20:
325:
204:
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91:
272:
in the form of debris avalanche deposits and collapse scars. Debris avalanche deposits can be found up to 20 km from the site of collapse. Studying avalanche deposits informs on the time scale of the collapse and the volcano from which it originated. Collapse scars are also an indicator of sector
182:
Because sector collapse events occur suddenly and over small time periods, they are difficult to predict. More often, volcanoes are assessed for risk of sector collapse. Collapse ultimately occurs due to structural instability, which can be determined by volcanic slope angle, composition of the
529:
Kervyn, M.; Ernst, G. G. J.; Klaudius, J.; Keller, J.; Mbede, E.; Jacobs, P. (2008-10-28). "Remote sensing study of sector collapses and debris avalanche deposits at
Oldoinyo Lengai and Kerimasi volcanoes, Tanzania".
244:
Sector collapses and landslides caused by them have directly resulted in more than 3,500 fatalities since 1600 and caused extensive property damage. A particularly deadly consequence of sector collapse is
236:
magma. Large overlying surface mass and the denser nature of mafic magma often prevents its rise. Collapse relieves some of the overlying surface mass thus allowing for more mafic magma composition.
602:
Romero, Jorge E.; Polacci, Margherita; Watt, Sebastian; Kitamura, Shigeru; Tormey, Daniel; Sielfeld, Gerd; Arzilli, Fabio; La Spina, Giuseppe; Franco, Luis; Burton, Mike; Polanco, Edmundo (2021).
150:
is a prominent cause of collapse events. Earthquakes can weaken the structural stability of volcanoes, leading to sudden collapse or contributing to a later collapse. Intense
389:
220:
Some volcanoes experience no changes in volcanic behavior while others experience altered rates of eruption and magma composition. Collapse is typically followed by
471:
658:"Managing the effects of accelerated glacial melting on volcanic collapse and debris flows: Planchon–Peteroa Volcano, Southern Andes"
532:
373:
229:
110:, causing a portion of the volcano to collapse. While eruption is one cause, sector collapse can occur without any eruption.
604:"Volcanic Lateral Collapse Processes in Mafic Arc Edifices: A Review of Their Driving Processes, Types and Consequences"
102:
volcano (in
Bolivia) (a) pre-collapse volcano, (b) after collapse, (c) new edifice built on top of collapsed old edifice
162:
is another external cause of sector collapse, with the majority of glacial melt induced collapses occurring during the
196:
24:
710:"Sector collapse, sedimentation and clast population evolution at an active island-arc volcano: Stromboli, Italy"
253:
collapse led to a tsunami that killed 1,500 people. Sector collapse events can also displace thousands and cause
19:
77:. Sector collapses are generally very sudden; however, some attempts have been made to predict collapse events.
159:
355:
106:
Sector collapse can result from internal volcanic processes. Volcanic eruption can damage originally stable
776:
662:
55:
608:
657:
466:
781:
364:
63:
119:
714:
95:
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8:
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pressure after sector collapse. Damage caused by collapse can create a new and different
167:
67:
727:
709:
675:
621:
545:
484:
771:
747:
565:
504:
232:, which could impact eruption rates. Sector collapse often results in eruption of more
118:
fracture and deform rock, leaving the volcano weaker and more susceptible to collapse.
71:
51:
751:
739:
687:
635:
569:
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508:
496:
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46:. Sector collapses are one of the most hazardous volcanic events, often resulting in
683:
324:
731:
679:
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282:
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47:
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74:
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115:
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500:
369:
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225:
131:
107:
43:
351:
274:
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406:
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208:
163:
134:. Gravity-induced collapse occurs when the volcanic slope approaches the
99:
90:
66:, and other processes. Sector collapse events can occur on volcanoes at
735:
379:
308:
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147:
59:
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286:
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42:. Unlike a flank collapse, a sector collapse involves the central
328:
246:
151:
127:
39:
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Sector collapse sometimes occurs because of external processes.
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can cause damaging erosion, increasing likelihood of collapse.
38:
is the structural failure and subsequent collapse of part of a
467:"The evolution of volcanic systems following sector collapse"
332:
233:
111:
155:
123:
601:
528:
166:. Glacial melting increases volcanic slope and decreases
138:. The slope angle is a major factor in collapse events.
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is another internal cause, likely due to reactions of
708:Kokelaar, Peter; Romagnoli, Claudia (1995-08-01).
707:
763:
174:has also been associated with sector collapse.
472:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
260:
215:
195:Mudflow-induced property damage caused by the
177:
114:intrusions can also lead to sector collapse.
331:depiction of 1888 Bandai Sector collapse by
58:behavior. Sector collapse can be caused by
629:
183:volcano, deformation, and other factors.
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281:" shaped. One such collapse scar is the
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190:
89:
18:
533:International Journal of Remote Sensing
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273:collapse and are often described as "
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465:Watt, Sebastian F. L. (2019-10-15).
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268:sector collapses are stored in the
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25:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
493:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.05.012
239:
684:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.08.003
186:
297:
170:, leading to sector collapse.
62:, volcanic eruptions, gradual
1:
656:Tormey, Daniel (2010-11-01).
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376:: largest historical collapse
207:Debris avalanche deposit of
94:Example of sector collapse:
7:
663:Global and Planetary Change
395:
339:
292:
261:Identifying sector collapse
216:Changes to volcanic systems
141:
85:
23:Sector collapse during the
10:
798:
609:Frontiers in Earth Science
289:due to a sector collapse.
178:Predicting sector collapse
54:, and changes in volcanic
631:10.3389/feart.2021.639825
554:10.1080/01431160802168137
211:volcano's sector collapse
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230:volcanic plumbing system
136:critical angle of repose
715:Bulletin of Volcanology
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224:due to a reduction in
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200:
103:
27:
327:
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197:1980 Mount St. Helens
194:
120:Hydrothermal activity
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22:
16:Collapse of a volcano
64:volcanic deformation
777:Geology terminology
728:1995BVol...57..240K
676:2010GPC....74...82T
622:2021FrEaS...9..325R
546:2008IJRS...29.6565K
485:2019JVGR..384..280W
335:artist Inoue Tankei
736:10.1007/BF00265424
337:
213:
201:
104:
28:
540:(22): 6565–6595.
287:Stromboli volcano
270:geological record
222:phreatic eruption
789:
782:Sector collapses
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346:Mount St. Helens
283:Sciara del Fuoco
172:Sea level change
148:Seismic activity
75:plate boundaries
36:lateral collapse
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199:sector collapse
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160:Glacial melting
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32:sector collapse
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12:
11:
5:
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722:(4): 240–262.
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285:formed on the
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108:magma chambers
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48:lateral blasts
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386:Oshima-Oshima
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371:
370:Ritter Island
368:
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361:Anak Krakatoa
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251:Oshima-Oshima
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240:Human impacts
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226:magma chamber
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168:pore pressure
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132:volcanic rock
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96:cross-section
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44:volcanic pipe
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
719:
713:
670:(2): 82–90.
667:
661:
613:
607:
537:
531:
476:
470:
352:Mount Bandai
275:amphitheatre
264:
255:homelessness
243:
219:
187:Consequences
181:
145:
105:
35:
31:
29:
479:: 280–303.
407:Debris flow
402:Volcanology
298:Prehistoric
266:Prehistoric
209:Tata Sabaya
164:Pleistocene
100:Tata Sabaya
98:diagram of
60:earthquakes
766:Categories
413:References
380:Bezymianny
309:Chimborazo
154:and heavy
130:weakening
68:convergent
52:landslides
772:Volcanoes
752:128687255
744:0258-8900
692:0921-8181
640:2296-6463
570:128817424
562:0143-1161
509:181821094
501:0377-0273
319:Shiveluch
304:Stromboli
279:horseshoe
72:divergent
396:See also
340:Historic
333:Japanese
293:Examples
156:rainfall
142:External
128:sulfates
112:Magmatic
86:Internal
56:eruptive
724:Bibcode
672:Bibcode
618:Bibcode
616:: 325.
542:Bibcode
481:Bibcode
329:Ukiyo-e
247:tsunami
152:weather
40:volcano
750:
742:
690:
638:
568:
560:
507:
499:
382:, 1956
348:, 1980
314:Antuco
277:" or "
249:. The
81:Causes
748:S2CID
566:S2CID
505:S2CID
234:mafic
116:Dikes
740:ISSN
688:ISSN
636:ISSN
558:ISSN
497:ISSN
390:1741
374:1888
365:2018
356:1888
124:acid
70:and
732:doi
680:doi
626:doi
550:doi
489:doi
477:384
34:or
768::
746:.
738:.
730:.
720:57
718:.
712:.
700:^
686:.
678:.
668:74
666:.
660:.
648:^
634:.
624:.
612:.
606:.
578:^
564:.
556:.
548:.
538:29
536:.
517:^
503:.
495:.
487:.
475:.
469:.
421:^
388:,
372:,
363:,
354:,
257:.
50:,
30:A
754:.
734::
726::
694:.
682::
674::
642:.
628::
620::
614:9
572:.
552::
544::
511:.
491::
483::
126:-
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