorus sold the Arsacid vassal kingdom of
572:
Parthian interest also continued to grow in eastern lands of
503:
404:
354:
343:
318:. Tyche was either a representation of the Iranian goddesses
307:
61:
1874:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
789:
1133:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1019:
1007:
863:
861:
859:
664:
617:
481:
323:
306:
Under Pacorus, the usage of the image of the Greek goddess
487:
Like his father, Pacorus sought to accomplish the goal of
1377:. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236.
1048:
1038:
1036:
1034:
997:
995:
980:
956:
434:
Pacorus was one of the younger sons of the Parthian king
265:—whom he had defeated by 81. A third Parthian contender,
1072:
856:
846:
844:
842:
840:
1089:
1870:
The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia
1145:
1031:
992:
946:
944:
825:
1060:
919:
917:
873:
837:
765:
755:
753:
721:
Besides Vologases III, Pacorus had three other sons:
638:
The reverse of his coins portrayed the Greek goddess
1676:
Schippmann, K. (1986). "Artabanus (Arsacid kings)".
1236:. Computus Druck Satz & Verlag. pp. 67–83.
1174:
Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices
1101:
941:
16:
King of Kings of the Parthian Empire (ruled 78-110)
1867:
1787:
1755:
1740:
1654:
1550:
1514:
1370:
1338:
1252:
1229:
1216:
1171:
914:
891:
750:
1274:Dąbrowa, Edward (2012). "The Arsacid Empire". In
1217:Chaumont, M. L.; Schippmann, K. (1988). "Balāš".
2409:
1742:"Religious iconography on ancient Iranian coins"
679:Coin of a young, beardless Pacorus II wearing a
460:Pacorus was soon met by a revolt by his brother
242:from 78 to 110. He was the son and successor of
1486:Morton, William S.; Lewis, Charlton M. (2005),
421:
229:
33:
2009:
1442:The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
1206:"Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period"
1309:
974:
1838:The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran
1485:
1284:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432.
986:
588:. In 109, a third Parthian contender named
336:
2016:
2002:
1675:
1603:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
1403:(2). Cambridge University Press: 205–212.
1368:
1336:
935:
908:
867:
807:
795:
51:
1828:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XIII, Fasc. 2
1649:
1580:
1548:
1123:
1083:
831:
1785:
1686:
1512:
1220:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6
1203:
1151:
1139:
1042:
1025:
822:, around sixteen or seventeen years old.
607:
520:Protector-General of the Western Regions
1789:"Vologases I and Pakoros II in Parthia"
1753:
1679:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6
1464:
1273:
1210:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4
1013:
1001:
879:
850:
771:
2410:
1738:
1699:
1693:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 5
1600:
1391:
1281:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
1250:
1227:
1127:
1119:
1095:
1066:
1054:
962:
950:
811:
786:, pp. 279, 281 (see also note 9).
783:
530:. Gan visited the court of Pacorus at
1997:
1232:The Parthian Empire and its Religions
1166:
1107:
646:, specifically on the coin minted at
526:on a diplomatic mission to reach the
314:, specifically on the coin minted at
1862:
1834:
1821:
1628:
759:
422:
230:
34:
1657:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran
1438:
923:
13:
1888:
1732:
14:
2459:
1259:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 179–203.
1854:
1504:
1328:
1195:
700:
688:
672:
385:(respectively; Բակուր, ბაკური).
1739:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007).
1113:
548:
493:
440:
282:
248:
1489:China: Its History and Culture
892:Chaumont & Schippmann 1988
801:
1:
2433:2nd-century Parthian monarchs
2428:1st-century Parthian monarchs
1703:(1983). "Iran and China". In
1549:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016a).
1337:Gregoratti, Leonardo (2013).
1316:, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill,
1178:. Psychology Press. pp.
744:
729:, who successively served as
707:Coin of Pacorus II wearing a
514:. In 97, the Chinese general
446:
429:
146:
1786:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2013).
1513:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (1997).
1340:"Epigraphy of Later Parthia"
716:
21:For the king of Persis, see
7:
2400:usurpers or rival claimants
1966:King of the Parthian Empire
1661:. Oxford University Press.
1635:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
1310:de Crespigny, Rafe (2007),
359:), itself a variant of the
10:
2464:
2448:2nd-century Iranian people
2443:1st-century Iranian people
1715:Cambridge University Press
1160:
603:
405:
355:
20:
2398:
2038:
1972:
1963:
1936:
1915:
1747:Journal of Late Antiquity
1629:Rapp, Stephen H. (2014).
1492:, New York: McGraw-Hill,
1409:10.1017/S001738350002341X
209:
199:
187:
163:
155:
142:
138:
118:
89:
81:
73:
50:
41:
30:
1754:Dąbrowa, Edward (2007).
1465:Marciak, Michał (2017).
1204:Chaumont, M. L. (1986).
741:in the mid-2nd century.
737:, who served as king of
455:
60:of Pacorus II wearing a
1757:"The Parthian Kingship"
987:Morton & Lewis 2005
711:and beard, minted in 93
329:
1809:Cite journal requires
1773:Cite journal requires
1568:Cite journal requires
1536:Cite journal requires
1356:Cite journal requires
620:
373:('son of a god'). The
337:
1687:Sellwood, D. (1983).
1622:registration required
1439:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
1432:registration required
611:
506:and the coast of the
2423:Rulers of Atropatene
1822:Rose, Jenny (2004).
1717:. pp. 537–558.
1016:, pp. 176, 391.
567:eastern Central Asia
522:, sent his emissary
1830:. pp. 180–188.
1695:. pp. 456–459.
1682:. pp. 647–650.
1651:Rezakhani, Khodadad
1223:. pp. 574–580.
1212:. pp. 418–438.
1142:, pp. 418–438.
1057:, pp. 206–207.
1028:, pp. 456–459.
977:, pp. 239–240.
965:, pp. 543–544.
938:, pp. 131–132.
911:, pp. 647–650.
894:, pp. 574–580.
798:, pp. 280–282.
381:transliteration is
159:110 (aged 48 or 49)
2438:1st-century births
1749:. London: 413–434.
953:, pp. 543–544
621:
559:military victories
2405:
2404:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2033:
2032:(247 BC – 224 AD)
1992:
1991:
1973:Succeeded by
1905:978-0-521-24327-8
1881:978-0-520-24340-8
1848:978-1-84511-406-0
1499:978-0-07-141279-7
1397:Greece & Rome
1323:978-90-04-15605-0
1291:978-0-19-987575-7
1098:, pp. 76–77.
975:de Crespigny 2007
683:, minted in 78/79
544:Emperor He of Han
540:Arabian Peninsula
508:Mediterranean Sea
478:Terentius Maximus
445:), being born in
219:
218:
2455:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2031:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1937:Preceded by
1932:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1885:
1873:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1831:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1782:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1744:
1728:
1705:Yarshater, Ehsan
1696:
1683:
1672:
1660:
1646:
1625:
1618:
1597:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1482:
1460:
1435:
1428:
1388:
1376:
1365:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1294:. Archived from
1270:
1258:
1247:
1235:
1224:
1213:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1177:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
939:
933:
927:
921:
912:
906:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
854:
848:
835:
829:
823:
805:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
731:kings of Armenia
704:
692:
676:
629:Parthian coinage
552:
550:
497:
495:
451:
448:
444:
442:
425:
424:
408:
407:
358:
357:
340:
286:
284:
252:
250:
233:
232:
151:
148:
134:
127:
114:
107:
99:
55:
37:
36:
28:
27:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2115:Mithridates III
2070:(170–165/64 BC)
2034:
2029:Parthian Empire
2022:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1969:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1926:
1925:
1922:Arsacid dynasty
1918:
1906:
1882:
1853:
1849:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1774:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1735:
1733:Further reading
1725:
1701:Watson, William
1669:
1643:
1619:
1594:
1586:. Oxbow Books.
1569:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1503:
1500:
1479:
1457:
1429:
1385:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1327:
1324:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1276:Daryaee, Touraj
1267:
1244:
1194:
1190:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
942:
936:Gregoratti 2017
934:
930:
922:
915:
909:Schippmann 1986
907:
898:
890:
886:
878:
874:
868:Gregoratti 2017
866:
857:
849:
838:
830:
826:
810:, p. 132;
808:Gregoratti 2017
806:
802:
796:Gregoratti 2013
794:
790:
782:
778:
770:
766:
758:
751:
747:
719:
712:
705:
696:
693:
684:
677:
606:
547:
496: 12–38/41
492:
458:
449:
439:
432:
366:, derived from
332:
285: 12–38/41
281:
247:
240:Parthian Empire
194:Arsacid dynasty
180:
176:
172:
149:
132:
128:
125:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
76:Parthian Empire
69:
32:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2331:Parthamaspates
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2147:Mithridates IV
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2099:Mithridates II
2096:
2088:
2080:
2078:(165/4–132 BC)
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1974:
1971:
1962:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1886:
1880:
1860:
1847:
1832:
1819:
1811:|journal=
1783:
1775:|journal=
1751:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1697:
1684:
1673:
1668:978-0199733309
1667:
1647:
1642:978-1472425522
1641:
1626:
1598:
1592:
1578:
1570:|journal=
1546:
1538:|journal=
1510:
1498:
1483:
1477:
1462:
1456:978-1610693912
1455:
1436:
1389:
1383:
1366:
1358:|journal=
1334:
1322:
1307:
1290:
1271:
1265:
1248:
1242:
1225:
1214:
1201:
1188:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1126:, p. 99;
1124:Olbrycht 2016a
1122:, p. 71;
1112:
1100:
1088:
1086:, p. 770.
1084:Rezakhani 2013
1071:
1069:, p. 208.
1059:
1047:
1030:
1018:
1006:
1004:, p. 175.
991:
979:
967:
955:
940:
928:
926:, p. 179.
913:
896:
884:
882:, p. 391.
872:
870:, p. 131.
855:
853:, p. 176.
836:
832:Olbrycht 2016b
824:
800:
788:
776:
774:, p. 224.
764:
762:, p. 334.
748:
746:
743:
718:
715:
714:
713:
706:
699:
697:
694:
687:
685:
678:
671:
605:
602:
555:William Watson
457:
454:
431:
428:
361:Middle Iranian
331:
328:
224:(also spelled
217:
216:
214:Zoroastrianism
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
185:
184:
167:
161:
160:
157:
153:
152:
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
120:
116:
115:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
71:
70:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2460:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2397:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2347:Mithridates V
2345:
2340:
2339:Sinatruces II
2337:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2323:Vologases III
2321:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2307:Artabanus III
2305:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2238:(36–38/41 AD)
2236:
2233:
2228:
2227:Tiridates III
2225:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2110:(91–87/80 BC)
2108:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2075:Mithridates I
2073:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1984:
1977:
1976:Vologases III
1968:
1967:
1957:
1956:Artabanus III
1950:
1941:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1890:Yü, Ying-shih
1887:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1864:Wood, Frances
1861:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:"Investiture"
1820:
1816:
1803:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1724:0-521-20092-X
1720:
1716:
1713:. Cambridge:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1593:9781785702082
1589:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1478:9789004350724
1474:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:Hollis, A. S.
1390:
1386:
1384:9780692864401
1380:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1298:on 2019-01-01
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1266:9780857728159
1262:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1245:
1243:9783940598134
1239:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1189:9780415239028
1185:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1154:, p. 51.
1153:
1152:Olbrycht 1997
1148:
1141:
1140:Chaumont 1986
1136:
1130:, p. 183
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1110:, p. 82.
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1045:, p. 50.
1044:
1043:Olbrycht 1997
1039:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1026:Sellwood 1983
1022:
1015:
1010:
1003:
998:
996:
989:, p. 59.
988:
983:
976:
971:
964:
959:
952:
947:
945:
937:
932:
925:
920:
918:
910:
905:
903:
901:
893:
888:
881:
876:
869:
864:
862:
860:
852:
847:
845:
843:
841:
834:, p. 24.
833:
828:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
797:
792:
785:
780:
773:
768:
761:
756:
754:
749:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:Parthamasiris
724:
710:
703:
698:
691:
686:
682:
675:
670:
669:
668:
666:
662:
658:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
619:
615:
610:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:Vologases III
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551: 88–105
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:Artabanus III
463:
453:
437:
427:
419:
416:
412:
402:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
369:
365:
362:
352:
349:
345:
341:
339:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
279:
274:
272:
271:Vologases III
268:
264:
263:Artabanus III
260:
254:
245:
241:
237:
236:King of Kings
227:
223:
215:
212:
208:
205:
202:
198:
195:
192:
190:
186:
183:
179:
178:Parthamasiris
175:
171:
170:Vologases III
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
145:
141:
137:
131:
124:
123:Vologases III
121:
117:
111:
110:Artabanus III
104:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
72:
67:
63:
59:
54:
49:
46:
45:
44:King of Kings
40:
29:
24:
19:
2390:(213–224 AD)
2387:Artabanus IV
2382:(208–228 AD)
2379:Vologases VI
2374:(191–208 AD)
2358:(147–191 AD)
2355:Vologases IV
2350:(129–140 AD)
2334:(116–117 AD)
2326:(110–147 AD)
2318:(109–129 AD)
2299:Vologases II
2290:
2235:Artabanus II
2219:Artabanus II
2179:Tiridates II
2139:Phraates III
2094:(127–124 BC)
2086:(132–127 BC)
2062:(191–170 BC)
2054:(217–191 BC)
2046:(247–217 BC)
1986:(rival king)
1964:
1959:(rival king)
1952:(rival king)
1949:Vologases II
1928:
1920:
1894:
1869:
1837:
1827:
1802:cite journal
1793:
1766:cite journal
1746:
1709:
1692:
1678:
1656:
1631:
1606:
1602:
1583:
1561:cite journal
1529:cite journal
1520:
1488:
1467:
1441:
1400:
1396:
1372:
1349:cite journal
1312:
1300:. Retrieved
1296:the original
1280:
1254:
1231:
1219:
1209:
1173:
1147:
1135:
1115:
1103:
1091:
1062:
1050:
1021:
1014:Dąbrowa 2012
1009:
1002:Dąbrowa 2012
982:
970:
958:
931:
887:
880:Dąbrowa 2012
875:
851:Dąbrowa 2012
827:
819:
803:
791:
779:
772:Marciak 2017
767:
720:
654:
637:
622:
571:
561:against the
536:Persian Gulf
532:Hecatompylos
528:Roman Empire
489:Artabanus II
486:
462:Vologases II
459:
443: 51–78
433:
417:
410:
400:
387:
382:
370:
363:
350:
346:form of the
335:
333:
305:
278:Artabanus II
275:
259:Vologases II
255:
251: 51–78
225:
221:
220:
133:(rival king)
113:(rival king)
106:(rival king)
103:Vologases II
74:King of the
64:, minted at
42:
18:
2371:Vologases V
2294:(78–110 AD)
2283:Vardanes II
2275:Vologases I
2251:Gotarzes II
2198:(2 BC–4 AD)
2190:(2 BC–4 AD)
2171:Phraates IV
2102:(124–91 BC)
2091:Artabanus I
2083:Phraates II
1979:(successor)
1944:predecessor
1940:Vologases I
1917:Pacorus II
1609:: 277–290.
1461:(2 volumes)
1168:Boyce, Mary
1128:Curtis 2016
1120:Curtis 2012
1096:Curtis 2012
1067:Hollis 1994
1055:Hollis 1994
963:Watson 1983
951:Watson 1983
812:Hollis 1994
784:Potter 1991
474:Pseudo-Nero
450: 61/2
436:Vologases I
368:Old Iranian
244:Vologases I
204:Vologases I
150: 61/2
126:(successor)
98:predecessor
94:Vologases I
90:Predecessor
58:Tetradrachm
2418:110 deaths
2412:Categories
2310:(79–81 AD)
2302:(78–80 AD)
2291:Pacorus II
2286:(55–58 AD)
2278:(51–78 AD)
2267:Vonones II
2262:(49–51 AD)
2259:Meherdates
2254:(40–51 AD)
2246:(40–46 AD)
2243:Vardanes I
2230:(35–36 AD)
2222:(12–35 AD)
2203:Orodes III
2195:Phraates V
2158:(57–38 BC)
2150:(57–54 BC)
2142:(69–57 BC)
2134:(75–69 BC)
2131:Sinatruces
2126:(80–75 BC)
2118:(87–80 BC)
2107:Gotarzes I
2067:Phraates I
2059:Priapatius
2051:Arsaces II
1796:: 280–286.
1760:: 123–134.
1689:"Adiabene"
1343:: 276–284.
1302:2019-01-13
1108:Boyce 1984
745:References
582:Hindu Kush
580:, and the
430:Background
426:'Pakur').
301:Hindu Kush
299:, and the
234:) was the
226:Pakoros II
222:Pacorus II
31:Pacorus II
2363:Osroes II
2214:(6–12 AD)
2211:Vonones I
2174:(37–2 BC)
2163:Pacorus I
2155:Orodes II
2043:Arsaces I
1555:: 91–106.
1471:. BRILL.
1425:162508739
760:Rapp 2014
739:Characene
735:Meredates
717:Offspring
656:khvarenah
598:Abgar VII
512:Han China
500:East Asia
470:Babylonia
334:The name
289:Han China
182:Meredates
119:Successor
2366:(191 AD)
2342:(116 AD)
2315:Osroes I
2206:(4–6 AD)
2123:Orodes I
1983:Osroes I
1866:(2002).
1615:20187558
1523:: 27–61.
1447:ABC-CLIO
1170:(1984).
924:Kia 2016
723:Axidares
648:Ecbatana
590:Osroes I
574:Khwarazm
524:Gan Ying
516:Ban Chao
423:𐭐𐭊𐭅𐭓
415:Parthian
411:genitive
401:Pakhorou
394:Seleucia
390:Heracles
379:Georgian
375:Armenian
371:bag-puhr
316:Ecbatana
293:Khwarazm
267:Osroes I
231:𐭐𐭊𐭅𐭓
210:Religion
174:Axidares
130:Osroes I
85:78 – 110
66:Seleucia
35:𐭐𐭊𐭅𐭓
23:Pakor II
2270:(51 AD)
2182:(32 BC)
2166:(39 BC)
2027:of the
1970:78–110
1707:(ed.).
1278:(ed.).
1161:Sources
816:Statius
661:Anahita
652:Avestan
614:Anahita
604:Coinage
594:Osroene
578:Bactria
563:Xiongnu
406:Παχόρου
356:Πακώρος
351:Pakoros
342:is the
338:Pacorus
320:Anahita
297:Bactria
238:of the
189:Dynasty
68:in 92/3
2025:Rulers
1927:
1902:
1878:
1845:
1721:
1665:
1639:
1613:
1590:
1496:
1475:
1453:
1423:
1417:643014
1415:
1381:
1320:
1288:
1263:
1240:
1186:
1182:–252.
733:, and
725:, and
681:diadem
625:diadem
518:, the
476:named
413:) and
200:Father
1929:Died:
1611:JSTOR
1421:S2CID
1413:JSTOR
818:as a
709:tiara
640:Tyche
633:tiara
504:India
456:Reign
398:Greek
383:Bakur
364:Pakur
348:Greek
344:Latin
308:Tyche
165:Issue
82:Reign
62:tiara
2187:Musa
1900:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1815:help
1779:help
1719:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1574:help
1542:help
1494:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1362:help
1318:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1184:ISBN
820:puer
665:Ashi
618:Ashi
482:Rome
418:pkwr
377:and
330:Name
324:Ashi
156:Died
143:Born
1931:110
1405:doi
663:or
644:bow
616:or
596:to
565:in
396:as
392:in
322:or
312:bow
253:).
2414::
1826:.
1806::
1804:}}
1800:{{
1792:.
1770::
1768:}}
1764:{{
1745:.
1691:.
1607:88
1605:.
1565::
1563:}}
1559:{{
1533::
1531:}}
1527:{{
1519:.
1449:.
1445:.
1419:.
1411:.
1401:41
1399:.
1353::
1351:}}
1347:{{
1208:.
1074:^
1033:^
994:^
943:^
916:^
899:^
858:^
839:^
752:^
667:.
576:,
569:.
549:r.
502:,
494:r.
447:c.
441:r.
409:,
326:.
295:,
283:r.
249:r.
228:;
147:c.
2017:e
2010:t
2003:v
1946:)
1942:(
1908:.
1884:.
1851:.
1817:)
1813:(
1794:7
1781:)
1777:(
1727:.
1671:.
1645:.
1624:)
1620:(
1617:.
1596:.
1576:)
1572:(
1544:)
1540:(
1521:2
1481:.
1459:.
1434:)
1430:(
1427:.
1407::
1387:.
1364:)
1360:(
1305:.
1269:.
1246:.
1192:.
1180:1
546:(
491:(
438:(
420:(
403:(
353:(
280:(
246:(
100:)
96:(
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
,_Seleucia_mint.jpg)