119:
173:
618:, but likely included examples of VKH. Koyanagi's first description of the disease was in 1914, but was preceded by Jujiro Komoto, professor of ophthalmology at the University of Tokyo, in 1911. A much later article, published in 1929, definitively associated Koyanagi with the disease. Harada's 1926 paper is recognized for its comprehensive description of what is now known as Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease.
33:
504:
Based on the presence of extraocular findings, such as neurological, auditory, and integumentary manifestations, the "revised diagnostic criteria" of 2001 classify the disease as complete (eyes along with both neurological and skin), incomplete (eyes along with either neurological or skin), or
302:
causing blurring of vision. In 70% of VKH cases, the onset of visual blurring is bilaterally contemporaneous; if initially unilateral, the other eye is involved within several days. The process can include bilateral granulomatous anterior uveitis, variable degree of vitritis, thickening of the
613:
from Japan. Several authors, including Arabic doctor
Mohammad-al-Ghâfiqî in the 12th century ,as well as Jacobi, Nettelship, and Tay in the 19th century, had described poliosis, neuralgias, and hearing disorders. This constellation was probably often due to
505:
probable (eyes without either neurological or skin) . By definition, for research homogeneity purposes, the two exclusion criteria are previous ocular penetrating trauma or surgery, and other concomitant ocular disease similar to VKH disease.
1361:
477:
in the eyes without clinical symptoms or signs. Ocular MRI may be helpful and auditory symptoms should undergo audiologic testing. Histopathology findings from eye and skin are discussed by Walton.
1254:
Vogt A. Frühzeitiges
Ergrauen der Zilien und Bemerkungen über den sogenannten plötzlichen Eintritt dieser Veränderung. Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde, Stuttgart, 1906, 44: 228-242.
365:
Although sometimes a viral infection, or skin or eye trauma precedes an outbreak, the exact underlying initiator of VKH disease remains unknown. VKH is attributed, however, to aberrant
401:. VKH is more common in Asians, Latinos, Middle Easterners, American Indians, and Mexican Mestizos; it is much less common in Caucasians and in Blacks from sub-Saharan Africa.
397:
Affected individuals are typically 20 to 50 years old. The female-to-male ratio is 2:1. By definition, affected people have no history of either surgical or accidental ocular
264:
The prodromal phase may have no symptoms, or may mimic a nonspecific viral infection, marked by flu-like symptoms that typically last for a few days. Fever, headache, nausea,
1263:
Koyanagi Y. Dysakusis, Alopecie und
Poliosis bei schwerer Uveitis nicht traumatischen Ursprungs. Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde, Stuttgart, 1929, 82: 194–211.
95:
1220:
Read RW, Holland GN, Rao NA, et al. (2001). "Revised diagnostic criteria for Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: report of an international committee on nomenclature".
581:
treatment. Inner ear symptoms usually respond to corticosteroid therapy within weeks to months; hearing usually recovers completely. Chronic eye effects such as
341:
The chronic recurrent phase may be marked by repeated bouts of uveitis, but is more commonly a chronic, low-grade, often subclinical, uveitis that may lead to
54:
17:
1272:
Harada E. Clinical study of nonsuppurative choroiditis. A report of acute diffuse choroiditis. Acta
Societatis ophthalmologicae Japonicae, 1926, 30: 356.
2434:
338:
depigmentation resulting in a classic orange-red discoloration ("sunset glow fundus") and retinal pigment epithelium clumping and/or migration.
1831:
2503:
2429:
3004:
684:
Sakata VM, da Silva FT, Hirata CE, de
Carvalho JF, Yamamoto JH (2014). "Diagnosis and classification of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease".
41:
261:
The sequence of clinical events in VKH is divided into four phases - prodromal, acute uveitic, convalescent, and chronic recurrent.
404:
VKH is associated with a variety of genetic polymorphisms that relate to immune function. For example, it has been associated with
1443:
1416:
1018:
Rao, PK; Rao, NA (2006). "Chapter 10. Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease and
Sympathetic Ophthalmia". In Pleyer, U; Foster, CS (eds.).
2451:
2446:
2271:
1295:"Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: inquiry into the genesis of a disease name in the historical context of Switzerland and Japan"
207:, with malaise, fever, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, stiffness of the neck and back, or a combination of these factors;
2311:
298:
The acute uveitic phase occurs a few days later and typically lasts for several weeks. This phase is heralded by bilateral
420:
locus and with various other non-HLA genes. HLA-DRB1*0405 in particular appears to play an important susceptibility role.
2989:
2424:
2419:
2306:
1873:
2174:
2034:
1171:
1027:
2139:
480:
The diagnosis of VKH is based on the clinical presentation; the diagnostic differential is extensive, and includes
2714:
2232:
2144:
2134:
1863:
2227:
2118:
1984:
459:
2984:
2625:
2316:
2301:
463:
1513:
1471:
1436:
1402:
191:. The eye symptoms may be accompanied by a varying constellation of systemic symptoms, such as auditory (
2441:
2237:
2211:
2169:
2164:
2029:
1902:
1890:
1846:
637:
2620:
2508:
2414:
2261:
2106:
1907:
1853:
1294:
1201:
118:
2159:
2130:
1754:
1719:
1373:
353:, and ocular hypertension. Full-blown recurrences, though, are rare after the acute stage is over.
450:. Diagnostic confirmation and an estimation of disease severity may involve imaging tests such as
2630:
2384:
2184:
1704:
1697:
517:; parenteral administration is usually not required. However, ocular complications may require a
405:
46:
3009:
2899:
2869:
2804:
2799:
2526:
1804:
1669:
1429:
615:
558:
481:
413:
156:
2999:
2994:
2842:
2518:
550:
409:
272:(discomfort caused by loud noises or a distortion in the quality of the sounds being heard),
2486:
1158:. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. Vol. 134. pp. 283–298.
2615:
2201:
2196:
2154:
1969:
1885:
496:, uveal effusion syndrome, tuberculosis, syphilis, and multifocal choroidopathy syndromes.
447:
303:
posterior choroid with elevation of the peripapillary retinal choroidal layer, optic nerve
8:
2920:
2794:
2594:
2477:
2469:
2257:
2221:
2206:
2061:
1841:
1621:
429:
312:
230:
212:
2550:
1022:. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 145–155.
88:
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome, uveomeningitis syndrome, uveomeningoencephalitic syndrome
2531:
2281:
2189:
2113:
2066:
1878:
1814:
1799:
1659:
1608:
1325:
1189:
1129:
1104:
Bordaberry MF (2010). "Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: diagnosis and treatments update".
891:
767:
518:
316:
136:
1233:
322:
The convalescent phase is characterized by gradual tissue depigmentation of skin with
2874:
2771:
2536:
2396:
2179:
1836:
1742:
1317:
1237:
1177:
1167:
1133:
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1023:
883:
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759:
701:
530:
443:
107:
1329:
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1055:
895:
771:
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2473:
2406:
2372:
2291:
1922:
1912:
1809:
1664:
1551:
1541:
1417:
American
Academy of Ophthalmology: Identify and Treat Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome
1309:
1229:
1159:
1113:
1067:
873:
813:
751:
693:
606:
578:
378:
308:
234:
804:
Greco A, Fusconi M, Gallo A, et al. (2013). "Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome".
187:
The disease is characterised by bilateral diffuse uveitis, with pain, redness and
2729:
2693:
2657:
2276:
2101:
2088:
2022:
1979:
1897:
1709:
1641:
1561:
1546:
1378:
1163:
1117:
878:
861:
817:
697:
610:
522:
489:
277:
985:
2959:
2811:
2756:
2599:
2367:
2296:
2078:
2048:
1994:
1948:
1819:
1692:
1626:
1616:
542:
514:
439:. This pleocytosis resolves in about 8 weeks even if chronic uveitis persists.
417:
386:
374:
292:
1313:
755:
2978:
2879:
2734:
2674:
2391:
2339:
2286:
2216:
2125:
2012:
1989:
1917:
1826:
1631:
1536:
590:
451:
285:
219:
143:-pigmented tissues. The most significant manifestation is bilateral, diffuse
112:
1421:
2744:
2572:
1953:
1868:
1776:
1654:
1649:
1594:
1589:
1321:
1241:
1181:
1154:
Hou S, Kijlstra A, Yang P (2015). "Molecular
Genetic Advances in Uveitis".
1125:
1081:
887:
825:
763:
705:
554:
546:
534:
474:
398:
335:
860:
Cunningham ET, Rathinam SR, Tugal-Tutkun I, Muccioli C, Zierhut M (2014).
2943:
2894:
2837:
2832:
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2589:
2567:
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2351:
2149:
2017:
1858:
1679:
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602:
526:
485:
455:
432:
281:
265:
226:
215:
204:
188:
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2827:
2751:
2739:
2683:
2644:
2465:
2355:
1714:
1579:
562:
538:
513:
The acute uveitis phase of VKH is usually responsive to high-dose oral
467:
436:
370:
299:
208:
200:
859:
2915:
2889:
2763:
2709:
2697:
2582:
2577:
2562:
2558:
2096:
1794:
1771:
1584:
1531:
1526:
1503:
574:
493:
354:
342:
304:
269:
148:
742:
Damico FM, Kiss S, Young LH (2005). "Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease".
2954:
2719:
2253:
2056:
1687:
1397:
586:
582:
470:. For example, indocyanine green angiography may detect continuing
382:
350:
346:
331:
327:
323:
273:
246:
242:
238:
192:
180:
152:
369:-mediated immune response directed against self-antigens found on
2781:
2724:
2266:
2073:
2004:
1974:
1964:
1571:
1054:
Damico FM, Bezerra FT, Silva GC, Gasparin F, Yamamoto JH (2009).
471:
196:
176:
144:
140:
172:
32:
2884:
1786:
1763:
1483:
1365:
683:
366:
250:
2856:
288:
222:
284:, and tearing. The skin and hair may be sensitive to touch.
147:, which affects the eyes. VKH may variably also involve the
1936:
1498:
1053:
593:
can occur. Skin changes usually persist despite therapy.
330:, sometimes with nummular depigmented scars, as well as
577:
is generally good with prompt diagnosis and aggressive
94:
276:, and/or vertigo may occur. Eye symptoms can include
1343:
2485:
2430:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
855:
803:
2976:
1292:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1056:"New insights into Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease"
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
435:is found in more than 80% of cases, with mainly
389:, appear to target proteins in the melanocytes.
1153:
741:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1219:
1451:
1437:
1088:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
832:
737:
735:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
151:, with effects on hearing, the skin, and the
2504:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
1257:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
1832:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1491:
1275:
1215:
1213:
1211:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
601:VKH syndrome is named for ophthalmologists
237:), and cutaneous manifestations, including
1444:
1430:
1266:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1103:
117:
93:
1071:
1036:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
983:
902:
877:
712:
648:
1248:
1208:
778:
642:National Organization for Rare Disorders
171:
57:of all important aspects of the article.
1140:
135:) is a multisystem disease of presumed
14:
2977:
1017:
996:
632:
630:
53:Please consider expanding the lead to
2941:
2337:
1740:
1469:
1425:
249:. The vitiligo often is found at the
162:
2312:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
26:
2435:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
2272:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
1020:Uveitis and Immunological Disorders
627:
24:
3005:Disturbances of human pigmentation
2307:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
529:. In refractory situations, other
428:If tested in the prodromal phase,
25:
3021:
2035:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
1339:
102:Dermatologic manifestation of VKH
2140:Central retinal artery occlusion
1293:Herbort CP, Mochizuki M (2007).
1156:Molecular Biology of Eye Disease
557:), or biological agents such as
525:injection of corticosteroids or
31:
2145:Branch retinal artery occlusion
1874:Terrien's marginal degeneration
1073:10.1590/s0004-27492009000300028
392:
45:may be too short to adequately
2942:
2175:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2135:Central retinal vein occlusion
1864:Pellucid marginal degeneration
986:"Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease"
862:"Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease"
638:"Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease"
55:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
2228:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2119:Posterior vitreous detachment
1985:Persistent pupillary membrane
1234:10.1016/s0002-9394(01)00925-4
621:
508:
460:indocyanine green angiography
442:Functional tests may include
408:(HLA) HLA-DR4 and DRB1/DQA1,
18:Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome
2715:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2626:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2338:
2317:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
2302:Persistent fetal vasculature
2233:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1164:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.04.009
1118:10.1097/ICU.0b013e32833eb78c
879:10.3109/09273948.2014.939530
818:10.1016/j.autrev.2013.01.004
698:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.023
464:optical coherence tomography
423:
129:Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease
80:Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease
7:
1514:Meibomian gland dysfunction
568:
559:intravenous immunoglobulins
167:
10:
3026:
2990:Autoinflammatory syndromes
2238:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
2212:Central serous retinopathy
2030:Focal choroidal excavation
1903:Corneal neovascularization
1720:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
1470:
984:Walton RC (Feb 12, 2014).
2950:
2937:
2908:
2855:
2820:
2780:
2705:
2692:
2643:
2621:Convergence insufficiency
2608:
2549:
2517:
2494:
2464:
2405:
2363:
2350:
2346:
2333:
2262:Primary juvenile glaucoma
2246:
2107:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2087:
2047:
2003:
1944:
1935:
1785:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1678:
1640:
1607:
1570:
1522:
1482:
1478:
1465:
1456:Diseases of the human eye
1388:
1347:
1314:10.1007/s10792-007-9083-4
756:10.1080/08820530500232126
596:
357:may occur in this phase.
311:, and multiple exudative
256:
106:
101:
92:
84:
79:
2131:Ocular ischemic syndrome
499:
406:human leukocyte antigens
360:
2631:One and a half syndrome
2385:Foster Kennedy syndrome
345:anterior inflammation,
2870:Argyll Robertson pupil
1670:Periorbital cellulitis
866:Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm
616:sympathetic ophthalmia
488:, primary intraocular
482:sympathetic ophthalmia
414:complement component 4
410:copy-number variations
184:
157:central nervous system
2843:Scintillating scotoma
2509:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
2452:Toxic and nutritional
2425:posterior (PION)
1908:Kayser–Fleischer ring
605:from Switzerland and
551:mycophenolate mofetil
175:
2616:Conjugate gaze palsy
2487:Paralytic strabismus
2420:anterior (AION)
2202:Retinitis pigmentosa
2197:Macular degeneration
1970:Intermediate uveitis
1886:Keratoconjunctivitis
1106:Curr Opin Ophthalmol
448:visual field testing
235:ciliary ganglionitis
2985:Autoimmune diseases
2921:Childhood blindness
2900:Parinaud's syndrome
2470:Extraocular muscles
2258:Ocular hypertension
2222:Epiretinal membrane
2207:Retinal haemorrhage
2062:Congenital cataract
430:cerebrospinal fluid
317:retinal detachments
231:transverse myelitis
139:cause that affects
2447:Leber's hereditary
2114:Retinal detachment
2067:Childhood cataract
1879:Post-LASIK ectasia
1660:Orbital cellulitis
1609:Lacrimal apparatus
1389:External resources
531:immunosuppressives
189:blurring of vision
185:
163:Signs and symptoms
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2875:Marcus Gunn pupil
2851:
2850:
2772:Visual impairment
2639:
2638:
2545:
2544:
2532:Fourth-nerve (IV)
2460:
2459:
2397:Optic disc drusen
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2043:
2042:
1931:
1930:
1837:Corneal dystrophy
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1603:
1602:
1412:
1411:
1222:Am. J. Ophthalmol
1060:Arq Bras Oftalmol
444:electroretinogram
379:T helper 17 cells
203:), neurological (
126:
125:
74:Medical condition
72:
71:
16:(Redirected from
3017:
2939:
2938:
2703:
2702:
2694:Vision disorders
2653:Refractive error
2595:Brown's syndrome
2551:Other strabismus
2537:Sixth-nerve (VI)
2527:Oculomotor (III)
2499:Ophthalmoparesis
2492:
2491:
2483:
2482:
2474:Binocular vision
2407:Optic neuropathy
2373:optic papillitis
2361:
2360:
2348:
2347:
2335:
2334:
2224:(Macular pucker)
1942:
1941:
1923:Band keratopathy
1760:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1738:
1737:
1665:Orbital lymphoma
1552:Blepharophimosis
1542:Blepharochalasis
1489:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1467:
1466:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1333:
1299:
1290:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1217:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1151:
1138:
1137:
1101:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1051:
1034:
1033:
1015:
994:
993:
981:
900:
899:
881:
857:
830:
829:
801:
776:
775:
744:Semin Ophthalmol
739:
710:
709:
681:
646:
645:
634:
607:Yoshizo Koyanagi
579:immunomodulatory
373:. Stimulated by
183:of the eyelashes
122:
121:
97:
77:
76:
67:
64:
58:
35:
27:
21:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3014:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2964:
2946:
2925:
2904:
2847:
2816:
2776:
2730:Color blindness
2696:
2688:
2635:
2609:Other binocular
2604:
2541:
2513:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2456:
2401:
2354:
2342:
2321:
2277:Ocular hypotony
2242:
2102:Chorioretinitis
2083:
2039:
2023:Chorioretinitis
1999:
1980:Rubeosis iridis
1958:
1927:
1898:Corneal opacity
1854:Corneal ectasia
1781:
1745:
1724:
1710:Pseudopterygium
1674:
1636:
1599:
1566:
1562:Ankyloblepharon
1518:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1384:
1383:
1356:
1342:
1337:
1297:
1291:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1218:
1209:
1197:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1174:
1152:
1141:
1102:
1089:
1052:
1037:
1030:
1016:
997:
982:
903:
858:
833:
802:
779:
740:
713:
682:
649:
636:
635:
628:
624:
611:Einosuke Harada
599:
571:
565:may be needed.
543:antimetabolites
515:corticosteroids
511:
502:
490:B-cell lymphoma
426:
395:
363:
259:
170:
165:
116:
75:
68:
62:
59:
52:
40:This article's
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3023:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2960:Onchocerciasis
2957:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2812:Quadrantanopia
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2757:Oguchi disease
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2600:Duane syndrome
2597:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2570:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2480:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2368:Optic neuritis
2364:
2358:
2344:
2343:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2297:Phthisis bulbi
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2180:Coats' disease
2177:
2172:
2170:of prematurity
2167:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2079:Ectopia lentis
2076:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1937:Vascular tunic
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1820:Photokeratitis
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1757:
1747:
1746:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1693:Conjunctivitis
1690:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1627:Dacryocystitis
1624:
1619:
1617:Dacryoadenitis
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1370:
1369:: H20.8 H30.8
1357:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:Classification
1341:
1340:External links
1338:
1336:
1335:
1308:(2–3): 67–79.
1302:Int Ophthalmol
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1207:
1198:|journal=
1172:
1139:
1087:
1035:
1028:
995:
901:
831:
812:(11): 1033–8.
777:
711:
692:(4–5): 550–5.
647:
625:
623:
620:
598:
595:
570:
567:
510:
507:
501:
498:
425:
422:
394:
391:
387:interleukin 17
375:interleukin 23
362:
359:
295:are uncommon.
293:optic neuritis
258:
255:
169:
166:
164:
161:
124:
123:
110:
104:
103:
99:
98:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
73:
70:
69:
49:the key points
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3022:
3011:
3010:Rare diseases
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:Adie syndrome
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Achromatopsia
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:Anisometropia
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:Accommodation
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Optic atrophy
2390:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Keratomycosis
2290:
2288:
2287:Globe rupture
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Macular edema
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Retinoschisis
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Choroideremia
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Iridodialysis
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Arcus senilis
1916:
1914:
1913:Haab's striae
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:Corneal ulcer
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1805:acanthamoebic
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:Fibrous tunic
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1632:Xerophthalmia
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Lagophthalmos
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:(5): 647–52.
1227:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1173:9780128010594
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1066:(3): 413–20.
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1031:
1029:9783540307983
1025:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
991:
987:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
875:
872:(4): 249–52.
871:
867:
863:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:Autoimmun Rev
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:(3): 183–90.
749:
745:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:Autoimmun Rev
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
643:
639:
633:
631:
626:
619:
617:
612:
608:
604:
594:
592:
591:optic atrophy
588:
584:
580:
576:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
506:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
431:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:granulomatous
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
296:
294:
290:
287:
286:Cranial nerve
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
254:
252:
251:sacral region
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:
220:cranial nerve
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
182:
178:
174:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
120:
114:
113:Ophthalmology
111:
109:
105:
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
78:
66:
56:
50:
48:
43:
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
3000:Hearing loss
2995:Eye diseases
2770: /
2766: /
2745:Monochromacy
2677: /
2573:Heterophoria
2561: /
2260: /
2256: /
2160:hypertensive
2133: /
1954:Ciliary body
1869:Keratoglobus
1777:Episcleritis
1655:Enophthalmos
1650:Exophthalmos
1595:Trichomegaly
1590:Distichiasis
1492:Inflammation
1396:
1372:
1360:
1305:
1301:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1225:
1221:
1155:
1112:(6): 430–5.
1109:
1105:
1063:
1059:
1019:
989:
869:
865:
809:
805:
747:
743:
689:
685:
641:
600:
572:
555:methotrexate
547:azathioprine
535:cyclosporine
512:
503:
492:, posterior
479:
475:inflammation
452:retinography
441:
427:
416:, a variant
403:
396:
393:Risk factors
364:
340:
334:and diffuse
321:
297:
263:
260:
186:
132:
128:
127:
60:
44:
42:lead section
2895:Cycloplegia
2838:Photophobia
2833:Hemeralopia
2790:Hemianopsia
2768:Vision loss
2679:Aniseikonia
2670:Astigmatism
2590:Cyclotropia
2568:Hypertropia
2380:Papilledema
2352:Optic nerve
2185:Sickle cell
2165:Purtscher's
2150:Retinopathy
2018:Choroiditis
1859:Keratoconus
1680:Conjunctiva
1557:Xanthelasma
1509:Blepharitis
603:Alfred Vogt
527:bevacizumab
486:sarcoidosis
456:fluorescein
437:lymphocytes
433:pleocytosis
371:melanocytes
282:photophobia
266:meningismus
227:hemiparesis
216:pleocytosis
205:meningismus
85:Other names
2979:Categories
2944:Infections
2865:Anisocoria
2828:Asthenopia
2821:subjective
2805:homonymous
2800:bitemporal
2752:Nyctalopia
2740:Dichromacy
2684:Presbyopia
2645:Refraction
2466:Strabismus
2356:Optic disc
1715:Pinguecula
1580:Trichiasis
622:References
563:infliximab
561:(IVIG) or
539:tacrolimus
509:Management
468:ultrasound
385:, such as
309:papillitis
300:panuveitis
209:meningitis
201:hypoacusis
137:autoimmune
63:April 2021
2916:Nystagmus
2890:Mydriasis
2764:Blindness
2710:Amblyopia
2698:Blindness
2658:Hyperopia
2583:Exophoria
2578:Esophoria
2563:Exotropia
2559:Esotropia
2097:Retinitis
1795:Keratitis
1772:Scleritis
1705:Pterygium
1585:Madarosis
1532:Ectropion
1527:Entropion
1504:Chalazion
1200:ignored (
1190:cite book
1134:205670933
583:cataracts
575:prognosis
494:scleritis
472:choroidal
424:Diagnosis
383:cytokines
377:(IL-23),
355:Dysacusia
347:cataracts
305:hyperemia
270:dysacusia
149:inner ear
108:Specialty
47:summarize
2955:Trachoma
2720:Diplopia
2415:Ischemic
2340:Pathways
2254:Glaucoma
2155:diabetic
2057:Cataract
1995:Synechia
1847:Meesmann
1815:Exposure
1800:herpetic
1698:allergic
1688:Chemosis
1622:Epiphora
1398:Orphanet
1330:32100373
1322:17468832
1242:11336942
1182:26310161
1126:20829689
1082:19668980
990:Medscape
896:45185875
888:25014114
826:23567866
772:46680743
764:16282153
706:24440284
587:glaucoma
569:Outcomes
533:such as
523:vitreous
521:or intra
519:subtenon
351:glaucoma
332:alopecia
328:poliosis
324:vitiligo
274:tinnitus
247:alopecia
243:vitiligo
239:poliosis
193:tinnitus
181:poliosis
168:Overview
153:meninges
2795:binasal
2782:Anopsia
2725:Scotoma
2519:palsies
2282:Red eye
2267:Floater
2074:Aphakia
2005:Choroid
1975:Hyphema
1965:Uveitis
1572:Eyelash
1379:D014607
644:. 2014.
573:Visual
315:serous
313:bullous
289:palsies
278:orbital
223:palsies
197:vertigo
177:Uveitis
155:of the
145:uveitis
141:melanin
2885:Miosis
2663:Myopia
2442:Kjer's
2190:photic
2089:Retina
1842:Fuchs'
1810:fungal
1787:Cornea
1764:Sclera
1547:Ptosis
1484:Eyelid
1472:Adnexa
1328:
1320:
1240:
1180:
1170:
1132:
1124:
1080:
1026:
894:
886:
824:
770:
762:
704:
597:Eponym
589:, and
418:IL-23R
399:trauma
367:T-cell
336:fundus
280:pain,
257:Phases
245:, and
199:, and
115:
2909:Other
2857:Pupil
2247:Other
1891:sicca
1743:Globe
1642:Orbit
1326:S2CID
1298:(PDF)
1130:S2CID
892:S2CID
768:S2CID
537:, or
500:Types
361:Cause
179:with
2049:Lens
1949:Iris
1499:Stye
1403:3437
1374:MeSH
1318:PMID
1238:PMID
1202:help
1178:PMID
1168:ISBN
1122:PMID
1078:PMID
1024:ISBN
884:PMID
822:PMID
760:PMID
702:PMID
609:and
466:and
446:and
381:and
326:and
307:and
291:and
233:and
1362:ICD
1310:doi
1230:doi
1226:131
1160:doi
1114:doi
1068:doi
874:doi
814:doi
752:doi
694:doi
553:or
458:or
412:of
213:CSF
133:VKH
2981::
1401::
1377::
1366:10
1324:.
1316:.
1306:27
1304:.
1300:.
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1192:}}
1188:{{
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1038:^
998:^
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870:22
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810:12
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758:.
748:20
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690:13
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650:^
640:.
629:^
585:,
549:,
541:,
484:,
462:,
454:,
349:,
319:.
268:,
253:.
241:,
229:,
225:,
218:,
211:,
195:,
159:.
1445:e
1438:t
1431:v
1364:-
1354:D
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