37:
2572:
2459:
46:
262:, respectively. The excavations started in May 1943 at three locations: the fruit orchard in the west, the central cemetery, and the People's Park. Most of the bodies were found in the fruit orchard (5,644 bodies). Altogether, 91 mass graves were discovered at the three locations, and 9,432 bodies were exhumed; 149 of them were women. The excavations at the People's Park were not finished, though many more bodies were thought to be buried there.
533:
898:
463:
200:. Among the 679 dead identified by the Germans in 1943, there were also a certain number of Russians and 28 Poles (according to the latest data, the number of Poles killed by the NKVD in the city could amount to over 3,000). Nazi propaganda invoked mention of the massacre to illustrate communist terror by the
221:
fired into the back of the neck. Due to the small calibre of the bullet, most victims were shot twice, and at least 78 of them were shot three times; 395 of the victims found there had their skulls broken in addition to traces of gunshot trauma. Almost all men whose remains were excavated had their
544:
Terror". Later the Soviet authorities rededicated the monument to the "Victims of Nazi Terror", finally completely removing it and creating an entertainment park in its place. In the last ten years a new monument has been constructed at the burial site in the park; it only refers to "victims of
243:
235:
485:
468 bodies were identified by people of
Vinnytsia and the surroundings; the other 202 were identified on the basis of documents and evidence found in the graves. Most bodies that were identified this way were Ukrainians; there were also 28 bodies that were identified as ethnic
458:
The group visited the mass graves between July 13 and July 15, 1943. The Nazi German commission completed its report on July 29, 1943. Both commissions determined that almost all of the victims were executed by two shots in the back of the head between 1937 and 1938.
225:
The executions were clandestine; the families were not informed of their relatives' fate. Personal belongings, documents and trial documentation were not preserved and instead were buried in a separate pit not far from the mass graves.
1122:
265:
After a preliminary investigation conducted by
Professor Schrader's team, two teams of medical examiners were invited—one international and the other made up of 13 experts from universities in
334:
1914:
1401:
1085:
1253:
1218:
1214:
2663:
945:
Sandul, I. I., A. P. Stepovy, S. O. Pidhainy. The Black Deeds Of The
Kremlin: A White Book. Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist Terror. Toronto. 1953
2427:
1774:
518:. Photos and results of the investigation were published in many countries in Europe, and were used by Nazi Germany in the propaganda war against the Soviet Union.
2015:
1973:
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75:
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824:
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377:
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Besides the original group of thirteen, several other delegations visited the sites in mid-1943. Among them were politicians and other officials from
2422:
1506:
290:
436:
2628:
2437:
1994:
948:
Israel Charny, William S. Parsons, and Samuel Totten. Century of
Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Routledge. New York, London.
308:
930:
Ihor
Kamenetsky. The Tragedy of Vinnytsia: Materials on Stalin's Policy of Extermination in Ukraine/1936-1938, Ukrainian Historical Assn (1991)
2525:
2407:
1471:
1332:
1897:
1177:
1173:
255:
2668:
1529:
1132:
958:
Dragan, Anthony. Vinnytsia: A Forgotten
Holocaust. Jersey City, NJ: Svoboda Press, Ukrainian National Association 1986, octavo, 52 pp. (
1955:
1779:
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1511:
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1703:
1065:
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1932:
1799:
1758:
1411:
1337:
1248:
1142:
935:
884:
Amtliches
Material zum Massenmord von Winniza, p.124, 208–209. Archiv-Edition 1999 (Faksimile der 1944 erschienenen Ausgabe).
866:
Amtliches
Material zum Massenmord von Winniza, p.124, 215–248. Archiv-Edition 1999 (Faksimile der 1944 erschienenen Ausgabe).
599:
1243:
1238:
1182:
875:
Amtliches
Material zum Massenmord von Winniza, p.6, 206–207. Archiv-Edition 1999 (Faksimile der 1944 erschienenen Ausgabe).
779:
Amtliches
Material zum Massenmord von Winniza, p.83–86, 117. Archiv-Edition 1999 (Faksimile der 1944 erschienenen Ausgabe).
939:
854:
723:(1997). "Klucz do "Parku Kultury i Odpoczynku"" [Keys to "Park of Culture and Leisure"]. In Jacek Trznadel (ed.).
1949:
1693:
1611:
1476:
1295:
902:
799:"Vinnytsia 1943. From the materials of an international commission of forensic medical experts working on the excavation"
165:
60:
1384:
959:
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discovered during its occupation of Ukraine in 1943. The investigation of the site first conducted by the international
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1769:
1734:
1676:
451:
2134:
1865:
988:
953:
742:
425:
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Crime of Moscow in Vynnytsia. Ukrainian Publication of the Ukrainian American Youth Association, Inc. New York. 1951
788:
Amtliches Material zum Massenmord von Winniza, p.103. Archiv-Edition 1999 (Faksimile der 1944 erschienenen Ausgabe).
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2139:
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441:
447:
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1569:
1285:
609:
429:
2204:
2108:
1749:
1616:
921:
696:
685:
545:
totalitarianism". During Soviet times, information about the massacre was disseminated and investigated by the
371:
2648:
2618:
1729:
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345:
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2149:
1811:
1661:
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1300:
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68:
999:
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hands tied. Older women were dressed in some form of clothing, whereas younger victims were buried naked.
2653:
2537:
2488:
1831:
1486:
1258:
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1209:
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971:Вінницький злочин // Енциклопедія українознавства.: . - Перевид. в Україні. - Київ., 1993. - Т.1. - С.282
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2005:
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2379:
1983:
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1739:
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404:
367:
2481:
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1466:
1352:
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319:
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1903:
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1826:
1406:
1127:
737:. Zeszyty Katyńskie (in Polish). Vol. II (1 ed.). Warsaw: Antyk. pp. 329–339.
629:
529:. The service was also attended by many other Orthodox bishops and foreign church officials.
410:
2613:
2310:
2238:
2179:
2090:
2045:
1722:
1223:
1204:
549:
in the West. The mass murder in Vinnytsia returned as a critical topic in Ukraine in 1988.
356:
829:
8:
2318:
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2010:
1978:
1764:
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118:
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546:
392:
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724:
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2020:
1821:
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1305:
1228:
1199:
984:
949:
931:
917:
748:
738:
515:
418:
134:
1636:
675:
Valery Vasiliev, Yuriy Shapoval, "Stages of «Great Terror»: The Vinnytsia Tragedy",
250:
The first examinations of the exhumed bodies were made by doctors such as professor
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2334:
2326:
2144:
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1965:
1836:
1816:
1789:
1549:
1310:
1024:
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478:
313:
297:
286:
251:
193:
189:
977:
Making sense of war: the Second World War and the fate of the Bolshevik Revolution
2551:
2519:
2278:
2070:
1988:
1784:
1713:
1544:
1389:
1379:
1168:
1015:
798:
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689:
571:
2402:
2394:
2199:
2124:
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1559:
1554:
1496:
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352:
218:
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1943:
1938:
1794:
1717:
1683:
1446:
1441:
1327:
1074:
1028:
752:
487:
238:
The International commission investigating the mass murder in Vinnytsia, 1943
122:
90:
77:
2350:
2246:
2065:
1806:
1591:
1501:
1362:
1004:. Vol. 7. Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain, Ltd. p. 93.
281:, predominantly from Nazi Germany's allied or occupied states. They were:
266:
201:
185:
173:
2083:
1909:
1596:
181:
28:
765:
Józef Mackiewicz (1951-12-02). "Klucz do "Parku Kultury i Odpoczynku"".
2060:
1708:
1394:
1273:
614:
45:
1688:
1579:
1436:
1374:
541:
532:
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coincided with the discovery of a similar mass murder site of Polish
169:
56:
2571:
693:
682:
2541:
1631:
1342:
586:
558:
2473:
1367:
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1187:
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624:
594:
270:
164:
was the mass execution of between 9,000 and 11,000 people in the
1043:
897:
526:
521:
Most of the bodies were reburied after a burial service led by
278:
825:"Cum a dus-o masacrul de la Katyn pe Rodica Marta în pușcărie"
242:
234:
1586:
590:
462:
36:
1086:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2504:
562:
258:, docent Doroshenko of Vinnytsia, and professor Malinin of
217:
Most of the victims buried at Vinnytsia were killed using
177:
152:
1123:
Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War
1092:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
642:
2155:
List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin
1602:
Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
997:
660:
857:
Ukrainian society of the repressed. Peter Pavlovych
1887:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
968:Вінниця - Злочин Без Кари. Воскресіння. Київ. 1994
387:, Institute of Forensic Medicine and Criminology,
2585:
764:
763:; fragment in question originally published in:
719:
1995:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
540:A monument was also erected to the "Victims of
229:
822:
2664:Second Polish Republic–Soviet Union relations
2489:
1570:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
1472:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
1333:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
1059:
974:
715:
713:
711:
709:
269:. An international commission of experts in
1530:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi
2496:
2482:
1956:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
1066:
1052:
671:
669:
473:with text "Vinnitsa"; the NKVD gunman has
35:
1540:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
1512:Backwardness brings on beatings by others
909:
731:Katyn, Crime without trial nor punishment
706:
648:
1482:Great Construction Projects of Communism
850:
848:
531:
461:
241:
233:
2629:Massacres committed by the Soviet Union
1898:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech
1008:
666:
477:, in accordance with the Nazi idea of "
2586:
1933:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
1011:"Exhuming the Bodies of Soviet Terror"
916:. Editions de l'Atelier. p. 510.
2477:
1047:
845:
681:, No. 31 (406), August 17–23, 2002, (
600:List of massacres in the Soviet Union
277:were brought in from 11 countries in
2016:22nd Congress of the Communist Party
1974:20th Congress of the Communist Party
1417:19th Congress of the Communist Party
1254:18th Congress of the Communist Party
1219:17th Congress of the Communist Party
1950:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics
1174:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
13:
2570:
2503:
2097:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
1916:The History of the Communist Party
1735:Soviet offensive plans controversy
1700:Ideological repression in science
1244:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang
14:
2680:
2135:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
1866:Marxism and the National Question
1073:
16:1937–38 mass execution in Ukraine
2609:1938 murders in the Soviet Union
2599:1937 murders in the Soviet Union
2458:
2457:
1775:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1239:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
960:available on line in pdf. format
940:available on line in pdf. format
896:
823:Toma Roman Jr. (April 3, 2009).
493:
44:
2160:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin
1296:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
1286:Occupation of the Baltic states
878:
869:
860:
726:Katyń. Zbrodnia bez sądu i kary
610:Mass graves in the Soviet Union
475:stereotypically Jewish features
2669:Soviet Union–Ukraine relations
816:
791:
782:
773:
256:University of Halle-Wittenberg
1:
2644:Massacres in the Soviet Union
2001:Gomulka thaw (Polish October)
1812:1946–1947 Soviet famine
1385:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
998:The Ukrainian Review (1959).
891:
635:
467:
2150:1956 Georgian demonstrations
466:German propaganda poster of
361:Independent State of Croatia
230:The investigation commission
7:
2165:Stalin Monument in Budapest
1832:Night of the Murdered Poets
1750:Allegations of antisemitism
1487:Engineers of the human soul
1234:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1210:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
552:
246:Mass graves for the victims
212:
10:
2685:
2205:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR
2175:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori
1323:Soviet atomic bomb project
981:Princeton University Press
910:Causarano, Pietro (2004).
207:
2568:
2514:
2453:
2370:
2231:
2213:
2185:Places named after Stalin
2170:Stalin Monument in Prague
2117:
2029:
1964:
1850:
1694:Repressions in Azerbaijan
1520:
1429:
1412:1950 legislative election
1338:1946 legislative election
1249:1937 legislative election
1161:
1110:
1101:
1081:
913:Le XXe siècle des guerres
661:The Ukrainian Review 1959
148:
140:
128:
114:
106:
67:
52:
43:
34:
26:
21:
2006:Soviet Nonconformist Art
1922:1936 Soviet Constitution
1575:Soviet famine of 1932–33
1535:1907 Tiflis bank robbery
1507:Transformation of nature
1492:1936 Soviet Constitution
1452:Socialism in One Country
1291:German–Soviet Axis talks
1037:10.1525/rep.2001.75.1.89
1029:10.1525/rep.2001.75.1.89
855:About Crime in Vinnytsia
426:University of Bratislava
372:The Occupied Netherlands
2659:Massacres of Ukrainians
2130:Iosif Stalin locomotive
1873:Foundations of Leninism
1859:Anarchism or Socialism?
1740:Hitler Youth Conspiracy
1607:NKVD prisoner massacres
1259:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1148:Death and state funeral
1009:Paperno, Irina (2001).
368:University of Amsterdam
2624:Mass graves in Ukraine
2575:
2538:Prison on Łącki Street
2338:(second father-in-law)
1592:Murder of Sergey Kirov
1467:Stalinist architecture
1353:Turkish Straits crisis
537:
482:
448:University of Budapest
320:University of Helsinki
247:
239:
2574:
2359:William Wesley Peters
1904:Falsifiers of History
1827:Rootless cosmopolitan
1133:Rule as Soviet leader
975:Weiner, Amir (2001).
905:at Wikimedia Commons
630:Tatarka common graves
577:Fântâna Albă massacre
535:
465:
411:Karolinska Institutet
245:
237:
2649:Massacres in Ukraine
2619:History of Vinnytsia
2380:Stalin's house, Gori
2311:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili
2239:Besarion Jughashvili
2180:Batumi Stalin Museum
2091:Nineteen Eighty-Four
1842:Censorship of images
1521:Crimes, repressions,
1224:1931 Menshevik Trial
1205:First five-year plan
1001:The Ukrainian Review
357:University of Zagreb
184:in 1937–1938, which
2547:Zalishchyky tragedy
2372:Stalin's residences
2319:Galina Dzhugashvili
2303:Svetlana Alliluyeva
2287:Nadezhda Alliluyeva
2214:Cultural depictions
2056:Anti-Stalinist left
2011:Shvernik Commission
1979:Pospelov Commission
1755:Population transfer
1730:1941 Red Army purge
1704:Suppressed research
1358:First Indochina War
1301:Great Patriotic War
1279:Moscow Peace Treaty
1143:Cult of personality
620:Solovki prison camp
512:Republic of Finland
500:Kingdom of Bulgaria
342:University of Milan
331:University of Paris
324:Republic of Finland
302:Kingdom of Bulgaria
219:.22 calibre bullets
119:Political prisoners
87: /
2654:Massacres of Poles
2576:
2562:Vinnytsia massacre
2343:Alexander Svanidze
2271:Konstantin Kuzakov
2263:Yakov Dzhugashvili
2222:Apocalypse: Stalin
2195:Stalin Peace Prize
2190:State Stalin Prize
1893:"Ten Blows" speech
1880:Dizzy with Success
1790:Operation "Priboi"
1770:Operation "Lentil"
1723:1937 Soviet Census
1402:Sino-Soviet Treaty
1316:Potsdam Conference
1269:Invasion of Poland
979:. Princeton, N.J:
903:Vinnytsia massacre
699:2009-05-18 at the
688:2007-11-28 at the
547:Ukrainian diaspora
538:
536:Vinnytsia Memorial
483:
452:Kingdom of Hungary
393:Kingdom of Romania
275:forensic pathology
248:
240:
162:Vinnytsia massacre
135:Summary executions
22:Vinnytsia massacre
2639:Massacres in 1938
2634:Massacres in 1937
2581:
2580:
2557:Nepokryte tragedy
2530:Ivano-Frankivsk:
2471:
2470:
2428:Kholodnaya Rechka
2125:Iosif Stalin tank
2046:Lenin's Testament
2021:Era of Stagnation
1822:Mingrelian Affair
1800:Forced settlement
1785:Operation "North"
1745:Soviet war crimes
1523:and controversies
1462:Socialist realism
1425:
1424:
1407:Tito–Stalin split
1306:Tehran Conference
1229:Spanish Civil War
1200:Chinese Civil War
936:978-0-685-37560-0
901:Media related to
830:Jurnalul Național
516:Kingdom of Sweden
419:Kingdom of Sweden
366:Dr. ter Poorten,
158:
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2507:
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2474:
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2347:
2346:(brother-in-law)
2339:
2335:Sergei Alliluyev
2331:
2327:Joseph Alliluyev
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
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2259:
2251:
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2145:Pantheon, Moscow
2103:The Soviet Story
2077:Darkness at Noon
1966:De-Stalinization
1817:Leningrad Affair
1550:Decossackization
1348:1946 Iran crisis
1311:Yalta Conference
1183:Collectivization
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1107:
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803:memorial.kiev.ua
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736:
721:Józef Mackiewicz
717:
704:
673:
664:
658:
652:
646:
589:mass grave near
570:, massacre near
561:mass grave near
504:Occupied Denmark
479:Judeo-Bolshevism
472:
469:
445:
408:
386:
378:Alexandru Birkle
317:
298:Sofia University
291:Occupied Belgium
287:Ghent University
252:Gerhard Schrader
194:prisoners of war
190:Katyn Commission
102:
101:
99:
98:
97:
92:
88:
85:
84:
83:
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48:
39:
19:
18:
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2604:1938 in Ukraine
2594:1937 in Ukraine
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2566:
2552:Kharkiv tragedy
2520:Bykivnia graves
2510:
2505:
2502:
2472:
2467:
2449:
2445:Stalin's bunker
2395:Room at Kremlin
2385:Tiflis Seminary
2366:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2322:(granddaughter)
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2279:Artyom Sergeyev
2273:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2227:
2209:
2113:
2071:True Communists
2034:
2032:
2025:
1989:Khrushchev Thaw
1960:
1927:Stalin's poetry
1846:
1714:Japhetic theory
1652:Medvedev Forest
1545:Georgian Affair
1522:
1516:
1477:Five-year plans
1421:
1390:Berlin Blockade
1380:Greek Civil War
1169:August Uprising
1157:
1138:Political views
1103:
1097:
1077:
1072:
1016:Representations
991:
924:
894:
889:
888:
883:
879:
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870:
865:
861:
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701:Wayback Machine
690:Wayback Machine
674:
667:
659:
655:
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643:
638:
572:Ivano-Frankivsk
555:
508:Occupied Greece
496:
470:
439:
430:Slovak Republic
402:
400:Gösta Häggqvist
380:
340:Dr. Cazzaniga,
335:Occupied France
311:
296:Dr. Michailov,
232:
215:
210:
131:
95:
93:
91:49.14°N 28.29°E
89:
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2528:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2200:Stalin Society
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:Stalin statues
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:Stalin Epigram
2037:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1984:Rehabilitation
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1711:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1604:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1560:Wittorf affair
1557:
1555:Dekulakization
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1497:New Soviet man
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1006:
995:
989:
972:
969:
966:
963:
956:
946:
943:
928:
922:
893:
890:
887:
886:
877:
868:
859:
844:
815:
790:
781:
772:
743:
705:
678:Zerkalo Nedeli
665:
653:
651:, p. 510.
649:Causarano 2004
640:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
605:Lunca massacre
602:
597:
584:
582:Katyn massacre
579:
574:
565:
554:
551:
495:
492:
456:
455:
433:
422:
396:
374:
364:
353:Ljudevit Jurak
349:
338:
327:
305:
294:
231:
228:
214:
211:
209:
206:
176:secret police
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
132:
129:
126:
125:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
71:
65:
64:
63:, Soviet Union
54:
50:
49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2681:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2573:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:Dem'ianiv Laz
2529:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:Semyonovskoye
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2295:Vasily Stalin
2293:
2290:(second wife)
2288:
2285:
2282:(adopted son)
2280:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2255:Kato Svanidze
2253:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:Ryutin Affair
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2031:Criticism and
2028:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:Order No. 270
1942:
1940:
1939:Order No. 227
1937:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Doctors' plot
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Nazino affair
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:German–Soviet
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Slavists case
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Moscow Trials
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:Korenizatsiya
1445:
1443:
1442:Neo-Stalinism
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:Ili Rebellion
1326:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:Joseph Stalin
1069:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:(1): 89–118.
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1002:
996:
992:
990:0-691-05702-8
986:
982:
978:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
957:
955:
954:0-415-94429-5
951:
947:
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
919:
915:
914:
908:
907:
906:
904:
899:
881:
872:
863:
856:
851:
849:
833:(in Romanian)
832:
831:
826:
819:
804:
800:
794:
785:
776:
768:
754:
750:
746:
744:83-86482-32-X
740:
732:
728:
727:
722:
716:
714:
712:
710:
702:
698:
695:
691:
687:
684:
680:
679:
672:
670:
663:, p. 93.
662:
657:
650:
645:
641:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
592:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
569:
568:Dem'ianiv Laz
566:
564:
560:
557:
556:
550:
548:
543:
534:
530:
528:
525:Vissarion of
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
494:Later history
491:
489:
480:
476:
464:
460:
453:
449:
443:
438:
434:
431:
427:
423:
420:
416:
412:
406:
401:
397:
394:
390:
384:
379:
375:
373:
369:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:
346:Fascist Italy
343:
339:
336:
332:
328:
325:
321:
315:
310:
309:Niilo Pesonen
306:
303:
299:
295:
292:
288:
284:
283:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
244:
236:
227:
223:
220:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
133:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
72:
70:
66:
62:
61:Ukrainian SSR
58:
55:
51:
47:
42:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
2561:
2362:(son-in-law)
2354:(son-in-law)
2351:Yuri Zhdanov
2258:(first wife)
2247:Keke Geladze
2220:
2109:Antisemitism
2101:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2066:Kremlin Plot
1993:
1931:
1915:
1902:
1807:Tax on trees
1765:Deportations
1671:
1502:Stakhanovite
1363:Eastern Bloc
1264:World War II
1217: /
1104:and politics
1020:
1014:
1000:
976:
912:
895:
880:
871:
862:
835:. Retrieved
828:
818:
806:. Retrieved
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
756:. Retrieved
730:
725:
694:in Ukrainian
676:
656:
644:
539:
520:
497:
484:
457:
437:Ferenc Orsós
329:Dr. Duvoir,
285:Dr. Soenen,
267:Nazi Germany
264:
249:
224:
216:
202:Soviet Union
186:Nazi Germany
161:
159:
149:Perpetrators
144:9,000–11,000
96:49.14; 28.29
27:Part of the
2614:Great Purge
2526:Rutchenkove
2118:Remembrance
2084:Animal Farm
1910:Stalin Note
1597:Great Purge
1565:Great Break
1457:Great Break
1178:(1928–1941)
1094:(1946–1953)
1088:(1922–1952)
808:February 1,
471: 1943
440: [
424:Dr. Krsek,
403: [
381: [
312: [
182:Great Purge
180:during the
130:Attack type
94: /
69:Coordinates
29:Great Purge
2588:Categories
2433:Lake Ritsa
2413:Uspenskoye
2330:(grandson)
2314:(grandson)
2306:(daughter)
2061:Trotskyism
2033:opposition
1709:Lysenkoism
1395:Korean War
1274:Winter War
1162:Chronology
1153:Death toll
1118:Early life
923:2708237624
892:Literature
767:Wiadomości
758:2011-10-18
683:in Russian
636:References
615:Sandarmokh
523:metropolit
2524:Donetsk:
2509:massacres
2423:New Athos
1689:Hotel Lux
1672:Vinnytsia
1627:Chortkiv
1617:Berezwecz
1612:Berezhany
1580:Holodomor
1437:Stalinism
1375:Cominform
1111:Overviews
753:1426-4064
542:Stalinist
415:Stockholm
389:Bucharest
260:Krasnodar
170:Vinnytsia
166:Ukrainian
121:, ethnic
110:1937–1938
57:Vinnytsia
2542:Brygidki
2463:Category
2403:Kuntsevo
2250:(mother)
2242:(father)
1677:Zolochiv
1662:Valozhyn
1632:Kurapaty
1430:Concepts
1343:Cold War
837:July 29,
697:Archived
686:Archived
587:Kurapaty
559:Bykivnia
553:See also
213:Massacre
168:town of
53:Location
2438:Sukhumi
2399:Dachas
2390:Kureika
1780:Koreans
1667:Vileyka
1368:Comecon
1193:Sovkhoz
1188:Kolkhoz
1102:History
625:Svirlag
595:Belarus
271:anatomy
254:of the
208:History
172:by the
82:28°17′E
79:49°08′N
2536:Lviv:
2518:Kiev:
2232:Family
1657:Sambir
1035:
987:
952:
934:
920:
751:
741:
733:]
527:Odessa
514:, and
279:Europe
174:Soviet
141:Deaths
115:Target
2408:Sochi
2298:(son)
2274:(son)
2266:(son)
1851:Works
1642:Lutsk
1637:Katyn
1622:Dubno
1587:Gulag
1033:JSTOR
769:(48).
735:(pdf)
729:[
591:Minsk
488:Poles
444:]
407:]
385:]
316:]
198:Katyn
123:Poles
2506:NKVD
1647:Lviv
1215:16th
1128:Rise
985:ISBN
950:ISBN
932:ISBN
918:ISBN
839:2020
810:2021
749:ISSN
739:ISBN
563:Kyiv
435:Dr.
398:Dr.
376:Dr.
351:Dr.
307:Dr.
273:and
178:NKVD
160:The
153:NKVD
107:Date
1025:doi
196:in
2590::
2540:,
1716:,
1031:.
1021:75
1019:.
1013:.
983:.
847:^
827:.
801:.
747:.
708:^
692:,
668:^
593:,
510:,
506:,
502:,
490:.
481:".
468:c.
450:,
446:,
442:hu
428:,
417:,
413:,
409:,
405:sv
391:,
383:de
370:,
359:,
355:,
344:,
333:,
322:,
318:,
314:fi
300:,
289:,
204:.
59:,
2497:e
2490:t
2483:v
1952:"
1948:"
1889:"
1885:"
1882:"
1878:"
1875:"
1871:"
1868:"
1864:"
1861:"
1857:"
1761:)
1757:(
1176:/
1067:e
1060:t
1053:v
1039:.
1027::
993:.
962:)
942:)
938:(
926:.
841:.
812:.
761:.
703:)
454:.
432:.
421:.
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