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251:, Michigan, which was segregated by race. Tensions between whites and blacks were very high as they competed for jobs and housing in a city with many new residents, including immigrants. In the early 1940s there was violence and rioting between ethnic groups. Viola Gregg witnessed some of these, which influenced her later civil rights work.
213:, the elder daughter of Eva Wilson, a teacher, and Heber Ernest Gregg, a coal miner and World War I veteran. Her father had taught himself to read as a child and left school in the eighth grade. Her mother had a teaching certificate from Southwestern PA Normal School (later California University of Pennsylvania and currently
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launched a smear campaign against Liuzzo. He leaked false information to the press, subordinate FBI agents, and select politicians, claiming that there were "puncture marks in her arm indicating recent use of a hypodermic needle; she was sitting very, very close to that negro in the car; that it has
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rejected the claims, saying there was "no evidence the FBI was in any type of joint venture with Rowe or conspiracy against Mrs. Liuzzo. Rowe's presence in the car was the principal reason why the crime was solved so quickly." Liuzzo family lawyer Dean A. Robb said, "This is a terrible opinion. I'm
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A large part of Liuzzo's activism, particularly with the NAACP, developed from her close friendship with Sarah Evans, an
African-American woman. They had met at a grocery store where Liuzzo worked as a cashier, and kept in touch. Liuzzo hired Evans to help with her child care. After taking on more,
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was in the attack car, the FBI wanted to ensure that the agency was not held responsible for permitting its informant to participate in violent acts, without FBI surveillance or backup. Rowe had been an informant for the FBI since 1960. The FBI was aware that Rowe had participated in violent acts
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Liuzzo marched the first full day and returned to Selma for the night. On
Wednesday, March 24, she rejoined the march four miles from the end. A celebration took place that night with national entertainers. Liuzzo helped at the first aid station. On Thursday, Liuzzo and other marchers reached the
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she promoted Evans to her fulltime nanny and housekeeper. The two women had both grown up in the South, and found they had similar views on some issues, including support for the civil rights movement. After Liuzzo's death, Evans became the permanent caretaker of her friend's five young children.
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Liuzzo was stopped at a red light when a car with four white men pulled up alongside. When they saw the white woman and black man together, they followed Liuzzo as she tried to outrun them. They overtook the
Oldsmobile and shot directly at Liuzzo, mortally wounding her twice in the head. The car
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In 2021, Michigan
Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson ordered the re-issue of the 1965 Winter/Water Wonderland license plates, in homage to Liuzzo; one was on her car when she drove from Detroit to Alabama. Secretary Benson said she had started her career in Montgomery, Alabama, and was moved by
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The family was very poor and lived in one-room shacks with no running water. The schools Liuzzo attended did not have adequate supplies, and teachers had little time to deal with the many children in need. Because the family moved so often, Liuzzo usually began and ended the year in different
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On March 21, 1965, more than 3,000 people began the third march. They were blacks, whites, working-class people, doctors, nurses, priests, nuns, rabbis, homemakers, students, actors, and farmers. Many notable civil rights leaders participated, including Martin Luther King Jr., and his wife
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Liuzzo protested against
Detroit's laws that allowed students to drop out of school more easily. Instead, she wanted families to be helped to get their children educated. She temporarily withdrew her own children from public school to express her opposition to the law. Because she publicly
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Like many observers, Liuzzo was horrified by the images broadcast and published by national media. A second march took place March 9. Troopers, police, and marchers confronted each other at the county end of the bridge, but when the troopers stepped aside to let them pass, the Rev.
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As Liuzzo and Moton were driving along Route 80 to Selma, a car tried to force them off the road. After dropping passengers off, she and Moton headed back to
Montgomery. While getting gas at a local filling station, they were subject to abusive, racist comments by other customers.
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The papers also contain FBI murder investigation files and completed
Freedom of Information and Privacy Act (FOIPA) requests for the release of documents that documented the FBI's involvement with the Ku Klux Klan. Several documents are also related to the FBI, informants, and the
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The bullets missed Moton, but he was covered with Liuzzo's blood. He lay motionless as the
Klansmen checked their victims. After they left, Moton sought help. He flagged down a truck driven by Rev. Leon Riley, who had also been shuttling civil rights workers to Selma.
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Prior to the shooting, Rowe had called his FBI contact to tell him that he and other
Klansman were traveling to Montgomery, and that violence was planned. During the investigation, the FBI did not test Rowe’s gun or the bullet casings for his fingerprints.
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of Wayne State
University contains original archival material related to Liuzzo and her case. The 'Viola Liuzzo Papers' contain documentation of the events of the murder, the resulting investigation, and the later legal actions taken by the Liuzzo Family.
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published an ad offering Liuzzo's bullet-ridden car for sale. Asking $ 3,500, the ad read, "Do you need a crowd-getter? I have a 1963 Oldsmobile two-door in which Mrs. Viola Liuzzo was killed. Bullet holes and everything intact. Ideal to bring in crowds."
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announced the arrests within 24 hours on national television. He focused on the positive work of FBI agents' solving Liuzzo's murder. The government wanted to divert scrutiny from the fact that one of the men, Gary Thomas Rowe Jr., was an FBI informant.
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Liuzzo's funeral was held on March 30 at Immaculate Heart of Mary Catholic Church in Detroit. Many prominent members of the civil rights movement, unions, and state government came to pay their respects. Among them were Martin Luther King Jr.,
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was found in front of four Detroit homes, including the Liuzzo residence. The Ku Klux Klan had been active in Detroit in the early 20th century, but had declined after scandals in the early 1920s. This was one of their signs for intimidation.
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There she contacted the SCLC and was put to work delivering aid, welcoming and recruiting volunteers, and transporting volunteers and marchers to and from airports, bus terminals, and train stations. She volunteered the use of her car, a 1963
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Due to threats from the Klan, both before and after his testimony, Gary Thomas Rowe went into the federal witness protection program. He died in 1998 in Savannah, Georgia, after having lived several decades under several assumed identities.
411:. It took five days for the protesters to reach their goal of Montgomery, the state capital. Along the way, other protesters joined and by the last day, some 25,000 marchers entered Montgomery. The event received widespread media coverage.
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civil rights statute. The charges did not specifically refer to Liuzzo's murder. On December 3, the trio was found guilty by an all-white, all-male jury, and were sentenced to ten years in prison, a landmark in Southern legal history.
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In 1983, after learning about the FBI's activities related to the Liuzzo case, her family filed a lawsuit against the FBI for not preventing her death and for damages because of false accusations. The court dismissed the lawsuit.
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Liuzzo was condemned at the time by different racist organizations for having brought her death upon herself. Her decision to be part of such a dangerous undertaking was seen by some as controversial for a married mother of five.
224:, and the Greggs became solely dependent on Eva's income. She had difficulty finding anything other than short-term teaching positions. Struggling with poverty, when Viola was six the family decided to move from Georgia to
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Wilkins and Thomas were free on bail while appealing their cases. They were each arrested and convicted of firearms violations, and sentenced to jail for those crimes. During this period, the January 15, 1966, edition of
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Wilkins, Eaton, and Thomas were indicted on April 22 in the State of Alabama for Liuzzo's death. FBI informant Rowe served as a witness. Rowe testified that Wilkins had fired two shots on the order of Thomas.
244:, where her father sought work to assemble bombs at the Ford Motor Co. Viola dropped out of high school after a year and eloped at the age of 16. Her marriage did not last, and she returned to her family.
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The results of autopsy testing, which was conducted in 1965, revealed that Liuzzo's system did not contain any traces of drugs. It also showed that she had not recently had sex at the time of her death.
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After all three defendants were convicted of the federal charges, state murder cases proceeded against Eaton and Thomas. Eaton, who had not previously been jailed, died of a heart attack on March 10.
427:, continued shuttling marchers and volunteers from Montgomery back to Selma in her car. James Orange, an SCLC veteran, warned her that it was very dangerous and she should not drive to Montgomery.
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schools. Having been poor in Tennessee for much of her childhood and adolescence, she was close to the racially segregated nature of the South. This would have a powerful influence on her activism.
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to cross the Alabama River and go to the state capital were clubbed and whipped by state trooper, fracturing bones and gashing heads. Seventeen people were hospitalized on the day later called "
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state capitol building, which still flew a Confederate flag together with the state one. Rev. King Jr. addressed the crowd of 25,000, calling the march a "shining moment in American history."
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to respond to Rev. King's call for people of all faiths to come, saying that the struggle "was everybody's fight." Leaving her children in the care of family and friends, she drove to Selma.
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In 1943, she married George Argyris, the manager of a restaurant where she worked. They had two children, Penny and Evangeline Mary. They divorced in 1949.
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Vindicating Viola Liuzzo: murdered by the Klan, demonized by the FBI, and disgraced by the press, Viola Liuzzo sacrificed life and legacy for civil rights
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The four Klan members in the car—Collie Wilkins (21), FBI informant Gary Rowe (34), William Eaton (41), and Eugene Thomas (43)—were quickly arrested.
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It was not until 1978 that the FBI's role in the smear campaign was uncovered, when Liuzzo's children obtained case documents from the FBI under the
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In the early 1960s, activism increased in the South, especially for voting rights. In February 1965, a night demonstration for voting rights at the
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On March 16, Liuzzo took part in a protest at Wayne State. She decided to do more. She called her husband to tell him she would be traveling to
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Stanton, Mary (2004). "Viola Liuzzo and the Gendered Politics of Martyrdom: From Selma to Sorrow: The Life and Death of Viola Liuzzo".
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was not charged.) The federal government charged the three KKK members with conspiracy to intimidate African Americans under the 1871
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union business agent. They had three children together: Tommy, Anthony Jr., and Sally. They also raised her first two daughters.
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As the FBI informant testified in court, he was put in the witness protection program for his safety. He lived until 1998.
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Liuzzo wanted to gain more education and trained to become a medical laboratory assistant at the Carnegie Institute in
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The Department of Justice charged the three defendants with conspiracy to intimidate African Americans under the 1871
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160:(FBI). His role in this and other events was not revealed until 1978. To deflect attention from the FBI, its head
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In August 1983, the FBI was awarded $ 79,873 in court costs. These costs were later reduced to $ 3,645 after the
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home-schooled them for two months, Liuzzo was arrested. She pleaded guilty in court and was placed on probation.
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upheld the federal convictions of the surviving defendants. Thomas served six years in prison for the crime.
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Within 24 hours of Liuzzo's assassination by the Ku Klux Klan and the FBI's informant Gary Thomas Rowe,
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786:(2014), based on Liuzzo. It premiered at the Prop Theater in Chicago, Illinois, on September 20, 2014.
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The Liuzzo family sued the FBI for the death of Liuzzo and associated damages. On May 27, 1983, Judge
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Rowe was indicted in 1978 and tried for his involvement in the murder. The first trial ended in a
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Heber lost his right hand in a mine explosion when they were living in Georgia. It was during the
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Judge Peter Thorp Fay for the United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit (May 17, 1982).
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veered into a ditch, crashing into a fence. (The men were found to be members of the local
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In 2008, Liuzzo was memorialized in a song, "Color Blind Angel", by the late blues singer
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Three of the men were charged with murder by the state, but not convicted. (The informant
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1855:, by Jonathan L. Entin, Chicago Harvard Women's Law Journal, 2000, Volume 23, p. 249
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319:, courthouse turned violent. State troopers clubbed marchers; they beat and fatally shot
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The jury acquitted Thomas of the state murder charge after 90 minutes of deliberations.
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1883:"A white mother went to Alabama to fight for civil rights. The Klan killed her for it"
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1761:"Jocelyn Benson: Election will decide 'whether we're going to live in a democracy'"
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Selma's Bloody Sunday: Protest, Voting Rights, and the Struggle for Racial Equality
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Viola Liuzzo was given many honors posthumously; her name was inscribed on the
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346:(SCLC), whose members planned a protest march for Sunday, March 7, 1965. Gov.
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1079:"Gary T. Rowe Jr., 64, Who Informed on Klan In Civil Rights Killing, Is Dead"
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1909:
Viola Liuzzo. Story of the civil rights activist assassinated by KKK in 1965
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141:; April 11, 1925 – March 25, 1965) was an American civil rights activist in
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1385:"The Informant: The FBI, The Ku Klux Klan, and the Murder of Viola Liuzzo"
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The Informant: The FBI, The Ku Klux Klan, and the Murder of Viola Liuzzo.
611:
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members while driving activists between the cities and transportation.
4432:
488:. Liuzzo was buried at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Southfield, Michigan.
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545: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
388:
373:
1952:
1605:"Treat Me Right – Robin Rogers : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards"
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civil rights statute. On December 3, the trio was found guilty by an
1834:
The many deaths of Viola Liuzzo – 1965 murder of civil rights worker
520:
209:
Viola Fauver Gregg was born on April 11, 1925, in the small town of
156:
Also in the pursuit car was an undercover informant working for the
4488:
3335:
1540:
Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture
829:
bestowed its first posthumous honorary doctorate degree to Liuzzo.
815:
372:
That night, a white group beat and murdered civil rights activist
145:. She was known for going to Alabama in March 1965 to support the
3924:
270:
248:
149:
for voting rights. On March 25, 1965, she was shot dead by three
1926:"The Detroit housewife who moved a nation toward racial justice"
807:
Viola Liuzzo Park is located at Winthrop and Trojan in Detroit.
423:
After the march, Liuzzo, assisted by Leroy Moton, a 19-year-old
3992:
832:
In 2019, a statue which honors Liuzzo was unveiled in Detroit.
32:
818:. In 2011, the Viola Liuzzo Ethics Scholarship was started at
2727:
1212:
The King Years: Historic Moments in the Civil Rights Movement
773:
457:
1817:
by Mary Stanton. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998.
369:
led the marchers back to Brown Church, which was the base.
1905:
at the Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography
698:
4795:
1743:"Statue unveiling honors civil rights martyr Viola Liuzzo"
1720:"Wayne State hails civil rights icon Viola Liuzzo as hero"
1258:
Coming Apart: An Informal History of America in the 1960's
836:
Liuzzo's advocacy to try to gain the vote for all people.
286:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
217:). The couple had a second daughter, Rose Mary, in 1930.
1970:"KKK Defeated By Viola Liuzzo & Civil Rights Martyrs"
1811:
by Robert P. Ingalls. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1979.
1675:"Civil Rights Martyrs | Southern Poverty Law Center"
1056:
name="news.google.com">Jack Anderson (March 21, 1983).
756:
1977:
Short video slideshow created by Viola Liuzzo's daughter
1815:
From Selma to Sorrow: The Life and Death of Viola Liuzzo
1570:
1568:
4177:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
3955:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
4201:
African American founding fathers of the United States
2554:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
2419:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1001:
999:
665:
2026:
1565:
843:
1867:
by Gary May. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005.
952:
Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography
4249:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
1853:
Viola Liuzzo and the gendered politics of Martyrdom
1098:
996:
674:
Memorial to Viola Liuzzo in Lowndes County, Alabama
1740:
746:In 2004, Liuzzo was the subject of a documentary,
639:with KKK members. These included an attack on the
350:banned the march, but activists ignored his ban.
201:. Her grandson set up a scholarship in her honor.
1489:
262:Two years later, Gregg married Anthony Liuzzo, a
7118:
2785:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1697:"Contact Magazine Spring 2012 by Adrian College"
1314:
1312:
1310:
725:
338:, who had been active in efforts to desegregate
6524:Les Meres et Debutantes Club of Greater Lansing
2775:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2708:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
2599:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
1472:
1447:
1445:
686:, and the second trial ended in his acquittal.
499:
16:American activist and murder victim (1925–1965)
4254:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
1248:
730:Liuzzo was featured in part 3 of a TV series,
282:First Unitarian Universalist Church of Detroit
4781:
4448:
4162:List of lynching victims in the United States
2500:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
2012:
1991:Killed For Taking Part In 'Everybody's Fight'
1914:Viola Liuzzo article, Encyclopedia of Alabama
1842:, by John Blake, Chicago Review Press, 2007,
1828:Murder on the Highway: The Viola Liuzzo Story
1480:"Hoover smear tactics hurt civil rights case"
1323:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1307:
1072:
1070:
1058:"Hoover smear tactics hurt civil rights case"
7162:Assassinated American civil rights activists
1442:
1175:
1173:
1013:
1011:
353:Six hundred unarmed marchers headed for the
7172:Activists for African-American civil rights
2629:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
1514:Pyen, Chong; Cain, Stephen (May 27, 1983).
1254:
621:
247:Two years later, the Gregg family moved to
215:Pennsylvania Western University, California
204:
4788:
4774:
4455:
4441:
2678:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
2019:
2005:
1067:
634:While attempting to hide the fact that an
31:
4462:
4234:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
1981:Historical Marker Database – Viola Liuzzo
1932: (archived April 27, 1999) (from the
1717:
1170:
1017:Blake, p 201. Quote from Penny on p. 201.
1008:
914:Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner
737:Her murder was shown in episode 2 of the
561:Learn how and when to remove this message
4269:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
2309:University of Georgia desegregation riot
1861:by Mary Stanton. Alabama Heritage, 1998.
1653:"Week of events will honor Viola Liuzzo"
1602:
1513:
1458:United States Government Printing Office
1382:
1345:"Fourth Cross Is Burned On Detroit Lawn"
669:
344:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
334:Organizers had asked for help from Rev.
4183:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
3920:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
3915:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
1718:Spratling, Cassandra (March 25, 1965).
1077:Kaufman, Michael T. (October 4, 1998).
1076:
694:shocked. I think this is incredible."
491:Less than two weeks after her death, a
228:, where Eva found a teaching position.
7119:
4097:African-American women in the movement
2549:White House Conference on Civil Rights
2380:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
1209:
1185:International Brotherhood of Teamsters
978:"Government Evils Not To Be Forgotten"
822:by her grandson, Joshua James Liuzzo.
254:
164:made defamatory claims about Liuzzo.
7212:Unsolved murders in the United States
7167:American women civil rights activists
6946:
6373:
5794:
5206:
4807:
4769:
4436:
2538:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
2000:
1877:
1318:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
765:was loosely based on Liuzzo's story.
755:Episode 3 of the sixth season of the
7197:People from California, Pennsylvania
4721:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
4306:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
2770:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
2718:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
2664:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
2141:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
2066:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
1809:Hoods: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan
1741:Carter, Evan James (July 23, 2019).
631:the appearance of a necking party."
543:adding citations to reliable sources
514:
273:. In 1962 she enrolled part-time at
6287:Sister Mary Francilene Van de Vyver
2713:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
2649:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
2319:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
1516:"Judge Rules Against Liuzzo Family"
1507:
980:. JrHighDropOut.com. Archived from
814:in Montgomery, Alabama, created by
666:Legislation and subsequent lawsuits
240:In 1941, the Gregg family moved to
13:
4474:Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)
4157:African-American churches attacked
2723:Montgomery Improvement Association
2698:Georgia Council on Human Relations
2683:Council of Federated Organizations
2654:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
2412:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
2370:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
2176:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
2080:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
1871:
1781:"Ten questions for Jocelyn Benson"
1181:"Civil Rights Martyr Viola Liuzzo"
1152:Unitarian Universalist Association
1129:
940:
810:Liuzzo's name is inscribed on the
701:appealed on behalf of the family.
647:in Birmingham in September 1963.
645:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
643:in 1961, and having a role in the
14:
7228:
7132:1965 murders in the United States
6804:American Legion NUWARINE Post 535
4229:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
4102:Jews in the civil rights movement
1896:
1454:"676 F. 2d 524 – Rowe v. Griffin"
1424:"Liuzzo protests car advertising"
732:Free at Last: Civil Rights Heroes
304:
295:
280:In 1964, she began attending the
7157:American Unitarian Universalists
7098:Traverse City Ladies Association
4754:Civil rights movement portal
4747:
4423:Civil rights movement portal
4416:
4264:Freedom Riders National Monument
4006:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
2518:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
2477:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
2364:Second Emancipation Proclamation
1655:. Detroitnews.com. April 7, 2015
1478:Jack Anderson (March 21, 1983).
1368:
889:
877:
865:
853:
519:
6422:Dorean Marguerite Hurley Koenig
4291:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
4279:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
2755:National Council of Negro Women
2693:Deacons for Defense and Justice
1773:
1753:
1734:
1711:
1689:
1667:
1645:
1619:
1603:Horowitz, Hal (June 24, 2008).
1596:
1552:
1533:
1498:
1416:
1407:
1376:
1337:
1282:
1218:
1203:
530:needs additional citations for
472:, Michigan lieutenant governor
158:Federal Bureau of Investigation
7192:Ku Klux Klan crimes in Alabama
2171:Mansfield school desegregation
1120:
1050:
1020:
970:
608:Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
1:
7217:Wayne State University alumni
5306:Virginia Cecile Blomer Nordby
4836:Mamie Geraldine Neale Bledsoe
4797:Michigan Women's Hall of Fame
4301:National Voting Rights Museum
4244:Civil Rights Movement Archive
4043:Lynching in the United States
3930:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
2385:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
2358:University of Chicago sit-ins
2125:Davis v. Prince Edward County
1986:Details of Rowe's prosecution
1802:
1391:. p. 431. Archived from
1290:"Viola Liuzzo, Activist born"
924:Lynching in the United States
782:Laura Nessler wrote the play
726:Representation in other media
7182:Deaths by firearm in Alabama
6970:Elizabeth Jackson (Michigan)
6240:Woman's Hospital Association
5464:Marie-Therese Guyon Cadillac
5095:Louise (Sally) Langdon Brown
4296:National Civil Rights Museum
4152:March on Washington Movement
4137:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
2606:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
1261:. Ivan R. Dee. p. 170.
500:Arrest and legal proceedings
327:, the larger county seat of
7:
7207:Selma to Montgomery marches
6901:Margaret Kirchner Stevenson
5571:Carrie Frazier Rogers-Brown
4841:Elizabeth Margaret Chandler
3940:"This Little Light of Mine"
2688:Dallas County Voters League
2634:Atlanta Negro Voters League
2397:Letter from Birmingham Jail
2104:Brown v. Board of Education
1114:Harvard Women's Law Journal
1005:Stanton, pp 52–55, 189–192.
929:Selma to Montgomery marches
839:
466:Congress on Racial Equality
311:Selma to Montgomery marches
277:to continue her education.
235:
10:
7233:
7202:People murdered in Alabama
6585:Marina von Neumann Whitman
5848:Katharine Dexter McCormick
5828:Cornelia Groefsema Kennedy
5581:Waunetta McClellan Dominic
5403:Catherine Carter Blackwell
4274:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
4142:Holt Street Baptist Church
4112:16th Street Baptist Church
3096:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
2740:Nashville Student Movement
2670:An Appeal for Human Rights
1962:February 28, 2015, at the
1562:, 565 F. Supp. 640 (1983).
1353:. April 4, 1964. p. 1
660:Freedom of Information Act
308:
7075:
7039:
6998:
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6857:
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6735:
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6295:
6277:Jane Johnston Schoolcraft
6249:
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6080:
6072:Constance Mayfield Rourke
6052:Jennifer Mulhern Granholm
6039:
5973:
5917:
5866:
5805:
5801:
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5790:
5726:
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5456:
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5207:
5202:
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5028:Mary Chase Perry Stratton
4990:
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4814:
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4803:
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4713:
4497:
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4470:
4412:
4314:
4216:
4030:
3963:
3905:
3884:
3771:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
3741:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
2813:
2805:Women's Political Council
2800:Wednesdays in Mississippi
2795:United Auto Workers (UAW)
2780:Southern Regional Council
2750:Northern Student Movement
2659:Committee for Freedom Now
2619:
2566:Memphis sanitation strike
2532:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2454:
2275:Savannah Protest Movement
2237:
2095:
2056:Journey of Reconciliation
2048:
2035:
1940:FBI file on Viola Liuzzo
1294:African American Registry
954:. Uua.org. Archived from
802:
711:Walter P. Reuther Library
704:
450:
147:Selma to Montgomery march
124:
112:
98:
87:
68:
42:
30:
23:
6098:Georgia A. Lewis Johnson
5950:Lucille Hanna McCollough
5894:Francie Kraker Goodridge
5823:Dauris Gwendolyn Jackson
5484:Genora Johnson Dollinger
5352:Luise Ruth Leismer Mahon
5166:Bernadine Newsom Denning
2639:Atlanta Student Movement
2588:Civil Rights Act of 1968
2513:1964–1965 Scripto strike
2494:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2392:1963 Birmingham campaign
2285:Civil Rights Act of 1960
2209:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1919:August 18, 2009, at the
1840:Children of the Movement
1460:/OpenJurist. p. 524
934:
919:List of unsolved murders
622:FBI's cover-up and leaks
418:
211:California, Pennsylvania
205:Early life and education
61:California, Pennsylvania
7147:American murder victims
6666:Lucille Farrier Stickel
6179:Martha Strickland Clark
6123:Margaret Sellers Walker
5698:Dorrie Ellen Rosenblatt
5632:Four Sisters of Charity
5627:Marion Corwell-Shertzer
5555:Jacquelin E. Washington
5520:Yolanda Alvarado-Ortega
5413:Katherine Hill Campbell
5265:Delia Villegas Vorhauer
5250:Emelia Christine Schaub
5225:Emily Helen Butterfield
5151:Anna Sutherland Bissell
5023:Marjorie Peebles-Meyers
5018:Marjorie Swank Matthews
4947:Emma Genevieve Gillette
4937:Caroline Bartlett Crane
4826:Harriette Simpson Arnow
4620:Delano Herman Middleton
4191:Voter Education Project
3945:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
3606:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
3041:Josephine Dobbs Clement
2467:Chester school protests
2462:Twenty-fourth Amendment
2424:Detroit Walk to Freedom
2166:Tallahassee bus boycott
2087:Baton Rouge bus boycott
1699:. ISSUU. April 10, 2012
1428:Baltimore Afro-American
1214:. Simon & Schuster.
1210:Branch, Taylor (2013).
691:Charles Wycliffe Joiner
606:On April 27, 1967, the
103:Holy Sepulchre Cemetery
7142:Activists from Detroit
7093:Kelly Rossman McKinney
7088:Denise Langford Morris
7067:Danielle Camille Woods
7057:Mary Kramer (Michigan)
6743:Elizabeth Sparks Adams
6651:Marylou Olivarez Mason
6641:Mary Carmelita Manning
6616:Elizabeth Lehman Belen
6047:Geraldine Bledsoe Ford
5930:Julia Wheelock Freeman
5925:Hortense Golden Canady
5909:Joesphine Stern Weiner
5884:Theresa Maxis Duchemin
5874:Cora Reynolds Anderson
5749:Margaret Drake Elliott
5586:Margaret Muth Laurence
5494:Sarah Van Hoosen Jones
5311:Dorothy Comstock Riley
5049:Marion Isabel Barnhart
4957:Magdelaine Laframboise
4906:Lucinda Hinsdale Stone
4846:Mary Stallings Coleman
4590:Martin Luther King Jr.
4404:Movement photographers
3646:Bernice Johnson Reagon
3366:Martin Luther King Sr.
3361:Martin Luther King Jr.
2931:William Holmes Borders
2703:Highlander Folk School
2593:Poor People's Campaign
2446:St. Augustine movement
2296:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
2219:Katz Drug Store sit-in
2190:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
2152:Montgomery bus boycott
1903:Viola Liuzzo biography
1350:The Brownsville Herald
1319:Pratt, Robert (2017).
1255:O'Neill, W.L. (2005).
827:Wayne State University
675:
476:, Teamsters president
367:Martin Luther King Jr.
275:Wayne State University
226:Chattanooga, Tennessee
37:Picture of Gregg, 1949
7187:Female murder victims
6921:Vernice Davis Anthony
6819:Lisette Denison Forth
6783:Lou Anna Kimsey Simon
6646:Barbara Roberts Mason
6595:Elizabeth Eaglesfield
6184:Helen Hornbeck Tanner
5935:Lillian Mellen Genser
5818:Katherine G. Heideman
5708:Martha Jean Steinberg
5683:Hilda Patricia Curran
5535:Lucia Voorhees Grimes
5504:Helen Walker McAndrew
5398:Edith Vosburgh Alvord
5110:Frances Alvord Harris
5054:Patricia Hill Burnett
4741:Civil Rights Movement
4727:Mississippi Cold Case
4464:Civil Rights Memorial
4239:Civil Rights Memorial
4127:Bethel Baptist Church
3776:Charles Kenzie Steele
3221:Audrey Faye Hendricks
3126:Myrlie Evers-Williams
3106:Patricia Stephens Due
3076:Abraham Lincoln Davis
3011:Colia Lafayette Clark
2765:Operation Breadbasket
2760:National Urban League
2507:Katzenbach v. McClung
2375:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
2028:Civil rights movement
1993:from NPR's Codeswitch
1953:Activist website for
1881:(December 15, 2017).
1576:"Viola Liuzzo Papers"
1389:Yale University Press
872:Civil rights movement
812:Civil Rights Memorial
789:Liuzzo was played by
673:
443:, an FBI informant.)
195:Civil Rights Memorial
7062:Mary Locke Petermann
7047:Esther Gordy Edwards
6985:Atlas Ruth Westbrook
6575:Joan Jackson Johnson
6417:Sherrill Freeborough
6407:Sandra Laser Draggoo
6149:Mary Esther Daddazio
6006:Eliza Seaman Leggett
6001:Joyce Lewis Kornbluh
5899:Marian Bayoff Ilitch
5843:Marilyn Fisher Lundy
5813:Loney Clinton Gordon
5769:Emily Burton Ketcham
5662:Matilda Dodge Wilson
5637:Della McGraw Goodwin
5596:Betsy Graves Reyneau
5591:Claudia House Morcom
5479:Bertha A. Daubendiek
5418:Lenna Frances Cooper
5382:Charleszetta Waddles
5362:Martha Romayne Seger
5235:Dorothy Leonard Judd
4942:Marguerite de Angeli
4876:Laura Smith Haviland
4550:Roman Ducksworth Jr.
4520:Johnnie Mae Chappell
4284:other King memorials
4259:Freedom Rides Museum
4196:1960s counterculture
4147:Edmund Pettus Bridge
3826:Walter Francis White
3731:Alexander D. Shimkin
2245:New Year's Day March
2214:Ministers' Manifesto
2061:Executive Order 9981
1633:. September 23, 2009
1038:on February 20, 2014
539:improve this article
355:Edmund Pettus Bridge
106:Southfield, Michigan
7026:Sarah Elizabeth Ray
6875:Clara Stanton Jones
6773:Mary Free Bed Guild
6565:Judith Levin Cantor
6539:Eva McCall Hamilton
6402:Augusta Jane Chapin
6397:Laura Carter Callow
6103:Lida Holmes Mattman
5996:Alice Scanlan Kocel
5965:Muriel Dorothy Ross
5960:Martha Louise Rayne
5940:May Stocking Knaggs
5833:Marjorie J. Lansing
5703:Ella Merriman Sharp
5647:Nancy Harkness Love
5606:Joan Luedders Wolfe
5601:Shirley E. Schwartz
5550:Laura Freele Osborn
5448:Irene Clark Woodman
5423:Roberta A. Griffith
5347:Violet Temple Lewis
5130:Sarah Goddard Power
5105:Marcia J. Federbush
5003:Elizabeth C. Crosby
4972:Jessie Pharr Slaton
4866:Martha W. Griffiths
4670:Henry Ezekial Smith
4640:Mack Charles Parker
4635:William Lewis Moore
4625:Charles Eddie Moore
4615:Carol Denise McNair
4022:Mary McLeod Bethune
3983:Sermon on the Mount
3950:"We Shall Overcome"
3531:William Lewis Moore
3311:Frank Minis Johnson
3286:Richie Jean Jackson
3241:Donald L. Hollowell
3046:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
2851:Gwendolyn Armstrong
2846:William G. Anderson
2826:Victoria Gray Adams
2790:The Freedom Singers
2644:Black Panther Party
2429:March on Washington
2342:Garner v. Louisiana
2303:Boynton v. Virginia
1888:The Washington Post
1787:. February 11, 2022
1785:The Washington Post
1627:"Outside Agitators"
1395:on November 4, 2013
1226:"James Joseph Reeb"
909:William Lewis Moore
593:The Birmingham News
482:United Auto Workers
474:William G. Milliken
460:executive director
340:Birmingham, Alabama
255:Marriage and family
242:Ypsilanti, Michigan
199:Montgomery, Alabama
135:Viola Fauver Liuzzo
88:Cause of death
7177:COINTELPRO targets
7152:American pacifists
6870:Mona Hanna-Attisha
6702:Mabel White Holmes
6631:Dorothy A. Johnson
6560:Elizabeth W. Bauer
6514:Mary Jane Dockeray
6483:Rose Mary Robinson
6468:Valeria Lipczynski
6338:Elizabeth Phillips
6333:Kay Givens McGowan
6174:Dora Hall Stockman
6016:Marion Weyant Ruth
5945:Naomi Long Madgett
5904:Mary Ellen Riordan
5853:Kathleen N. Straus
5764:Ella Eaton Kellogg
5372:Sylvia M. Stoesser
5342:Sarah Emma Edmonds
5316:Edith Mays Swanson
5245:Fannie M. Richards
5120:Agnes Mary Mansour
5115:M. Jane Kay Nugent
4580:Jimmie Lee Jackson
4575:Samuel Hammond Jr.
4545:Henry Hezekiah Dee
4339:Michael Eric Dyson
4224:In popular culture
4107:Fifth Circuit Four
4091:Loving v. Virginia
4084:Hernandez v. Texas
4063:Buchanan v. Warley
4055:Separate but equal
4049:Plessy v. Ferguson
4012:Frederick Douglass
3846:Robert F. Williams
3756:Kelly Miller Smith
3736:Fred Shuttlesworth
3661:Frederick D. Reese
3641:George Raymond Jr.
3631:A. Philip Randolph
3611:Fay Bellamy Powell
3526:Queen Mother Moore
3411:Z. Alexander Looby
3356:Coretta Scott King
3301:Barbara Rose Johns
3281:Jimmie Lee Jackson
3206:William E. Harbour
2986:Stokely Carmichael
2901:Randolph Blackwell
2571:King assassination
2560:Loving v. Virginia
2544:March Against Fear
2524:How Long, Not Long
2402:Children's Crusade
2353:Cambridge movement
2290:Ax Handle Saturday
2255:Greensboro sit-ins
2182:Give Us the Ballot
1830:by Beatrice Siegel
1495:Stanton, pp 52–55.
1430:. January 18, 1966
1236:on January 3, 2022
1084:The New York Times
676:
397:Coretta Scott King
336:Martin Luther King
321:Jimmie Lee Jackson
177:Reconstruction era
47:Viola Fauver Gregg
7114:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7106:
7105:
6938:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6844:Rosemary C. Sarri
6839:Rosie the Riveter
6829:Verna Grahek Mize
6814:Clara Bryant Ford
6712:Esther K. Shapiro
6661:Mary Ellen Sheets
6519:Judith Karandjeff
6365:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6313:Margaret Chandler
6242:(charter members)
5858:Clarissa M. Young
5786:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5433:Jeanne Omelenchuk
5198:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5176:Jean Ledwith King
5100:Ethelene Crockett
4982:Bertha Van Hoosen
4962:Martha Longstreet
4952:Icie Macy Hoobler
4891:Helen W. Milliken
4831:N. Lorraine Beebe
4763:
4762:
4700:Ben Chester White
4690:Virgil Lamar Ware
4665:Michael Schwerner
4530:Addie Mae Collins
4430:
4429:
4207:Eyes on the Prize
4122:A.G. Gaston Motel
4117:Kelly Ingram Park
4077:Sweatt v. Painter
3761:Mary Louise Smith
3721:Cleveland Sellers
3706:Michael Schwerner
3671:Gloria Richardson
3451:Thurgood Marshall
3371:Bernard Lafayette
3101:John Wesley Dobbs
2615:
2614:
2334:Birmingham attack
2314:Rock Hill sit-ins
2265:Sibley Commission
2260:Nashville sit-ins
2132:Gebhart v. Belton
2118:Briggs v. Elliott
2111:Bolling v. Sharpe
2072:Sweatt v. Painter
1955:Home of the Brave
1947:Home of the Brave
1945:Documentary film
1583:reuther.wayne.edu
1547:978-0-313-32944-9
1383:Gary May (2005).
1330:978-1-4214-2160-5
1268:978-1-56663-613-1
984:on March 23, 2022
958:on March 16, 2013
793:in the 2014 film
784:Outside Agitators
749:Home of the Brave
571:
570:
563:
271:Detroit, Michigan
143:Detroit, Michigan
132:
131:
7224:
7083:Gretchen Whitmer
7011:Debra White-Hunt
6955:
6954:
6944:
6943:
6880:Angela K. Wilson
6849:Elizabeth Wetzel
6788:Charlotte Wilson
6626:Jeanne Findlater
6570:Paula Cunningham
6437:Cynthia J. Pasky
6382:
6381:
6371:
6370:
6225:Jane Briggs Hart
6128:Elizabeth Weaver
6113:Deborah Stabenow
6067:Cathy McClelland
6021:Bernice Steadman
5981:Mary Agnes Blair
5803:
5802:
5792:
5791:
5693:Eleanor Josaitis
5657:Sharon E. Sutton
5652:Maryann Mahaffey
5540:R. Louise Grooms
5443:Edna Noble White
5428:Bina West Miller
5408:Jean W. Campbell
5337:Mary Lou Butcher
5255:Mary P. Sinclair
5215:
5214:
5204:
5203:
5186:Mary Anne Bryant
5074:Rosa Slade Gragg
4967:Elly M. Peterson
4932:Helen J. Claytor
4901:Anna Howard Shaw
4851:Wilma T. Donahue
4816:
4815:
4805:
4804:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4767:
4766:
4752:
4751:
4705:Sammy Younge Jr.
4660:Carole Robertson
4595:Bruce W. Klunder
4585:Wharlest Jackson
4540:Jonathan Daniels
4457:
4450:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4421:
4420:
4384:Charles M. Payne
4369:Steven F. Lawson
4359:David Halberstam
4329:Clayborne Carson
4070:Hocutt v. Wilson
4017:W. E. B. Du Bois
3866:Sammy Younge Jr.
3851:Q. V. Williamson
3816:Wyatt Tee Walker
3681:Bernice Robinson
3626:Lincoln Ragsdale
3616:Rodney N. Powell
3511:Douglas E. Moore
3386:Sanford R. Leigh
3321:J. Charles Jones
3196:Fannie Lou Hamer
3111:Joseph Ellwanger
3071:Jonathan Daniels
3061:Claudette Colvin
3051:Annie Lee Cooper
3036:Kathleen Cleaver
3031:Eldridge Cleaver
3006:Shirley Chisholm
2896:Gloria Blackwell
2487:workers' murders
2434:"I Have a Dream"
2329:Anniston bombing
2280:Greenville Eight
2195:Little Rock Nine
2158:Browder v. Gayle
2046:
2045:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1971:
1957:and Viola Liuzzo
1892:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1747:The Detroit News
1738:
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1496:
1493:
1487:
1484:The Evening News
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1300:
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1275:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1232:. Archived from
1222:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1191:. March 11, 2010
1177:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1158:on June 26, 2003
1154:. Archived from
1144:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1074:
1065:
1062:The Evening News
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1034:. Archived from
1024:
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994:
993:
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989:
974:
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963:
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870:
869:
858:
857:
856:
849:
579:Ku Klux Klan Act
566:
559:
555:
552:
546:
523:
515:
468:national leader
441:Gary Thomas Rowe
425:African American
222:Great Depression
173:Ku Klux Klan Act
94:(gunshot wounds)
75:
56:
54:
35:
21:
20:
7232:
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7071:
7035:
7006:Rosalind Brewer
6994:
6990:Dorothy Zehnder
6980:Martha Teichner
6949:
6930:
6926:Terry Blackhawk
6916:Gilda Z. Jacobs
6906:Lucile A. Watts
6889:
6853:
6809:Ella Mae Backus
6792:
6731:
6697:Janet C. Cooper
6670:
6604:
6580:Gladys McKenney
6548:
6534:L. Anna Ballard
6529:Serena Williams
6509:Patricia Caruso
6504:Gladys Beckwith
6492:
6488:Tricia Saunders
6441:
6412:Annie Etheridge
6376:
6357:
6343:Jessica Rickert
6308:Grace Lee Boggs
6291:
6245:
6235:Kathleen Wilbur
6188:
6154:Margery Feliksa
6132:
6088:Margaret Chiara
6076:
6035:
5986:Verne Burbridge
5969:
5913:
5889:Aretha Franklin
5879:Lucile E. Belen
5862:
5797:
5778:
5759:Eleonore Hutzel
5754:Elizabeth Homer
5744:Doris DeDeckere
5734:Patricia Beeman
5722:
5678:Connie Binsfeld
5666:
5610:
5559:
5508:
5452:
5386:
5320:
5281:Rachel Andresen
5269:
5240:Elba Lila Morse
5209:
5190:
5161:Anne R. Davidow
5134:
5125:Helen M. Martin
5083:
5037:
5013:Elmina R. Lucke
4986:
4977:Mary C. Spencer
4915:
4911:Sojourner Truth
4881:Mildred Jeffrey
4861:Josephine Gomon
4810:
4799:
4794:
4764:
4759:
4746:
4732:
4709:
4685:Clarence Triggs
4655:John Earl Reese
4510:Willie Brewster
4493:
4477:
4466:
4461:
4431:
4426:
4415:
4408:
4389:Thomas E. Ricks
4379:Diane McWhorter
4364:Vincent Harding
4349:Adam Fairclough
4316:
4310:
4212:
4167:Freedom Schools
4026:
3959:
3907:
3901:
3892:Omaha, Nebraska
3880:
3796:Hartman Turnbow
3786:Dorothy Tillman
3746:Glenn E. Smiley
3726:Charles Sherrod
3686:Jo Ann Robinson
3561:Charles Neblett
3551:Elijah Muhammad
3516:Harriette Moore
3476:Floyd McKissick
3461:Franklin McCain
3396:Stanley Levison
3261:T. R. M. Howard
3211:Vincent Harding
3141:Walter Fauntroy
3026:Xernona Clayton
2976:John H. Calhoun
2961:Aurelia Browder
2951:Stanley Branche
2946:Raylawni Branch
2926:Joseph E. Boone
2911:Ezell Blair Jr.
2906:Unita Blackwell
2881:Harry Belafonte
2821:Ralph Abernathy
2809:
2745:Nation of Islam
2621:
2611:
2450:
2407:Birmingham riot
2348:Albany Movement
2270:Atlanta sit-ins
2250:Sit-in movement
2233:
2229:Biloxi wade-ins
2201:Cooper v. Aaron
2091:
2037:
2031:
2025:
1969:
1964:Wayback Machine
1930:Wayback Machine
1921:Wayback Machine
1899:
1874:
1872:Further reading
1836:by Jared Taylor
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1677:. Splcenter.org
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628:J. Edgar Hoover
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401:Ralph Abernathy
317:Marion, Alabama
313:
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284:and joined the
257:
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162:J. Edgar Hoover
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4856:Grace Eldering
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5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5064:Georgia Emery
5062:
5060:
5059:Ethel Calhoun
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4786:
4784:
4779:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4600:George W. Lee
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4535:Vernon Dahmer
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:Timothy Tyson
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:Taylor Branch
4322:
4321:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4172:Freedom songs
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:Jim Crow laws
4036:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:"Oh, Freedom"
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:Whitney Young
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:Kale Williams
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3801:Albert Turner
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:A. P. Tureaud
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:Bayard Rustin
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:William Moyer
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:Joseph McNeil
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Charles McDew
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Benjamin Mays
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Vivian Malone
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:Joseph Lowery
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Clyde Kennard
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Vernon Jordan
3329:
3327:
3326:Matthew Jones
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:T. J. Jemison
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:Jesse Jackson
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Robert Graetz
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Golden Frinks
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Charles Evers
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:Vernon Dahmer
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Septima Clark
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Bruce Boynton
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:James Baldwin
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Mathew Ahmann
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2733:Youth Council
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2324:Freedom Rides
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:Prior to 1954
2047:
2044:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:9781569765944
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:0-8203-2045-5
1820:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1721:
1714:
1698:
1692:
1676:
1670:
1654:
1648:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1606:
1599:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1410:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1364:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1332:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1002:
1000:
983:
979:
973:
957:
953:
949:
943:
939:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
897:
887:
885:
875:
873:
868:
863:
861:
851:
850:
847:
837:
833:
830:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
808:
800:
798:
797:
792:
787:
785:
780:
778:
775:
771:
766:
764:
763:
758:
753:
751:
750:
744:
742:
741:
735:
733:
723:
721:
715:
712:
702:
700:
695:
692:
687:
685:
680:
672:
663:
661:
656:
652:
648:
646:
642:
637:
636:FBI informant
632:
629:
619:
615:
613:
609:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:
587:
584:
580:
575:
565:
562:
554:
544:
540:
534:
533:
528:This section
526:
522:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
497:
494:
493:charred cross
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
448:
444:
442:
438:
432:
428:
426:
416:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
392:
390:
384:
382:
377:
375:
370:
368:
362:
360:
359:Bloody Sunday
356:
351:
349:
345:
342:. He led the
341:
337:
332:
330:
329:Dallas County
326:
322:
318:
312:
302:
293:
289:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
267:
265:
260:
252:
250:
245:
243:
233:
229:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
202:
200:
196:
191:
187:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
127:
123:
119:
115:
113:Occupation(s)
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:Resting place
97:
93:
92:Assassination
90:
86:
81:
71:
67:
62:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
7031:Diana Sieger
6975:Glenda Price
6768:Olivia Letts
6758:Faith Fowler
6458:Jumana Judeh
6432:Edith Munger
6353:Marlo Thomas
6303:Carol Atkins
6257:Carol Atkins
6169:Marge Piercy
6164:Viola Liuzzo
6163:
6062:Florine Mark
5955:Lana Pollack
5838:Chuan-Pu Lee
5576:Anna Clemenc
5545:Odessa Komer
5489:Flora Hommel
5469:Ruth Carlton
5377:Lucy Thurman
5357:Gilda Radner
5156:Alexa Canady
5146:Clara Arthur
5033:Helen Thomas
5008:Gwen Frostic
4745:
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4610:Viola Liuzzo
4609:
4570:Paul Guihard
4560:Medgar Evers
4525:James Chaney
4472:
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4354:David Garrow
4334:John Dittmer
4205:
4132:Brown Chapel
4089:
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3856:Andrew Young
3811:A. T. Walden
3806:C. T. Vivian
3766:Maxine Smith
3601:Homer Plessy
3581:James Orange
3536:Irene Morgan
3491:William Ming
3471:Ralph McGill
3406:Viola Liuzzo
3405:
3391:Jim Letherer
3376:James Lawson
3306:Vernon Johns
3296:Esau Jenkins
3251:Myles Horton
3201:Fred Hampton
3191:Prathia Hall
3181:Dick Gregory
3151:Marie Foster
3146:James Forman
3136:James Farmer
3121:Medgar Evers
3081:Angela Davis
3016:Ramsey Clark
2996:James Chaney
2991:Johnnie Carr
2971:Ralph Bunche
2966:H. Rap Brown
2956:Ruby Bridges
2916:Joanne Bland
2891:Claude Black
2871:Marion Barry
2841:Muhammad Ali
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1934:Detroit News
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1582:
1560:Liuzzo v. US
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551:October 2014
548:
537:Please help
532:verification
529:
503:
490:
470:James Farmer
454:
445:
439:, including
437:Ku Klux Klan
433:
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409:Andrew Young
405:Ralph Bunche
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169:Gary T. Rowe
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151:Ku Klux Klan
138:
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133:
118:civil rights
74:(1965-03-25)
25:Viola Liuzzo
18:
7137:1965 deaths
7127:1925 births
6965:Najah Bazzy
6717:Maggie Walz
6636:Julie Krone
6323:Edna Ferber
6144:Cynthia Yao
6011:Ida Lippman
5718:Lily Tomlin
5079:Clara Raven
4680:Emmett Till
4675:Lamar Smith
4645:Lemuel Penn
4630:Oneal Moore
4605:Herbert Lee
4505:Louis Allen
4374:Doug McAdam
4344:Chuck Fager
3971:Nonviolence
3876:James Zwerg
3871:Bob Zellner
3831:Roy Wilkins
3781:Hank Thomas
3716:Pete Seeger
3711:Bobby Seale
3576:Jack O'Dell
3571:Edgar Nixon
3501:Amzie Moore
3496:Jack Minnis
3436:Mae Mallory
3421:Clara Luper
3381:Bernard Lee
3271:Cecil Ivory
3266:Ruby Hurley
3236:Oliver Hill
3231:Aaron Henry
3131:Chuck Fager
3091:Dave Dennis
2981:Guy Carawan
2921:Julian Bond
2886:James Bevel
2876:Daisy Bates
2147:Emmett Till
2030:(1954–1968)
1722:. Freep.com
1637:October 16,
1464:October 15,
1090:October 16,
896:Mississippi
612:New Orleans
478:Jimmy Hoffa
462:Roy Wilkins
116:Housewife,
7121:Categories
6778:Diana Ross
6748:Anan Ameri
6692:Sue Carter
6392:Mary Aikey
6318:Ruth Ellis
6267:Carol King
6200:Mary Brown
5332:Cora Brown
5291:Jan BenDor
5260:Merze Tate
5181:Olga Madar
5069:Betty Ford
4896:Rosa Parks
4650:James Reeb
4317:historians
3998:Satyagraha
3964:Influences
3656:James Reeb
3591:James Peck
3586:Rosa Parks
3556:Diane Nash
3426:Danny Lyon
3401:John Lewis
3346:A. D. King
3246:James Hood
2861:Ella Baker
2831:Zev Aelony
1803:References
1607:. AllMusic
904:James Reeb
484:president
389:Oldsmobile
374:James Reeb
53:1925-04-11
6478:Kary Moss
6282:Leta Snow
6210:Emma Cole
5688:Marie Dye
5301:Jo Jacobs
5286:Mary Beck
3976:Padayatra
3925:"Kumbaya"
3885:By region
3541:Bob Moses
3446:Bob Mants
3431:Malcolm X
3351:C.B. King
3171:Fred Gray
2814:Activists
2455:1964–1968
2238:1960–1963
2096:1954–1959
1936:web site)
1766:USA Today
1726:April 11,
1703:April 11,
1681:April 11,
1659:April 11,
1611:March 26,
1525:August 4,
1399:March 14,
1357:August 4,
1299:March 18,
1274:March 19,
1195:March 28,
1189:Teamsters
1162:March 28,
962:March 26,
860:Biography
825:In 2015,
791:Tara Ochs
762:Cold Case
684:hung jury
506:President
288:(NAACP).
264:Teamsters
181:all-white
4489:Maya Lin
4482:Designer
3906:Movement
3336:Tom Kahn
2620:Activist
2040:timeline
1960:Archived
1917:Archived
1791:April 2,
1434:June 21,
1230:uudb.org
1032:uudb.org
884:Michigan
840:See also
816:Maya Lin
236:Michigan
125:Children
120:activist
4714:Related
4498:Martyrs
4031:Related
3621:Al Raby
2576:funeral
2439:Big Six
1975:YouTube
1928:at the
846:Portals
772:on her
249:Detroit
4217:Legacy
3993:Ahimsa
2622:groups
2083:(1950)
2075:(1950)
2036:Events
1846:
1821:
1549:p. 374
1545:
1327:
1265:
803:Honors
705:Legacy
480:, and
451:Burial
407:, and
108:, U.S.
82:, U.S.
63:, U.S.
6948:2020s
6375:2010s
5796:2000s
5208:1990s
4809:1980s
4315:Noted
3908:songs
2728:NAACP
2581:riots
1579:(PDF)
935:Notes
796:Selma
774:album
458:NAACP
419:Death
381:Selma
325:Selma
139:Gregg
137:(née
7076:2023
7040:2022
6999:2021
6958:2020
6894:2019
6858:2018
6797:2017
6736:2016
6675:2015
6609:2014
6553:2013
6497:2012
6446:2011
6385:2010
6296:2009
6250:2008
6193:2007
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5806:2000
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5671:1998
5615:1997
5564:1996
5513:1995
5457:1994
5391:1993
5325:1992
5274:1991
5218:1990
5139:1989
5088:1988
5042:1987
4991:1986
4920:1984
4819:1983
1844:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1793:2023
1728:2015
1705:2015
1683:2015
1661:2015
1639:2014
1613:2013
1590:2023
1558:See
1543:ISBN
1527:2018
1466:2014
1436:2011
1401:2014
1359:2014
1325:ISBN
1301:2022
1276:2022
1263:ISBN
1242:2019
1197:2012
1164:2012
1092:2014
1044:2016
990:2014
964:2013
740:King
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699:ACLU
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