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on the overlying rock, resulting in a broader cone of eviscerated rock (the ejection of this rock also forms a tuff ring, like kimberlite eruptions). This broad cone is then filled with volcanic ash and materials. Finally, the degassed magma is pushed upward, filling the cone. The result is a funnel
72:, and are mined for this purpose. Volcanic pipes are relatively rare by this definition based on minerals and depth of the magma source, but on the other hand volcanic diatremes are common, indeed the second commonest form of volcanic extrusion (that is magma that reaches the surface).
80:
Volcanic pipes form as the result of violent eruptions of deep-origin volcanoes. These volcanoes originate at least three times as deep as most other volcanoes, and the resulting magma that is pushed toward the surface is high in magnesium and
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forms around a bowl-shaped depression over the subterranean column of magma. Over time, the tuff ring may erode back into the bowl, leveling out the depression by filling it with washed-back ejecta.
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pipes, the eruption ejects a column of overlying material directly over the magma column, and does not form a large above-ground elevation as typical volcanoes do; instead, a low ring of
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Lamproite pipes operate similarly to kimberlite pipes, except that the boiling water and volatile compounds contained in the magma act
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is reduced with decreasing depth. This sudden expansion propels the magma upward at rapid speeds, resulting in a supersonic
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shaped deposit of volcanic material (both solidified magma, and ejecta) which appears mostly flat from the surface.
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pipes are the source of most of the world's commercial diamond production, and also contain other precious
56:(described as "carrot-shaped"), and are usually largely composed of one of two characteristic rock types —
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64:. These rocks reflect the composition of the volcanoes' deep magma sources, where the Earth is rich in
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275:. United States Geological Survey: Special Interest Publication. Retrieved March 17, 2005.
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199: – Diamond mine in Sakha Republic, Russia, a diamond mine in Yakutia, Russia
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93:. As the body of magma rises toward the surface, the volatile compounds
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52:. Volcanic pipes are composed of a deep, narrow cone of solidified
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131:. This residue of a pipe is about 100 m (330 ft) across.
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Subterranean geological structure formed by volcanic eruption
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Southern
African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
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68:. They are well known as the primary source of
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231:The Alnö Carbonatite Complex, central Sweden
227:
1108:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
228:Kresten, Peter; Troll, Valentin R. (2018).
1081:History of hard rock miners' organizations
301:
287:
1066:American Society of Reclamation Sciences
913:North American Aerospace Defense Command
111:
18:
1266:
46:. They are considered to be a type of
282:
261:American Museum of Natural History.
135:
13:
1006:Journey to the Center of the Earth
908:Naples underground geothermal zone
177:
162:and semi-precious stones, such as
38:structures formed by the violent,
14:
1285:
1123:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
1118:International Union of Speleology
1113:Institution of Mining Engineers
878:Underground Great Wall of China
308:
1128:Society of Economic Geologists
1096:National Speleological Society
1046:Wonderland (fictional country)
221:
1:
553:Subterranean rivers of London
214:
1086:National Mine Map Repository
528:Jewel Cave National Monument
265:. Retrieved March 17, 2005.
210: – Geological formation
75:
7:
1091:National Mining Association
918:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
190:
10:
1290:
1031:Tunnels in popular culture
873:Underground City, Montreal
868:Underground City (Beijing)
813:816 Nuclear Military Plant
543:Mammoth Cave National Park
1141:
1058:
983:
962:
955:
838:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
805:
582:
575:
505:
323:
316:
203:Elliott County Kimberlite
1204:Underground construction
1076:Cave Research Foundation
263:"The Nature of Diamonds"
42:eruption of deep-origin
690:Missile launch facility
563:Wind Cave National Park
843:Chicago Tunnel Company
482:Subterranean waterfall
132:
117:Mount Hypipamee Crater
24:
858:Kőbánya cellar system
848:Houston tunnel system
828:Almadén Mercury Mines
823:The Caves of Ægissíða
273:"Volcanoes" (excerpt)
208:Lake Ellen Kimberlite
115:
22:
1253:Subterranean warfare
1026:Subterranea (comics)
1011:Moria (Middle-earth)
991:Allegory of the cave
975:Subterranean fiction
1209:Tunnel construction
933:Subterranean Toledo
928:Subterranean London
818:Caves of Maastricht
1231:Mining engineering
1216:Underground living
1041:Underland (Narnia)
956:Fictional features
735:Underground hangar
477:Subterranean river
472:Subterranean fauna
234:. Cham: Springer.
133:
121:Atherton Tableland
83:volatile compounds
25:
1261:
1260:
1149:Cave conservation
1054:
1053:
951:
950:
797:Ventilation shaft
576:Man-made features
571:
570:
241:978-3-319-90224-1
34:are subterranean
32:volcanic conduits
1281:
1226:Mine exploration
1001:Greek Underworld
960:
959:
938:Turda Salt Mines
923:Shanghai tunnels
787:Smuggling tunnel
730:Underground base
725:Underground city
640:Dugout (shelter)
590:Air raid shelter
580:
579:
538:Lechuguilla Cave
518:Castellana Caves
487:Underground lake
321:
320:
317:Natural features
303:
296:
289:
280:
279:
271:Tilling (1985).
267:Archived version
254:
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136:Kimberlite pipes
107:Plinian eruption
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979:
947:
853:Kosvinsky Kamen
801:
660:Fallout shelter
630:Crypt Mausoleum
567:
558:Veryovkina Cave
548:Reed Flute Cave
501:
408:Solutional cave
356:Communal burrow
312:
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178:Lamproite pipes
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1199:Trench warfare
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1194:Tunnel network
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1189:Tunnel warfare
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1142:Related topics
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755:Secret passage
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523:Hang Sơn Đoòng
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91:carbon dioxide
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28:Volcanic pipes
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1174:Cave painting
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1059:Organisations
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893:Mustang Caves
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760:Semi-basement
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750:Subway system
748:
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720:Utility vault
718:
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705:Rock-cut tomb
703:
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695:Passage grave
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650:Earth shelter
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615:Blast shelter
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533:Kazumura Cave
531:
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492:Volcanic pipe
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440:Maternity den
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435:Magma chamber
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351:Burrow fossil
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99:gaseous phase
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37:
33:
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23:Volcanic Pipe
21:
1154:Cave dweller
1016:Nome Kingdom
970:Hollow Earth
883:Maginot Line
782:Storm cellar
600:Burial vault
491:
462:Rock shelter
373:Glacier cave
230:
223:
181:
149:
139:
79:
47:
31:
27:
26:
1236:Mole people
1221:Mine rescue
1169:Cave rescue
1159:Cave diving
903:Mogao Caves
833:Coober Pedy
792:Spider hole
770:Septic tank
710:Root cellar
361:Paleoburrow
310:Subterranea
184:corrosively
148:known as a
1248:Speleology
1241:in fiction
1021:Pellucidar
863:Kome Caves
513:Balve Cave
457:Pit crater
413:Talus cave
336:Ant colony
250:1046460156
215:References
156:Kimberlite
142:kimberlite
125:Queensland
58:kimberlite
40:supersonic
36:geological
1274:Diatremes
1164:Cave gate
1036:Underdark
984:Exemplars
806:Exemplars
745:Wine cave
620:Catacombs
506:Exemplars
403:Show cave
393:Lava tube
388:Lava cave
160:gemstones
151:tuff ring
129:Australia
95:transform
76:Formation
66:magnesium
62:lamproite
44:volcanoes
1268:Category
777:Stepwell
765:Sewerage
675:Hypogeum
655:Erdstall
645:Dry well
625:Casemate
605:Borehole
595:Basement
467:Sinkhole
398:Pit Cave
383:Ice cave
191:See also
103:pressure
85:such as
70:diamonds
49:diatreme
1071:Bergamt
996:Batcave
943:Yaodong
680:Manhole
670:Foxhole
635:Dungeon
341:Aquifer
172:peridot
168:spinels
164:garnets
1179:Caving
1101:Grotto
715:Tunnel
700:Quarry
610:Bunker
497:Warren
420:Cenote
378:Grotto
346:Burrow
331:Alcove
248:
238:
170:, and
146:ejecta
963:Types
665:Fogou
583:Types
425:Karst
324:Types
87:water
54:magma
740:Well
685:Mine
445:Nest
368:Cave
246:OCLC
236:ISBN
89:and
450:Bee
140:In
101:as
97:to
60:or
30:or
1270::
244:.
174:.
166:,
127:,
123:,
119:,
109:.
302:e
295:t
288:v
252:.
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