280:-covered slopes of Visokoi, forming a low-lying coastal platform. Several islets lie around Visokoi, such as Coffin Rock off the northeastern coast. The island is surrounded by a 2.3–6 kilometres (1.4–3.7 mi) wide shelf at less than 200 metres (660 ft) depth. The shelf broadens with depth to form a large submarine volcano, which reaches a width of 57 kilometres (35 mi) at 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) depth. The total volume of Visokoi complete with the submarine parts is about 3,000 cubic kilometres (720 cu mi). The submarine edifice has an east-west extension, with numerous small volcanoes, chutes and traces (hummocky terrain) of a
1956:
48:
36:
252:
ice, which reaches the coast in several locations. The total surface area covered by ice in 1962 amounted to 24.1 square kilometres (9.3 sq mi). The 835 metres (2,740 ft) or (more commonly mentioned) 1,005 metres (3,297 ft) high Mount Hodson rises on the western side of the island
239:
The island has an oval shape with a length of 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) and a width of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi); the surface area is about 30.7 square kilometres (11.9 sq mi). The pointy end is east and ends at Irving Point, and the blunt end west with the western
Sulphur Point and
469:
associated with the scoria cone at Finger Point was observed in 1930. In 1962 this fumarole was gone, but volcanically heated ground was reported from the same site in 1964. Thermal anomalies are not visible from satellite images. The fumarole was surrounded by a concentric area of
2500:
1416:
Cantero, A. L. Peña; Vervoort, W. (April 2004). "Species of
Oswaldella Stechow, 1919 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Kirchenpaueriidae) from US Antarctic expeditions, with the description of three new species".
1943:
453:
The occurrence of historical eruptions is uncertain. Eruptions were recorded in 1830, 1927 and 1930 when passing ships observed smoke columns. There are no tephra layers embedded in ice but
2495:
2001:
552:
nest in the cliffs which are ice-free, and on the low coastal platforms especially at Finger Point. More than 100,000 chinstrap penguin breeding pairs occur on
Visokoi. Additional
2048:
2026:
1991:
1986:
248:. The island is asymmetric, with the western side having higher cliffs and steeper slopes than the eastern side. Most of the inside of the island is covered with heavily
1936:
2011:
2006:
1929:
244:
and ice falls make up most of the coastline, except at Irving Point where there are an offshore reef and sandy beaches and Finger Point which is a low-lying
1996:
192:
Visokoi consists of one major volcano, Mount Hodson, whose height is usually given as 1,005 metres (3,297 ft). The mountain is mostly covered by
1921:
1216:"A catalogue of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Phoxocephalidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Gammaridea) with taxonomic, distribution and ecological data"
284:
on the western side and a more extensive shelf cut by submarine canyons on the eastern side. From there, a submarine ridge connects
Visokoi with
2485:
1961:
200:
are found especially on the eastern side, and one vent close to Finger Point is still hot. Eruptions were reported in 1830, 1927 and 1930.
1717:"In stark contrast to widespread declines along the Scotia Arc, a survey of the South Sandwich Islands finds a robust seabird community"
1257:
Baker, P. E.; Holdgate, M. W.; Longton, R. E.; Tilbrook, P. J.; Tomblin, J. F.; Vaughan, R. W.; Wynne-Edwards, C. J. C. (August 1964).
2490:
1631:"Growth and mass wasting of volcanic centers in the northern South Sandwich arc, South Atlantic, revealed by new multibeam mapping"
328:
2231:
1815:"Geochemical Evidence for Subduction Fluxes, Mantle Melting and Fractional Crystallization Beneath the South Sandwich Island Arc"
307:
at a rate of 70 millimetres per year (2.8 in/year). The subduction is responsible for the existence of the South
Sandwich
1681:
1611:
1398:
457:
lying on ice may represent either recent activity or older eruptions whose products were covered by ice and then re-exposed.
20:
68:
2313:
348:
1715:
Lynch, Heather J.; White, Richard; Naveen, Ron; Black, Andy; Meixler, Marcia S.; Fagan, William F. (1 September 2016).
1951:
1662:
LeMasurier, W.E.; Thomson, J.W.; Baker, P.E.; Kyle, P.R.; Rowley, P.D.; Smellie, J.L.; Verwoerd, W.J., eds. (1990).
427:, building one volcano. Later the eastern cinder cones formed, and the western side of the island was subject to
2424:
1889:"Macrobenthic Assessment of the South Sandwich Islands Reveals a Biogeographically Distinct Polar Archipelago"
2155:
196:, except for several low areas on the coast like the northern Finger Point and eastern Irving Point. Several
2449:
2185:
435:
has yielded an age of 300,000 ± 100,000 years for a rock at
Sulphur Point, but activity continued into the
2160:
1584:
Kargel, Jeffrey S.; Leonard, Gregory J.; Bishop, Michael P.; Kääb, Andreas; Raup, Bruce H., eds. (2014).
1528:
573:
265:
rise from the eastern part, including
Shamrock Hill and an unnamed but probably young cone which form a
240:
southwestern Wordie Point. The northernmost point is Finger Point and the southernmost
Mikhaylov Point.
2190:
2145:
2135:
2069:
582:. The island can be accessed from Wordie Point and Finger Point, where there are low-lying platforms.
2140:
2053:
1629:
Leat, Philip T.; Tate, Alex J.; Tappin, David R.; Day, Simon J.; Owen, Matthew J. (September 2010).
2165:
2109:
1707:
1576:
1507:
1322:
564:
were seen at Irving Point in 1964, making it the largest occurrence in the South
Sandwich Islands.
1766:"Synthesis A spaceborne inventory of volcanic activity in Antarctica and southern oceans, 2000–10"
2016:
1512:
1455:"Feeding biology of the Antarctic brittle star Ophionotus victoriae (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)"
1191:"Major element analysis of fine tephras found in an ice core from Dome Fuji Station, Antarctica"
432:
209:
182:
1716:
2308:
344:
2195:
2114:
2038:
1851:
1777:
1728:
1642:
1466:
1425:
1343:
1270:
1668:. Antarctic Research Series. Vol. 48. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union.
8:
2175:
2104:
490:
Away from the fumarole, vegetation is largely absent from
Visokoi and consists mostly of
297:
1855:
1781:
1732:
1646:
1529:"The South Sandwich Islands – a community of meta-populations across all trophic levels"
1470:
1429:
1347:
1274:
2439:
2254:
2170:
2021:
1867:
1801:
1752:
1617:
1548:
1490:
1454:
1441:
1404:
1367:
1294:
561:
324:
1585:
1380:
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2089:
1972:
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1805:
1793:
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1677:
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1607:
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1408:
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1359:
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368:
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229:
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and extend over a distance of 350 kilometres (220 mi) in north-south direction.
178:
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1900:
1859:
1826:
1785:
1736:
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1474:
1433:
1386:
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545:
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320:
285:
1830:
1544:
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2338:
2200:
2130:
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428:
311:, which is constituted by about eleven islands in an eastward curving chain, and
281:
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1215:
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2434:
2429:
2419:
2384:
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2300:
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1502:
537:
424:
355:
emerge from the sea. Most of the islands are stratovolcanoes of various sizes.
340:
336:
332:
217:
197:
186:
19:"Wordie Point" redirects here. For the site in the South Shetland Islands, see
1952:
1905:
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1814:
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1390:
1355:
1231:
1004:
1002:
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2031:
1914:
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1486:
1363:
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380:
319:
in the south. From north to south Zavodovski, Leskov Island, Visokoi Island,
254:
221:
213:
83:
70:
1765:
1603:
1331:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
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2379:
2343:
2318:
2180:
2150:
1258:
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707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
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695:
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691:
639:
637:
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visit the island without clear evidence of reproduction. Almost a thousand
507:
352:
316:
304:
135:
1887:
Hogg, Oliver T.; Downie, Anna-Leena; Vieira, Rui P.; Darby, Chris (2021).
269:. They rise slightly above the ice level and bear no evidence of craters.
228:
45 kilometres (28 mi) north from Visokoi; together they makes up the
2464:
2409:
2404:
2389:
1813:
Pearce, J. A.; Baker, P. E.; Harvey, P. K.; Luff, I. W. (1 August 1995).
1214:
Alonso, Gloria Maria; Rauschert, Martin; de Broyer, Claude (April 2008).
1014:
927:
732:
529:
396:
384:
262:
35:
1240:
722:
720:
688:
634:
592:
1871:
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The island grew during the past one million years by an alternation of
404:
376:
308:
1206:
1081:
47:
2414:
2074:
1663:
1382:
The Historiography of the First Russian Antarctic Expedition, 1819–21
1282:
963:
717:
541:
519:
420:
388:
273:
253:
and has a flat summit. It features a 900 metres (3,000 ft) wide
245:
1863:
622:
2501:
Uninhabited islands of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1332:"First landings on Zavodovski Island, South Sandwich Islands, 1819"
881:
879:
776:
774:
772:
770:
557:
511:
503:
466:
447:
436:
372:
249:
1839:
1673:
1308:"The South Sandwich Islands: III. Petrology of the volcanic rocks"
786:
439:
and the Finger Point lava flow may be recent. An 18,000 years old
2079:
1692:
1561:
1307:
553:
392:
300:
276:
with preserved surface features that extends northwards from the
266:
233:
193:
915:
891:
876:
864:
803:
801:
767:
522:
have been recovered from the shallow water surrounding Visokoi.
2084:
515:
491:
475:
454:
440:
364:
1129:
1105:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
830:
828:
1069:
1057:
813:
798:
654:
652:
277:
241:
1256:
1093:
1026:
1008:
975:
1141:
1038:
852:
840:
825:
755:
549:
495:
479:
471:
400:
1661:
1153:
1020:
933:
903:
749:
711:
649:
643:
601:
2496:
Volcanoes of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2043:
1213:
1117:
1087:
1583:
1165:
726:
576:
expedition. The proper spelling of the island name is
572:
Visokoi was discovered on the 23 December 1819 by the
1812:
1764:
Patrick, Matthew R.; Smellie, John L. (August 2013).
1714:
969:
628:
612:
610:
1665:
Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans
1562:"The South Sandwich Islands: I. General description"
951:
1590:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
987:
939:
664:
607:
1628:
921:
897:
885:
870:
780:
676:
315:such as Protector in the north and Adventure and
2477:
2240:
16:Uninhabited island in the South Sandwich Islands
1690:
1453:Fratt, D. B.; Dearborn, J. H. (1 August 1984).
1415:
1111:
1075:
1063:
494:growing on bare rocks. Non-vertebrates include
1763:
819:
807:
203:
1937:
1559:
1452:
1188:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1099:
1051:
1032:
909:
858:
846:
834:
761:
658:
577:
1962:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1700:British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports
1569:British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports
1385:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
1315:British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports
1944:
1930:
1526:
1123:
46:
34:
1904:
1527:Hart, Tom; Convey, Peter (18 June 2018).
1239:
1693:"The South Sandwich Islands: IV. Botany"
1378:
1259:"A Survey of the South Sandwich Islands"
1171:
296:East of the South Sandwich Islands, the
232:subgroup of the South Sandwich Islands.
1587:Global Land Ice Measurements from Space
224:is 58 kilometres (36 mi) west and
2478:
1691:Longton, R.E.; Holdgate, M.W. (1979).
1088:Alonso, Rauschert & de Broyer 2008
2486:Islands of the South Sandwich Islands
1925:
1305:
993:
957:
945:
272:Finger Point appears to consist of a
21:Point Wordie (South Shetland Islands)
1837:
1560:Holdgate, M.W.; Baker, P.E. (1979).
1329:
682:
670:
616:
1501:
981:
792:
410:
13:
485:
236:occur in the surrounding waters.
181:that constitute a subgroup of the
14:
2512:
1880:
1954:
1195:Polar Meteorology and Glaciology
567:
450:has been attributed to Visokoi.
2491:Volcanoes of the Atlantic Ocean
423:with columnar jointing, cut by
2063:Settlements / Whaling stations
1330:Barr, William (October 2000).
358:
1:
1838:Wild, Frank (February 1923).
1545:10.1080/14888386.2018.1464952
585:
257:surrounded by two concentric
1655:10.1016/j.margeo.2010.05.001
1189:コウノミカ,フジイヨシユキ, Mika (1999).
7:
1893:Frontiers in Marine Science
1840:"The Voyage of the "Quest""
1831:10.1093/petrology/36.4.1073
1438:10.1080/0022293021000045154
1112:Cantero & Vervoort 2004
1076:Longton & Holdgate 1979
1064:Longton & Holdgate 1979
574:Thaddeus von Bellingshausen
460:
204:Geography and geomorphology
127:1,005 m (3297 ft)
10:
2517:
1418:Journal of Natural History
1181:
820:Patrick & Smellie 2013
808:Patrick & Smellie 2013
363:Volcanic rocks are mostly
291:
52:Location of Visokoi Island
18:
2352:
2331:
2299:
2267:
2214:
2123:
2062:
2054:Invasion of South Georgia
1979:
1969:
1906:10.3389/fmars.2021.650241
1790:10.1017/S0954102013000436
1741:10.1007/s00300-015-1886-6
1596:10.1007/978-3-540-79818-7
1391:10.1007/978-3-030-59546-3
1356:10.1017/S0032247400016806
1232:10.11646/zootaxa.1752.1.1
1160:Holdgate & Baker 1979
1148:Holdgate & Baker 1979
1136:Holdgate & Baker 1979
1100:Fratt & Dearborn 1984
1052:Holdgate & Baker 1979
910:Holdgate & Baker 1979
859:Holdgate & Baker 1979
847:Holdgate & Baker 1979
835:Holdgate & Baker 1979
762:Holdgate & Baker 1979
659:Holdgate & Baker 1979
212:, which lie southeast of
160:
155:
146:
141:
131:
123:
115:
107:
99:
62:
57:
45:
33:
1844:The Geographical Journal
1708:British Antarctic Survey
1577:British Antarctic Survey
1508:Global Volcanism Program
1323:British Antarctic Survey
399:. The rocks are notably
2017:List of South Georgians
1513:Smithsonian Institution
119:6 km (3.7 mi)
2215:South Sandwich Islands
1379:Bulkeley, Rip (2021).
1124:Hart & Convey 2018
1021:LeMasurier et al. 1990
934:LeMasurier et al. 1990
795:, General Information.
750:LeMasurier et al. 1990
712:LeMasurier et al. 1990
644:LeMasurier et al. 1990
602:LeMasurier et al. 1990
578:
433:Potassium-argon dating
210:South Sandwich Islands
208:Visokoi is one of the
183:South Sandwich Islands
124:Highest elevation
103:South Sandwich Islands
40:South Sandwich Islands
2124:South Georgia islands
345:Bellingshausen Island
111:8 km (5 mi)
2196:South Georgia Island
2115:Corbeta Uruguay base
2039:South Georgia Museum
2022:Operation "Paraquet"
1819:Journal of Petrology
1306:Baker, P.E. (1978).
2176:Pickersgill Islands
2105:Prince Olav Harbour
1856:1923GeogJ..61...73W
1782:2013AntSc..25..475P
1733:2016PoBio..39.1615L
1647:2010MGeol.275..110L
1471:1984PoBio...3..127F
1430:2004JNatH..38..805C
1348:2000PoRec..36..317B
1275:1964Natur.203..691B
562:Antarctic fur seals
403:-rich and define a
313:submarine volcanoes
298:South America Plate
80: /
30:
2440:Thatcher Peninsula
2171:Kupriyanov Islands
1479:10.1007/BF00442644
1033:コウノミカ,フジイヨシユキ 1999
970:Pearce et al. 1995
727:Kargel et al. 2014
534:chinstrap penguins
325:Vindication Island
177:and one the three
173:is an uninhabited
132:Highest point
28:
2473:
2472:
2327:
2326:
2295:
2294:
2269:Traversay Islands
2263:
2262:
2242:Candlemas Islands
2090:King Edward Point
2002:Foreign relations
1973:King Edward Point
1770:Antarctic Science
1683:978-0-87590-172-5
1613:978-3-540-79817-0
1400:978-3-030-59545-6
1269:(4946): 691–693.
1207:10.15094/00002896
1138:, pp. 27–28.
1009:Baker et al. 1964
629:Lynch et al. 2016
546:macaroni penguins
526:Antarctic fulmars
417:pyroclastic rocks
369:basaltic andesite
230:Traversay Islands
226:Zavodovski Island
179:Traversay Islands
168:
167:
84:56.700°S 27.150°W
2508:
2400:Mount Cunningham
2297:
2296:
2265:
2264:
2238:
2237:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1875:
1834:
1825:(4): 1073–1109.
1809:
1760:
1727:(9): 1615–1625.
1711:
1697:
1687:
1658:
1641:(1–4): 110–126.
1625:
1604:2060/20040111284
1580:
1566:
1556:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1498:
1449:
1412:
1375:
1342:(199): 317–322.
1326:
1312:
1302:
1283:10.1038/203691a0
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985:
984:, Photo Gallery.
979:
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955:
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937:
931:
925:
922:Leat et al. 2010
919:
913:
907:
901:
898:Leat et al. 2010
895:
889:
886:Leat et al. 2010
883:
874:
871:Leat et al. 2010
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
823:
817:
811:
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781:Leat et al. 2010
778:
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724:
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709:
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674:
668:
662:
656:
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614:
605:
599:
581:
411:Geologic history
375:are also found.
321:Candlemas Island
286:Candlemas Island
95:
94:
92:
91:
90:
89:-56.700; -27.150
85:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
50:
38:
31:
27:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2425:Salisbury Plain
2375:Fortuna Glacier
2370:Barff Peninsula
2365:Allardyce Range
2348:
2339:Protector Shoal
2323:
2291:
2259:
2236:
2210:
2201:Welcome Islands
2131:Annenkov Island
2119:
2058:
2027:Public holidays
1975:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1864:10.2307/1781104
1695:
1684:
1614:
1564:
1517:
1515:
1401:
1310:
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1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
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1007:
1000:
992:
988:
980:
976:
972:, p. 1101.
968:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
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748:
733:
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718:
710:
689:
681:
677:
669:
665:
657:
650:
642:
635:
631:, p. 1615.
627:
623:
615:
608:
600:
593:
588:
570:
538:gentoo penguins
488:
486:Flora and fauna
463:
429:coastal erosion
413:
361:
329:Saunders Island
294:
288:farther south.
282:sector collapse
261:scars. Several
259:sector collapse
206:
198:parasitic vents
175:volcanic island
151:
88:
86:
82:
79:
74:
71:
69:
67:
66:
53:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2514:
2504:
2503:
2498:
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2471:
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2468:
2467:
2462:
2460:Possession Bay
2457:
2455:Cumberland Bay
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Southern Thule
2432:
2430:Salvesen Range
2427:
2422:
2420:Peggotty Bluff
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Larsen Harbour
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:Admiralty Peak
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Bellingshausen
2305:
2303:
2301:Southern Thule
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2206:Willis Islands
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
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2127:
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2121:
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2097:
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2059:
2057:
2056:
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2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1882:
1881:External links
1879:
1877:
1876:
1835:
1810:
1776:(4): 475–500.
1761:
1712:
1688:
1682:
1659:
1635:Marine Geology
1626:
1612:
1581:
1557:
1524:
1499:
1465:(3): 127–139.
1450:
1424:(7): 805–861.
1413:
1399:
1376:
1327:
1303:
1254:
1211:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:, p. 235.
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1114:, p. 808.
1104:
1102:, p. 130.
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1037:
1035:, p. 127.
1025:
1023:, p. 365.
1013:
1011:, p. 693.
998:
986:
974:
962:
950:
938:
936:, p. 362.
926:
924:, p. 111.
914:
902:
900:, p. 123.
890:
888:, p. 120.
875:
873:, p. 121.
863:
851:
839:
824:
822:, p. 483.
812:
810:, p. 484.
797:
785:
783:, p. 117.
766:
754:
752:, p. 371.
731:
729:, p. 773.
716:
714:, p. 372.
687:
675:
673:, p. 317.
663:
648:
646:, p. 361.
633:
621:
619:, p. 318.
606:
604:, p. 363.
590:
589:
587:
584:
569:
566:
487:
484:
462:
459:
412:
409:
360:
357:
341:Freezland Rock
337:Bristol Island
333:Montagu Island
293:
290:
218:Southern Ocean
205:
202:
187:Southern Ocean
171:Visokoi Island
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:United Kingdom
147:
144:
143:
142:Administration
139:
138:
133:
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117:
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109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
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64:
60:
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55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
39:
29:Visokoi Island
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2513:
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2487:
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2450:Stromness Bay
2448:
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2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
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2398:
2396:
2395:Mount Belinda
2393:
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2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:Saddle Island
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Cooper Island
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:Ocean Harbour
2098:
2096:
2095:Leith Harbour
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
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2065:
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2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
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2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2032:Toothfish Day
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1963:
1947:
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1933:
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1927:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1907:
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1762:
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1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:Polar Biology
1718:
1713:
1709:
1706:. Cambridge:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1674:10.1029/ar048
1671:
1667:
1666:
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1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
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1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
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1609:
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1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1575:. Cambridge:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:(1–2): 1–14.
1538:
1534:
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1525:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
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1464:
1460:
1459:Polar Biology
1456:
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1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
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1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
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1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1321:. Cambridge:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
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1268:
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1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1173:
1172:Bulkeley 2021
1168:
1161:
1156:
1150:, p. 28.
1149:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1126:, p. 27.
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1090:, p. 23.
1089:
1084:
1078:, p. 40.
1077:
1072:
1066:, p. 39.
1065:
1060:
1054:, p. 27.
1053:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1005:
1003:
995:
990:
983:
978:
971:
966:
960:, p. 18.
959:
954:
947:
942:
935:
930:
923:
918:
911:
906:
899:
894:
887:
882:
880:
872:
867:
861:, p. 25.
860:
855:
849:, p. 26.
848:
843:
837:, p. 24.
836:
831:
829:
821:
816:
809:
804:
802:
794:
789:
782:
777:
775:
773:
771:
764:, p. 23.
763:
758:
751:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
728:
723:
721:
713:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
685:, p. 84.
684:
679:
672:
667:
661:, p. 22.
660:
655:
653:
645:
640:
638:
630:
625:
618:
613:
611:
603:
598:
596:
591:
583:
580:
575:
568:Human history
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:brittle stars
505:
501:
497:
493:
483:
481:
477:
473:
468:
458:
456:
451:
449:
446:
443:layer in the
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
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418:
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406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:clinopyroxene
378:
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318:
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275:
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268:
264:
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256:
255:summit crater
251:
247:
243:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:Leskov Island
219:
215:
214:South Georgia
211:
201:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
163:
159:
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150:
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118:
114:
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102:
98:
93:
65:
61:
56:
49:
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
2445:Bay of Isles
2380:Gold Harbour
2344:Kemp Caldera
2281:
2181:Prion Island
2161:Grass Island
2151:Clerke Rocks
1992:Commissioner
1987:Coat of arms
1896:
1892:
1850:(2): 73–97.
1847:
1843:
1822:
1818:
1773:
1769:
1724:
1720:
1703:
1699:
1664:
1638:
1634:
1586:
1572:
1568:
1536:
1533:Biodiversity
1532:
1518:22 September
1516:. Retrieved
1506:
1462:
1458:
1421:
1417:
1381:
1339:
1336:Polar Record
1335:
1318:
1314:
1266:
1262:
1241:11336/135292
1223:
1219:
1198:
1194:
1167:
1162:, p. 5.
1155:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1028:
1016:
996:, p. 6.
989:
977:
965:
953:
948:, p. 9.
941:
929:
917:
912:, p. 3.
905:
893:
866:
854:
842:
815:
788:
757:
678:
666:
624:
571:
530:cape petrels
524:
489:
464:
452:
414:
362:
353:Thule Island
305:Scotia Plate
303:beneath the
295:
271:
263:scoria cones
238:
207:
191:
170:
169:
156:Demographics
148:
136:Mount Hodson
25:
2465:Busen Point
2410:Mount Roots
2405:Mount Paget
2390:Mount Baume
2255:Vindication
2146:Black Rocks
2136:Bird Island
2070:Bird Island
2049:Sovereignty
1201:: 123–132.
500:springtails
397:plagioclase
385:hypersthene
377:Phenocrysts
359:Composition
349:Cook Island
164:Uninhabited
100:Archipelago
87: /
63:Coordinates
2480:Categories
2287:Zavodovski
2191:Shag Rocks
2141:Black Rock
994:Baker 1978
958:Baker 1978
946:Baker 1978
586:References
542:kelp gulls
520:hydrozoans
465:An active
421:lava flows
405:tholeiitic
309:island arc
161:Population
2415:Orca Peak
2353:Landmarks
2332:Seamounts
2250:Candlemas
2166:Grassholm
2110:Stromness
2075:Grytviken
2012:Languages
1971:Capital:
1915:2296-7745
1806:128905897
1798:0954-1020
1757:253814987
1749:1432-2056
1622:126510624
1553:133771224
1487:1432-2056
1409:243441677
1372:130347679
1364:1475-3057
1291:1476-4687
1250:1175-5326
683:Wild 1923
671:Barr 2000
617:Barr 2000
512:bryozoans
504:amphipods
389:magnetite
274:lava flow
250:crevassed
246:lava flow
185:, in the
58:Geography
2232:Saunders
1503:"Hodson"
1495:45488834
1446:84248772
1299:33809071
982:GVP 2023
793:GVP 2023
554:seabirds
467:fumarole
461:Fumarole
448:ice core
437:Holocene
379:include
373:andesite
365:basaltic
301:subducts
234:Icebergs
194:glaciers
2282:Visokoi
2227:Montagu
2222:Bristol
2080:Godthul
2007:History
1980:General
1872:1781104
1852:Bibcode
1778:Bibcode
1729:Bibcode
1643:Bibcode
1467:Bibcode
1426:Bibcode
1344:Bibcode
1271:Bibcode
1220:Zootaxa
1182:Sources
579:Vysokij
516:sponges
492:lichens
476:lichens
407:suite.
393:olivine
292:Geology
267:nunatak
216:in the
75:27°09′W
72:56°42′S
2277:Leskov
2085:Husvik
1959:
1913:
1870:
1804:
1796:
1755:
1747:
1680:
1620:
1610:
1551:
1493:
1485:
1444:
1407:
1397:
1370:
1362:
1297:
1289:
1263:Nature
1248:
502:while
480:mosses
455:scoria
445:Vostok
441:tephra
367:, but
242:Cliffs
108:Length
2319:Thule
1868:JSTOR
1802:S2CID
1753:S2CID
1710:: 53.
1696:(PDF)
1618:S2CID
1579:: 76.
1565:(PDF)
1549:S2CID
1491:S2CID
1442:S2CID
1405:S2CID
1368:S2CID
1325:: 34.
1311:(PDF)
1295:S2CID
1226:: 1.
558:seals
550:skuas
496:mites
472:algae
425:dykes
278:scree
116:Width
2314:Cook
1997:Flag
1911:ISSN
1794:ISSN
1745:ISSN
1678:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1520:2023
1483:ISSN
1395:ISBN
1360:ISSN
1287:ISSN
1246:ISSN
1224:1752
556:and
548:and
518:and
498:and
478:and
419:and
401:iron
395:and
371:and
317:Kemp
2044:.gs
1901:doi
1860:doi
1827:doi
1786:doi
1737:doi
1670:doi
1651:doi
1639:275
1600:hdl
1592:doi
1541:doi
1475:doi
1434:doi
1387:doi
1352:doi
1279:doi
1267:203
1236:hdl
1228:doi
1203:doi
189:.
2482::
1909:.
1899:.
1895:.
1891:.
1866:.
1858:.
1848:61
1846:.
1842:.
1823:36
1821:.
1817:.
1800:.
1792:.
1784:.
1774:25
1772:.
1768:.
1751:.
1743:.
1735:.
1725:39
1723:.
1719:.
1704:94
1702:.
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1676:.
1649:.
1637:.
1633:.
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1338:.
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1313:.
1293:.
1285:.
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1261:.
1244:.
1234:.
1222:.
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1199:13
1197:.
1193:.
1040:^
1001:^
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540:,
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532:,
528:,
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1759:.
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351:-
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323:-
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
