Retreat of glaciers since 1850

2148:. Kilimanjaro, at 5,895 m (19,341 ft), is the highest peak on the continent. From 1912 to 2006 the glacier cover on the summit of Kilimanjaro apparently retreated 75%, and the volume of glacial ice decreased 80% from its 1912 value due to both retreat and thinning. In the 14-year period from 1984 to 1998, one section of the glacier atop the mountain receded 300 m (980 ft). A 2002 study determined that were conditions to continue, the glaciers atop Kilimanjaro would disappear sometime between 2015 and 2020. Al Gore predicted in 2006 that within the decade there would be no more snows of Kilimanjaro. A March 2005 report indicated that almost no glacial ice remained on the mountain, and the paper noted this as the first time in 11,000 years that barren ground had been exposed on portions of the summit. Researchers reported Kilimanjaro's glacier retreat was due to a combination of increased 711:, a study of 16 glaciers between 1990 and 2001 found that 14 glaciers were retreating, one was advancing and one was stable. In Norway, glacier studies have been performed since the early 19th century, with systematic surveys undertaken regularly since the 1990s. Inland glaciers have had a generally negative mass balance, whereas during the 1990s, maritime glaciers showed a positive mass balance and advanced. The maritime advances have been attributed to heavy snowfall in the period 1989–1995. However, reduced snowfall since has caused most Norwegian glaciers to retreat significantly. A survey of 31 Norwegian glaciers in 2010 indicated that 27 were in retreat, one had no change and three advanced. Similarly, in 2013, of 33 Norwegian glaciers surveyed, 26 were retreating, four showed no change and three advanced. 537: 258: 718:, had several advances in the 20th century, though it retreated 200 m (660 ft) between 1999 and 2014. Brenndalsbreen glacier retreated 56 m (184 ft) between the years 2000 and 2014, while the Rembesdalsskåka glacier, which has retreated 2 km (1.2 mi) since the end of the Little Ice Age, retreated 200 m (660 ft) between 1997 and 2007. The Briksdalsbreen glacier retreated 230 m (750 ft) between 1996 and 2004 with 130 m (430 ft) of that in the last year of that study; the greatest annual retreat recorded on that glacier since studies began there in 1900. This figure was exceeded in 2006 with five glaciers retreating over 100 m (330 ft) from the fall of 2005 to the fall of 2006. Four outlets from the 329: 342: 1702:, glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source. The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km (53 cu mi) per year in 2005. Researchers also noted that the acceleration was widespread affecting almost all glaciers south of 70 N by 2005. The period since 2000 has brought retreat to several very large glaciers that had long been stable. Three glaciers that have been researched— 2237: 1730:

front. The enhanced melting leading to lubrication of the glacier base has been observed to cause a small seasonal velocity increase and the release of meltwater lakes has also led to only small short term accelerations. The significant accelerations noted on the three largest glaciers began at the calving front and propagated inland and are not seasonal in nature. Thus, the primary source of outlet glacier acceleration widely observed on small and large calving glaciers in Greenland is driven by changes in dynamic forces at the glacier front, not enhanced meltwater lubrication. This was termed the

1017:, which is the largest in Tajikistan and the largest non-polar glacier on Earth, retreated 1 km (0.62 mi) between the years 1933 and 2006, and lost 44 km (17 sq mi) of its surface area due to shrinkage between the years 1966 and 2000. Tajikistan and neighboring countries of the Pamir Range are highly dependent upon glacial runoff to ensure river flow during droughts and the dry seasons experienced every year. The continued demise of glacier ice will result in a short-term increase, followed by a long-term decrease in glacial melt water flowing into rivers and streams. 1162:) during the same period. The reduced snowpack has occurred despite a small increase in winter precipitation—thus, it reflects warmer winter temperatures leading to rainfall and melting on glaciers even during the winter. As of 2005, 67% of the North Cascade glaciers observed are in disequilibrium and will not survive the continuation of the present climate. These glaciers will eventually disappear unless temperatures fall and frozen precipitation increases. The remaining glaciers are expected to stabilize, unless the climate continues to warm, but will be much reduced in size. 2122: 1648:, have periodically advanced, especially during the 1990s, but the scale of these advances is small when compared to 20th-century retreat. Both are more than 2.5 km (1.6 mi) shorter than a century ago. These large, rapidly flowing glaciers situated on steep slopes have been very reactive to small mass-balance changes. A few years of conditions favorable to glacier advance, such as more westerly winds and a resulting increase in snowfall, are rapidly echoed in a corresponding advance, followed by equally rapid retreat when those favorable conditions end. 813:, which have never been monitored and may have completely disappeared since 1989. Between the years 1952 and 2006, the glaciers found in the Aktru Basin region shrank by 7.2 percent. This shrinkage has been primarily in the ablation zone of the glaciers, with recession of several hundred meters being observed for some glaciers. The Altai region has also experienced an overall temperature increase of 1.2 degrees Celsius in the last 120 years according to a report from 2006, with most of that increase occurring since the late 20th century. 2171:(USGS), there were eighteen glaciers atop Mount Kenya in 1900, and by 1986 only eleven remained. The total area covered by glaciers was 1.6 km (0.62 sq mi) in 1900, however by the year 2000 only about 25%, or 0.4 km (0.15 sq mi) remained. To the west of Mounts Kilimanjaro and Kenya, the Ruwenzori Range rises to 5,109 m (16,762 ft). Photographic evidence indicates a marked reduction in glacially covered areas over the past century. In the 35-year period between 1955 and 1990, glaciers on the 1691: 1612:(98 ft) from the glacial terminus, and about 26% of its surface area was lost. Since 1980 numerous small glacial lakes formed behind the new terminal moraines of several of these glaciers. Glaciers such as Classen, Godley and Douglas now all have new glacial lakes below their terminal locations due to the glacial retreat over the past 20 years. Satellite imagery indicates that these lakes are continuing to expand. There has been significant and ongoing ice volume losses on the largest New Zealand glaciers, including the 687: 2429: 1533: 1437:, has retreated 580 m (1,900 ft). Of the nineteen glaciers of the Juneau Icefield, eighteen are retreating, and one, the Taku Glacier, is advancing. Eleven of the glaciers have retreated more than 1 km (0.62 mi) since 1948 – Antler Glacier, 5.4 km (3.4 mi); Gilkey Glacier, 3.5 km (2.2 mi); Norris Glacier, 1.1 km (0.68 mi) and Lemon Creek Glacier, 1.5 km (0.93 mi). Taku Glacier has been advancing since at least 1890, when naturalist 1247: 2415: 1232: 1199: 1718:. In the case of Helheim Glacier, researchers used satellite images to determine the movement and retreat of the glacier. Satellite images and aerial photographs from the 1950s and 1970s show that the front of the glacier had remained in the same place for decades. In 2001 the glacier began retreating rapidly, and by 2005 the glacier had retreated a total of 7.2 km (4.5 mi), accelerating from 20 m (66 ft) per day to 35 m (115 ft) per day during that period. 1217: 317: 1856: 863: 2260: 2249: 1918: 1657: 501: 10388: 10376: 2387: 1469:

glacier altimetry, or altitude measuring, for 67 Alaska glaciers find rates of thinning have increased by more than a factor of two when comparing the periods from 1950 to 1995 (0.7 m (2.3 ft) per year) and 1995 to 2001 (1.8 m (5.9 ft) per year). This is a systemic trend with loss in mass equating to loss in thickness, which leads to increasing retreat—the glaciers are not only retreating, but they are also becoming much thinner. In

1453: 1979:, a small outlet glacier of the Antarctic ice sheet, receded at an average rate of 0.7 m (2.3 ft) per year from 1983 to 2002. On the Antarctic Peninsula, which is the only section of Antarctica that extends well north of the Antarctic Circle, there are hundreds of retreating glaciers. In one study of 244 glaciers on the peninsula, 212 have retreated an average of 600 m (2,000 ft) from where they were when first measured in 1953. 738: 10412: 10400: 1891:, which is filled with icebergs calved from its front. Jökulsárlón is 110 m (360 ft) deep and nearly doubled its size between 1994 and 2004. Mass-balance measurements of Iceland's glaciers show alternating positive and negative mass balance of glaciers during the period 1987–1995, but the mass balance has been predominantly negative since. On Hofsjökull ice cap, mass balance has been negative each year from 1995 to 2005. 1766: 1579:

glacier has advanced since 1947, and has been essentially stable since 1992. Perito Moreno Glacier is one of three glaciers in Patagonia known to have advanced, compared to several hundred others in retreat. The two major glaciers of the Southern Patagonia Icefield to the north of Moreno, Upsala and Viedma Glacier have retreated 4.6 km (2.9 mi) in 21 years and 1 km (0.62 mi) in 13 years respectively. In the

2401: 949: 2289:(meaning "Snowy Mountains") were indeed still found to be covered with large ice caps. Due to the location of the island within the tropical zone, there is little to no seasonal variation in temperature. The tropical location has a predictably steady level of rain and snowfall, as well as cloud cover year round, and there has been no noticeable change in the amount of moisture which has fallen during the 20th century. 1311: 1600: 674:

long-term average was markedly surpassed in recent years with the glacier receding 30 m (98 ft) per year during the period between 1999 and 2005. Similarly, of the glaciers in the Italian Alps, only about a third were in retreat in 1980, while by 1999, 89% of these glaciers were retreating. In 2005, the Italian Glacier Commission found that 123 glaciers in Lombardy were retreating. A random study of the

1989:. A study from 1998 concluded that the glacier thinned 3.5 m (11 ft)± 0.9 m (3.0 ft) per year and retreated a total of 5 km (3.1 mi) in 3.8 years. The terminus of the Pine Island Glacier is a floating ice shelf, and the point at which it starts to float retreated 1.2 km (0.75 mi) per year from 1992 to 1996. This glacier drains a substantial portion of the 58: 2003:, which has also shown evidence of thinning, has been referred to as the weak underbelly of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. A study published in 2014 found rapid grounding line retreat in the years 1992–2011. More recently, new satellite imaging data led to calculations of Thwaites Glacier "ice shelf melt rate of 207 m/year in 2014–2017, which is the highest ice shelf melt rate on record in Antarctica." 1110: 1192:

by 1993. Researchers believe that between the year 2030 and 2080, that some glacial ice in Glacier National Park will be gone unless current climate patterns reverse their course. Grinnell Glacier is just one of many glaciers in Glacier National Park that have been well documented by photographs for many decades. The photographs below clearly demonstrate the retreat of this glacier since 1938.

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Thirdly, few taller mountains exist in these regions upon which enough cold air exists for the establishment of glaciers. Overall, tropical glaciers are smaller than those found elsewhere and are the most likely glaciers to show rapid response to changing climate patterns. A small temperature increase of only a few degrees can have almost immediate and adverse effect on tropical glaciers.

1098: 927:, has been retreating 20 m (66 ft) per year. In the Khumbu region of Nepal along the front of the main Himalaya of 15 glaciers examined from 1976 to 2007 all retreated significantly and the average retreat was 28 m (92 ft) per year. The most famous of these, the Khumbu Glacier, retreated at a rate of 18 m (59 ft) per year from 1976 to 2007. In India, the 1371: 979:, which measured 1.6 km (0.99 mi) long, 0.96 km (0.60 mi) wide and 80 m (260 ft) deep in 1986. By 1995 the lake had swollen to a length of 1.94 km (1.21 mi), 1.13 km (0.70 mi) in width and a depth of 107 m (351 ft). In 1994 a GLOF from Luggye Tsho, a glacial lake adjacent to Raphstreng Tsho, killed 23 people downstream. 2216:, the Andes are at a higher altitude overall, and host around 70% of all tropical glaciers. A 1988 glacier inventory based upon data from 1970 estimated, that at that time glaciers covered an area of 2,600 km (1,000 sq mi). Between 2000 and 2016, 29% of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around 1,300 km (500 sq mi). The 915:, retreated 460 m (1,510 ft) during this period, not quite 10% of its 5.2 km (3.2 mi) length. In examining 612 glaciers in China between 1950 and 1970, 53% of the glaciers studied were retreating. After 1990, 95% of these glaciers were measured to be retreating, indicating that retreat of these glaciers was becoming more widespread. Glaciers in the 936:, 26 glaciers examined between the years 1976 and 2005 were retreating at an average rate of 13.02 m (42.7 ft) per year. Overall, glaciers in the Greater Himalayan region that have been studied are retreating an average of between 18 and 20 m (59 and 66 ft) annually. The only region in the Greater Himalaya that has seen glacial advances is in the 41: 1722:

12 km (7.5 mi) long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over 30 m (98 ft) per day. No longer. The glacier has "slammed the brakes" and is now getting thicker (growing in height) 20 meters each year.

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the creation and expansion of glacial lakes resulting from glacier retreat. Past floods have been deadly and have resulted in enormous property damage. Towns and villages in steep, narrow valleys that are downstream from glacial lakes are at the greatest risk. In 1892 a GLOF released some 200,000 m (260,000 cu yd) of water from the lake of the

1498: 407:. The key symptom of disequilibrium is thinning along the entire length of the glacier. This indicates a diminishment of the accumulation zone. The result is marginal recession of the accumulation zone margin, not just of the terminus. In effect, the glacier no longer has a consistent accumulation zone and without an accumulation zone cannot survive. 1842:

retreated approximately 2 km (1.2 mi) in the past 80 years. Since 1960 the average retreat of Blomstrandbreen has been about 35 m (115 ft) a year, and this average was enhanced due to an accelerated rate of retreat since 1995. Similarly, Midre Lovenbreen retreated 200 m (660 ft) between 1977 and 1995. In the

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rapid warming of the climate that has taken place since the mid-1980s, most glaciers in Iceland began to retreat after 1990, and by 2000 all monitored non-surge type glaciers in Iceland were retreating. An average of 45 non-surging termini were monitored each year by the Icelandic Glaciological Society from 2000 to 2005.

2228:, which is one of Quelccayas' outlet glaciers, the rate of retreat had reached 155 m (509 ft) per year during the three-year period of 1995 to 1998. The melting ice has formed a large lake at the front of the glacier since 1983, and bare ground has been exposed for the first time in thousands of years. 1805:. Glaciers in the Canadian Arctic were near equilibrium between 1960 and 2000, losing 23 Gt of ice per year between 1995 and 2000. Since this time, Canadian Arctic glaciers have experienced a sharp increase in mass loss in response to warmer summer temperature, losing 92 Gt per year between 2007 and 2009 . 1449:. The advance of Taku Glacier averaged 17 m (56 ft) per year between 1988 and 2005. The mass balance was very positive for the 1946–88 period fueling the advance; however, since 1988 the mass balance has been slightly negative, which should in the future slow the advance of this mighty glacier. 1725:

On a shorter timescale, portions of the main trunk of Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier that were flowing at 15 m (49 ft) per day from 1988 to 2001 were measured to be flowing at 40 m (130 ft) per day in the summer of 2005. Not only has Kangerdlugssuaq retreated, it has also thinned by more

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prevalent along the coast of Alaska, virtually all of those in North America are in a state of retreat. This rate has increased rapidly since around 1980, and overall each decade since has seen greater rates of retreat than the preceding one. There are also small remnant glaciers scattered throughout

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The Himalayas and other mountain chains of central Asia support large glaciated regions. An estimated 15,000 glaciers can be found in the greater Himalayas, with double that number in the Hindu Kush and Karakoram and Tien Shan ranges, and comprise the largest glaciated region outside the poles. These

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are in retreat and glaciers have been developing proglacial lakes at their terminal ends as the glaciers thin and retreat. Between the 1970s and 2013, the glaciers in Turkey lost half their area, going from 25 km (9.7 sq mi) in the 1970s to 10.85 km (4.19 sq mi) in 2013.

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is the largest glacier in Switzerland and has been studied since the late 19th century. Aletsch Glacier retreated 2.8 km (1.7 mi) from 1880 to 2009. This rate of retreat has also increased since 1980, with 30%, or 800 m (2,600 ft), of the total retreat occurring in the last 20% of

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depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located. If all the ice on the polar ice caps were to melt away, the oceans of the world would rise an estimated 70 m (230 ft). Although previously

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in Montana, U.S. will shrink at an increasing rate until it disappears. The difference is that the upper section of Easton Glacier remains healthy and snow-covered, while even the upper section of the Grinnell Glacier is bare, is melting and has thinned. Small glaciers with minimal altitude range are

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was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when certain regions experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after. Subsequently, until about 1940, glaciers around the world retreated as the climate warmed substantially. Glacial retreat slowed and even reversed temporarily, in

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Near the Equator, ice is still found in East Africa, the Andes of South America and New Guinea. The retreat of equatorial glaciers has been documented via maps and photographs covering the period from the late 1800s to nearly the present. 99.64% of tropical glaciers are in Andean mountains of South

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in Alaska show slightly declining mass balance with time. The mean annual balance for this glacier was −0.23 m (0.75 ft) each year during the period of 1957 to 1976. Mean annual balance has been increasingly negatively averaging −1.04 m (3.4 ft) per year from 1990 to 2005. Repeat

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are all retreating. The larger glaciers are now approximately a third of their former size when first studied in 1850, and numerous smaller glaciers have disappeared completely. Only 27% of the 99 km (38 sq mi) area of Glacier National Park covered by glaciers in 1850 remained covered

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retreated 8,700 feet (2,700 m). William Long of the United States Forest Service observed the glacier beginning to advance due to cooler/wetter weather in 1953. This was followed by a 743 metres (2,438 ft) advance by 1979. The glacier again retreated 450 m (1,480 ft) from 1987 to

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there has been a large reduction in the number of monitoring stations. Another factor is that in the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges it was thought glaciers were absent before they were discovered during the 1940s, whilst in ultra-remote Kamchatka and Chukotka, although the existence of glaciers was

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Research, published in 2019 by ETH Zurich, says that two-thirds of the ice in the glaciers of the Alps is doomed to melt by the end of the century due to climate change. In the most pessimistic scenario, the Alps will be almost completely ice-free by 2100, with only isolated ice patches remaining at

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in the Italian Alps indicated that the rate of retreat from 2002 to 2006 was much higher than in the preceding 35 years. To study glaciers located in the alpine regions of Lombardy, researchers compared a series of aerial and ground images taken from the 1950s through the early 21st century and

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may cause variations in both temperature and snowfall, resulting in changes in mass balance. A glacier with a sustained negative balance loses equilibrium and retreats. A sustained positive balance is also out of equilibrium and will advance to reestablish equilibrium. Currently, nearly all glaciers

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and Pitztal Glaciers with plastic. In Switzerland plastic sheeting is also used to reduce the melt of glacial ice used as ski slopes. While covering glaciers with plastic sheeting may prove advantageous to ski resorts on a small scale, this practice is not expected to be economically practical on a

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19.4% and the Carstensz 6.8% of their glacial mass, and that sometime between 1994 and 2000, the Meren Glacier had disappeared altogether. An expedition to the remaining glaciers on Puncak Jaya in 2010 discovered that the ice on the glaciers there is about 32 metres (105 ft) thick and thinning

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is located near the summit of Kilimanjaro. Between 1976 and 2000, the area of Furtwängler Glacier was cut almost in half, from 113,000 m (1,220,000 sq ft) to 60,000 m (650,000 sq ft). During fieldwork conducted early in 2006, scientists discovered a large hole near the

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is a large glacier draining a major portion of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. A study in 2008 concluded that Totten Glacier is currently losing mass. A study published in 2015 concluded that Totten Glacier, has the largest contribution of ice thinning rate on the East Antarctic continent, and that

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In New Zealand, mountain glaciers have been in general retreat since 1890, with an acceleration since 1920. Most have measurably thinned and reduced in size, and the snow accumulation zones have risen in elevation as the 20th century progressed. Between 1971 and 1975 Ivory Glacier receded 30 m

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shrank by over a third of their size during that period. Photographs indicate that the glaciers today are only half the size as when first photographed in the late 1890s. Research also indicates that the glacial retreat was proportionately greater in the 1990s than in any other decade over the last

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Other researchers have found that glaciers across the Alps appear to be retreating at a faster rate than a few decades ago. In a paper published in 2009 by the University of Zurich, the Swiss glacier survey of 89 glaciers found 76 retreating, 5 stationary and 8 advancing from where they had been in

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Andes in South America; and mountain ranges in New Zealand. Glaciers in these latitudes are more widespread and tend to be greater in mass the closer they are to the polar regions. They are the most widely studied over the past 150 years. As with examples located in the tropical zone, virtually all

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that can be unstable and have been known to collapse if breached or displaced by earthquakes, landslides or avalanches. If the terminal moraine is not strong enough to hold the rising water behind it, it can burst, leading to a massive localized flood. The likelihood of such events is rising due to

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The continued retreat of glaciers will have a number of different quantitative effects. In areas that are heavily dependent on water runoff from glaciers that melt during the warmer summer months, a continuation of the current retreat will eventually deplete the glacial ice and substantially reduce

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alone, in Western Antarctica is "currently responsible for approximately 4 percent of global sea level rise. It holds enough ice to raise the world ocean a little over 2 feet (65 centimeters) and backstops neighboring glaciers that would raise sea levels an additional 8 feet (2.4 meters) if all the

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Tropical glaciers are the most uncommon of all glaciers for a variety of reasons. Firstly, the regions are the warmest part of the planet. Secondly, the seasonal change is minimal with temperatures warm year round, resulting in a lack of a colder winter season in which snow and ice can accumulate.

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and only in the highest elevation glaciers, but this has been attributed possibly increased precipitation as well as to the correlating glacial surges, where the glacier tongue advances due to pressure build up from snow and ice accumulation further up the glacier. Between the years 1997 and 2001,

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with a 10-fold increase when compared to rates seen currently. Change in temperature has led to melting and the formation and expansion of glacial lakes which could cause an increase in the number of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). If the present trends persist the ice mass will gradually be

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massif during the period 1981–2005. These include a reduction in area of 35.7%, from 2.41 km (600 acres) to 1.55 km (380 acres), a loss in total ice volume of 0.0137 km (0.0033 cu mi) and an increase in the mean altitude of the glacial termini of 43.5 m (143 ft).

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Most of the Icelandic glaciers retreated rapidly during the warm decades from 1930 to 1960, slowing down as the climate cooled during the following decade, and started to advance after 1970. The rate of advance peaked in the 1980s, after which it slowed down until about 1990. As a consequence of

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glacier is one of Vatnajökull's outlet glaciers, and receded by as much as 2 km (1.2 mi) between 1973 and 2004. In the early 20th century, Breiðamerkurjökull extended to within 250 m (820 ft) of the ocean, but by 2004 its terminus had retreated 3 km (1.9 mi) further

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Other studies show that between 1960 and 1999, the Devon Ice Cap lost 67 km (16 cu mi) of ice, mainly through thinning. All major outlet glaciers along the eastern Devon Ice Cap margin have retreated from 1 km (0.62 mi) to 3 km (1.9 mi) since 1960. On the Hazen

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The rapid thinning, acceleration and retreat of Helheim, Jakobshavns and Kangerdlugssuaq glaciers in Greenland, all in close association with one another, suggests a common triggering mechanism, such as enhanced surface melting due to regional climate warming or a change in forces at the glacier

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is 30 km (19 mi) long and is a major outflow glacier of the Patagonian ice sheet, as well as the most visited glacier in Patagonia. Perito Moreno Glacier is in equilibrium, but has undergone frequent oscillations in the period 1947–96, with a net gain of 4.1 km (2.5 mi). This

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As recently as 1975 many North Cascade glaciers were advancing due to cooler weather and increased precipitation that occurred from 1944 to 1976. By 1987 the North Cascade glaciers were retreating and the pace had increased each decade since the mid-1970s. Between 1984 and 2005 the North Cascade

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in Switzerland has had one of the longest periods of scientific study with yearly measurements of the glacier's length commencing in 1878. The overall retreat from 1878 to 1998 has been 2 km (1.2 mi) with a mean annual retreat rate of approximately 17 m (56 ft) per year. This

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Glacier retreat results in the loss of the low-elevation region of the glacier. Since higher elevations are cooler, the disappearance of the lowest portion decreases overall ablation, thereby increasing mass balance and potentially reestablishing equilibrium. If the mass balance of a significant

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indicate that between 0.6 m (2.0 ft) and 1.9 m (6.2 ft) of ice was lost per year on each glacier. Figures for Chacaltaya show a loss of 67% of its volume and 40% of its thickness over the same period. Chacaltaya Glacier has lost 90% of its mass since 1940 and was expected to

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has numerous glaciers. Research indicates that Hansbreen (Hans Glacier) on Spitsbergen retreated 1.4 km (0.87 mi) from 1936 to 1982 and another 400 m (1,300 ft) during the 16-year period from 1982 to 1998. Blomstrandbreen, a glacier in the King's Bay area of Spitsbergen, has

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Jakobshavn Isbræ in west Greenland, a major outlet glacier of the Greenland Ice Sheet, was the fastest moving glacier in the world over the past half century. It had been moving continuously at speeds of over 24 m (79 ft) per day with a stable terminus since at least 1950. In 2002 the

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ice were lost." The fact that the IPCC estimates did not include rapid ice sheet decay into their sea level predictions makes it difficult to ascertain a plausible estimate for sea level rise but a 2008 study found that the minimum sea level rise will be around 0.8 metres (2.6 ft) by 2100.

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is the largest known single mass of ice. It covers almost 14 million km and some 30 million km of ice. Around 90% of the fresh water on the planet's surface is held in this area and if melted would raise sea levels by 58 metres. The continent-wide average surface temperature trend of

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lost 93 km (36 sq mi) of glacier area during the years between 1945 and 1975, and 174 km (67 sq mi) from 1975 to 1996, which indicates that the rate of retreat is increasing. This represents a loss of 8% of the ice field, with all glaciers experiencing significant

899:. As with glaciers worldwide, those of the greater Himalayan region are experiencing a decline in mass, and researchers claim that between the early 1970s and early 2000s, there had been a 9 percent reduction in ice mass, while there has been a significant increase in mass loss since the 1996:

A study published in 2014 found, rapid grounding line retreat in the years 1992–2011. Based on a study from 2005, the greatest retreat was seen in Sjogren Glacier, which is now 13 km (8.1 mi) further inland than where it was in 1953. There are 32 glaciers that were measured to have

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power. Some researchers believe that by 2030, many of the large ice caps on the highest Andes will be gone if current climate trends continue. In Patagonia on the southern tip of the continent, the large ice caps have retreated a 1 km (0.62 mi) since the early 1990s and 10 km

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A study by glaciologists of two small glaciers in South America reveals another retreat. More than 80% of all glacial ice in the northern Andes is concentrated on the highest peaks in small plains of approximately 1 km (0.39 sq mi) in size. A 1992 to 1998 observation of the

1473:, all glaciers monitored are retreating, with an average retreat of 20 m (66 ft) per year. The terminus of the Toklat Glacier has been retreating 26 m (85 ft) per year and the Muldrow Glacier has thinned 20 m (66 ft) since 1979. Well documented in Alaska are 648:, which is the largest glacier in France at 12 km (7.5 mi) in length but retreated 500 m (1,600 ft) between 1994 and 2008. The Argentière and Mer de Glace glaciers are expected to disappear completely by end of the 21st century if current climate trends persist. The 1668:

Despite their proximity and importance to human populations, the mountain and valley glaciers of tropical and mid-latitude glaciers amount to only a small fraction of glacial ice on the Earth. About 99 percent of all freshwater ice is in the great ice sheets of polar and subpolar

1422:—all of which have experienced a loss in length and thickness and, consequently, a loss in area. Tyndall Glacier became separated from the retreating Guyot Glacier in the 1960s and has retreated 24 km (15 mi) since, averaging more than 500 m (1,600 ft) per year. 1738:

in 1986. Indeed, a study published in 2015 on glacial underwater topography at 3 sites found cavities, due to warm subglacial water intrusion, which has been identified as a possible dominant force for ablation (surface erosion). Thus, suggests ocean temperature controls ice sheet

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over 505 km (195 sq mi), or 26%, of the park, was covered by glacier ice at the beginning of the 18th century. Ice cover decreased to 297 km (115 sq mi) by 1987–1988 and to 245 km (95 sq mi) by 2005, 50% of the 1850 area. The 50 km

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Projections: Melting of glacial mass is approximately linearly related to temperature increase. Based on current pledges, global mean temperature is projected to increase by +2.7 °C, which would cause loss of about half of Earth's glaciers by 2100 with a sea level rise of 115±40

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Alex S. Gardner; Geir Moholdt; J. Graham Cogley; Bert Wouters; Anthony A. Arendt; John Wahr; Etienne Berthier; Regine Hock; W. Tad Pfeffer; Georg Kaser; Stefan R. M. Ligtenberg; Tobias Bolch; Martin J. Sharp; Jon Ove Hagen; Michiel R. van den Broeke; Frank Paul (May 17, 2013).

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south of Canada. It has reportedly lost over 50% of its volume since 1920, with almost half of that loss occurring since 1980. Glaciologists believe the remaining glaciers in Wyoming will disappear by the middle of the 21st century if the current climate patterns continue.

1677:. These continuous continental-scale ice sheets, 3 km (1.9 mi) or more in thickness, cap much of the polar and subpolar land masses. Like rivers flowing from an enormous lake, numerous outlet glaciers transport ice from the margins of the ice sheet to the ocean. 4243:

Diolaiuti, Guglielmina; Maragno, D.; d'Agata, C.; Smiraglia, C.; Bocchiola, D. (April 2011). "Glacier retreat and climate change: Documenting the last 50 years of Alpine glacier history from area and geometry changes of Dosdè Piazzi glaciers (Lombardy Alps, Italy)".

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Many species of freshwater and saltwater plants and animals are dependent on glacier-fed waters to ensure the cold water habitat to which they have adapted. Some species of freshwater fish need cold water to survive and to reproduce, and this is especially true with

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glaciers, totaling seventy square kilometers, have shrunk by around 28 percent since 1945 reaching several percent annually in some places, whilst in the Altai and Chukotkan mountains and non-volcanic areas of Kamchatka, the shrinkage is considerably larger.

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disappear altogether sometime between 2010 and 2015. Antizana is also reported to have lost 40% of its surface area between 1979 and 2007. Research also indicates that since the mid-1980s, the rate of retreat for both of these glaciers has been increasing. In

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Greenbaum, J. S.; Blankenship, D. D.; Young, D. A.; Richter, T. G.; Roberts, J. L.; Aitken, A. R. A.; Legresy, B.; Schroeder, D. M.; Warner, R. C.; Van Ommen, T. D.; Siegert, M. J. (2012). "Ocean access to a cavity beneath Totten Glacier in East Antarctica".

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Earth lost 28 trillion tonnes of ice between 1994 and 2017, with melting grounded ice (ice sheets and glaciers) raising the global sea level by 34.6 ±3.1 mm. The rate of ice loss has risen by 57% since the 1990s−from 0.8 to 1.2 trillion tonnes per

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it was thought that the polar ice caps were not contributing heavily to sea level rise (IPCC 2007), recent studies have confirmed that both Antarctica and Greenland are contributing 0.5 millimetres (0.020 in) a year each to global sea level rise. The

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broke free from the north coast of Ellesmere Island. The 66 km (25 sq mi) ice shelf drifted into the Arctic Ocean. This followed the splitting of the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf in 2002. The Ward Hunt has lost 90% of its area in the last century.

1504: 2323:. Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice—two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s. That research between 1973 and 1976 showed glacier retreat for the Meren Glacier of 200 m (660 ft) while the 1505: 202:

a glacier will advance. If the accumulation is less than the ablation, the glacier will retreat. Glaciers in retreat will have negative mass balances. If they do not find an equilibrium between accumulation and ablation, they will eventually disappear.

2167:, which at 5,199 m (17,057 ft) is the second tallest mountain on the continent. Mount Kenya has a number of small glaciers that have lost at least 45% of their mass since the middle of the 20th century. According to research compiled by the 849:

known earlier, monitoring of their size dates back no earlier than the end of World War II. Nonetheless, available records do indicate a general retreat of all glaciers in the Altai Mountains with the exception of volcanic glaciers in Kamchatka.

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retreated 1,147 m (3,763 ft) between the years 1936 and 1996 with 850 m (2,790 ft) of that retreat occurring in the last 25 years of the 20th century. However, the glacier is still over 30 km (19 mi) long. In

2574:

Brown, Molly Elizabeth; Ouyang, Hua; Habib, Shahid; Shrestha, Basanta; Shrestha, Mandira; Panday, Prajjwal; Tzortziou, Maria; Policelli, Frederick; Artan, Guleid; Giriraj, Amarnath; Bajracharya, Sagar R.; Racoviteanu,, Adina (November 2010).

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crops and will reduce summer stream flows necessary to keep dams and reservoirs replenished. This situation is particularly acute for irrigation in South America, where numerous artificial lakes are filled almost exclusively by glacial melt.

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Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021:

828:, has much more extensive glaciation totaling around 906 km (350 sq mi) with 448 known glaciers as of 2010. Despite generally heavy winter snowfall and cool summer temperatures, the high summer rainfall of the more southerly 652:

once extended from the summit of Mont Blanc at 4,807 m (15,771 ft) to an elevation of 1,050 m (3,440 ft) in 1900. By 2008 Bossons Glacier had retreated to a point that was 1,400 m (4,600 ft) above sea level.

1094:. These contain as much water as is found in all the lakes and reservoirs in the rest of the state, and provide much of the stream and river flow in the dry summer months, approximating some 870,000 m (1,140,000 cu yd). 1186:

and the U.S. Geological Survey. Comparing photographs from the mid-19th century with contemporary images provides ample evidence that they have retreated notably since 1850. Repeat photography since clearly show that glaciers such as

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deduced that between the years 1954–2003 the mostly smaller glaciers found there lost more than half of their area. Repeat photography of glaciers in the Alps indicates that there has been significant retreat since studies commenced.

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For the Pyrenees as a whole 50–60% of the glaciated area has been lost since 1991. The Balaitus, Perdigurero and La Munia glaciers have disappeared in this period. Monte Perdido Glacier has shrunk from 90 hectares to 40 hectares.

1501: 1013:, has approximately eight thousand glaciers, many of which are in a general state of retreat. During the 20th century, the glaciers of Tajikistan lost 20 km (4.8 cu mi) of ice. The 70 km (43 mi) long 843:

Details on the retreat of Siberian and Russian Far East glaciers have been less adequate than in most other glaciated areas of the world. There are several reasons for this, the principal one being that since the collapse of

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According to one study, in the years 2002–2019 Greenland lost 4,550 gigaton of ice, 268 gigaton per year, on average. In 2019 Greenland lost 600 gigaton of ice in two months contributing 2.2 mm to global sea level rise

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These glaciers in New Zealand have continued to retreat rapidly in recent years. Notice the larger terminal lakes, the retreat of the white ice (ice free of moraine cover), and the higher moraine walls due to ice thinning.

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and Douglas Glaciers. The retreat of these glaciers has been marked by expanding proglacial lakes and terminus region thinning. The loss in Southern Alps total ice volume from 1976 to 2014 is 34 percent of the total.

2017:

A 2019 study showed that Antarctica is losing ice six times faster than it was 40 years ago. Another study showed that two glaciers, Pine Island and Thwaites, are melting five times faster than "in the early 1990s".

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archipelago north of Russia, research indicates that in 1952 there was 208 km (129 mi) of glacier ice along the coast. By 1993 this had been reduced by 8% to 198 km (123 mi) of glacier coastline.

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Though the glaciers of the Alps have received more attention from glaciologists than in other areas of Europe, research indicates that glaciers in northern Europe are also retreating. Since the end of World War II,

998:, studies in the northern areas of that mountain range show that the glaciers that help supply water to this arid region, lost nearly 2 km (0.48 cu mi) of ice per year between 1955 and 2000. The 594:. Both areas support glacier ice from mountain glaciers, valley glaciers and even smaller icecaps, which are usually located in higher mountainous regions. All are located in mountain ranges, notably the 567:. GLOFs have been known to occur in every region of the world where glaciers are located. Continued glacier retreat is expected to create and expand glacial lakes, increasing the danger of future GLOFs. 741:

Engabreen Glacier in Norway extended to within 7 m (23 ft) above sea level in 2014, the lowest altitude of any glacier in Europe outside Svalbard. During the 20th century it reached the water.

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Nussbaumer, Samuel U.; Nesje, Atle; Zumbühl, Heinz J. (May 2011). "Historical glacier fluctuations of Jostedalsbreen and Folgefonna (southern Norway) reassessed by new pictorial and written evidence".

1813:, the Simmon Ice Cap has lost 47% of its area since 1959. If the current climatic conditions continue, the remaining glacial ice on the Hazen Plateau will be gone around 2050. On August 13, 2005, the 1961:

if the ice sheet were not there. The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves. The WAIS is bounded by the

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is in the same area, and though it does not calve, has also retreated significantly. "A 2005 aerial survey of Alaskan coastal glaciers identified more than a dozen glaciers, many former tidewater and

1330:. The Athabasca Glacier has retreated 1,500 m (4,900 ft) since the late 19th century. Its rate of retreat has increased since 1980, following a period of slow retreat from 1950 to 1980. The 730:

and Bergsetbreen had a frontal retreat of more than 100 m (330 ft). Overall, from 1999 to 2005, Briksdalsbreen retreated 336 metres (1,102 ft). Gråfjellsbrea, an outlet glacier of the

293:

has led to glacier retreat becoming increasingly rapid and ubiquitous, so much so that some glaciers have disappeared altogether, and the existence of many of the remaining glaciers is threatened.

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center of the glacier. This hole, extending through the 6 m (20 ft) remaining thickness of the glacier to the underlying rock, was expected to grow and split the glacier in two by 2007.

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and resulting ice sheet runoff. Hence, without better modelling, new observations suggest that past projections of sea level rise attribution from the Greenland Ice Sheet require upward revision.

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small alpine glaciers are numerous, but the extent of glaciation, though larger than further west, is much smaller than in Kamchatka, totaling around 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi).

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for continental Antarctica. In the past 50 years, temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula have surged 5 degrees and about 87% of the glaciers along the peninsula's west coast have retreated.

2014:

activity. Additionally, warm Circumpolar Deep Water, has been observed during summer and winter months at the nearby continental shelf below 400 to 500 meters of cool Antarctic Surface Water.

2786:

Hugonnet, Romain; McNabb, Robert; Berthier, Etienne; Menounos, Brian; Nuth, Christopher; Girod, Luc; Farinotti, Daniel; Huss, Matthias; Dussaillant, Ines; Brun, Fanny; Kääb, Andreas (2021).

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portion of the accumulation zone of the glacier is negative, it is in disequilibrium with the climate and will melt away without a colder climate and/or an increase in frozen precipitation.

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in Washington state, U.S. will likely shrink to half its size but at a slowing rate of reduction and stabilize at that size despite the warmer temperature over a few decades. However, the

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at a rate of 7 metres (23 ft) annually. At that rate, the remaining glaciers were expected to last only to the year 2015. A 2019 study predicted their disappearance within a decade.

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can be identified. According to a report, this may have accelerated the retreat of glaciers in Europe which otherwise might have continued to expand until approximately the year 1910.

1141:) is a particularly dramatic example. The glacier area shrank from 3.1 km (1.2 sq mi) in 1958 to 0.9 km (0.35 sq mi) by 2002. Between 1850 and 1950, the 7950: 6642:

Das SB, Joughin I, Behn MD, Howat IM, King MA, Lizarralde D, Bhatia MP (9 May 2008). "Fracture Propagation to the Base of the Greenland Ice Sheet During Supraglacial Lake Drainage".

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Nesje, Atle (December 2005). "Briksdalsbreen in western Norway: AD 1900–2004 frontal fluctuations as a combined effect of variations in winter precipitation and summer temperature".

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has exhibited a general trend of retreat on 42 glaciers, while four glaciers were in equilibrium and two advanced during the years between 1944 and 1986. The largest retreat was on

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and Yanert are examples of surging glaciers in Alaska that have made rapid advances in the past. These glaciers are all retreating overall, punctuated by short periods of advance.

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had filled in, and the glacier no longer calved and was able to continue its advance. By 2005 the glacier was only 1.5 km (0.93 mi) from reaching Taku Point and blocking

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advanced; however, these glaciers showed only a modest advance averaging 300 m (980 ft) per glacier, which is significantly smaller than the massive retreat observed.

1338:

covers an area of about 12 km (4.6 sq mi), and retreated rapidly during the first half of the 20th century, stabilized by 1966, and resumed shrinking in 1976. The

1150:

2005, leaving barren terrain behind. This retreat has occurred during a period of reduced winter snowfall and higher summer temperatures. In this region of the Cascades, winter

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of Afghanistan 28 of 30 glaciers examined retreated significantly between 1976 and 2003, with an average retreat of 11 m (36 ft) per year. One of these glaciers, the

5570: 1362:(19 sq mi) loss in the last 20 years coincides with negative mass balance in the region. During this period all nine glaciers examined have retreated significantly. 10112: 8259: 3818: 5903: 1037:

North American glaciers are primarily located along the spine of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada, and the Pacific Coast Ranges extending from northern

488:

Himalaya area, around 1.4 billion people are dependent on the five main rivers of the Himalaya mountains. Although the impact will vary from place to place, the amount of

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reside in arid areas that are dependent on water supplies from melting glaciers. The water from the glaciers also supplies rivers that have in some cases been dammed for

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For this mountain there is photographic evidence of massive glacial retreat since the region was first extensively explored by airplane in 1936 in preparation for the

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contain the largest area and volume of land ice on Earth outside of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets and is home to a number of substantial ice caps, including

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on Earth, holding with ice sheets about 69 percent of the world's freshwater. The retreat of glaciers has near term impacts on the availability of fresh water for

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J. Koch, B. Menounos & J. Clague (2009). "Glacier change in Garibaldi Provincial Park, southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia, since the Little Ice Age".

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is one of the more easily reached glaciers in the park and it is expected to disappear by 2025. Research between 1950 and 1999 demonstrated that the glaciers in

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Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1561:(6.2 mi) since the late 19th century. It has also been observed that Patagonian glaciers are receding at a faster rate than in any other world region. The 2338:

of the New Guinean glaciers indicated that by 2002 only 2.1 km (0.81 sq mi) glacial area remained, that in the two years from 2000 to 2002, the

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are not stable when surface melting occurs. In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt,

1583:

Basin, glacier retreat has resulted in a 20% loss in glacier area, declining from 151 km (58 sq mi) to 121 km (47 sq mi). The

4614:"Recent evolution (1981–2005) of the Maladeta glaciers, Pyrenees, Spain: extent and volume losses and their relation with climatic and topographic factors" 7869: 9565: 9391: 7843: 1322:, glaciers are generally larger and more widespread than to the south in the Rocky Mountains. One of the more accessible in the Canadian Rockies is the 11086: 9560: 6822: 912: 465:

countries have also been historically dependent on the seasonal glacier melt water for irrigation and drinking supplies. In Norway, the Alps, and the

9428: 7818: 983: 976: 554:(GLOF), which have in the past had great effect on lives and property. Glacier meltwater left behind by the retreating glacier is often held back by 7165: 5700: 5974: 3412: 2626: 1395: 7068: 4758: 9365: 8140: 4902: 4308: 1082:

in Canada to northern California. Excepting Alaska, about half of the glacial area in the U.S. is contained within the over 700 glaciers of the

4499: 2929: 6052: 9074: 7272: 5503: 5316: 4136: 2500: 9307: 7966: 7355: 6624: 4473: 3783: 6947: 5602:"Late-twentieth century changes in glacier extent in the Ak-shirak Range, Central Asia, determined from historical data and ASTER imagery" 122:, the total cumulated global glacial losses over the 26-year period from 1993 to 2018 were likely 5500 gigatons, or 210 gigatons per yr. 9191: 269:, the total cumulated global glacial losses over the 26-year period from 1993 to 2018 were likely 5500 gigatons, or 210 gigatons per yr. 8812: 8008: 975:

pose hazards to human populations should their terminal moraines fail. One glacial lake identified as potentially hazardous is Bhutan's

9450: 9408: 8584: 7560: 4447: 2296:) was named and reported to have "eternal" snow, but this observation was never repeated. The ice cap of 4,720 m (15,490 ft) 283: 261:

Melting of mountain glaciers from 1994 to 2017 (6.1 trillion tonnes) constituted about 22% of Earth's ice loss during that period.

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is geologically associated with North America, it is also a part of the Arctic region. Apart from the few tidewater glaciers such as

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experienced a slight loss between 1943 and 1977 and an accelerated loss of 20% of their remaining mass between 1977 and 2001. In the

206:

Mid-latitude mountain ranges are showing some of the largest proportionate glacial losses. Examples for such mountain ranges are the

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reduced, and will affect the availability of water resources, though water loss is not expected to cause problems for many decades.

9660: 9381: 9099: 8876: 7649:"Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011" 6625:"The Dynamics of Glacier System Response: Tidewater Glaciers and the Ice Streams and Outlet Glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica I" 6450: 6146: 3494:

Pfeffer WT, Harper JT, O'Neel S (September 2008). "Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st-century sea-level rise".

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America, 0.25% on the African glaciers of Rwenzori, Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro, and 0.11% in the Irian Jaya region in New Guinea.

963:

With the retreat of glaciers in the Himalayas, a number of glacial lakes have been created. A growing concern is the potential for

536: 5261: 4734: 3655: 10016: 9805: 8973: 5731: 4331: 4169: 2278: 661:

had the greatest recorded retreat, losing 350 m (1,150 ft) of its length between the years 2003 and 2005. The Grosser

5680:. State Agency for Hydrometeorology of Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan 9665: 9628: 9482: 9467: 9386: 9035: 8979: 8109: 6172:

Anthony A. Arendt; et al. (July 19, 2002). "Rapid Wastage of Alaska Glaciers and Their Contribution to Rising Sea Level".

3178: 6424: 2101:; the area where the annual temperature variation is less than the daily variation, and is within the oscillation area of the 10324: 9462: 8720: 8035: 7989: 7960: 7904: 7311: 6491: 6053:"Fast-flow advance and parallel rapid retreat of non-surging tidewater glaciers in Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, Alaska 1888–2003" 5876: 5741: 3793: 3747: 257: 8664: 5925: 10346: 9302: 9297: 7241: 5412: 5024: 3822: 3581: 2968: 2264: 1002:

study also reported that an average of 1.28% of the volume of these glaciers had been lost per year between 1974 and 1990.

8064:; et al. (October 18, 2002). "Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa". 5119:

Lee, Ethan; Carrivick, Jonathan L.; Quincey, Duncan J.; Cook, Simon J.; James, William H. M.; Brown, Lee E. (2021-12-20).

4354: 3388: 2640:

Lee, Ethan; Carrivick, Jonathan L.; Quincey, Duncan J.; Cook, Simon J.; James, William H. M.; Brown, Lee E. (2021-12-20).

1314:

Valdez Glacier has thinned 90 m (300 ft) over the last century, exposing barren ground near the glacial margins.

9827: 9605: 9423: 9355: 9345: 9328: 9235: 9042: 8340: 3287:

Velicogna, I. (2009). "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".

2852:. World Glacier Monitoring Service ("under the auspices of: ISC (WDS), IUGG (IACS), UN environment, UNESCO, WMO"). 2024. 492:

is likely to increase at first as glaciers retreat. Then it will gradually decrease because of the fall in glacier mass.

63:

Same vantage point in 2006, at the same time of the year. The glacier retreated 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) in 33 years.

9360: 7444: 7012:

Gardner, A. S.; Moholdt, G.; Wouters, B.; Wolken, G. J.; Burgess, D. O.; Sharp, M. J.; Cogley, J. G.; Braun, C. (2011).

793:

is typically classified as a polar region, owing to the dryness of the winter climate and has glaciers only in the high

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has receded 1,150 m (3,770 ft) since 1870. Other Mont Blanc glaciers have also been in retreat, including the

11096: 11081: 10450: 10256: 10117: 10074: 9570: 8317: 5546: 4675:

Painter, Thomas; Flanner, Mark; Kaser, Georg; Marzeion, Ben; VanCuren, Richard; Abdalati, Waleed (September 17, 2013).

3953: 3899: 3046: 1605: 328: 10183: 10059: 9876: 9079: 7304:"Changes in Geometry and Subglacial Drainage of Midre Lovenbreen, Svalbard, Determined from Digital Elevation Models" 5850: 4859:"Glacier Changes in the Siberian Altai Mountains, Ob river basin, (1952–2006) estimated with high resolution imagery" 3980: 3926: 3140: 1904: 1374:

Map of Glacier Bay. Red lines show glacial terminus positions and dates during retreat of the Little Ice Age glacier.

341: 1118:

glaciers lost an average of more than 12.5 metres (41 ft) in thickness and 20–40 percent of their volume.

517:. Reduced glacial runoff can lead to insufficient stream flow to allow these species to thrive. Alterations to the 11055: 10416: 10054: 10034: 9981: 9933: 8995: 8838: 5468:

Hewitt, Kenneth (2006). "The Karakoram Anomaly? Glacier Expansion and the 'Elevation Effect,' Karakoram Himalaya".

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Glaciologists researching the North Cascades found that all 47 monitored glaciers are receding while four glaciers—

334:

Seasonal melt contributes to runoff; the annual balance (net change of glacier mass) contributes to sea level rise.

20: 8743:"Disappearance of the last tropical glaciers in the Western Pacific Warm Pool (Papua, Indonesia) appears imminent" 5809: 3429:

Prats-Iraola, P.; Bueso-Bello, J.; Mouginot, J.; Scheuchl, B.; Rizzoli, P.; Rignot, E.; Milillo, P. (2019-01-01).

3340:

Cazenave, A.; Dominh, K.; Guinehut, S.; Berthier, E.; Llovel, W.; Ramillien, G.; Ablain, M.; Larnicol, G. (2009).

10173: 10124: 9550: 9512: 9457: 8927: 5763:

Price, Jonathan G. (2004). "Geology of Nevada". In Stephen B. Castor; Keith G. Papke; Richard O. Meeuwig (eds.).

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dried up in 2003. This leaves only the remnants of the once continuous icecap on New Guinea's highest mountain,

1953:(WAIS). The EAIS rests on a major land mass but the bed of the WAIS is, in places, more than 2,500 metres below 10241: 9525: 7481:, Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)" 2179:

region, the glaciers in the Ruwenzori Range may recede at a slower rate than those on Kilimanjaro or in Kenya.

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at specific sites. These findings also show that models underestimate the sensitivity of Greenland glaciers to

1390:

retreated 15 km (9.3 mi) in the 25 years from 1980 to 2005. Its calved icebergs partially caused the

1343: 3206: 2536: 836:

in historic times melt rates have been too high for a positive mass balance even on the highest peaks. In the

10351: 9886: 9418: 8446:"Changes of the tropical glaciers throughout Peru between 2000 and 2016 – mass balance and area fluctuations" 1908: 1567: 1562: 1406:, Bear, and Excelsior Glaciers that are rapidly retreating. Of 2,000 glaciers observed, 99% are retreating." 1277: 1246: 322:

From 1970 to 2004, mountain glaciers thinned (yellow and red) in some regions and thickened (blue) in others.

5210:

Haritashya, Umesh K.; Bishop, Michael P.; Shroder, John F.; Bush, Andrew B. G.; Bulley, Henry N. N. (2009).

2490:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011. 2030: 10334: 10006: 9535: 9530: 9435: 9312: 8869: 6730: 3342:"Sea level budget over 2003–2008: A reevaluation from GRACE space gravimetry, satellite altimetry and Argo" 2268: 2063: 1621: 1171: 1142: 1102: 1083: 1030: 8485:

Kochtitzky, William H.; Edwards, Benjamin R.; Enderlin, Ellyn M.; Marino, Jersy; Marinque, Nelida (2018).

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regions of South America and Africa. Since glacial mass is affected by long-term climatic changes, e.g.,

8370:

Huggel, Cristian; Ceballos, Jorge Luis; Pulgarín, Bernardo; Ramírez, Jair; Thouret, Jean-Claude (2007).

2710:

Slater, Thomas; Lawrence, Isobel R.; Otosaka, Inès N.; Shepherd, Andrew; et al. (25 January 2021).

10624: 10404: 10168: 9971: 9928: 9701: 9623: 9477: 8802:"Comparative study of technical measures to reduce snow and ice ablation in Alpine glacier ski resorts" 8110:"African Ice Core Analysis reveals catastrophic droughts, shrinking ice fields and civilization shifts" 6429: 5674: 2327:

lost 50 m (160 ft). The Northwall Firn, the largest remnant of the icecap that once was atop

957: 774: 5056: 4909: 4786: 2263:

Puncak Jaya glaciers 1972. Left to right: Northwall Firn, Meren Glacier, and Carstensz Glacier. USGS.

2042: 1231: 1198: 10273: 9948: 9923: 9896: 9858: 9775: 9593: 9440: 9403: 9153: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8194: 8155: 6850:"Regional and global volumes of glaciers derived from statistical upscaling ofglacier inventory data" 2360: 1379: 1354: 1265: 1216: 306: 180: 75: 9788: 8444:

Seehaus, Thorsten; Malz, Phillip; Lipp, Stefan; Cochachin, Alejo; Braun, Matthias (September 2019).

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glaciers that have been known to rapidly advance, even as much as 100 m (330 ft) per day.

11091: 10660: 10283: 10278: 10268: 10209: 10049: 9555: 9520: 9413: 9340: 9181: 9010: 8946: 8907: 6079: 6056: 5284: 3844: 2356: 1990: 1976: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1926: 1419: 1281: 700: 522: 351: 168: 8573:

E.J. Brill, Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, 1913, p. 180.

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Modelling the future evolution of glaciers in the European Alps under the EURO-CORDEX RCM ensemble

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Rounce, David R.; Hock, Regine; Maussion, Fabien; Hugonnet, Romain; et al. (5 January 2023).

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in Sweden has undergone the longest continuous mass balance study in the world conducted from the

10710: 10392: 10314: 10224: 9966: 9938: 9618: 9277: 9255: 8862: 5788: 5413:"Himalayan Glaciers A State-of-Art Review of Glacial Studies, Glacial Retreat and Climate Change" 4170:"Accelerating Climate Change Impacts on Alpine Glacier Forefield Ecosystems in the European Alps" 3867: 2761: 2300:, which reached below 4,400 m (14,400 ft) in 1909, vanished between 1939 and 1963. The 2149: 1883: 1778: 1770: 1707: 1645: 1091: 1054: 564: 359: 7394: 6628: 6225:"Melting Denali: Effects of Climate Change on the Glaciers of Denali National Park and Preserve" 6224: 2054:, and complete disintegration of some shelves. Well studied examples include disruptions of the 194:

is the key determinant of the health of a glacier. If the amount of frozen precipitation in the

86:

since the late 19th century. Examples include mountain glaciers in western North America, Asia,

10970: 10619: 10443: 9991: 9811: 9753: 9670: 9655: 9540: 9186: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 8687:"Retreat of the Irian Jaya Glaciers from 2000 to 2002 as Measured from IKONOS Satellite Images" 6988: 6349: 3304: 2573: 2285:

was originally met with ridicule, but in the early 20th century at least five subranges of the

2168: 1126: 7870:"An Antarctic base recorded a temperature of 64.9 degrees F. If confirmed, it's a record high" 6611:

Where previously this was dropping in height by 20m a year, it's now thickening by 20m a year.

4019: 3970: 3943: 3916: 3889: 3036: 2370:

To retard melting of the glaciers some Austrian ski resorts partially covered portions of the

2156: 2125: 2010:

the thinning is driven by enhanced basal melting, because of ocean processes, and affected by

1541: 1350:(west of the Rockies) has retreated 2 km (1.2 mi) since first photographed in 1887. 1182:

glaciers are diminishing rapidly. The area of each glacier has been mapped for decades by the

623:

the glaciers in the mid-latitudes are in a state of negative mass balance and are retreating.

560: 11111: 11106: 11101: 10993: 10700: 10380: 10026: 9903: 9711: 9171: 9094: 8592: 8012: 7920: 6823:"Greenland Lost 600 Billion Tons of Ice In 2 Months, Enough to Raise Global Sea Levels 2.2mm" 5317:"Glaciers, glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst floods in the Mount Everest region, Nepal" 3679:"Climate Change Impacts on Glacier Hydrology and River Discharge in the Hindu Kush–Himalayas" 3130: 2620: 2392: 1575: 1339: 1183: 8549: 7564: 6897:

Sharp, M.; Burgess, D. O.; Cogley, J. G.; Ecclestone, M.; Labine, C.; Wolken, G. J. (2011).

6458: 5999: 5733:

Sierra Nevada Byways: 51 of the Sierra Nevada's Best Backcountry Drives (Backcountry Byways)

5509:. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. 2011. p. 31. Archived from 2316:

summit, which is estimated to have had an area of 20 km (7.7 sq mi) in 1850.

1690: 641: 10736: 10219: 10097: 9758: 9333: 9260: 8754: 8627: 8498: 8457: 8383: 8209: 8167: 8073: 7769: 7725: 7714:"Recent {Antarctic} ice mass loss from radar interferometry and regional climate modelling" 7660: 7602: 7518: 7370: 7320: 7204: 7130: 7025: 6962: 6910: 6861: 6778: 6739: 6651: 6526: 6384: 6287: 6181: 6117: 6025: 5821: 5613: 5285:"An Overview of Glaciers, Glacier Retreat and Subsequent Impacts in Nepal, India and China" 5226: 5132: 4993: 4952: 4870: 4824: 4688: 4625: 4578: 4530: 4400: 4253: 4184: 4092: 3719: 3615: 3505: 3442: 3353: 3296: 3243: 3089: 2983: 2883: 2799: 2723: 2653: 2459: 2320: 2175:

receded about 40%. It is expected that due to their proximity to the heavy moisture of the

1571: 1470: 1387: 1059: 999: 870:

image shows the formation of numerous glacial lakes at the termini of receding glaciers in

837: 806: 302: 191: 7484: 7445:"Relation between glacier-termini variations and summer temperature in Iceland since 1930" 7014:"Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago" 6147:"Mass Balance Measurements of the Lemon Creek Glacier, Juneau Icefield, Alaska, 1953–2005" 4813:"A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Model for Determining Glacier Vulnerability" 4287: 3845:

An Overview of Glaciers, Glacier Retreat, and Subsequent Impacts in Nepal, India and China

3718:

Wester, Philippus; Mishra, Arabinda; Mukherji, Aditi; Shrestha, Arun Bhakta, eds. (2019).

2121: 8: 11076: 10930: 10757: 10675: 10236: 10011: 9245: 9240: 8369: 7115: 5389: 3341: 2343: 2339: 2086: 2067: 2026: 1982: 1934: 1735: 1715: 1641: 1134: 757:

As initial cause for glacier retreat in the alps since 1850, a decrease of the glaciers'

749:, recent studies have shown important losses in extent and volume of the glaciers of the 670: 615: 587: 521:, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to 137:

on every continent other than the Australian mainland, including Oceania's high-latitude

46: 8758: 8631: 8502: 8461: 8420: 8387: 8213: 8077: 7773: 7729: 7694: 7664: 7606: 7522: 7374: 7324: 7208: 7134: 7029: 6966: 6914: 6865: 6782: 6743: 6655: 6595: 6530: 6388: 6291: 6185: 6150: 6121: 6029: 5825: 5650: 5617: 5230: 5136: 4997: 4956: 4874: 4828: 4692: 4629: 4582: 4534: 4404: 4257: 4188: 4096: 3619: 3547: 3509: 3446: 3357: 3300: 3247: 3093: 2987: 2887: 2803: 2727: 2657: 1888: 1859: 1711: 10762: 10559: 10064: 9996: 9913: 9763: 9728: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9250: 8777: 8742: 8401: 8233: 8097: 7741: 7676: 7626: 7542: 7386: 7336: 7222: 7146: 7096: 7049: 6928: 6879: 6799: 6685: 6550: 6402: 6205: 5485: 5354:"Geomorphological evidences of retreat of the Gangotri Glacier and its characteristics" 5242: 5161: 5120: 4883: 4858: 4711: 4676: 4594: 4546: 4269: 4110: 4078:"Modelling the retreat of Grosser Aletschgletscher, Switzerland, in a changing climate" 3753: 3647: 3529: 3471: 3430: 3369: 3322: 3269: 3007: 2965: 2907: 2831: 2682: 2641: 2608: 2420: 2225: 2224:

ice cap, and all of the outlet glaciers from the icecap are retreating. In the case of

2172: 2055: 1537: 1478: 1430: 1269: 972: 782:

has the largest glacier in Turkey, and that is forecast to be completely gone by 2065.

396: 179:

in the air, causing current global warming. Human influence is the principal driver of

10857: 8372:"Review and reassessment of hazards owing to volcano–glacier interactions in Colombia" 8195:"Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa" 4498:. Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate. September 16, 2014. Archived from 4472:. Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate. September 16, 2014. Archived from 4446:. Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate. September 16, 2014. Archived from 4384:

Nesje, Atle; Bakke, Jostein; Dahl, Svein Olaf; Lie, Øyvind; Matthews, John A. (2008).

4218: 4077: 3603: 2871: 2363:

measures) is the only solution that addresses the root cause of glacier retreat since

1509:

In all, about 25 percent of the ice that melted between 2003 and 2010 occurred in the

945:

thickened 10 to 25 m (33 to 82 ft) mid-glacier, however it did not advance.

11045: 11008: 10832: 10549: 10436: 10298: 9961: 9706: 9472: 9265: 9228: 9015: 8969: 8782: 8686: 8516: 8225: 8089: 7985: 7956: 7900: 7618: 7563:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. April 21, 2005. Archived from 7534: 7390: 7340: 7142: 7100: 7088: 7053: 7041: 6932: 6804: 6677: 6542: 6487: 6197: 5737: 5631: 5542: 5438: 5246: 5166: 5148: 5101: 4716: 4598: 4550: 4273: 4210: 3976: 3949: 3922: 3895: 3789: 3757: 3743: 3700: 3695: 3678: 3651: 3639: 3631: 3521: 3496: 3476: 3458: 3406: 3261: 3136: 3042: 3011: 2999: 2911: 2899: 2835: 2823: 2815: 2787: 2741: 2687: 2669: 2612: 2593: 2576: 2364: 2335: 2324: 2217: 1625: 1584: 1347: 1327: 1130: 1014: 798: 466: 227: 195: 8405: 8237: 8117: 8101: 7680: 7630: 7226: 6883: 6689: 6554: 6209: 6037: 5959: 5489: 5353: 5006: 4981: 4654: 4412: 4137:"Glacier Monitoring by Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Open Source Environment" 4114: 3821:(Press release). United Nations Environment Programme. 16 April 2002. Archived from 3602:

Immerzeel, Walter W.; Beek, Ludovicus P. H. van; Bierkens, Marc F. P. (2010-06-11).

3533: 3365: 3326: 3273: 11050: 10950: 10847: 10777: 10639: 10518: 10341: 9908: 9891: 9832: 9723: 9487: 9211: 9084: 9020: 8772: 8762: 8635: 8506: 8465: 8418: 8391: 8217: 8081: 7777: 7733: 7668: 7610: 7546: 7526: 7378: 7328: 7212: 7150: 7138: 7080: 7033: 6978: 6970: 6918: 6869: 6794: 6786: 6747: 6667: 6659: 6569: 6534: 6406: 6392: 6328: 6295: 6189: 6125: 6033: 5944: 5940: 5901: 5880: 5829: 5621: 5477: 5234: 5156: 5140: 5091: 5001: 4960: 4878: 4832: 4706: 4696: 4633: 4586: 4538: 4408: 4261: 4200: 4192: 4100: 3733: 3725: 3690: 3623: 3513: 3466: 3450: 3373: 3361: 3314: 3251: 3097: 3078:"Forecasting temperate alpine glacier survival from accumulation zone observations" 2991: 2941: 2891: 2807: 2731: 2677: 2661: 2598: 2588: 2448: 2082: 2059: 2000: 1912: 1810: 1760: 1588: 1407: 1358: 1319: 1285: 1188: 1079: 928: 817: 591: 579: 575: 443: 392: 379: 79: 30: 8039: 7745: 7193:"Break-up of the largest Arctic ice shelf and associated loss of an epishelf lake" 6248: 5810:"Terminus behavior and response time of North Cascade glaciers, Washington, U.S.A" 4355:"Swedish Glacier front monitoring program – compilation of data from 1990 to 2001" 2872:"Global glacier change in the 21st century: Every increase in temperature matters" 2711: 2577:"HIMALA: Climate Impacts on Glaciers, Snow, and Hydrology in the Himalayan Region" 696: 480:, retreating glaciers could reduce summer water flows by up to two thirds. In the 10945: 10920: 10802: 10715: 10604: 10293: 10214: 10178: 10107: 10081: 10069: 9986: 9918: 9793: 9650: 9272: 9223: 9201: 8547: 8295: 8061: 7614: 5854: 5212:"Space-based assessment of glacier fluctuations in the Wakhan Pamir, Afghanistan" 2309: 2286: 2252: 2206: 2145: 1966: 1814: 1703: 1617: 1580: 1486: 1482: 1474: 1426: 1323: 1298: 1290: 937: 920: 908: 794: 686: 662: 649: 607: 514: 211: 7249: 5031: 3573: 3077: 2969:"A Reconciled Estimate of Glacier Contributions to Sea Level Rise: 2003 to 2009" 2428: 145:. Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km (19,000 sq mi) are called 10887: 10837: 10822: 10695: 10680: 10609: 10594: 10528: 10513: 10246: 10102: 10044: 10039: 9881: 9770: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9350: 9287: 9025: 9005: 8964: 8885: 8396: 8371: 7713: 7590: 7505:

Steig EJ, Schneider DP, Rutherford SD, Mann ME, Comiso JC, Shindell DT (2009).

7302:

Rippin D, Willis I, Arnold N, Hodson A, Moore J, Kohler J, Bjornsson H (2003).

7116:"Mass balance and area changes of four High Arctic plateau ice caps, 1959–2002" 6397: 6372: 5834: 5599: 5144: 4738: 4638: 4613: 4319: 4105: 2811: 2665: 2406: 2301: 2297: 2022: 2006: 1962: 1786: 1740: 1613: 1532: 1434: 1415: 1383: 900: 850: 802: 727: 723: 719: 518: 438: 427: 400: 375: 363: 290: 278: 238: 176: 172: 164: 138: 134: 115: 111: 8640: 8615: 8348: 7451: 7382: 6333: 6316: 6300: 6275: 5238: 4542: 4360:. Stockholm: Tarfala Research Station, University of Stockholm. pp. 37–40 3729: 1938:

Antarctica is positive and significant at >0.05 °C/decade since 1957.

1879: 1863: 1574:, which during the period 1896–1995 retreated 14.6 km (9.1 mi). The 11070: 11018: 10960: 10940: 10935: 10882: 10877: 10862: 10807: 10690: 10665: 10544: 10319: 10251: 9976: 9798: 9783: 9718: 9613: 8520: 8487:"Improved estimates of glacier change rates at Nevado Coropuna Ice Cap, Peru" 7924: 7092: 6106:"The equilibrium flow and mass balance of the Taku Glacier, Alaska 1950–2006" 5152: 4812: 4590: 4265: 3704: 3635: 3462: 3207:"How would sea level change if all glaciers melted? | U.S. Geological Survey" 2819: 2745: 2673: 2414: 2305: 2274: 1843: 1798: 1790: 1782: 1744: 1629: 1557: 1411: 1403: 1331: 1075: 942: 916: 829: 658: 583: 462: 355: 249:

for people in that region. Melting glaciers also lead the sea level rise.

245:. For example, in the Andes and Himalayas the demise of glaciers will affect 219: 215: 199: 10752: 8767: 8470: 8445: 8221: 8085: 7648: 7647:

Rignot, E.; Mouginot, J.; Morlighem, M.; Seroussi, H.; Scheuchl, B. (2014).

6983: 6751: 6663: 6538: 6514: 6193: 4941:"The Northeast Asia mountain glaciers in the near future by AOGCM scenarios" 4701: 3627: 3517: 3256: 3231: 2995: 2895: 2603: 1378:

There are thousands of glaciers in Alaska but only few have been named. The

10898: 10827: 10584: 10579: 10523: 10204: 10001: 9645: 9635: 9292: 9176: 9089: 8786: 8229: 8093: 7538: 7045: 6808: 6766: 6681: 6546: 6420: 6201: 5957: 5766:

Proceedings of the 39th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, Nevada

5170: 5105: 4720: 4214: 4075: 3643: 3525: 3480: 3454: 3265: 3003: 2903: 2827: 2736: 2691: 2434: 2293: 1986: 1970: 1855: 1802: 1794: 1548:

A large region of population surrounding the central and southern Andes of

1457: 1391: 1294: 1206: 1138: 1050: 953: 825: 779: 762: 645: 416: 316: 246: 175:

have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping

152: 149:. They are several kilometers deep and obscure the underlying topography. 130: 7622: 6373:"Recent glaciers variations at the Aconcagua Basin, central Chilean Andes" 6130: 6105: 4965: 4940: 2259: 2248: 2144:

climate zones. Its glaciers are found only in two isolated ranges and the

1425:

The Juneau Icefield Research Program has monitored outlet glaciers of the

57: 40: 11013: 10892: 10872: 10867: 10852: 10812: 10670: 10554: 10231: 9748: 9740: 9000: 7672: 7217: 7192: 6974: 6923: 6898: 6874: 6849: 6790: 6570:"Rapidly accelerating glaciers may increase how fast the sea level rises" 5626: 5601: 5191:. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. March 9, 2015 4763: 4677:"End of the Little Ice Age in the Alps forced by industrial black carbon" 3431:"Heterogeneous retreat and ice melt of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica" 3318: 3171: 3102: 2371: 2328: 2313: 2241: 2176: 2164: 2141: 2129: 2051: 2047: 1922: 1917: 1838: 1834: 1656: 1637: 1399: 1273: 1154:

has declined 25% since 1946, and summer temperatures have risen 0.7

1146: 892: 810: 234: 142: 107: 103: 95: 8842: 7530: 7037: 6449: 6171: 5707:. Research Laboratory for Nature Protection (Tajikistan). Archived from 5437:

Anthwal, Ashish; Joshi, Varun; Sharma, Archana; Anthwal, Smriti (2006).

4837: 3998:"Special report: How climate change is melting France's largest glacier" 2945: 2849: 2788:"Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century" 1113:

The Easton Glacier retreated 255 m (837 ft) from 1990 to 2005.

862: 11040: 11023: 11003: 10955: 10589: 10503: 10263: 9640: 8839:"Glacial Cover-Up Won't Stop Global Warming, But It Keeps Skiers Happy" 8511: 8486: 8060: 7844:"Antarctica just hit 65 degrees, its warmest temperature ever recorded" 7819:"Antarctica logs hottest temperature on record with a reading of 18.3C" 7561:"New Study in Science Finds Glaciers in Retreat on Antarctic Peninsula" 5975:"The Rocky Mountains' Largest Glaciers Are Melting with Little Fanfare" 4205: 3738: 3428: 2453: 2442: 2282: 2189: 1670: 1452: 1446: 1159: 1038: 1010: 995: 987: 731: 704: 637: 485: 484:

area, this would cause a water shortage for 500 million people. In the

470: 457: 242: 184: 7113: 7069:"Recent Changes in Areal Extent of the Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada" 6314: 5121:"Accelerated mass loss of Himalayan glaciers since the Little Ice Age" 4196: 4168:

Cannone, Nicoletta; Diolaiuti, G; Guglielmin, M; Smiraglia, C (2008).

2930:"The Shrinking Glaciers of Kilimanjaro: Can Global Warming Be Blamed?" 2642:"Accelerated mass loss of Himalayan glaciers since the Little Ice Age" 2487: 1326:, which is an outlet glacier of the 325 km (125 sq mi) 500: 456:

or eliminate runoff. A reduction in runoff will affect the ability to

10629: 10569: 10498: 10493: 10488: 9218: 8156:"The peak of Mt Kilimanjaro as it has not been seen for 11,000 years" 7781: 6672: 5675:"Glaciers Resources of Tajikistan in Condition of the Climate Change" 5635: 5571:"Global Warming Triggers Glacial Lakes Flood Threat – April 16, 2002" 4076:

Jouvet, Guillaume; Matthias Huss; Martin Funk; Heinz Blatter (2011).

3132:

Abrupt Climate Change: Final Report, Synthesis and Assessment Product

2292:

In 1913, 4,550 m (14,930 ft) high Prins Hendrik peaks (now

1954: 1699: 1674: 1661: 1549: 1527: 1523: 1438: 1394:

oil spill, when the tanker changed course to avoid the ice tips. The

1179: 1046: 991: 845: 821: 715: 619: 595: 530: 489: 477: 404: 266: 207: 126: 119: 8141:"Staying power of Kilimanjaro snow defies al Gore's gloomy forecast" 7737: 7332: 7013: 6350:"Huge glaciers retreat on a large scale in Patagonia, South America" 5997: 5096: 5079: 4242: 3891:

The Ecozones of the World: The Ecological Divisions of the Geosphere

3677:

Miller, James D.; Immerzeel, Walter W.; Rees, Gwyn (November 2012).

1305: 737: 10983: 10978: 10731: 10655: 10564: 7506: 6764: 6708:"Moulins, Calving Fronts and Greenland Outlet Glacier Acceleration" 5352:

Naithani, Ajay K.; Nainwal, H. C.; Sati, K. K.; Prasad, C. (2001).

4167: 2528: 2221: 2202: 2137: 2090: 2078: 1831: 1765: 1510: 1429:

since 1946. On the west side of the ice field, the terminus of the

1151: 888: 884: 883:

glaciers provide critical water supplies to arid countries such as

875: 833: 750: 746: 611: 603: 110:, glacial mass changes are one of the most sensitive indicators of 91: 10792: 8535:

In Sign of Warming, 1,600 Years of Ice in Andes Melted in 25 Years

6948:"Elevation changes of ice caps in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago" 4135:

Malinverni, Eva; Croci, Claudia; Sgroi, Fabrizio (February 2008).

2132:

in the foreground and snowfields and the Northern Icefields beyond

2097:. Strictly, a tropical glacier is located within the astronomical 948: 198:

exceeds the quantity of glacial ice lost due to melting or in the

10925: 10915: 10842: 10614: 10599: 10508: 10483: 10459: 9196: 8854: 7450:. Hydrological Service, National Energy Authority. Archived from 5282: 5184: 4857:

Surazakov, A.B.; Aizem, V.B.; Aizem, E.M.; Nikitin, S.A. (2007).

2197: 2193: 2098: 2094: 2011: 1887:

inland. This glacier retreat exposed a rapidly expanding lagoon,

1875: 1867: 1827: 1599: 1335: 1310: 1261: 1175: 1155: 790: 555: 160: 156: 8009:"Snows of Kilimanjaro Disappearing, Glacial Ice Loss Increasing" 7758: 7066: 5568: 4759:"Glaciers melting faster in southeast Turkey, sparking concerns" 4332:"Almost all glaciers in the Alps could disappear by 2100: study" 3945:

The Melting World: A Journey Across America's Vanishing Glaciers

1370: 10797: 10478: 10473: 10199: 8484: 7646: 6767:"Undercutting of marine-terminating glaciers in West Greenland" 6276:"Dynamic behavior of glaciar Perito Moreno, Southern Patagonia" 5185:"Narrowing the Knowledge Gap on Glaciers in High Mountain Asia" 4939:

Ananicheva, M.D.; Krenke, A.N.; Barry, R.G. (October 6, 2010).

4652: 4049:"The Swiss Glaciers Glaciological Report (Glacier) No. 125/126" 2332: 1958: 1063: 1042: 1006: 933: 871: 758: 708: 526: 510: 481: 226:

in South America, as well as isolated tropical summits such as

6765:

Eric Rignot; Ian Fenty; Yun Xu; Cilan Cai; Chris Kemp (2015).

6515:"Changes in the Velocity Structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet" 3339: 2785: 2304:

ice cap disappeared in the 1990s. and the Idenburg glacier on

1830:

and Russia have all shown evidence of glacier retreat. In the

1086:, a portion of those located between the Canada–US border and 563:, resulting in the deaths of 200 people in the French town of 426:

Water runoff from melting glaciers causes global sea level to

10988: 10817: 10634: 10113:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

9206: 7952:

Recession of equatorial glaciers : a photo documentation

6899:"Extreme melt onCanada's Arctic ice caps in the 21st century" 6596:"Jakobshavn Isbrae: Mighty Greenland glacier slams on brakes" 6019: 5958:

Wyoming Water Resources Data System Library (July 11, 1990).

5439:"Retreat of Himalayan Glaciers – Indicator of Climate Change" 4386:"Norwegian mountain glaciers in the past, present and future" 3229: 2709: 2220:

is the second largest tropical icecap in the world after the

1553: 1442: 1441:

observed a large iceberg calving front. By 1948 the adjacent

1268:, which all show evidence of retreat over the past 50 years. 1264:

still manages to support about a dozen small glaciers within

1109: 968: 924: 896: 809:, plus possibly a few very small glaciers in the ranges near 778:

Of the 14 glaciers studied, five had disappeared altogether.

223: 7797:"Antarctica's Ice Is Melting 5 Times Faster Than in the 90s" 7504: 6896: 6425:"New Zealand's Southern Alps have lost a third of their ice" 3717: 919:

region of the Himalayas are all in a state of retreat. The

10998: 10767: 10574: 10428: 8616:"On the disappearance of the Puncak Mandala ice cap, Papua" 7711: 7507:"Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957" 7085:

10.1657/1523-0430(2004)036[0261:RCIAEO]2.0.CO;2

7011: 6144: 6077: 5807: 5482:

10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0332:tkagea]2.0.co;2

5209: 5189:

International Symposium on Glaciology in High Mountain Asia

5080:"Climate change: Melting glaciers bring energy uncertainty" 4790: 4674: 2213: 1097: 1087: 964: 867: 599: 431: 87: 8684: 6512: 5924:

DeVisser, Mark H.; Fountain, Andrew G. (24 October 2014).

4856: 3188:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2022. 2869: 2331:, has itself split into two separate glaciers after 1942. 2209:

have lost more than half their area in the last 40 years.

2029:

reached a temperature of 18.3 °C (64.9 °F), the

383:

most likely to fall into disequilibrium with the climate.

10289:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

8419:

U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior.

6370: 6080:"Terminus Behavior of Juneau Icefield Glaciers 1948–2005" 5926:"A century of glacier change in the Wind River Range, WY" 5902:

U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior.

5504:"Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Nepal" 5436: 5351: 5025:"Global Glacier Changes: facts and figures Northern Asia" 4903:"Glaciers and the Changing Earth System: A 2004 Snapshot" 4309:

Two-thirds of glacier ice in the Alps 'will melt by 2100'

1025: 282:

many cases, between 1950 and 1980 as global temperatures

8582: 8443: 7442: 7301: 7114:

Braun, Carsten; Hardy, D.R. & Bradley, R.S. (2004).

5600:

T. E. Khromova, M. B. Dyurgerov and R. G. Barry (2003).

5324:

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development

3424: 3422: 3038:

Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology

722:

ice cap, the largest body of ice in continental Europe,

8589:

U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior

8548:

Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University.

8341:"Small Glaciers Of The Andes May Vanish In 10–15 Years" 7356:"Studying changes of ice coasts in the European Arctic" 6513:

Rignot, E. & Kanagaratnam, P. (February 17, 2006).

6419: 6317:"A century-long record of glacier O'Higgins, Patagonia" 5118: 4611: 3493: 2639: 2066:(all three in the Antarctic) and the disruption of the 1105:

retreated 450 m (1,480 ft) from 1987 to 2003.

636:

All the glaciers in the French alps are retreating. On

8694:

61st Eastern Snow Conference Portland, Maine, USA 2004

7190: 5030:. United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from 4568: 3389:"Huge cavity in Antarctic glacier signals rapid decay" 3034: 1591:

has been in retreat since at least 1960 through 2008.

1133:

and Mt. David Glacier—are almost completely gone. The

1020: 714:

Engabreen Glacier in Norway, an outlet glacier of the

125:

On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast

19:"Glacier retreat" redirects here. For other uses, see 10130:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

6315:

Casassa, G.; H. Brecher; A. Rivera; M. Aniya (1997).

5283:

Sandeep Chamling Rai; Trishna Gurung ia; et al.

4938: 3785:

The Economics of Adapting Fisheries to Climate Change

3601: 3419: 3387:

Team, By Carol Rasmussen, NASA's Earth Science News.

3232:"Recent climate observations compared to projections" 2705: 2703: 2701: 7418:

Sveinsson, Óli Gretar Blondal (August 11–13, 2008).

7191:

Mueller DR, Vincent WF, Jeffries MO (October 2003).

6423:; Fitzharris, Blair; Chinn, Trevor (July 29, 2014), 6273: 4134: 3819:"Global Warming Triggers Glacial Lakes Flood Threat" 2382: 1985:

is an Antarctic outflow glacier that flows into the

734:, had a retreat of almost 100 m (330 ft). 690:

Morteratsch (right) and Pers (left) glaciers in 2005

8717:"Papua Glacier's Secrets Dripping Away: Scientists" 8657:"Indonesia's Last Glacier Will Melt 'Within Years'" 8585:"Glaciers of Irian Jaya, Indonesia and New Zealand" 8439: 8437: 8033: 7498: 6701: 6699: 6641: 6574:

UC Santa Cruz, November 14–27, 2005 Vol. 10, No. 14

5904:"Glacier Retreat in Glacier National Park, Montana" 3850:(Report). WWF Nepal Program. March 2005. p. 3. 3676: 3604:"Climate Change Will Affect the Asian Water Towers" 2865: 2863: 785: 8267:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-G-3 8257: 6829:. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA – IRVINE. 20 April 2020 5960:"Glacial Icemelt in the Wind River Range, Wyoming" 5874: 5701:"Tajikistan 2002, State of the Environment Report" 3574:"Water crisis looms as Himalayan glaciers retreat" 2698: 2240:Animated map of the extent of the glaciers of the 994:mountains, which Kyrgyzstan shares with China and 469:of North America, glacier runoff is important for 16:Recent shrinking of glaciers due to global warming 8107: 7979: 7955:. Madison, Wis.: Sundog Publishing. p. 142. 7894: 7353: 7277:Global Warming—Greenpeace Pictures in Spitsbergen 6622: 5769:. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology. p. 192 4383: 2523: 2521: 2503:. American Meteorological Society. Archived from 2484:Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change 2043:Ice shelf § Disruption due to climate change 1306:Canadian Rockies and Coast and Columbia Mountains 367:have a negative mass balance and are retreating. 114:. Retreat of glaciers is also a major reason for 11068: 10330:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 8434: 8318:"Antisana's Glaciers: Victims of Climate Change" 8003: 8001: 7067:David O. Burgess & Martin J. Sharpa (2004). 6696: 5923: 5538:Climate Change and Water Resources in South Asia 4980:Jones, Vivienne; Solomina, Olga (June 6, 2015). 4655:"Desaparición de Glaciares Pirenaicos Españoles" 2860: 2462: – Rise of land masses after glacial period 1170:On the sheltered slopes of the highest peaks of 923:, draining the north side of Mount Everest into 626: 8293: 7166:"Giant Ice Shelf Breaks Off in Canadian Arctic" 7163: 4681:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4352: 3035:Hubbard, Bryn; Neil F. 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The 391:Methods for measuring retreat include staking 129:(also known as "continental glaciers") in the 10444: 9075:History of climate change policy and politics 8870: 8714: 7998: 7919: 7588: 6945: 6593: 5877:"Glacier Monitoring in Glacier National Park" 5314: 4979: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4735:"Glacier loss may cost political instability" 4564: 4562: 4560: 4020:"Glacier des Bossons and Glacier de Taconnaz" 2923: 2921: 2842: 2551:"Ice, Snow, and Glaciers and the Water Cycle" 2445: – Earth's surface where water is frozen 1517: 857: 824:, exposed during winter to moisture from the 8841:. Environmental News Network. Archived from 8613: 7591:"Fast Recession of a West Antarctic Glacier" 6728:T. Hughes (1986). "The Jakobshanvs effect". 6371:Francisca Bown F, Rivera A, Acuña C (2008). 4896: 4894: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4653:Serrano, E.; E. Martinez; F. Lampre (2004). 4054:. University of Zurich. 2009. pp. 14–17 3487: 3411:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3223: 3135:. DIANE Publishing Company. pp. 39–45. 2625:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2312:with the 4,884 m (16,024 ft) high 362:), of a glacier is crucial to its survival. 252: 9192:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 8338: 7637: 7579: 7239: 6050: 5534: 5384: 5382: 5305: 4901:Dyurgerov, Mark B.; Meier, Mark F. (2005). 3075: 1636:Several glaciers, notably the much-visited 550:One major concern is the increased risk of 10451: 10437: 10411: 10399: 9856: 8877: 8863: 7948: 7273:"Arctic environment melts before our eyes" 7270: 5998:Canadian Cryospheric Information Network. 5848: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5203: 4927: 4557: 3865: 3030: 3028: 2918: 1969:, and outlet glaciers that drain into the 1925:, a prominent subglacial lake beneath the 1769:Bylot Ice Cap on Bylot Island, one of the 816:In the more maritime and generally wetter 214:in North America, the Alps in Europe, the 171:. Human activities since the start of the 11087:History of climate variability and change 10151: 9957:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 9100:United Nations Climate Change conferences 8776: 8766: 8639: 8510: 8469: 8395: 8193:Thompson, Lonnie G.; et al. (2002). 8153: 7417: 7242:"Glaciology and environmental monitoring" 7216: 6982: 6922: 6873: 6847: 6798: 6727: 6671: 6396: 6332: 6299: 6129: 5851:"North Cascade Glacier Terminus Behavior" 5833: 5625: 5541:. Taylor & Francis Ltd. p. 143. 5535:Qader Mirza, M. Monirul (July 13, 2005). 5160: 5095: 5005: 4964: 4891: 4882: 4845: 4836: 4710: 4700: 4637: 4438: 4436: 4204: 4104: 4071: 4069: 4043: 4041: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3788:. OECD Publishing. 2011. pp. 47–55. 3737: 3694: 3470: 3393:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 3308: 3286: 3255: 3101: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 2927: 2735: 2681: 2602: 2592: 1694:Retreat of the Helheim Glacier, Greenland 1410:in Alaska is fed by three large glaciers— 967:researchers estimate 21 glacial lakes in 386: 9661:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 8654: 8554:Ice Core Paleoclimatology Research Group 8192: 7479:Physical characteristics of ice on Earth 7443:Sigurdsson O, Jonsson T, Johannesson T. 6705: 6451:United States Department of the Interior 6222: 6078:Mauri S. Pelto & Maynard M. Miller. 5789:"Recent Global Glacier Retreat Overview" 5379: 5262:"Zemestan Glacier, Afghanistan Retreats" 4908:. University of Colorado. Archived from 4379: 4377: 4375: 3942:White, Christopher (September 3, 2013). 3868:"Recent Global Glacier Retreat Overview" 3813: 3811: 3179:"IPCC AR6 WGII Summary for Policymakers" 3124: 3122: 3120: 2762:"Recent Global Glacier Retreat Overview" 2350: 2277:'s 1623 report of glaciers covering the 2258: 2247: 2235: 2120: 1916: 1854: 1764: 1689: 1655: 1598: 1531: 1496: 1451: 1369: 1309: 1108: 1096: 1024: 947: 861: 736: 685: 578:glaciers are located either between the 535: 504:Landscape produced by a receding glacier 499: 350:The mass balance, or difference between 340: 256: 233:Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of 33:retreat: White Chuck Glacier, Washington 10017:National Adaptation Programme of Action 9806:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 8685:Joni L. Kincaid & Andrew G. Klein. 8034:Andrew Wielochowski (October 6, 1998). 8011:. Ohio State University. Archived from 6483:Encyclopedia of Earth and Space Science 6000:"Past Variability of Canadian Glaciers" 5972: 5661: 5392:. 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Glaciers also exist in 82:provide evidence for the 76:effects of climate change 10284:Global warming potential 10091:International agreements 9738:Preserving and enhancing 9182:Arctic methane emissions 9104:Years in climate change 9011:Greenhouse gas emissions 8908:Causes of climate change 8258:U.S. Geological Survey. 8172:Volcano Above the Clouds 8114:Ohio State Research News 5875:U.S. Geological Survey. 4811:Yalcin, Mustafa (2020). 4591:10.1177/0959683610385728 4266:10.1177/0309133311399494 3894:(2 ed.). Springer. 2357:greenhouse gas emissions 2196:and Antizana Glacier in 2136:Almost all Africa is in 2064:Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf 1991:West Antarctic Ice Sheet 1977:Dakshin Gangotri Glacier 1951:West Antarctic Ice Sheet 1947:East Antarctic ice sheet 1943:Transantarctic Mountains 1927:East Antarctic Ice Sheet 1921:Location and diagram of 1773:, August 14, 1975 (USGS) 1624:, Grey, Godley, Ramsay, 1456:Maps showing retreat of 1282:Shoshone National Forest 1260:The semiarid climate of 701:Tarfala research station 523:thermohaline circulation 437:The potential for major 169:greenhouse gas emissions 10315:Climate change scenario 9967:Disaster risk reduction 9619:Carbon emission trading 9429:U.S. insurance industry 9409:Civilizational collapse 9256:sea surface temperature 8768:10.1073/pnas.1822037116 8471:10.5194/tc-13-2537-2019 8222:10.1126/science.1073198 8108:Ohio State University. 8086:10.1126/science.1073198 6752:10.1029/GL013i001p00046 6664:10.1126/science.1153360 6539:10.1126/science.1121381 6480:Kusky, Timothy (2010). 6194:10.1126/science.1072497 4702:10.1073/pnas.1302570110 4177:Ecological Applications 3628:10.1126/science.1183188 3518:10.1126/science.1159099 3257:10.1126/science.1136843 2996:10.1126/science.1234532 2896:10.1126/science.abo1324 1949:(EAIS) and the smaller 1779:Canadian Arctic islands 1771:Canadian Arctic islands 1708:Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier 1254:Lindsey Bengtson (USGS) 1055:tidewater glacier cycle 761:, caused by industrial 565:Saint-Gervais-les-Bains 10308:Research and modelling 9992:Nature-based solutions 9812:Nature-based solutions 9754:Carbon dioxide removal 9671:Fossil fuel divestment 9656:Climate risk insurance 9566:Small island countries 9187:Arctic sea ice decline 7921:Pierrehumbert, Raymond 6348:EORC (July 15, 2005). 3969:Fort, Monique (2014). 3455:10.1126/sciadv.aau3433 2850:"Global Glacier State" 2737:10.5194/tc-15-233-2021 2271: 2256: 2245: 2169:U.S. Geological Survey 2133: 2093:north or south of the 1930: 1871: 1860:Ice lagoon Jökulsárlón 1774: 1695: 1665: 1608: 1545: 1514: 1461: 1375: 1342:in British Columbia's 1315: 1114: 1106: 1034: 960: 879: 742: 707:Mountains of northern 691: 618:of North America; the 542: 529:, may affect existing 505: 387:Measurement techniques 347: 262: 90:in central Europe and 10994:Giant current ripples 10269:Earth's energy budget 10152:Background and theory 10040:Climate crisis (term) 9712:Fossil fuel phase-out 9606:Economics and finance 9571:by individual country 9513:By country and region 9488:Security and conflict 9483:Psychological impacts 9172:Abrupt climate change 9095:Charles David Keeling 8928:By country and region 8845:on February 17, 2006. 8837:ENN (July 15, 2005). 8620:Journal of Glaciology 8491:Journal of Glaciology 8294:Andrew Wielochowski. 8139:Town, Jane Flanagan. 7164:National Geographic. 6131:10.5194/tc-2-147-2008 5814:Journal of Glaciology 5730:Huegel, Tony (2008). 5711:on September 28, 2011 5411:Raina, V. K. (2010). 5037:on September 24, 2015 4966:10.5194/tc-4-435-2010 4915:on September 30, 2009 4618:Journal of Glaciology 4085:Journal of Glaciology 3159:. NOAA. July 12, 2014 2393:Climate change portal 2351:Management approaches 2262: 2251: 2239: 2124: 2041:Further information: 1920: 1858: 1768: 1693: 1659: 1602: 1576:Perito Moreno Glacier 1535: 1508: 1455: 1373: 1340:Illecillewaet Glacier 1313: 1184:National Park Service 1172:Glacier National Park 1112: 1100: 1028: 951: 865: 740: 689: 539: 503: 344: 260: 10098:Glasgow Climate Pact 9759:Carbon sequestration 9334:Mass mortality event 8376:Annals of Glaciology 8260:"Glaciers of Africa" 8042:on February 15, 2011 8015:on September 1, 2006 7673:10.1002/2014GL060140 7252:on September 4, 2005 7246:Research in Hornsund 7218:10.1029/2003GL017931 6975:10.1029/2003JF000045 6924:10.1029/2011gl047381 6875:10.1029/2009jf001373 6791:10.1002/2015GL064236 6377:Annals of Glaciology 6321:Annals of Glaciology 6280:Annals of Glaciology 6059:on November 25, 2003 5883:on February 18, 2013 5627:10.1029/2003gl017233 4149:on February 14, 2019 3319:10.1029/2009GL040222 3103:10.5194/tc-4-67-2010 3076:Pelto, M.S. (2010). 2460:Post-glacial rebound 2279:equatorial mountains 2205:, the glaciers atop 1642:Franz Josef Glaciers 1471:Denali National Park 1388:Prince William Sound 1166:U.S. Rocky Mountains 1000:University of Oxford 838:Chukotskiy Peninsula 807:Suntar-Khayata Range 616:Pacific Coast Ranges 303:Glacier mass balance 192:glacier mass balance 167:due to human-caused 10931:Moraine-dammed lake 10758:Subglacial eruption 10237:Climate sensitivity 10012:The Adaptation Fund 9468:Infectious diseases 9375:Social and economic 8759:2019PNAS..11626382P 8753:(52): 26382–26388. 8632:2008JGlac..54..195K 8503:2018JGlac..64..175K 8462:2019TCry...13.2537S 8388:2007AnGla..45..128H 8214:2002Sci...298..589T 8078:2002Sci...298..589T 7774:2015NatGe...8..294G 7730:2008NatGe...1..106R 7665:2014GeoRL..41.3502R 7607:1998Sci...281..549R 7567:on October 21, 2017 7531:10.1038/nature07669 7523:2009Natur.457..459S 7375:2005GML....25..153S 7325:2003ESPL...28..273R 7271:GreenPeace (2002). 7209:2003GeoRL..30.2031M 7135:2004GeAnA..86...43B 7123:Geografiska Annaler 7038:10.1038/nature10089 7030:2011Natur.473..357G 6967:2004JGRF..109.4007A 6915:2011GeoRL..3811501S 6866:2010JGRF..115.1010R 6783:2015GeoRL..42.5909R 6744:1986GeoRL..13...46H 6656:2008Sci...320..778D 6531:2006Sci...311..986R 6389:2008AnGla..48...43B 6292:1997AnGla..24..268S 6186:2002Sci...297..382A 6122:2008TCry....2..147P 6030:2009GPC....66..161K 5979:Scientific American 5826:2001JGlac..47..497P 5618:2003GeoRL..30.1863K 5516:on January 24, 2014 5333:on January 24, 2014 5315:Bajracharya, Mool. 5231:2009ClCh...94....5H 5137:2021NatSR..1124284L 4998:2015GPC...134....3J 4957:2010TCry....4..435A 4875:2007ERL.....2d5017S 4838:10.3390/ijgi9030180 4829:2020IJGI....9..180Y 4693:2013PNAS..11015216P 4687:(88): 15216–15221. 4630:2007JGlac..53..547C 4583:2011Holoc..21..455N 4535:2005Holoc..15.1245N 4405:2008GPC....60...10N 4258:2011PrPG...35..161D 4189:2008EcoAp..18..637C 4097:2011JGlac..57.1033J 3620:2010Sci...328.1382I 3614:(5984): 1382–1385. 3510:2008Sci...321.1340P 3447:2019SciA....5.3433M 3358:2009GPC....65...83C 3301:2009GeoRL..3619503V 3248:2007Sci...316..709R 3094:2010TCry....4...67P 2988:2013Sci...340..852G 2946:10.1511/2007.66.318 2888:2023Sci...379...78R 2804:2021Natur.592..726H 2728:2021TCry...15..233S 2658:2021NatSR..1124284L 2375:much larger scale. 2344:West Northwall Firn 2342:had lost 4.5%, the 2340:East Northwall Firn 2321:peak's first ascent 2265:Also mid-2005 image 2157:Furtwängler Glacier 2126:Furtwängler Glacier 2087:Tropic of Capricorn 2068:Ellesmere Ice Shelf 2027:Antarctic Peninsula 1983:Pine Island Glacier 1935:Antarctic ice sheet 1864:Vatnajökull Glacier 1862:at the foot of the 1793:, Bylot Ice Cap on 1736:University of Maine 1716:Greenland Ice Sheet 1542:San Quintín Glacier 1540:from 1990 to 2000. 1493:Southern hemisphere 1466:Lemon Creek Glacier 1135:White Chuck Glacier 1029:The Lewis Glacier, 952:Glacial retreat in 676:Sforzellina Glacier 671:Morteratsch Glacier 588:Tropic of Capricorn 561:Tête Rousse Glacier 430:, a phenomenon the 47:White Chuck Glacier 10763:Subglacial volcano 10746:Volcanic relations 9808:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 9780:Forest management 9764:Direct air capture 9729:Sustainable energy 9686:Net zero emissions 9681:Low-carbon economy 9676:Green Climate Fund 9463:Indigenous peoples 9366:Plant biodiversity 9154:Effects and issues 8818:on August 18, 2011 8723:on August 11, 2011 8696:. pp. 153–155 8667:on August 16, 2011 8512:10.1017/jog.2018.2 8062:Lonnie G. Thompson 7876:. February 7, 2020 7850:. February 7, 2020 7363:Geo-Marine Letters 7172:on January 1, 2007 6903:Geophys. Res. Lett 6631:on April 22, 2006. 6153:on August 13, 2016 5443:Nature and Science 5125:Scientific Reports 4496:"Hardangerjøkulen" 4091:(206): 1033–1045. 2934:American Scientist 2646:Scientific Reports 2421:Environment portal 2272: 2257: 2246: 2226:Qori Kalis Glacier 2173:Rwenzori Mountains 2134: 2056:Thwaites Ice Shelf 1931: 1884:Breiðamerkurjökull 1872: 1775: 1732:Jakobshavns Effect 1696: 1666: 1616:, Ivory, Classen, 1609: 1546: 1538:San Rafael Glacier 1515: 1462: 1431:Mendenhall Glacier 1376: 1316: 1270:Schoolroom Glacier 1115: 1107: 1035: 961: 880: 775:glaciers in Turkey 743: 732:Folgefonna ice cap 726:, Brenndalsbreen, 692: 642:Argentière Glacier 543: 506: 397:global positioning 348: 263: 218:in North America, 159:. But the current 141:countries such as 11064: 11063: 11032: 11031: 10550:Accumulation zone 10426: 10425: 10364: 10363: 10360: 10359: 10299:Radiative forcing 10142: 10141: 10138: 10137: 9962:Adaptive capacity 9847: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9707:Energy transition 9583: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9303:Tropical cyclones 9229:Urban heat island 9143: 9142: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9016:Carbon accounting 8970:Greenhouse effect 8936: 8935: 8456:(10): 2537–2556. 8339:Bernard Francou. 8120:on March 13, 2004 8072:(5593): 589–593. 7991:978-0-521-63333-8 7982:Tropical Glaciers 7962:978-0-9729033-3-2 7906:978-0-521-63333-8 7897:Tropical Glaciers 7762:Nature Geoscience 7718:Nature Geoscience 7701:. April 21, 2005. 7659:(10): 3502–3509. 7601:(5376): 549–551. 7240:Glowacki, Piotr. 7024:(7347): 357–360. 6777:(14): 5909–5917. 6650:(5877): 778–781. 6525:(5763): 986–990. 6493:978-0-8160-7005-3 6180:(5580): 382–386. 6051:Bruce F. Molnia. 5743:978-0-89997-473-6 5292:WWF Nepal Program 5090:(7473): 617–618. 5057:"Himalayas Facts" 4290:. Swiss Education 4288:"Glaciers Online" 4224:on April 18, 2015 4197:10.1890/07-1188.1 3795:978-92-64-09036-1 3749:978-3-319-92287-4 3554:. October 9, 2003 2982:(6134): 852–857. 2798:(7856): 726–731. 2750:Abstract; Fig. 4. 2365:industrialization 2336:satellite imagery 2325:Carstensz Glacier 2302:Mandala / Juliana 2244:from 1850 to 2003 2218:Quelccaya Ice Cap 2212:Further south in 1644:on New Zealand's 1585:Marinelli Glacier 1572:O'Higgins Glacier 1506: 1460:from 1941 to 1982 1348:Selkirk Mountains 1328:Columbia Icefield 1324:Athabasca Glacier 1131:Milk Lake Glacier 1015:Fedchenko Glacier 887:, western China, 799:Verkhoyansk Range 716:Svartisen ice cap 666:the time period. 586:, or between the 467:Pacific Northwest 393:terminus location 228:Mount Kilimanjaro 196:accumulation zone 80:mountain glaciers 78:. The retreat of 11119: 10951:Terminal moraine 10783: 10782: 10519:Piedmont glacier 10453: 10446: 10439: 10430: 10429: 10414: 10413: 10402: 10401: 10390: 10389: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10342:Paleoclimatology 10159: 10158: 10148: 10147: 9909:Ecological grief 9892:Climate movement 9867: 9866: 9853: 9852: 9833:Plant-based diet 9724:Renewable energy 9602: 9601: 9589: 9588: 9424:Economic impacts 9356:Invasive species 9212:Coastal flooding 9162: 9161: 9149: 9148: 9085:Svante Arrhenius 9061: 9060: 9031:from agriculture 9021:Carbon footprint 9006:Greenhouse gases 8955: 8954: 8942: 8941: 8894: 8893: 8879: 8872: 8865: 8856: 8855: 8847: 8846: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8817: 8811:. Archived from 8806: 8797: 8791: 8790: 8780: 8770: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8728: 8719:. Archived from 8712: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8691: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8672: 8663:. Archived from 8652: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8626:(184): 195–198. 8611: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8591:. Archived from 8580: 8574: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8545: 8539: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8514: 8497:(244): 175–184. 8482: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8441: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8399: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8351:on March 9, 2021 8347:. Archived from 8336: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8275: 8269:. Archived from 8264: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8208:(5593): 589–93. 8199: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8163: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8116:. Archived from 8105: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8038:. Archived from 8031: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8005: 7996: 7995: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7965:. Archived from 7946: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7923:(May 23, 2005). 7917: 7911: 7910: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7815: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7782:10.1038/ngeo2388 7756: 7750: 7749: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7644: 7635: 7634: 7586: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7517:(7228): 459–62. 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7483:. Archived from 7473: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7456: 7449: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7424: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7399: 7393:. Archived from 7369:(2–3): 153–166. 7360: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7308: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7279:. Archived from 7268: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7248:. Archived from 7237: 7231: 7230: 7220: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7168:. Archived from 7161: 7155: 7154: 7120: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6993: 6987:. Archived from 6986: 6984:2060/20040171503 6952: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6926: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6877: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6802: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6703: 6694: 6693: 6675: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6627:. Archived from 6620: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6606: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6457:. Archived from 6447: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6430:The Conversation 6417: 6411: 6410: 6400: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6255:. April 27, 2004 6245: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6229: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6149:. Archived from 6142: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6055:. Archived from 6048: 6042: 6041: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6006: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5930: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5879:. Archived from 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5849:Mauri S. Pelto. 5846: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5820:(158): 497–506. 5805: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5787:Pelto, Mauri S. 5784: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5679: 5670: 5659: 5658: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5629: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5577:. Archived from 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5515: 5508: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5417: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5358: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5332: 5326:. Archived from 5321: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5289: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5216: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5164: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5012: 5011: 5009: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4936: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4914: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4854: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4714: 4704: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4624:(183): 547–557. 4609: 4603: 4602: 4566: 4555: 4554: 4529:(8): 1245–1252. 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4440: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4415:. Archived from 4390: 4381: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4359: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4334:. Deutsche Welle 4328: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4223: 4217:. Archived from 4208: 4174: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4108: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4053: 4045: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3866:Mauri S. Pelto. 3863: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3741: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3698: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3504:(5894): 1340–3. 3491: 3485: 3484: 3474: 3435:Science Advances 3426: 3417: 3416: 3410: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3312: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3259: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3126: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3105: 3073: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3032: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2973: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2739: 2707: 2696: 2695: 2685: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2624: 2616: 2606: 2604:2060/20110015312 2596: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2533:climate.nasa.gov 2525: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2512: 2497: 2491: 2479: 2449:List of glaciers 2437: 2432: 2431: 2423: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2298:Wilhelmina Peaks 2255:icecap 1936 USGS 2083:Tropic of Cancer 2060:Larsen Ice Shelf 2001:Thwaites Glacier 1913:Thwaites Glacier 1837:, the island of 1811:Ellesmere Island 1761:Ward Hunt Island 1712:Jakobshavn Isbræ 1589:Tierra del Fuego 1507: 1481:, Black Rapids, 1420:Tyndall Glaciers 1380:Columbia Glacier 1359:British Columbia 1357:in Southwestern 1320:Canadian Rockies 1286:Wind River Range 1249: 1239:Dan Fagre (USGS) 1234: 1219: 1201: 1189:Grinnell Glacier 1080:British Columbia 982:Glaciers in the 929:Gangotri Glacier 913:Zemestan Glacier 818:Russian Far East 683:high elevation. 592:Antarctic Circle 580:Tropic of Cancer 444:Thwaites Glacier 380:Grinnell Glacier 331: 319: 177:greenhouse gases 104:mean temperature 60: 43: 31:mountain glacier 11127: 11126: 11122: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11092:Montane ecology 11067: 11066: 11065: 11060: 11028: 10965: 10946:Sevetti moraine 10904: 10858:Roche moutonnée 10803:Cirque stairway 10772: 10741: 10720: 10644: 10605:Lateral moraine 10533: 10462: 10457: 10427: 10422: 10375: 10373: 10356: 10303: 10294:Orbital forcing 10188: 10153: 10134: 10108:Paris Agreement 10086: 10082:Warming stripes 10021: 9987:Managed retreat 9982:Loss and damage 9943: 9877:Business action 9861: 9839: 9816: 9739: 9733: 9690: 9651:Climate finance 9596: 9575: 9507: 9370: 9346:Extinction risk 9322:Flora and fauna 9317: 9278:Permafrost thaw 9273:Ozone depletion 9202:Extreme weather 9156: 9139: 9066: 9047: 8984: 8949: 8932: 8899: 8888: 8883: 8852: 8850: 8835: 8831: 8821: 8819: 8815: 8804: 8798: 8794: 8739: 8735: 8726: 8724: 8713: 8709: 8699: 8697: 8689: 8683: 8679: 8670: 8668: 8653: 8649: 8612: 8608: 8598: 8596: 8595:on May 12, 2008 8581: 8577: 8572: 8568: 8558: 8556: 8546: 8542: 8532: 8528: 8483: 8479: 8442: 8435: 8425: 8423: 8417: 8413: 8368: 8364: 8354: 8352: 8337: 8333: 8323: 8321: 8314: 8310: 8300: 8298: 8292: 8288: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8262: 8256: 8252: 8242: 8240: 8197: 8191: 8187: 8177: 8175: 8164: 8152: 8148: 8137: 8133: 8123: 8121: 8106: 8059: 8055: 8045: 8043: 8032: 8028: 8018: 8016: 8007: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7978: 7974: 7963: 7947: 7943: 7933: 7931: 7918: 7914: 7907: 7893: 7889: 7879: 7877: 7868: 7867: 7863: 7853: 7851: 7848:Washington Post 7842: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7825: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7802: 7800: 7793: 7789: 7757: 7753: 7738:10.1038/ngeo102 7710: 7706: 7693: 7692: 7688: 7645: 7638: 7587: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7503: 7499: 7490: 7488: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7447: 7441: 7437: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7412: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7358: 7352: 7348: 7333:10.1002/esp.485 7306: 7300: 7296: 7286: 7284: 7283:on June 3, 2016 7269: 7265: 7255: 7253: 7238: 7234: 7189: 7185: 7175: 7173: 7162: 7158: 7118: 7112: 7108: 7065: 7061: 7010: 7006: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6950: 6944: 6940: 6895: 6891: 6854:J. Geophys. Res 6846: 6842: 6832: 6830: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6763: 6759: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6704: 6697: 6640: 6636: 6621: 6617: 6604: 6602: 6592: 6588: 6578: 6576: 6566: 6562: 6511: 6507: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6478: 6474: 6464: 6462: 6461:on June 3, 2008 6453:(May 4, 2000). 6448: 6444: 6435: 6433: 6418: 6414: 6369: 6365: 6355: 6353: 6346: 6342: 6313: 6309: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6221: 6217: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6143: 6139: 6102: 6098: 6088: 6086: 6076: 6072: 6062: 6060: 6049: 6045: 6018: 6014: 6004: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5983: 5981: 5971: 5967: 5956: 5952: 5928: 5922: 5918: 5908: 5906: 5900: 5896: 5886: 5884: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5855:Nichols College 5847: 5843: 5806: 5802: 5793: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5772: 5770: 5761: 5757: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5697: 5693: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5662: 5647: 5643: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5582: 5581:on June 3, 2016 5567: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5361:Current Science 5356: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5319: 5313: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5258: 5254: 5214: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5117: 5113: 5097:10.1038/502617a 5076: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5015: 4978: 4974: 4937: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4899: 4892: 4855: 4846: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4783: 4779: 4770: 4768: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4651: 4647: 4610: 4606: 4567: 4558: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4502:on May 26, 2015 4494: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4476:on May 26, 2015 4468: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4450:on May 26, 2015 4442: 4441: 4434: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4388: 4382: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4080: 4074: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4024:Glaciers Online 4018: 4017: 4013: 4003: 4001: 4000:. New Scientist 3994: 3990: 3983: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3864: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3809: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3750: 3716: 3712: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3585: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3492: 3488: 3441:(1): eaau3433. 3427: 3420: 3404: 3403: 3397: 3395: 3385: 3381: 3338: 3334: 3310:10.1.1.170.8753 3285: 3281: 3228: 3224: 3215: 3213: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3127: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3074: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3033: 3026: 3016: 3014: 2971: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2926: 2919: 2882:(6627): 78–83. 2868: 2861: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2758: 2754: 2708: 2699: 2638: 2634: 2618: 2617: 2572: 2568: 2559: 2557: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2527: 2526: 2519: 2510: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2480: 2473: 2469: 2433: 2426: 2419: 2412: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2353: 2310:Mount Carstensz 2287:Maoke Mountains 2253:Mount Carstensz 2242:Carstensz Range 2234: 2207:Nevado del Ruiz 2185: 2146:Ruwenzori Range 2119: 2076: 2070:in the Arctic. 2045: 2039: 1967:Ronne Ice Shelf 1915: 1901: 1853: 1824: 1822:Northern Europe 1815:Ayles Ice Shelf 1763: 1757: 1704:Helheim Glacier 1688: 1683: 1654: 1597: 1581:Aconcagua River 1530: 1520: 1497: 1495: 1427:Juneau Icefield 1368: 1308: 1299:Rocky Mountains 1291:Gannett Glacier 1256: 1250: 1241: 1235: 1226: 1224:Carl Key (USGS) 1220: 1211: 1202: 1168: 1143:Boulder Glacier 1103:Boulder Glacier 1072: 1023: 984:Ak-shirak Range 977:Raphstreng Tsho 938:Karakoram Range 921:Rongbuk Glacier 909:Wakhan Corridor 860: 795:Altai Mountains 788: 771: 745:In the Spanish 663:Aletsch Glacier 650:Bossons Glacier 634: 629: 608:Rocky Mountains 576:Middle latitude 573: 571:Middle latitude 548: 515:cutthroat trout 498: 453: 424: 419: 413: 389: 339: 338: 337: 336: 335: 332: 324: 323: 320: 309: 301:Main articles: 299: 284:cooled slightly 275: 255: 212:Rocky Mountains 135:mountain ranges 68: 67: 66: 65: 64: 61: 52: 51: 50: 44: 35: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11125: 11115: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10975: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10912: 10910: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10902: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10838:Hanging valley 10835: 10833:Glacial striae 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10789: 10787: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10749: 10747: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10728: 10726: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10696:Periglaciation 10693: 10688: 10686:Outburst flood 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10652: 10650: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10610:Medial moraine 10607: 10602: 10597: 10595:Glacier tongue 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10541: 10539: 10535: 10534: 10532: 10531: 10529:Valley glacier 10526: 10521: 10516: 10514:Outlet glacier 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10470: 10468: 10464: 10463: 10456: 10455: 10448: 10441: 10433: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10420: 10408: 10396: 10384: 10369: 10366: 10365: 10362: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10338: 10337: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10311: 10309: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10249: 10247:Cloud feedback 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10228: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10202: 10196: 10194: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10165: 10163: 10155: 10154: 10144: 10143: 10140: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10133: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10115: 10105: 10103:Kyoto Protocol 10100: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10079: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10057: 10055:Media coverage 10052: 10047: 10045:Climate spiral 10042: 10037: 10031: 10029: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9953: 9951: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9941: 9936: 9934:Public opinion 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9900: 9899: 9889: 9884: 9882:Climate action 9879: 9873: 9871: 9863: 9862: 9849: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9835: 9824: 9822: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9796: 9794:REDD and REDD+ 9791: 9786: 9778: 9773: 9771:Carbon farming 9768: 9767: 9766: 9761: 9751: 9745: 9743: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9704: 9698: 9696: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9621: 9616: 9610: 9608: 9598: 9597: 9585: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9517: 9515: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9505: 9503:Water security 9500: 9498:Water scarcity 9495: 9493:Urban flooding 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9432: 9431: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9378: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9351:Forest dieback 9348: 9343: 9338: 9337: 9336: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9288:Sea level rise 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9261:stratification 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9233: 9232: 9231: 9226: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9168: 9166: 9158: 9157: 9145: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9026:Carbon leakage 9023: 9018: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8992: 8990: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8967: 8965:Climate system 8961: 8959: 8951: 8950: 8938: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8890: 8889: 8886:Climate change 8882: 8881: 8874: 8867: 8859: 8849: 8848: 8829: 8792: 8733: 8707: 8677: 8647: 8606: 8575: 8566: 8540: 8526: 8477: 8450:The Cryosphere 8433: 8411: 8382:(1): 128–136. 8362: 8331: 8308: 8286: 8250: 8185: 8166:Tyson, Peter. 8146: 8131: 8053: 8026: 7997: 7990: 7972: 7969:on 2013-05-15. 7961: 7941: 7912: 7905: 7887: 7861: 7835: 7810: 7787: 7768:(4): 294–298. 7751: 7724:(2): 106–110. 7704: 7686: 7636: 7578: 7552: 7497: 7468: 7435: 7410: 7346: 7319:(3): 273–298. 7294: 7263: 7232: 7183: 7156: 7106: 7079:(2): 261–271. 7059: 7004: 6961:(F4): F04007. 6938: 6909:(11): L11501. 6889: 6860:(F1): F01010. 6840: 6814: 6757: 6720: 6695: 6634: 6615: 6586: 6560: 6505: 6492: 6472: 6442: 6412: 6363: 6340: 6327:(1): 106–110. 6307: 6286:(1): 268–271. 6266: 6240: 6215: 6164: 6137: 6116:(2): 147–157. 6110:The Cryosphere 6096: 6070: 6043: 6012: 5990: 5965: 5950: 5916: 5894: 5867: 5841: 5800: 5779: 5755: 5742: 5722: 5705:Climate Change 5691: 5660: 5641: 5592: 5561: 5548:978-0203020777 5547: 5527: 5495: 5476:(4): 332–340. 5460: 5429: 5403: 5378: 5344: 5304: 5275: 5252: 5219:Climate Change 5202: 5176: 5111: 5070: 5048: 5013: 4972: 4951:(4): 435–445. 4945:The Cryosphere 4926: 4890: 4844: 4803: 4777: 4750: 4739:Anadolu Agency 4726: 4667: 4645: 4604: 4577:(3): 455–471. 4556: 4513: 4487: 4461: 4432: 4371: 4345: 4323: 4312: 4301: 4279: 4252:(2): 161–182. 4235: 4183:(3): 637–648. 4160: 4127: 4065: 4037: 4011: 3988: 3981: 3961: 3955:978-0312546281 3954: 3934: 3927: 3907: 3901:978-3540200147 3900: 3880: 3853: 3836: 3825:on 26 May 2005 3807: 3794: 3775: 3748: 3710: 3689:(4): 461–467. 3669: 3594: 3565: 3539: 3486: 3418: 3379: 3332: 3295:(19): L19503. 3279: 3222: 3198: 3170: 3148: 3141: 3116: 3082:The Cryosphere 3061: 3048:978-0470844274 3047: 3024: 2958: 2940:(4): 318–325. 2917: 2859: 2841: 2778: 2760:Pelto, Mauri. 2752: 2722:(1): 233–246. 2716:The Cryosphere 2697: 2632: 2566: 2542: 2535:. NASA. 2019. 2517: 2492: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2446: 2439: 2438: 2424: 2410: 2407:Ecology portal 2396: 2380: 2377: 2352: 2349: 2233: 2230: 2184: 2181: 2118: 2115: 2075: 2072: 2038: 2035: 2023:Esperanza Base 2007:Totten Glacier 1963:Ross Ice Shelf 1957:. It would be 1900: 1897: 1852: 1849: 1823: 1820: 1756: 1753: 1741:surface runoff 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1653: 1650: 1596: 1593: 1519: 1516: 1494: 1491: 1435:Juneau, Alaska 1396:Valdez Glacier 1367: 1364: 1346:, part of the 1307: 1304: 1258: 1257: 1251: 1244: 1242: 1236: 1229: 1227: 1221: 1214: 1212: 1203: 1196: 1167: 1164: 1123:Spider Glacier 1084:North Cascades 1071: 1068: 1022: 1019: 901:Little Ice Age 859: 856: 803:Cherskiy Range 787: 784: 770: 767: 728:Briksdalsbreen 724:Kjenndalsbreen 720:Jostedalsbreen 633: 630: 628: 625: 572: 569: 547: 544: 519:ocean currents 497: 494: 452: 449: 439:sea level rise 423: 422:Sea level rise 420: 412: 409: 401:aerial mapping 388: 385: 376:Easton Glacier 364:Climate change 333: 326: 325: 321: 314: 313: 312: 311: 310: 298: 295: 291:climate change 279:Little Ice Age 274: 271: 254: 251: 247:water supplies 239:drinking water 173:industrial era 165:global warming 139:oceanic island 116:sea level rise 112:climate change 62: 55: 54: 53: 45: 38: 37: 36: 28: 27: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11124: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11035: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10971:Glaciofluvial 10968: 10962: 10961:Veiki moraine 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10941:Rogen moraine 10939: 10937: 10936:Pulju moraine 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10921:Erratic block 10919: 10917: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10883:Tunnel valley 10881: 10879: 10878:Trough valley 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10808:Crag and tail 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10775: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10750: 10748: 10744: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10723: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10691:Overdeepening 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10666:Basal sliding 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10647: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10545:Ablation zone 10543: 10542: 10540: 10536: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10454: 10449: 10447: 10442: 10440: 10435: 10434: 10431: 10419: 10418: 10409: 10407: 10406: 10397: 10395: 10394: 10385: 10383: 10382: 10371: 10370: 10367: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10320:Climate model 10318: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10306: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10253: 10252:Cloud forcing 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10191: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10149: 10145: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10089: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10027:Communication 10024: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10007:Vulnerability 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9977:Flood control 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9946: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9898: 9895: 9894: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9854: 9850: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9819: 9813: 9810: 9807: 9804: 9800: 9799:reforestation 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9784:afforestation 9782: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9736: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9719:Nuclear power 9717: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9614:Carbon budget 9612: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9590: 9586: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9510: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9452: 9451:Mental health 9449: 9448: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9393: 9392:United States 9390: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9246:deoxygenation 9244: 9242: 9241:acidification 9239: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9217: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9150: 9146: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9069: 9062: 9058: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9036:from wetlands 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8996:Deforestation 8994: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8981: 8978: 8975: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8943: 8939: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8902: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8880: 8875: 8873: 8868: 8866: 8861: 8860: 8857: 8853: 8844: 8840: 8833: 8814: 8810: 8803: 8796: 8788: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8737: 8722: 8718: 8711: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8666: 8662: 8661:Jakarta Globe 8658: 8651: 8642: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8610: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8579: 8570: 8555: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8536: 8530: 8522: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8481: 8472: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8440: 8438: 8422: 8415: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8366: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8335: 8319: 8312: 8297: 8290: 8276:on 2012-10-18 8272: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8196: 8189: 8173: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8150: 8142: 8135: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8041: 8037: 8030: 8014: 8010: 8004: 8002: 7993: 7987: 7983: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7954: 7953: 7945: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7916: 7908: 7902: 7898: 7891: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7824: 7820: 7814: 7798: 7791: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7755: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7708: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7643: 7641: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7585: 7583: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7487:on 2007-12-16 7486: 7482: 7480: 7472: 7457:on 2007-09-28 7453: 7446: 7439: 7421: 7414: 7400:on 2012-03-05 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7305: 7298: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7117: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7008: 6994:on 2023-07-11 6990: 6985: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6844: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6724: 6709: 6702: 6700: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6601: 6597: 6590: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6495: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6476: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6422: 6421:Salinger, Jim 6416: 6408: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6351: 6344: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6311: 6302: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6226: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6100: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6001: 5994: 5980: 5976: 5969: 5961: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5933:Geomorphology 5927: 5920: 5905: 5898: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5790: 5783: 5768: 5767: 5759: 5745: 5739: 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4708: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4656: 4649: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4422:on 2016-11-07 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4356: 4349: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4305: 4289: 4283: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4070: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4025: 4021: 4015: 3999: 3992: 3984: 3982:9789400770218 3978: 3974: 3973: 3965: 3957: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3938: 3930: 3928:9781843537113 3924: 3920: 3919: 3911: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3869: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3846: 3840: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3812: 3797: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3779: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3583: 3579: 3578:wwf.panda.org 3575: 3569: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3423: 3414: 3408: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3242:(5825): 709. 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3174: 3158: 3152: 3144: 3142:9781437915693 3138: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3029: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2962: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2864: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2628: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2522: 2507:on 2012-06-23 2506: 2502: 2496: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2476: 2471: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2397: 2394: 2383: 2376: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306:Ngga Pilimsit 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275:Jan Carstensz 2270: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2183:South America 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1848: 1845: 1844:Novaya Zemlya 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1799:Devon Ice Cap 1796: 1792: 1791:Baffin Island 1788: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1745:ocean warming 1742: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1692: 1681:North America 1678: 1676: 1672: 1663: 1658: 1652:Polar regions 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1601: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1566:retreat. The 1564: 1559: 1558:hydroelectric 1555: 1551: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1512: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1372: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1332:Peyto Glacier 1329: 1325: 1321: 1312: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1248: 1243: 1240: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1218: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127:Lewis Glacier 1124: 1119: 1111: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076:Cascade Range 1070:Cascade Range 1067: 1065: 1061: 1060:Sierra Nevada 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1032: 1027: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 959: 955: 950: 946: 944: 943:Biafo Glacier 939: 935: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:Mount Everest 914: 910: 905: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 877: 873: 869: 864: 855: 852: 847: 841: 839: 835: 831: 830:Kuril Islands 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 783: 781: 776: 766: 764: 760: 755: 752: 748: 739: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 712: 710: 706: 702: 698: 697:Storglaciären 688: 684: 680: 677: 672: 667: 664: 660: 659:Trift Glacier 654: 651: 647: 643: 639: 624: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 584:Arctic Circle 581: 577: 568: 566: 562: 557: 553: 538: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 502: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 474: 472: 468: 464: 463:Central Asian 459: 448: 445: 440: 435: 433: 429: 418: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 384: 381: 377: 374:For example, 372: 368: 365: 361: 358:(melting and 357: 353: 343: 330: 318: 308: 304: 294: 292: 287: 285: 280: 270: 268: 259: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 231: 230:in Africa. 229: 225: 221: 220:Southern Alps 217: 216:Cascade Range 213: 209: 204: 201: 200:ablation zone 197: 193: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 131:polar regions 128: 123: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 100:precipitation 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 59: 48: 42: 32: 29:Example of a 22: 11112:21st century 11107:20th century 11102:19th century 10909:Depositional 10899:Zungenbecken 10897: 10828:Glacial lake 10823:Glacial horn 10737:Mass balance 10725:Measurements 10705: 10661:Accumulation 10585:Glacier head 10580:Glacier cave 10524:Rock glacier 10415: 10403: 10391: 10372: 10205:Carbon cycle 10162:Measurements 9857:Society and 9741:carbon sinks 9646:Climate debt 9636:Carbon price 9458:Human rights 9293:Season creep 9282: 9251:heat content 9177:Anoxic event 9090:James Hansen 8851: 8843:the original 8832: 8822:September 6, 8820:. Retrieved 8813:the original 8808: 8795: 8750: 8746: 8736: 8725:. Retrieved 8721:the original 8710: 8698:. Retrieved 8693: 8680: 8669:. Retrieved 8665:the original 8660: 8650: 8623: 8619: 8609: 8597:. Retrieved 8593:the original 8588: 8578: 8569: 8559:February 10, 8557:. Retrieved 8553: 8543: 8534: 8529: 8494: 8490: 8480: 8453: 8449: 8424:. Retrieved 8414: 8379: 8375: 8365: 8353:. Retrieved 8349:the original 8344: 8334: 8322:. Retrieved 8320:. GlobalPost 8311: 8299:. Retrieved 8289: 8278:. Retrieved 8271:the original 8266: 8253: 8241:. Retrieved 8205: 8201: 8188: 8176:. Retrieved 8171: 8160:The Guardian 8159: 8149: 8134: 8122:. Retrieved 8118:the original 8113: 8069: 8065: 8056: 8044:. Retrieved 8040:the original 8029: 8017:. Retrieved 8013:the original 7981: 7975: 7967:the original 7951: 7944: 7932:. Retrieved 7928: 7915: 7896: 7890: 7878:. Retrieved 7873: 7864: 7852:. Retrieved 7847: 7838: 7826:. Retrieved 7823:The Guardian 7822: 7813: 7801:. 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