1500:
3531:
3092:
70:
42:
3519:
1522:
3446:
2425:
3076:
3457:
3009:
2091:
3158:) of the muscles of the tongue. This will lead to weakness of tongue movement on that side. When damaged and extended, the tongue will move towards the weaker or damaged side, as shown in the image. The fasciculations of the tongue are sometimes said to look like a "bag of worms". Damage to the nerve tract or nucleus will not lead to atrophy or fasciculations, but only weakness of the muscles on the same side as the damage.
2894:
3504:(fishes and amphibians), the accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII) do not exist, with the accessory nerve (XI) being an integral part of the vagus nerve (X); the hypoglossal nerve (XII) is represented by a variable number of spinal nerves emerging from vertebral segments fused into the occiput. These two nerves only became discrete nerves in the ancestors of amniotes. The very small
1486:
2078:. The facial nerve then reaches the side of the face by using the stylomastoid foramen, also in the temporal bone. Its fibers then spread out to reach and control all of the muscles of facial expression. The vestibulocochlear nerve reaches the organs that control balance and hearing in the temporal bone and therefore does not reach the external surface of the skull.
3431:
named the 12 pairs of nerves that are generally accepted today. However, because many of the nerves emerge from the brain stem as rootlets, there is continual debate as to how many nerves there actually are, and how they should be grouped. For example, there is reason to consider both the olfactory
2093:
2122:
and ectodermal placodes. The components of the sensory nervous system of the head are derived from the neural crest and from an embryonic cell population developing in close proximity, the cranial sensory placodes (the olfactory, lens, otic, trigeminal, epibranchial and paratympanic placodes). The
2097:
2096:
2092:
3054:
Loss of function of the vagus nerve (X) will lead to a loss of parasympathetic supply to a very large number of structures. Major effects of damage to the vagus nerve may include a rise in blood pressure and heart rate. Isolated dysfunction of only the vagus nerve is rare, but – if the lesion is
2318:
Abbreviations: CN, cranial nerve; m, purely motor nerve; mix, mixed nerve (sensory and motor); NC, neural crest; PA, pharyngeal (branchial) arch; r, rhombomere; s, purely sensory nerve. * There is no known ganglion of the accessory nerve. The cranial part of the accessory nerve sends occasional
2098:
2456:
controlled by the abducens nerve (VI). This means the ability of the eye to look down and inwards is controlled by the trochlear nerve (IV), the ability to look outwards is controlled by the abducens nerve (VI), and all other movements are controlled by the oculomotor nerve (III)
2490:
Damage to the trochlear nerve (IV) can also cause double vision with the eye adducted and elevated. The result will be an eye which can not move downwards properly (especially downwards when in an inward position). This is due to impairment in the superior oblique muscle.
2095:
3382:
sheathes which surround the cranial nerves, may cause a variety of shifting symptoms affecting multiple cranial nerves. Inflammation may also affect other cranial nerves. Other rarer inflammatory causes affecting the function of multiple cranial nerves include
2081:
The glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X) and accessory nerve (XI) all leave the skull via the jugular foramen to enter the neck. The glossopharyngeal nerve provides sensation to the upper throat and the back of the tongue, the vagus supplies the muscles in the
3285:
of the optic nerve (II), leading to visual field loss. A pituitary tumour may also extend into the cavernous sinus, compressing the oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV) and abducens nerve (VI), leading to double-vision and
3189:
to examine the cranial nerves. This is a highly formalised series of steps involving specific tests for each nerve. Dysfunction of a nerve identified during testing may point to a problem with the nerve or of a part of the brain.
1607:. The paths within the skull are called "intracranial" and the paths outside the skull are called "extracranial". There are many holes in the skull called "foramina" by which the nerves can exit the skull. All cranial nerves are
1596:) of their position on the brain, as, when viewing the forebrain and brainstem from below, they are often visible in their numeric order. For example, the olfactory nerves (I) and optic nerves (II) arise from the base of the
3997:. coordinator, art; photographer, illustrator, Claire W. Garrison, illustrator, Kathleen Welch, clinical consultant, Ralph T. Hutchings, biomedical (4th ed.). London: Prentice Hall International. pp. 474–485.
2333:
The cranial nerves provide motor and sensory supply mainly to the structures within the head and neck. The sensory supply includes both "general" sensation such as temperature and touch, and "special" senses such as
2012:, as they travel to their destinations. Other nerves pass through bony canals, longer pathways enclosed by bone. These foramina and canals may contain more than one cranial nerve and may also contain blood vessels.
3224:
Smell is not routinely tested, but if there is suspicion of a change in the sense of smell, each nostril is tested with substances of known odors such as coffee or soap. Intensely smelling substances, for example
2094:
1611:, which means they occur on both the right and left sides of the body. The muscle, skin, or additional function supplied by a nerve, on the same side of the body as the side it originates from, is an
1543:
Cranial nerves are generally named according to their structure or function. For example, the olfactory nerve (I) supplies smell, and the facial nerve (VII) supplies the muscles of the face. Because
3135:
position. Depending on the location of the lesion there may also be weakness present in the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which acts to turn the head so that the face points to the opposite side.
2487:
muscle. Individuals suffering from a lesion to the oculomotor nerve, may compensate by tilting their heads to alleviate symptoms due to paralysis of one or more of the eye muscles it controls.
3097:
The hypoglossal nerve (XII) supplies the muscles of the tongue. A damaged hypoglossal nerve will result in an inability to stick the tongue out straight; here seen in an injury resulting from
3309:, particularly at the junction between the pons and medulla, may compress the facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), leading to hearing and sensory loss on the affected side.
3258:, or tumour that presses against the nerves and interferes with the transmission of impulses along the nerve. Loss of function of a cranial nerve may sometimes be the first symptom of an
2897:
The facial nerve (VII) supplies the muscles of facial expression. Damage to the nerve causes a lack of muscle tone on the affected side, as can be seen on the right side of the face here.
2016:
The terminal nerve (0), is a thin network of fibers associated with the dura and lamina terminalis running rostral to the olfactory nerve, with projections through the cribriform plate.
3530:
3213:
are observed for. The sensation of the face is tested, and patients are asked to perform different facial movements, such as puffing out of the cheeks. Hearing is checked by voice and
2086:
and continues downward to supply parasympathetic supply to the chest and abdomen. The accessory nerve controls the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles in the neck and shoulder.
3269:
An increase in intracranial pressure may lead to impairment of the optic nerves (II) due to compression of the surrounding veins and capillaries, causing swelling of the eyeball (
2400:
Damage to the optic nerve (II) affects specific aspects of vision that depend on the location of the damage. A person may not be able to see objects on their left or right sides (
3209:. Visual field testing may be used to pin-point structural lesions in the optic nerve, or further along the visual pathways. Eye movement is tested and abnormalities such as
3193:
A cranial nerve exam starts with observation of the patient, as some cranial nerve lesions may affect the symmetry of the eyes or face. Vision may be tested by examining the
334:), of which there are conventionally considered twelve pairs. Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the
3790:
Davis, Matthew C.; Griessenauer, Christoph J.; Bosmia, Anand N.; Tubbs, R. Shane; Shoja, Mohammadali M. (2014). "The naming of the cranial nerves: A historical review".
410:(PNS), although on a structural level the olfactory (I), optic (II), and trigeminal (V) nerves are more accurately considered part of the central nervous system (CNS).
2506:(V) and its three main branches the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) provide sensation to the skin of the face and also controls the muscles of
2428:
The oculomotor (III), troclear (IV) and abducens (VI) nerves supply the muscle of the eye. Damage will affect the movement of the eye in various ways, shown here.
2929:, the ultimate cause of which is unknown. Patients with Bell's palsy often have a drooping mouth on the affected side and often have trouble chewing because the
2350:. The vagus nerve (X) provides sensory and autonomic (parasympathetic) supply to structures in the neck and also to most of the organs in the chest and abdomen.
1660:
has the nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII). The olfactory nerve (I) emerges from the
153:
3305:, in which one side of the face is exquisitely painful, is thought to be compression of the nerve by an artery as the nerve emerges from the brain stem. An
2494:
Damage to the abducens nerve (VI) can also result in double vision. This is due to impairment in the lateral rectus muscle, supplied by the abducens nerve.
5742:
1370:
3123:
Damage to the accessory nerve (XI) will lead to weakness in the trapezius muscle on the same side as the damage. The trapezius lifts the shoulder when
3508:(nerve N or O) exists in humans but may not be functional. In other animals, it appears to be important to sexual receptivity based on perceptions of
5737:
5666:
5521:
3147:(XII) supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue, controlling tongue movement. The hypoglossal nerve (XII) is unique in that it is supplied by the
1365:
1294:
1149:
5501:
3976:
3871:
3055:
located above the point at which the vagus first branches off – can be indicated by a hoarse voice, due to dysfunction of one of its branches, the
1129:
2041:
The oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), abducens nerve (VI) and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) travel through the
2464:) because the movements of the eyes are not synchronized. Abnormalities of visual movement may also be seen on examination, such as jittering (
306:
5506:
5107:
1134:
735:
125:
121:
4048:
Purves, Dale; George J. Augustine; David
Fitzpatrick; William C. Hall; Anthony-Samuel LaMantia; James O. McNamara; Leonard E. White (2008).
2910:(VII) controls most muscles of facial expression, supplies the sensation of taste from the front two-thirds of the tongue, and controls the
5684:
5511:
2878:
Damage to the trigeminal nerve leads to loss of sensation in an affected area. Other conditions affecting the trigeminal nerve (V) include
1312:
1139:
5458:
5453:
1086:
1081:
3356:, affects the optic (II), oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) and the abducens nerve (VI).
5516:
5326:
2534:
2362:(0) may not have a role in humans, although it has been implicated in hormonal responses to smell, sexual response and mate selection.
1144:
954:
5117:
3337:
745:
5732:
5045:
4883:
4678:
3051:(X) provides sensory and parasympathetic supply to structures in the neck and also to most of the organs in the chest and abdomen.
2761:
1360:
673:
511:
384:. The numbering of the cranial nerves is based on the order in which they emerge from the brain and brainstem, from front to back.
1656:
has the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (V), abducens nerve (VI), facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII); and the
1561:
names, including the trochlear nerve (IV), named according to its structure, as it supplies a muscle that attaches to a pulley (
5316:
4169:
Talley, Nicholas J.; O'Connor, Simon (2018). "Chapter 32. The neurological examination: general signs and the cranial nerves".
944:
5838:
5311:
4580:
4552:
4519:
4479:
4454:
4429:
4260:
4230:
4178:
4057:
4032:
4002:
3960:
3932:
3894:
3855:
3716:
3693:
3647:
3605:
2977:, which keeps the head stable and allows the eyes to track moving objects. The cochlear nerve transmits information from the
1466:
939:
3221:
is examined. After performing a shrug and head turn, the patient's tongue function is assessed by various tongue movements.
2925:. This is where a person is unable to move the muscles on one or both sides of their face. The most common cause of this is
5331:
5054:
5040:
2988:). Function of the vestibular nerve may be tested by putting cold and warm water in the ears and watching eye movements
2008:, and some must leave it in order to reach their destinations. Often the nerves pass through holes in the skull, called
959:
682:
668:
3479:
The accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII) cannot be seen, as they are not always present in all vertebrates.
2323:
299:
2918:
of the forehead, in which the left and the right side of the muscle both receive inputs from both sides of the brain.
5689:
5321:
5299:
2716:
2471:
Damage to the oculomotor nerve (III) can cause double vision and inability to coordinate the movements of both eyes (
1317:
949:
927:
3551:
1748:
of neurons in the nerves that are outside of the brain. These ganglia are both parasympathetic and sensory ganglia.
5806:
5637:
5632:
5588:
5583:
5294:
3396:
2726:
2620:
1645:. With the exception of the olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II), all the nuclei are present in the brainstem.
1434:
1265:
1260:
1216:
1211:
922:
160:
1815:
A superior and inferior ganglia of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), which occurs just after it passes through the
5614:
5609:
4023:
Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by
Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005).
3081:
The accessory nerve (XI) supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Damage to the nerve may cause a
2996:), particularly when the eye is moving horizontally. Damage to the cochlear nerve will cause partial or complete
1242:
1237:
4362:
Mukherjee, Sudipta; Gowshami, Chandra; Salam, Abdus; Kuddus, Ruhul; Farazi, Mohshin; Baksh, Jahid (2014-01-01).
3428:
5811:
5722:
4841:
2721:
2527:
1593:
1439:
1350:
5763:
5727:
2788:
1391:
1355:
292:
148:
17:
4597:
5030:
4876:
4671:
4075:"Neurogenesis From Neural Crest Cells: Molecular Mechanisms in the Formation of Cranial Nerves and Ganglia"
3518:
658:
504:
3364:
Inflammation of a cranial nerve can occur as a result of infection, such as viral causes like reactivated
1763:. Sensory ganglia exist for nerves with sensory function: V, VII, VIII, IX, X. There are also a number of
5542:
1170:
4986:
4947:
4836:
3408:
3345:
3113:
1691:
With the exception of the olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II), the cranial nerves emerge from the
1665:
1513:
showing the cranial nerves, numbered from olfactory to hypoglossal after the order in which they emerge
614:
575:
4319:
Cools MJ, Carneiro KA (April 2018). "Facial nerve palsy following mild mastoid trauma on trampoline".
2992:. Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve can also present as repetitive and involuntary eye movements (
1781:
The ganglion of the sensory nerves, which are similar in structure to the dorsal root ganglion of the
5661:
5359:
5284:
5112:
4786:
3927:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Wolters Kluwer. pp. 1055–1082.
3255:
3182:
3172:
3056:
2603:
2520:
1710:
The olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II) emerge separately. The olfactory nerves emerge from the
1289:
987:
912:
740:
407:
4022:
1499:
5799:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5239:
5122:
4828:
3186:
2699:
2608:
2118:
The cranial nerves are formed from the contribution of two specialized embryonic cell populations,
2046:
1899:
1832:
1764:
1427:
1282:
1277:
1272:
867:
750:
104:
3324:, may cause specific signs and symptoms relating to the damaged area. If there is a stroke of the
2914:. Most muscles are supplied by the cortex on the opposite side of the brain; the exception is the
5861:
5373:
4869:
4664:
4613:
Vilensky, JA (January 2014). "The neglected cranial nerve: nervus terminalis (cranial nerve N)".
4073:
Méndez-Maldonado, Karla; Vega-López, Guillermo A.; Aybar, Manuel J.; Velasco, Iván (2020-08-07).
3596:
Standring, Susan; Borley, Neil R. (2008). "Overview of cranial nerves and cranial nerve nuclei".
3233:
of the trigeminal nerve (V) located in the nasal cavity and this can confound olfactory testing.
2946:
2850:
2793:
2449:
2071:
1969:
1703:, and the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI) and hypoglossal (XII) emerge from the
1680:
1615:
function. If the function is on the opposite side to the origin of the nerve, this is known as a
1485:
1001:
497:
468:
430:
279:
238:
4544:
4511:
1722:, and the optic nerves (II) emerge from the lateral colliculus, swellings on either side of the
5431:
5261:
5246:
5234:
4846:
4795:
4695:
4047:
3251:
3021:
3017:
2974:
2958:
2843:
2826:
2784:
2778:
2704:
2675:
2460:
Damage to these nerves may affect the movement of the eye. Damage may result in double vision (
2405:
2401:
1836:
1824:
1767:
1676:
1642:
1059:
889:
874:
862:
472:
435:
Most typically, humans are considered to have twelve pairs of cranial nerves (I–XII), with the
362:
244:
132:
116:
3028:
and back of the tongue. The glossopharyngeal nerve also provides parasympathetic input to the
1557:
when the nerves were first documented, recorded, and discussed, many nerves maintain Latin or
403:, and the remaining ten pairs arise from the brainstem, which is the lower part of the brain.
380:
I–XII. Some considered there to be thirteen pairs of cranial nerves, including the non-paired
5702:
5489:
3756:
3423:(AD 129–210) named seven pairs of cranial nerves. Much later, in 1664, English anatomist Sir
3247:
2984:
When damaged, the vestibular nerve may give rise to the sensation of spinning and dizziness (
2686:
2453:
2064:
1941:
1760:
1735:
1528:
1330:
1117:
4536:
4503:
5697:
5419:
5349:
5274:
4575:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 1164–1170, 1192–1193.
3732:
Sonne, J; Lopez-Ojeda, W (January 2019). "Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 0 (Terminal Nerve)".
3388:
3365:
3302:
2879:
2803:
2753:
2667:
2613:
2598:
2570:
2171:
NCCs at forebrain-midbrain junction (caudal diencephalon and the anterior mesencephalon)
2119:
1959:
1771:
1664:, and depending slightly on division the optic nerve (II) is considered to emerge from the
1633:
1325:
1047:
977:
902:
4602:. McGraw-Hill publications in the zoological sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 249.
3427:
suggested that there were actually 9 pairs of nerves. Finally, in 1778, German anatomist
3012:
A damaged glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) may cause the uvula to deviate to the affected side.
8:
5830:
5214:
5132:
2989:
2593:
1805:
1752:
1458:
842:
760:
1699:, the trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII) from the
5289:
5209:
5025:
4638:
4390:
4363:
4344:
4301:
4109:
4074:
3970:
3865:
3823:
3375:
3274:
3091:
2962:
2711:
2575:
1790:
917:
837:
653:
381:
2949:(VIII) supplies information relating to balance and hearing via its two branches, the
5821:
5407:
5402:
5385:
5075:
4723:
4630:
4576:
4548:
4537:
4515:
4504:
4475:
4450:
4425:
4424:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 787, 1215–1217.
4395:
4336:
4293:
4256:
4226:
4174:
4114:
4096:
4053:
4028:
3998:
3956:
3928:
3890:
3851:
3815:
3807:
3737:
3712:
3689:
3643:
3601:
3333:
3144:
2970:
2930:
2585:
2484:
2339:
1993:
1775:
1704:
1657:
1449:
1035:
1030:
1013:
703:
484:
343:
262:
4642:
4348:
3827:
1491:
View of the human brain from below showing the cranial nerves on an autopsy specimen
5794:
5768:
5758:
5547:
5537:
5414:
5354:
5173:
5152:
5142:
5095:
5049:
5013:
4622:
4385:
4375:
4328:
4305:
4285:
4104:
4086:
3799:
3686:
The
Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves: The Nerves of "On Olympus Towering Top"
3368:, or can occur spontaneously. Inflammation of the facial nerve (VII) may result in
3306:
3278:
3117:
2950:
2915:
2911:
2887:
2798:
2742:
2625:
2552:
2544:
2503:
2433:
2057:
2020:
1950:
1923:
1914:
1879:
1869:
1828:
1798:
1679:. For example, the trigeminal nerve (V), which has a sensory and a motor role, has
1422:
1396:
1386:
1175:
1165:
1042:
982:
801:
780:
770:
723:
677:
641:
456:
448:
370:
220:
208:
3336:, various cranial nerves may be damaged, resulting in dysfunction and symptoms of
2933:
is affected. The facial nerve is also the most commonly affected cranial nerve in
376:
There are conventionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves, which are described with
5782:
5484:
5390:
5147:
5066:
4962:
4935:
4570:
4469:
4419:
3575:
3369:
3353:
3109:
2926:
2855:
2694:
2656:
2476:
2437:
2371:
2050:
2042:
1979:
1932:
1816:
1410:
1112:
1018:
775:
694:
590:
563:
480:
452:
440:
392:
366:
256:
214:
196:
109:
2292:-Hindbrain NCCs (4th& 6th PA); 3rd (nodose) and 4th epibranchial placodes
2187:
NCCs at forebrain-midbrain junction (from r2 into 1st PA), trigeminal placode
69:
5479:
5397:
5306:
5251:
5164:
4957:
4901:
4687:
4332:
3850:(6th ed. media update. ed.). Boston: Benjamin Cummings. pp. 431–432.
3505:
3465:
3202:
3132:
3098:
3082:
2954:
2883:
2637:
2441:
2413:
2359:
2106:
2105:
The hypoglossal nerve (XII) exits the skull using the hypoglossal canal in the
1711:
1661:
1582:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1107:
1025:
934:
879:
792:
585:
529:
460:
436:
388:
377:
339:
226:
190:
2483:). Lesions may also lead to inability to open the eye due to paralysis of the
2127:
Contributions of neural crest cells and placodes to ganglia and cranial nerves
1569:). The trigeminal nerve (V) is named in accordance with its three components (
5855:
5601:
5572:
5494:
5471:
5442:
5256:
4913:
4803:
4774:
4100:
4091:
3811:
3424:
3291:
3127:, so the affected shoulder will not be able to shrug and the shoulder blade (
3029:
2838:
2831:
2562:
2075:
2035:
2031:
1889:
1844:
1840:
1723:
1638:
1549:
1229:
1200:
1122:
1099:
1070:
884:
541:
335:
141:
137:
3922:
3711:, Fourth Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Maryland 2008, p. 177.
2448:. The oculomotor nerve (III) controls all muscles of the eye except for the
5226:
5193:
4996:
4818:
4750:
4634:
4399:
4364:"A case with unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury in branchial cyst surgery"
4340:
4297:
4118:
3819:
3741:
3566:
3556:
3295:
3282:
3270:
3194:
3148:
2934:
2922:
2907:
2860:
2810:
2445:
2409:
2024:
1809:
1756:
1719:
1715:
1652:
has the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (III) and trochlear nerve (IV); the
854:
821:
624:
464:
414:
232:
41:
4474:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 1166.
4380:
3432:(I) and optic (II) nerves to be brain tracts, rather than cranial nerves.
1578:
5561:
5001:
4974:
4808:
4760:
4708:
3384:
3214:
3178:
3048:
2507:
2404:), or may have difficulty seeing objects from their outer visual fields (
2394:
2234:-Acoustic: cochlear, special afferent; and vestibular, special afferent
2070:
The facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) both enter the
1801:. This ganglion contains only the sensory fibres of the trigeminal nerve.
1782:
1672:
1604:
1506:
1189:
629:
602:
476:
444:
418:
396:
250:
202:
3411:, and injury to nerves during surgery are other causes of nerve damage.
1808:
of the facial nerve (VII), which occurs just after the nerve enters the
1592:
Cranial nerves are numbered based on their position from front to back (
4733:
3509:
3486:
3392:
3341:
3287:
3263:
3230:
3206:
3036:
3025:
2512:
2472:
1794:
55:
49:
View of the human brain from below, showing origins of cranial nerves.
4289:
4072:
3540:'s brain. The exits of the various cranial nerves are marked with red.
3456:
3445:
3317:
Occlusion of blood vessels that supply the nerves or their nuclei, an
3075:
2957:. The vestibular part is responsible for supplying sensation from the
2424:
1751:
The sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves, directly correspond to the
1695:. The oculomotor nerve (III) and trochlear nerve (IV) emerge from the
1521:
166:
4861:
4745:
4718:
4626:
3803:
3501:
3494:
3210:
3008:
2993:
2966:
2480:
2465:
2343:
1745:
1692:
1597:
1510:
489:
351:
331:
4571:
Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010).
4470:
Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010).
4420:
Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010).
4225:(5. ed.). Appleton and Lange: McGraw Hill. pp. 1533–1549.
2063:
The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3) passes through
2004:
After emerging from the brain, the cranial nerves travel within the
4767:
4740:
4703:
4449:(8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 1266.
3642:(5 ed.). Appleton and Lange: McGraw Hill. pp. 1019–1036.
3497:
3349:
3325:
3318:
2997:
2461:
2382:
2377:
Damage to the olfactory nerve (I) can cause an inability to smell (
2056:
The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (V2) passes through
1696:
1649:
400:
4027:. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. pp. 800–807.
2123:
dual origin cranial nerves are summarized in the following table:
5714:
4656:
3951:
Mtui, M.J. Turlough FitzGerald, Gregory
Gruener, Estomih (2012).
3490:
3259:
3226:
3155:
3128:
2985:
2978:
2378:
2347:
2009:
1741:
1554:
1342:
355:
59:
5676:
4755:
3846:
Mallatt, Elaine N. Marieb, Patricia Brady
Wilhelm, Jon (2012).
3684:
Vilensky, Joel; Robertson, Wendy; Suarez-Quian, Carlos (2015).
3561:
3379:
3321:
3198:
3039:; a failure may also be seen in damage to the vagus nerve (X).
2212:-Hindbrain NCCs (from r4 into 2 PA), 1st epibranchial placode
2083:
1774:
supplying the head and neck reside in the upper regions of the
1304:
74:
Cranial nerves as they pass through the skull base to the brain
4534:
4501:
1600:, and the other nerves, III to XII, arise from the brainstem.
1581:), and the vagus nerve (X) is named for its wandering course (
373:. Each cranial nerve is paired and is present on both sides.
4713:
3683:
3537:
3420:
3218:
3124:
3003:
2893:
2335:
2005:
1544:
347:
327:
323:
90:
4535:
Anthony S. Fauci; T. R. Harrison; et al., eds. (2008).
4502:
Anthony S. Fauci; T. R. Harrison; et al., eds. (2008).
4361:
3789:
3062:
Damage to this nerve may result in difficulties swallowing.
2277:
Superior laryngeal branch; and recurrent laryngeal branch
2019:
The olfactory nerve (I), passes through perforations in the
1850:
27:
Nerves that emerge directly from the brain and the brainstem
5624:
4728:
4276:
Nesbitt AD, Goadsby PJ (Apr 11, 2012). "Cluster headache".
3329:
3154:
Damage to the nerve may lead to fasciculations or wasting (
3065:
2374:(I) conveys information giving rise to the sense of smell.
1793:
of the trigeminal nerve (V), which occupies a space in the
1700:
1653:
1252:
4543:(17th ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill Medical. pp.
4510:(17th ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill Medical. pp.
3923:
Keith L. Moore; Anne M.R. Agur; Arthur F. Dalley (2010).
3598:
Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice
3290:. These nerves may also be affected by herniation of the
2416:) may impact the sharpness of vision or color detection
4173:(8th ed.). Chatswood: Elsevier. pp. 500–539.
4368:
Journal of
Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury
4275:
3889:(32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.
3500:) have cranial nerves similar to those of humans. In
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
3378:, an inflammatory process resulting in a loss of the
2319:
branches to the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve.
2202:-Inferior: geniculate, general and special afferent
4255:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier. p. 78.
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
2155:
Telencephalon/olfactory placode; NCCs at forebrain
1675:
that make up the nerve may collect in more than one
406:
The cranial nerves are considered components of the
3600:(40th ed.). : Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
2252:-Inferior, petrosal, general and special afferent
1671:Because each nerve may have several functions, the
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4168:
3955:(6th ed.). : Saunders/Elsevier. p. 198.
2027:. The nerve fibres end in the upper nasal cavity.
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4187:
2283:-Inferior: nodose, general and special afferent
1603:Cranial nerves have paths within and outside the
439:(0) more recently canonized. The nerves are: the
5853:
4566:
4564:
3731:
2452:controlled by the trochlear nerve (IV), and the
2290:-Hindbrain NCCs (from r7-r8 to 4 & 6th PA)
4488:
3993:Martini, Frederic H.; Ober, William C. (1998).
3595:
2882:, herpes zoster, sinusitis pain, presence of a
2312:Hindbrain (from r7-r8 to PA 4); NCCs (4th PA)
4573:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
4472:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
4447:Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease
4422:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
4406:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3407:Trauma to the skull, disease of bone, such as
3246:Nerves may be compressed because of increased
3181:and other medical professionals may conduct a
1843:, a branch of the facial nerve (VII), and the
4877:
4672:
4561:
4318:
4246:
4244:
4242:
3946:
3944:
3589:
3035:Damage to the nerve may cause failure of the
2940:
2528:
2419:
505:
300:
4312:
4253:Netter's head and neck anatomy for dentistry
4018:
4016:
4014:
3975:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3870:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2286:-Vagal: parasympathetic, visceral efferent
2237:-Otic placode and hindbrain (from r4) NCCs
1740:The cranial nerves give rise to a number of
4269:
4079:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
3992:
3988:
3986:
3903:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3679:
2921:Damage to the facial nerve (VII) may cause
1778:, and do not belong to the cranial nerves.
4884:
4870:
4679:
4665:
4539:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
4506:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
4239:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
3941:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3277:, may also impact the optic nerve (II). A
3004:Oral sensation, taste, and salivation (IX)
2901:
2535:
2521:
512:
498:
307:
293:
4389:
4379:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4108:
4090:
4011:
3485:Cranial nerves are also present in other
3352:) affecting the venous drainage from the
2250:-Superior, general and special afferent
2200:-Superior, general and special afferent
1851:Exiting the skull and extracranial course
62:through which many nerves exit the skull.
4612:
4444:
3983:
3887:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
3841:
3839:
3837:
3774:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3161:
3138:
3066:Shoulder elevation and head-turning (XI)
3007:
2892:
2542:
2423:
2214:-1st epibranchial placode (geniculate)
2102:Schematic 3D model of the cranial nerves
2089:
2030:The optic nerve (II) passes through the
1856:Exits of cranial nerves from the skull.
1686:
4595:
4589:
4438:
3845:
3727:
3725:
3656:
2973:, and is an important component of the
2497:
2381:), a distortion in the sense of smell (
2264:-Hindbrain NCCs (from r6 into 3rd PA)
14:
5854:
4891:
4250:
4220:
4125:
4052:. Sinauer Associates. pp. 12–13.
4041:
3995:Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology
3953:Clinical neuroanatomy and neuroscience
3884:
3637:
2261:-2nd epibranchial placode (petrosal)
2149:(Ensheating glia of olfactory nerves)
1622:
519:
413:The cranial nerves are in contrast to
4865:
4660:
4599:Functional anatomy of the vertebrates
4445:Kumar (), Vinay; et al. (2010).
3834:
3614:
3281:may compress the optic tracts or the
2516:
2385:), or a distortion or lack of taste.
2353:
2259:-Hindbrain NCCs (from r6 into 3 PA)
493:
3950:
3722:
2295:-Hindbrain NCCs (4th & 6th PA)
2205:-Sphenopalatine, visceral efferent
2049:, passing out of the skull into the
1847:of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
417:, which emerge from segments of the
2397:(II) transmits visual information.
2208:-Submandibular, visceral efferent
1831:of the oculomotor nerve (III), the
1823:Additional ganglia for nerves with
361:The cranial nerves emerge from the
24:
4686:
3754:
3709:Board Review Series – Neuroanatomy
3151:of both hemispheres of the brain.
3042:
2324:List of foramina of the human body
25:
5873:
4652:
1835:of the maxillary nerve (V2), the
3529:
3517:
3455:
3444:
3435:
3397:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
3229:, may lead to the activation of
3090:
3074:
2621:sensory root of ciliary ganglion
1827:function exist, and include the
1520:
1498:
1484:
161:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
68:
40:
4606:
4528:
4463:
4355:
4066:
3688:. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.
3524:The cranial nerves in the horse
3359:
3338:a number of different syndromes
3878:
3748:
3702:
3241:
3166:
3024:and provides sensation to the
2981:, allowing sound to be heard.
2969:, including information about
2388:
2184:Trigeminal, general afferent
2113:
1718:, a bony projection below the
1538:
326:that emerge directly from the
13:
1:
5764:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
4596:Quiring, Daniel Paul (1950).
3583:
2281:-Superior, general afferent
1392:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
4223:Principles of neural science
3640:Principles of neural science
2365:
2168:Ciliary, visceral efferent
1641:, all cranial nerves have a
7:
5543:Inferior salivatory nucleus
4278:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
4025:Gray's anatomy for students
3925:Clinically oriented anatomy
3761:Online Etymology Dictionary
3545:
3419:The Graeco-Roman anatomist
3205:, using a process known as
2717:posterior superior alveolar
2412:is involved. Inflammation (
2328:
1171:Inferior salivatory nucleus
10:
5878:
4987:lateral geniculate nucleus
4948:anterior olfactory nucleus
4333:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.04.034
3468:brain in two projections.
3414:
3346:cavernous sinus thrombosis
3170:
2941:Hearing and balance (VIII)
2727:anterior superior alveolar
2420:Eye movement (III, IV, VI)
2321:
2255:-Otic, visceral efferent
2227:CNVIII – Vestibulocochlear
2220:-Hindbrain NCCs (2nd PA)
2217:-Hindbrain NCCs (2nd PA)
1733:
1729:
1631:
615:lateral geniculate nucleus
576:anterior olfactory nucleus
428:
424:
5820:
5781:
5751:
5713:
5675:
5667:Superior cervical cardiac
5623:
5599:
5570:
5560:
5530:
5469:
5440:
5430:
5372:
5360:Superior salivary nucleus
5342:
5272:
5223:
5202:
5192:
5163:
5113:spinal trigeminal nucleus
5094:
5065:
5012:
4973:
4934:
4900:
4827:
4794:
4787:Peripheral nervous system
4785:
4694:
3312:
3294:of the brain through the
3256:intracerebral haemorrhage
3236:
3183:cranial nerve examination
3173:Cranial nerve examination
3057:recurrent laryngeal nerve
2819:
2779:to muscles of mastication
2770:
2751:
2741:
2684:
2665:
2655:
2636:
2584:
2561:
2551:
2475:), also eyelid drooping (
2038:as it travels to the eye.
1974:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
1666:lateral geniculate nuclei
1627:
1566:
1448:
1409:
1379:
1341:
1303:
1295:Superior cervical cardiac
1251:
1227:
1198:
1188:
1158:
1097:
1068:
1058:
1000:
988:Superior salivary nucleus
970:
900:
851:
830:
820:
791:
741:spinal trigeminal nucleus
722:
693:
640:
601:
562:
528:
408:peripheral nervous system
159:
147:
131:
115:
103:
89:
84:
79:
67:
39:
34:
5800:spinal accessory nucleus
5240:pterygopalatine ganglion
5031:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
4221:Kandel, Eric R. (2013).
4092:10.3389/fcell.2020.00635
3638:Kandel, Eric R. (2013).
3402:
3393:inflammation of arteries
3273:). A cancer, such as an
3187:neurological examination
2722:middle superior alveolar
2047:superior orbital fissure
1900:superior orbital fissure
1833:pterygopalatine ganglion
1428:spinal accessory nucleus
868:pterygopalatine ganglion
659:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
5182:no significant branches
5084:no significant branches
4924:no significant branches
3885:Albert, Daniel (2012).
3552:Cranial nerve mnemonics
3131:) will protrude into a
2947:vestibulocochlear nerve
2902:Facial expression (VII)
2789:to tensor veli palatini
2450:superior oblique muscle
2243:CNIX – glossopharyngeal
2072:internal auditory canal
1970:internal auditory canal
1531:and tracts shown in red
1505:View from below of the
810:no significant branches
712:no significant branches
552:no significant branches
469:vestibulocochlear nerve
431:Table of cranial nerves
365:above the level of the
5502:Stylopharyngeal branch
5262:submandibular ganglion
5247:Nerve to the stapedius
4696:Central nervous system
4327:(8): 1522.e1–1522.e3.
3197:, or by examining the
3022:stylopharyngeus muscle
3018:glossopharyngeal nerve
3013:
2975:vestibuloocular reflex
2898:
2844:submandibular ganglion
2479:) and pupil dilation (
2429:
2406:bitemporal hemianopsia
2402:homonymous hemianopsia
2103:
1984:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
1837:submandibular ganglion
1714:on either side of the
1586:
1574:
1130:Stylopharyngeal branch
890:submandibular ganglion
875:Nerve to the stapedius
473:glossopharyngeal nerve
363:central nervous system
4381:10.1186/1749-7221-7-2
4251:Norton, Neil (2007).
3248:intracranial pressure
3162:Clinical significance
3139:Tongue movement (XII)
3011:
3000:in the affected ear.
2896:
2687:pterygopalatine fossa
2454:lateral rectus muscle
2427:
2101:
2067:of the sphenoid bone.
2060:in the sphenoid bone.
1768:cranial nerve ganglia
1761:cranial nerve ganglia
1744:, collections of the
1736:Cranial nerve ganglia
1687:Exiting the brainstem
399:(II) emerge from the
98:(pl: nervi craniales)
5350:Facial motor nucleus
5046:parasympathetic root
4171:Clinical examination
4050:Neuroscience. 4th ed
3389:miliary tuberculosis
3366:herpes simplex virus
3348:, refers to a clot (
3303:trigeminal neuralgia
2880:trigeminal neuralgia
2754:middle cranial fossa
2668:middle cranial fossa
2498:Trigeminal nerve (V)
2120:cranial neural crest
1960:stylomastoid foramen
1884:Olfactory nerve (I)
1681:at least four nuclei
1634:Cranial nerve nuclei
1529:cranial nerve nuclei
1527:The brainstem, with
978:Facial motor nucleus
674:parasympathetic root
5662:Recurrent laryngeal
5507:Pharyngeal branches
5285:Posterior auricular
5133:trigeminal ganglion
3114:sternocleidomastoid
2990:caloric stimulation
2604:posterior ethmoidal
1964:Facial nerve (VII)
1874:Terminal nerve (0)
1857:
1806:geniculate ganglion
1772:Sympathetic ganglia
1753:dorsal root ganglia
1623:Intracranial course
1290:Recurrent laryngeal
1135:Pharyngeal branches
913:Posterior auricular
761:trigeminal ganglion
5645:Superior laryngeal
5512:Tonsillar branches
5210:Intermediate nerve
5026:oculomotor nucleus
3757:"Trigeminal Nerve"
3536:Ventral view of a
3376:Multiple sclerosis
3275:optic nerve glioma
3112:(XI) supplies the
3020:(IX) supplies the
3014:
2963:semicircular canal
2899:
2820:posterior division
2700:zygomaticotemporal
2609:anterior ethmoidal
2430:
2354:Terminal nerve (0)
2161:CNIII – oculomotor
2140:Origin of neurons
2137:Ganglion and type
2104:
1998:Hypoglossal (XII)
1855:
1791:trigeminal ganglia
1273:Superior laryngeal
1140:Tonsillar branches
838:Intermediate nerve
654:oculomotor nucleus
382:cranial nerve zero
5849:
5848:
5777:
5776:
5743:Posterior gastric
5638:pharyngeal plexus
5633:Pharyngeal branch
5556:
5555:
5420:Scarpa's ganglion
5408:lateral lemniscus
5403:striae medullares
5386:vestibular nuclei
5374:Vestibulocochlear
5368:
5367:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4582:978-0-7020-3085-7
4554:978-0-07-147693-5
4521:978-0-07-147693-5
4481:978-0-7020-3085-7
4456:978-1-4160-3121-5
4431:978-0-7020-3085-7
4290:10.1136/bmj.e2407
4262:978-1-929007-88-2
4232:978-0-07-139011-8
4180:978-0-7295-4286-9
4059:978-0-87893-697-7
4034:978-0-8089-2306-0
4004:978-0-13-010436-6
3962:978-0-7020-3738-2
3934:978-1-60547-652-0
3896:978-1-4160-6257-8
3857:978-0-321-75327-4
3755:Harper, Douglas.
3717:978-0-7817-7245-7
3695:978-1-118-49201-7
3649:978-0-07-139011-8
3607:978-0-443-06684-9
3429:Samuel Soemmering
3145:hypoglossal nerve
3118:trapezius muscles
2931:buccinator muscle
2888:cluster headaches
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2851:inferior alveolar
2794:lateral pterygoid
2771:anterior division
2737:
2736:
2651:
2650:
2485:levator palpebrae
2316:
2315:
2099:
2002:
2001:
1994:hypoglossal canal
1894:Optic nerve (II)
1776:sympathetic trunk
1759:and are known as
1477:
1476:
1405:
1404:
1371:Posterior gastric
1266:pharyngeal plexus
1261:Pharyngeal branch
1184:
1183:
1048:Scarpa's ganglion
1036:lateral lemniscus
1031:striae medullares
1014:vestibular nuclei
1002:Vestibulocochlear
996:
995:
485:hypoglossal nerve
317:
316:
239:Vestibulocochlear
175:
174:
170:
96:nervus cranialis
16:(Redirected from
5869:
5795:nucleus ambiguus
5769:Solitary nucleus
5759:Nucleus ambiguus
5738:Anterior gastric
5685:Inferior cardiac
5615:Auricular branch
5610:Meningeal branch
5568:
5567:
5548:Solitary nucleus
5538:Nucleus ambiguus
5517:Lingual branches
5438:
5437:
5432:Glossopharyngeal
5355:Solitary nucleus
5235:Greater petrosal
5200:
5199:
5050:ciliary ganglion
4886:
4879:
4872:
4863:
4862:
4792:
4791:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4658:
4657:
4647:
4646:
4627:10.1002/ca.22130
4610:
4604:
4603:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4568:
4559:
4558:
4542:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4509:
4499:
4486:
4485:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4417:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4383:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4248:
4237:
4236:
4218:
4185:
4184:
4166:
4123:
4122:
4112:
4094:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4020:
4009:
4008:
3990:
3981:
3980:
3974:
3966:
3948:
3939:
3938:
3920:
3901:
3900:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3869:
3861:
3843:
3832:
3831:
3804:10.1002/ca.22345
3792:Clinical Anatomy
3787:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3729:
3720:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3681:
3654:
3653:
3635:
3612:
3611:
3593:
3533:
3521:
3459:
3448:
3307:acoustic neuroma
3279:pituitary tumour
3217:. The patient's
3094:
3078:
2916:frontalis muscle
2912:stapedius muscle
2827:auriculotemporal
2785:medial pterygoid
2749:
2748:
2705:zygomaticofacial
2676:middle meningeal
2663:
2662:
2626:ciliary ganglion
2559:
2558:
2545:trigeminal nerve
2537:
2530:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2504:trigeminal nerve
2444:(VI) coordinate
2434:oculomotor nerve
2302:CNXI – accessory
2177:CNV – trigeminal
2131:
2130:
2100:
2058:foramen rotundum
2021:cribriform plate
1924:foramen rotundum
1904:Oculomotor (III)
1880:cribriform plate
1870:cribriform plate
1858:
1854:
1829:ciliary ganglion
1568:
1553:of the study of
1524:
1502:
1488:
1423:nucleus ambiguus
1397:Solitary nucleus
1387:Nucleus ambiguus
1366:Anterior gastric
1313:Inferior cardiac
1243:Auricular branch
1238:Meningeal branch
1196:
1195:
1176:Solitary nucleus
1166:Nucleus ambiguus
1145:Lingual branches
1066:
1065:
1060:Glossopharyngeal
983:Solitary nucleus
863:Greater petrosal
828:
827:
678:ciliary ganglion
514:
507:
500:
491:
490:
457:trigeminal nerve
449:oculomotor nerve
393:olfactory nerves
371:vertebral column
338:, including the
309:
302:
295:
245:Glossopharyngeal
177:
176:
167:edit on Wikidata
164:
72:
44:
32:
31:
21:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5816:
5773:
5747:
5709:
5671:
5619:
5595:
5552:
5526:
5490:lesser petrosal
5485:tympanic plexus
5465:
5426:
5391:cochlear nuclei
5364:
5338:
5276:
5268:
5225:
5219:
5188:
5159:
5090:
5061:
5008:
4969:
4963:olfactory tract
4930:
4896:
4890:
4860:
4851:
4842:Parasympathetic
4823:
4781:
4690:
4685:
4655:
4650:
4611:
4607:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4500:
4489:
4482:
4468:
4464:
4457:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4418:
4407:
4360:
4356:
4317:
4313:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4249:
4240:
4233:
4219:
4188:
4181:
4167:
4126:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4021:
4012:
4005:
3991:
3984:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3921:
3904:
3897:
3883:
3879:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3844:
3835:
3788:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3753:
3749:
3730:
3723:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3682:
3657:
3650:
3636:
3615:
3608:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3576:Brachial plexus
3548:
3541:
3534:
3525:
3522:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3469:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3438:
3417:
3409:Paget's disease
3405:
3362:
3354:cavernous sinus
3315:
3244:
3239:
3175:
3169:
3164:
3141:
3110:accessory nerve
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3068:
3045:
3043:Vagus nerve (X)
3006:
2955:cochlear nerves
2943:
2904:
2876:
2867:
2815:
2766:
2733:
2680:
2647:
2632:
2580:
2547:
2541:
2500:
2438:trochlear nerve
2422:
2391:
2372:olfactory nerve
2368:
2356:
2331:
2326:
2309:No ganglion *
2146:CNI – olfactory
2116:
2090:
2043:cavernous sinus
1988:Accessory (XI)
1987:
1985:
1980:jugular foramen
1947:
1929:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1853:
1825:parasympathetic
1817:jugular foramen
1765:parasympathetic
1738:
1732:
1712:olfactory bulbs
1689:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1478:
1473:
1444:
1401:
1375:
1337:
1299:
1247:
1223:
1180:
1154:
1118:lesser petrosal
1113:tympanic plexus
1093:
1054:
1019:cochlear nuclei
992:
966:
904:
896:
853:
847:
816:
787:
718:
689:
636:
597:
591:olfactory tract
558:
524:
518:
481:accessory nerve
453:trochlear nerve
441:olfactory nerve
433:
427:
389:terminal nerves
330:(including the
313:
284:
171:
124:
97:
75:
63:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5875:
5865:
5864:
5862:Cranial nerves
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5833:
5827:
5825:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5788:
5786:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5629:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5577:
5575:
5565:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5476:
5474:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5447:
5445:
5435:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5398:Cochlear nerve
5395:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5379:
5377:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5307:Parotid plexus
5304:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5252:Chorda tympani
5249:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5231:
5229:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5212:
5206:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5176:
5170:
5168:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5101:
5099:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5043:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5019:
5017:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4980:
4978:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4958:olfactory bulb
4952:
4951:
4950:
4941:
4939:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4907:
4905:
4898:
4897:
4894:cranial nerves
4889:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4866:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4814:Cranial nerves
4811:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4688:Nervous system
4684:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4661:
4654:
4653:External links
4651:
4649:
4648:
4605:
4588:
4581:
4560:
4553:
4527:
4520:
4487:
4480:
4462:
4455:
4437:
4430:
4405:
4354:
4321:Am J Emerg Med
4311:
4268:
4261:
4238:
4231:
4186:
4179:
4124:
4065:
4058:
4040:
4033:
4010:
4003:
3982:
3961:
3940:
3933:
3902:
3895:
3877:
3856:
3833:
3773:
3747:
3721:
3701:
3694:
3655:
3648:
3613:
3606:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3516:
3506:terminal nerve
3464:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3416:
3413:
3404:
3401:
3361:
3358:
3314:
3311:
3292:temporal lobes
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3231:pain receptors
3203:ophthalmoscope
3171:Main article:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3149:motor cortices
3140:
3137:
3099:branchial cyst
3096:
3089:
3088:
3083:winged scapula
3080:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3044:
3041:
3005:
3002:
2942:
2939:
2903:
2900:
2884:dental abscess
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2746:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2691:
2689:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2614:external nasal
2606:
2601:
2599:infratrochlear
2596:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2571:supratrochlear
2567:
2565:
2556:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2499:
2496:
2442:abducens nerve
2421:
2418:
2414:optic neuritis
2390:
2387:
2367:
2364:
2360:terminal nerve
2355:
2352:
2346:, balance and
2330:
2327:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2267:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2193:CNVII – facial
2189:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2134:Cranial nerve
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:occipital bone
2087:
2079:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2039:
2028:
2017:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1946:Trigeminal V3
1944:
1938:
1937:
1928:Trigeminal V2
1926:
1920:
1919:
1906:Trochlear (IV)
1902:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1852:
1849:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1802:
1734:Main article:
1731:
1728:
1726:of the brain.
1724:temporal lobes
1688:
1685:
1662:olfactory bulb
1632:Main article:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1594:rostral-caudal
1540:
1537:
1526:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1026:Cochlear nerve
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1007:
1005:
998:
997:
994:
993:
991:
990:
985:
980:
974:
972:
968:
967:
965:
964:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
935:Parotid plexus
932:
931:
930:
925:
915:
909:
907:
898:
897:
895:
894:
893:
892:
887:
880:Chorda tympani
877:
872:
871:
870:
859:
857:
849:
848:
846:
845:
840:
834:
832:
825:
818:
817:
815:
814:
813:
812:
804:
798:
796:
789:
788:
786:
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
765:
764:
763:
755:
754:
753:
748:
743:
738:
729:
727:
720:
719:
717:
716:
715:
714:
706:
700:
698:
691:
690:
688:
687:
686:
685:
680:
671:
663:
662:
661:
656:
647:
645:
638:
637:
635:
634:
633:
632:
627:
619:
618:
617:
608:
606:
599:
598:
596:
595:
594:
593:
588:
586:olfactory bulb
580:
579:
578:
569:
567:
560:
559:
557:
556:
555:
554:
546:
545:
544:
535:
533:
526:
525:
522:cranial nerves
517:
516:
509:
502:
494:
483:(XI), and the
461:abducens nerve
437:terminal nerve
426:
423:
378:Roman numerals
367:first vertebra
340:special senses
320:Cranial nerves
315:
314:
312:
311:
304:
297:
289:
286:
285:
283:
282:
277:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
259:
253:
247:
241:
235:
229:
223:
217:
211:
205:
199:
193:
184:
183:
181:Cranial nerves
173:
172:
163:
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
135:
129:
128:
119:
113:
112:
107:
101:
100:
93:
87:
86:
82:
81:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
45:
37:
36:
35:Cranial nerves
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5874:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5694:Vagal trunks
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5602:jugular fossa
5598:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5573:jugular fossa
5569:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5522:Carotid sinus
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5495:otic ganglion
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5472:jugular fossa
5468:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5443:jugular fossa
5439:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5271:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5257:lingual nerve
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4933:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4914:septal nuclei
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4887:
4882:
4880:
4875:
4873:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Sensory nerve
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4776:
4775:Limbic system
4773:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4601:
4600:
4592:
4584:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4565:
4556:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4531:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4483:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4458:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4234:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4182:
4176:
4172:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4006:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3987:
3978:
3972:
3964:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3945:
3936:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3898:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3848:Human anatomy
3842:
3840:
3838:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3651:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3588:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3458:
3447:
3436:Other animals
3433:
3430:
3426:
3425:Thomas Willis
3422:
3412:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3301:The cause of
3299:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3195:visual fields
3191:
3188:
3185:as part of a
3184:
3180:
3174:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3100:
3093:
3085:, shown here.
3084:
3077:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3030:parotid gland
3027:
3023:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2832:otic ganglion
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2804:deep temporal
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2325:
2320:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2108:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2076:temporal bone
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:foramen ovale
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:sphenoid bone
2033:
2032:optic foramen
2029:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1942:foramen ovale
1940:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1910:Trigeminal V1
1908:Abducens (VI)
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:optic foramen
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1846:
1845:otic ganglion
1842:
1841:lingual nerve
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1799:Meckel's cave
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:spinal nerves
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1620:
1618:
1617:contralateral
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1550:lingua franca
1546:
1530:
1523:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1487:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:Vagal trunks
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1230:jugular fossa
1226:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1201:jugular fossa
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1150:Carotid sinus
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:otic ganglion
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1100:jugular fossa
1096:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1071:jugular fossa
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1003:
999:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
969:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
936:
933:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
908:
906:
899:
891:
888:
886:
885:lingual nerve
883:
882:
881:
878:
876:
873:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
860:
858:
856:
850:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
833:
829:
826:
823:
819:
811:
808:
807:
805:
803:
800:
799:
797:
794:
790:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
766:
762:
759:
758:
756:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
731:
730:
728:
725:
721:
713:
710:
709:
707:
705:
702:
701:
699:
696:
692:
684:
681:
679:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
664:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
649:
648:
646:
643:
639:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
620:
616:
613:
612:
610:
609:
607:
604:
600:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
581:
577:
574:
573:
571:
570:
568:
565:
561:
553:
550:
549:
547:
543:
542:septal nuclei
540:
539:
537:
536:
534:
531:
527:
523:
515:
510:
508:
503:
501:
496:
495:
492:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
432:
422:
420:
416:
415:spinal nerves
411:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:head and neck
333:
329:
325:
321:
310:
305:
303:
298:
296:
291:
290:
288:
287:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
270:
269:
264:
260:
258:
254:
252:
248:
246:
242:
240:
236:
234:
230:
228:
224:
222:
218:
216:
212:
210:
206:
204:
200:
198:
194:
192:
188:
187:
186:
185:
182:
179:
178:
168:
162:
158:
155:
152:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
118:
114:
111:
108:
106:
102:
99:
94:
92:
88:
83:
78:
71:
66:
61:
57:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Cranial nerve
5275:stylomastoid
5227:facial canal
5181:
5083:
4997:optic chiasm
4923:
4893:
4819:Spinal nerve
4813:
4751:Diencephalon
4621:(1): 46–53.
4618:
4614:
4608:
4598:
4591:
4572:
4538:
4530:
4505:
4471:
4465:
4446:
4440:
4421:
4371:
4367:
4357:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4252:
4222:
4170:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4049:
4043:
4024:
3994:
3952:
3924:
3886:
3880:
3847:
3798:(1): 14–19.
3795:
3791:
3764:. Retrieved
3760:
3750:
3733:
3708:
3704:
3685:
3639:
3597:
3591:
3567:Nerve plexus
3557:Spinal nerve
3484:
3475:
3471:
3418:
3406:
3374:
3370:Bell's palsy
3363:
3360:Inflammation
3344:, such as a
3316:
3300:
3296:falx cerebri
3283:optic chiasm
3271:papilloedema
3268:
3260:intracranial
3245:
3223:
3215:tuning forks
3192:
3179:neurologists
3176:
3153:
3142:
3122:
3107:
3061:
3053:
3046:
3034:
3015:
2983:
2944:
2935:blunt trauma
2927:Bell's palsy
2923:facial palsy
2920:
2908:facial nerve
2905:
2877:
2777:
2712:infraorbital
2594:long ciliary
2576:supraorbital
2501:
2493:
2489:
2470:
2459:
2446:eye movement
2431:
2410:optic chiasm
2399:
2392:
2376:
2369:
2357:
2332:
2317:
2304:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2229:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2179:
2176:
2163:
2160:
2148:
2145:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2025:ethmoid bone
2023:part of the
2003:
1948:
1930:
1912:
1822:
1810:facial canal
1780:
1750:
1739:
1720:frontal lobe
1716:crista galli
1709:
1690:
1673:nerve fibres
1670:
1647:
1637:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1591:
1548:
1542:
903:stylomastoid
855:facial canal
809:
711:
625:optic chiasm
551:
521:
465:facial nerve
434:
412:
405:
397:optic nerves
386:
375:
360:
319:
318:
274:
180:
126:A14.2.00.038
122:A14.2.01.001
95:
51:
46:
29:
5822:Hypoglossal
5203:Near origin
5002:optic tract
4837:Sympathetic
4809:Motor nerve
4761:Optic nerve
4709:Spinal cord
3734:StatPearls
3487:vertebrates
3385:sarcoidosis
3252:mass effect
3242:Compression
3167:Examination
3049:vagus nerve
2586:nasociliary
2395:optic nerve
2389:Vision (II)
2271:CNX – vagus
2114:Development
1785:, include:
1783:spinal cord
1746:cell bodies
1613:ipsilateral
1539:Terminology
1450:Hypoglossal
831:Near origin
630:optic tract
477:vagus nerve
445:optic nerve
419:spinal cord
263:Hypoglossal
85:Identifiers
54:Juxtaposed
5415:Vestibular
5327:mandibular
5300:stylohyoid
5290:Suprahyoid
5215:Geniculate
5153:mandibular
5143:ophthalmic
5096:Trigeminal
5014:Oculomotor
4734:Cerebellum
4280:(Review).
3584:References
3510:pheromones
3502:anamniotes
3395:, such as
3342:Thrombosis
3288:strabismus
3264:skull base
3207:funduscopy
3037:gag reflex
3026:oropharynx
2959:vestibules
2951:vestibular
2799:masseteric
2743:mandibular
2553:ophthalmic
2473:strabismus
2322:See also:
1951:mandibular
1915:ophthalmic
1795:dura mater
1619:function.
1575:trigeminus
1043:Vestibular
955:mandibular
928:stylohyoid
918:Suprahyoid
843:Geniculate
781:mandibular
771:ophthalmic
724:Trigeminal
642:Oculomotor
429:See also:
237:CN VIII –
221:Trigeminal
209:Oculomotor
56:skull base
5835:Branches
5783:Accessory
5703:posterior
5690:Pulmonary
5376:(CN VIII)
5317:zygomatic
5295:digastric
5178:Branches
5148:maxillary
5139:Branches
5080:Branches
5067:Trochlear
5037:Branches
4936:Olfactory
4829:Autonomic
4746:Forebrain
4719:Hindbrain
4615:Clin Anat
4284:: e2407.
4101:2296-634X
3971:cite book
3866:cite book
3812:1098-2353
3498:tetrapods
3495:amphibian
3211:nystagmus
3177:Doctors,
3125:shrugging
2994:nystagmus
2967:inner ear
2856:mylohyoid
2762:meningeal
2695:zygomatic
2657:maxillary
2481:mydriasis
2466:nystagmus
2440:(IV) and
2408:) if the
2366:Smell (I)
2045:into the
1986:Vagus (X)
1933:maxillary
1693:brainstem
1598:forebrain
1511:brainstem
1463:Branches
1411:Accessory
1331:posterior
1318:Pulmonary
1004:(CN VIII)
945:zygomatic
923:digastric
806:Branches
776:maxillary
767:Branches
708:Branches
695:Trochlear
665:Branches
564:Olfactory
443:(I), the
332:brainstem
261:CN XII –
257:Accessory
231:CN VII –
215:Trochlear
207:CN III –
197:Olfactory
5856:Category
5824:(CN XII)
5698:anterior
5655:internal
5650:external
5589:inferior
5584:superior
5580:Ganglia
5480:Tympanic
5459:inferior
5454:superior
5450:Ganglia
5332:cervical
5312:temporal
5196:(CN VII)
5165:Abducens
5055:inferior
5041:superior
5016:(CN III)
4902:Terminal
4768:Cerebrum
4741:Midbrain
4704:Meninges
4643:21454488
4635:22836597
4400:22296879
4374:(1): 2.
4349:44106089
4341:29861376
4298:22496300
4119:32850790
3828:15242391
3820:24323823
3742:29083731
3546:See also
3491:amniotes
3489:. Other
3474:bottom;
3466:Dog-fish
3350:thrombus
3326:midbrain
3319:ischemic
3266:cancer.
3201:with an
3101:surgery.
2998:deafness
2638:lacrimal
2462:diplopia
2383:parosmia
2329:Function
2010:foramina
1861:Location
1697:midbrain
1650:midbrain
1579:triplets
1577:meaning
1567:trochlea
1547:was the
1452:(CN XII)
1326:anterior
1283:internal
1278:external
1217:inferior
1212:superior
1208:Ganglia
1108:Tympanic
1087:inferior
1082:superior
1078:Ganglia
960:cervical
940:temporal
824:(CN VII)
793:Abducens
683:inferior
669:superior
644:(CN III)
530:Terminal
471:(VIII),
401:cerebrum
395:(I) and
322:are the
275:Overview
255:CN XI –
243:CN IX –
227:Abducens
225:CN VI –
213:CN IV –
201:CN II –
191:Terminal
60:foramina
5839:lingual
5831:Nucleus
5807:Cranial
5791:Nuclei
5785:(CN XI)
5733:Hepatic
5715:Abdomen
5571:Before
5441:Before
5434:(CN IX)
5382:Nuclei
5277:foramen
5174:Nucleus
5167:(CN VI)
5129:Course
5104:Nuclei
5076:Nucleus
5069:(CN IV)
5022:Nuclei
4993:Course
4983:Nuclei
4977:(CN II)
4954:Course
4944:Nuclei
4920:Course
4910:Nuclei
4847:Enteric
4796:Somatic
4724:Medulla
4547:–2531.
4514:–2587.
4391:3395866
4306:5479248
4110:7427511
4085:: 635.
3476:lateral
3472:ventral
3415:History
3334:medulla
3227:ammonia
3156:atrophy
3129:scapula
2986:vertigo
2979:cochlea
2971:balance
2965:of the
2839:lingual
2563:frontal
2508:chewing
2436:(III),
2379:anosmia
2348:hearing
2074:in the
2034:in the
1839:of the
1797:called
1742:ganglia
1730:Ganglia
1705:medulla
1677:nucleus
1658:medulla
1643:nucleus
1639:Grossly
1555:anatomy
1467:lingual
1459:Nucleus
1435:Cranial
1419:Nuclei
1413:(CN XI)
1361:Hepatic
1343:Abdomen
1199:Before
1069:Before
1062:(CN IX)
1010:Nuclei
905:foramen
802:Nucleus
795:(CN VI)
757:Course
732:Nuclei
704:Nucleus
697:(CN IV)
650:Nuclei
621:Course
611:Nuclei
605:(CN II)
582:Course
572:Nuclei
548:Course
538:Nuclei
487:(XII).
467:(VII),
451:(III),
425:Anatomy
369:of the
356:hearing
249:CN X –
219:CN V –
195:CN I –
189:CN 0 –
110:D003391
80:Details
5812:Spinal
5752:Nuclei
5723:Celiac
5677:Thorax
5600:After
5564:(CN X)
5531:Nuclei
5470:After
5343:Nuclei
5322:buccal
5224:Inside
5194:Facial
5098:(CN V)
4938:(CN I)
4904:(CN 0)
4756:Retina
4641:
4633:
4579:
4551:
4518:
4478:
4453:
4428:
4398:
4388:
4347:
4339:
4304:
4296:
4259:
4229:
4177:
4117:
4107:
4099:
4056:
4031:
4001:
3959:
3931:
3893:
3854:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3740:
3715:
3692:
3646:
3604:
3562:Plexus
3391:, and
3380:myelin
3322:stroke
3313:Stroke
3254:of an
3237:Damage
3199:retina
3133:winged
2886:, and
2861:mental
2811:buccal
2477:ptosis
2340:vision
2274:(mix)
2246:(mix)
2196:(mix)
2180:(mix)
2084:larynx
1864:Nerve
1628:Nuclei
1609:paired
1440:Spinal
1380:Nuclei
1351:Celiac
1305:Thorax
1228:After
1192:(CN X)
1159:Nuclei
1098:After
971:Nuclei
950:buccal
852:Inside
822:Facial
726:(CN V)
566:(CN I)
532:(CN 0)
475:(IX),
463:(VI),
455:(IV),
447:(II),
354:, and
344:vision
324:nerves
233:Facial
5728:Renal
5562:Vagus
4975:Optic
4714:Brain
4639:S2CID
4345:S2CID
4302:S2CID
3824:S2CID
3766:2 May
3538:sheep
3493:(non-
3470:top;
3421:Galen
3403:Other
3219:uvula
2344:smell
2336:taste
2051:orbit
2006:skull
1605:skull
1587:vagus
1583:Latin
1571:Latin
1563:Greek
1559:Greek
1545:Latin
1507:brain
1356:Renal
1190:Vagus
603:Optic
479:(X),
459:(V),
391:(0),
352:smell
348:taste
328:brain
280:Table
251:Vagus
203:Optic
165:[
91:Latin
58:with
52:Right
5625:Neck
4892:The
4729:Pons
4631:PMID
4577:ISBN
4549:ISBN
4545:2526
4516:ISBN
4512:2583
4476:ISBN
4451:ISBN
4426:ISBN
4396:PMID
4337:PMID
4294:PMID
4257:ISBN
4227:ISBN
4175:ISBN
4115:PMID
4097:ISSN
4054:ISBN
4029:ISBN
3999:ISBN
3977:link
3957:ISBN
3929:ISBN
3891:ISBN
3872:link
3852:ISBN
3816:PMID
3808:ISSN
3768:2014
3738:PMID
3713:ISBN
3690:ISBN
3644:ISBN
3602:ISBN
3330:pons
3250:, a
3143:The
3116:and
3108:The
3047:The
3016:The
2961:and
2953:and
2945:The
2906:The
2745:(V3)
2659:(V2)
2555:(V1)
2543:The
2502:The
2432:The
2393:The
2370:The
2358:The
2305:(m)
2230:(s)
2164:(m)
1804:The
1789:The
1701:pons
1654:pons
1648:The
1509:and
1253:Neck
520:The
387:The
154:5865
142:6178
138:6142
117:TA98
105:MeSH
47:Left
5273:At
5123:TMN
5108:PSN
5048:of
4623:doi
4386:PMC
4376:doi
4329:doi
4286:doi
4282:344
4105:PMC
4087:doi
3800:doi
3332:or
3262:or
2752:in
2685:in
2666:in
2468:).
1755:of
1589:).
901:At
751:TMN
736:PSN
676:of
342:of
149:FMA
133:TA2
5858::
5118:MN
4637:.
4629:.
4619:27
4617:.
4563:^
4490:^
4408:^
4394:.
4384:.
4370:.
4366:.
4343:.
4335:.
4325:36
4323:.
4300:.
4292:.
4241:^
4189:^
4127:^
4113:.
4103:.
4095:.
4081:.
4077:.
4013:^
3985:^
3973:}}
3969:{{
3943:^
3905:^
3868:}}
3864:{{
3836:^
3822:.
3814:.
3806:.
3796:27
3794:.
3776:^
3759:.
3736:.
3724:^
3658:^
3616:^
3512:.
3399:.
3387:,
3372:.
3340:.
3328:,
3298:.
3120:.
3059:.
3032:.
2937:.
2890:.
2510:.
2342:,
2338:,
1770:.
1707:.
1683:.
1668:.
1585::
1573::
1565::
746:MN
421:.
358:.
350:,
346:,
140:,
4885:e
4878:t
4871:v
4680:e
4673:t
4666:v
4645:.
4625::
4585:.
4557:.
4524:.
4484:.
4459:.
4434:.
4402:.
4378::
4372:7
4351:.
4331::
4308:.
4288::
4265:.
4235:.
4183:.
4121:.
4089::
4083:8
4062:.
4037:.
4007:.
3979:)
3965:.
3937:.
3899:.
3874:)
3860:.
3830:.
3802::
3770:.
3744:.
3719:.
3698:.
3652:.
3610:.
2787:/
2536:e
2529:t
2522:v
2109:.
2053:.
1953:)
1949:(
1935:)
1931:(
1917:)
1913:(
1819:.
1812:.
513:e
506:t
499:v
308:e
301:t
294:v
169:]
20:)
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