178:
548:
1768:
1814:
1146:) in 1862, contained 250 coins, three silver ingots, and part of a fourth as well as four pieces of hack silver in a linen bag. Archaeologists interpret this as loot collected by a member of the Viking army. By dating the artefacts, archaeologists estimated that this hoard had been buried in 872, when the army wintered in London. The coins themselves came from a wide range of different kingdoms, with Wessex, Mercian, and East Anglian examples found alongside foreign imports from
1518:
848:
862:
78:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
780:
771:
762:
753:
744:
735:
726:
717:
708:
699:
690:
681:
672:
663:
654:
645:
636:
627:
618:
609:
600:
591:
582:
573:
564:
555:
4299:
1557:
1640:(reigned 899–924). When Edward died in July 924, his son Æthelstan became king. In 927, he conquered the last remaining Viking kingdom, York, making him the first Anglo-Saxon ruler of the whole of England. In 934, he invaded Scotland and forced Constantine II to submit to him, but Æthelstan's rule was resented by the Scots and Vikings, and, in 937, they invaded England. Æthelstan defeated them at the
1621:. The army then launched a continuous series of attacks on Wessex. However, due in part to the efforts of Alfred and his army, the kingdom's new defences proved to be a success, and the Viking invaders were met with a determined resistance and made less of an impact than they had hoped. By 896, the invaders dispersed—instead settling in East Anglia and Northumbria, with some instead sailing to
1182:
there. The early Viking settlers would have appeared visibly different from the Anglo-Saxon populace, wearing
Scandinavian styles of jewellery, and probably also wearing their own peculiar styles of clothing. Viking and Anglo-Saxon men also had different hairstyles: Viking men's hair was shaved at the back and left shaggy on the front, whilst the Anglo-Saxons typically wore their hair long.
1681:
1859:
is, however, a biased source, acting as a piece of "wartime propaganda" written on behalf of the Anglo-Saxon forces against their Viking opponents, and, in many cases, greatly exaggerates the size of the Viking fleets and armies, thereby making any Anglo-Saxon victories against them seem more heroic.
1181:
From 865, the Viking attitude towards the
British Isles changed, as they began to see it as a place for potential colonisation rather than simply a place to raid. As a result of this, larger armies began arriving on Britain's shores, with the intention of conquering land and constructing settlements
439:
Lo, it is nearly 350 years that we and our fathers have inhabited this most lovely land, and never before has such a terror appeared as we have now suffered from a pagan race, nor was it thought that such an inroad from the sea could be made. Behold the church of St
Cuthbert spattered with the blood
1117:
The slave trade between the
Vikings and the Muslims in Central Asia is known to have functioned from at least between 786 and 1009, as large quantities of silver coins from the Samanid Empire have been found in Scandinavia from these years. People taken captive by the Vikings during their raids in
1712:, and so, in 991, they gave them £10,000. This fee did not prove to be enough, and, over the next decade, the English kingdom was forced to pay the Viking attackers increasingly large sums of money. Many English began to demand that a more hostile approach be taken against the Vikings, and so, on
433:
In the final decade of the eighth century, Viking raiders attacked a series of
Christian monasteries in the British Isles. Here, these monasteries had often been positioned on small islands and in other remote coastal areas so that the monks could live in seclusion, devoting themselves to worship
59:
In the last decade of the eighth century, Viking raiders sacked several
Christian monasteries in northern Britain, and over the next three centuries they launched increasingly large scale invasions and settled in many areas, especially in eastern Britain and Ireland, the islands north and west of
55:
At the start of the early medieval period, Scandinavian kingdoms had developed trade links reaching as far as southern Europe and the
Mediterranean, giving them access to foreign imports, such as silver, gold, bronze, and spices. These trade links also extended westwards into Ireland and Britain.
1892:
commented, Scandinavians in Anglo-Saxon
England "can be elusive to the archaeologist" because many of their houses and graves are indistinguishable from those of the other populations living in the country. For this reason, historian Peter Hunter Blair noted that, in Britain, the archaeological
1731:
could have been among the victims, which prompted Sweyn to raid
England the following year, when Exeter was burned down. Hampshire, Wiltshire, Wilton, and Salisbury also fell victim to the Viking revenge attack. Sweyn continued his raid in England and in 1004 his Viking army looted East Anglia,
1789:. Whilst basking in his victory and occupying Northumbria in preparation for the advance south, Harald's army was surprised by a similarly sized force led by King Harold Godwinson, which had managed to force march all the way there from London in a week. The invasion was repulsed at the
1825:
Archaeologists James Graham-Campbell and
Colleen E. Batey noted that there was a lack of historical sources discussing the earliest Viking encounters with the British Isles, which would have most probably been amongst the northern island groups, those closest to Scandinavia.
22:
1746:
returned to invade England with a large army, and Æthelred fled to Normandy, leading Sweyn to take the English throne. Sweyn died within a year, however, and so Æthelred returned, but, in 1016, another Viking army invaded, this time under the control of the Danish King
1118:
Western Europe were likely sold in Islamic Central Asia, a slave trade which was so lucrative that it may have contributed to the Viking raids in Western Europe, which was used by the vikings as a slave supply source for their slave trade with the Muslim world.
1644:, a victory which gave him great prestige both in the British Isles and on the Continent and led to the collapse of Viking power in northern Britain. After his death in 939, the Vikings seized back control of York, and it was not finally reconquered until 954.
1755:, Cnut became king of England, subsequently ruling over both the Danish and English kingdoms. Following Cnut's death in 1035, the two kingdoms were once more declared independent and remained so, apart from a short period from 1040 to 1042 when Cnut's son
1545:)—surrendered his lands to a second wave of Viking invaders in 876. In the next four years, Vikings gained further land in the kingdoms of Mercia and East Anglia as well. King Alfred continued his conflict with the invading forces but was driven back into
1172:
The historian Peter Hunter Blair believed that the success of the Viking raids and the "complete unpreparedness of Britain to meet such attacks" became major factors in the subsequent Viking invasions and colonisation of large parts of the British Isles.
481:
of Mercia set out privileges granted to monasteries and churches in Kent, but he excluded military service "against seaborne pirates with migrating fleets", showing that Viking raids were already an established problem. In a letter of 790–92 to King
1038:
provided a great market for the slaves captured by the vikings in Europe. Islamic law banned Muslims from enslaving other Muslims, and there was a big market for non-Muslim slaves on Islamic territory, where European slaves were referred to as
1880:
and interpret during the 20th and 21st centuries. Such Viking evidence in Britain consists primarily of Viking burials undertaken in Shetland, Orkney, the Western Isles, the Isle of Man, Ireland, and the north-west of England. Archaeologists
2014:
Graham-Campbell and Batey suggest that "true Vikings those who took part in Viking raids . A Viking base, is thus a base from which Vikings went raiding, but a Norse settlement in Scotland is a settlement occupied by people of Scandinavian
2513:
The slave trade of European women to the Middle East and Asia from antiquity to the ninth century. by Kathryn Ann Hain. Department of History The University of Utah. December 2016. Copyright © Kathryn Ann Hain 2016. All Rights Reserved.
2449:
The slave trade of European women to the Middle East and Asia from antiquity to the ninth century. by Kathryn Ann Hain. Department of History The University of Utah. December 2016. Copyright © Kathryn Ann Hain 2016. All Rights Reserved.
1130:
of treasure were buried in England at this time. Some of these may have been deposited by Anglo-Saxons attempting to hide their wealth from Viking raiders, and others by the Viking raiders as a way of protecting their looted treasure.
1708:, the political strength of the English monarchy waned, and, in 980, Viking raiders from Scandinavia resumed attacks against England. The English government decided that the only way of dealing with these attackers was to pay them
1663:
and made 'great slaughter'. Eadred threatened to destroy Northumbria in revenge, so the Northumbrians turned their back on Eric and acknowledged Eadred as their king. The Northumbrians then had another change of heart and accepted
490:
berated English people for copying the fashions of pagans who menaced them with terror. This shows that there were already close contacts between the two peoples, and the Vikings would have been well informed about their targets.
927:, to Vikings, who mostly came from Denmark and Sweden who arrived to the English shores during the 990s and the first decades of the 11th century. Some runestones relate of these Danegelds, such as the Yttergärde runestone,
1700:, England came to be further politically unified, with Edgar coming to be recognised as the king of all England by both Anglo-Saxon and Viking populations living in the country. However, in the reigns of his son
511:
in Ireland. In the first decade of the ninth century, Viking raiders began to attack coastal districts of Ireland. In 835, the first major Viking raid in southern England took place and was directed against the
2033:
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Worcester MSS D for 948 CE says: "And when the king was on his way home, the raiding army , which was in York, overtook the king's army at Castleford and a great slaughter was made
2167:
A variety of evidence, among which some of the objects from Sutton Hoo hold a prominent place, indicates that England lay well within the range of Scandinavia's foreign contacts before the Viking attacks
1572:(May 878). Sometime after the Battle of Edington, a treaty was agreed that set out the lasting peace terms between the two kings that included the boundaries of each of their kingdoms. It is known as the
506:
off Scotland's west coast. This monastery was attacked again in 802 and 806, when 68 people living there were killed. After this devastation, the monastic community at Iona abandoned the site and fled to
1594:
because it was under Viking political influence, whilst those areas to the south and west remained under Anglo-Saxon dominance. Alfred's government set about constructing a series of defended towns or
1781:, King of Norway, led an invasion of England in 1066 with 300 longships and 10,000 soldiers, attempting to seize the English throne during the succession dispute following the death of
1510:
Other Anglo-Saxon kings began to capitulate to the Viking demands and surrendered land to Viking settlers. In addition, many areas in eastern and northern England—including all but the
269:, lived in the area north of the Forth and Clyde rivers, which now constitutes a large portion of modern-day Scotland. Due to the scarcity of writing in Pictish, which survives only in
1606:), whereby half of his peasant army remained on active service at any one time. To maintain the burhs, and the standing army, he set up a taxation and conscription system known as the
363:, in parts of what have become southern Scotland and northern England, and, by the seventh or eighth centuries, these had apparently come under the political control of Anglo-Saxons.
1221:
904:
voyages to England. They constitute one of the largest groups of runestones that mention voyages to other countries, and they are comparable in number only to the approximately 30
2094:
1659:(Eirik Haraldsson) their king. Eadred responded by invading and ravaging Northumbria. When the Saxons headed back south, Eric Bloodaxe's army caught up with some them at
3169:
547:
2440:
Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. p. 33-35
879:
Map of the geographic distribution of the England Runestones in southern Scandinavia and northernmost Germany (modern administrative borders and cities are shown)
4040:
2504:
Pargas & Schiel, Damian A.; Juliane (2023). The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. p. 126
1214:
95:
5229:
1893:
evidence for Viking invasion and settlement was "very slight compared with the corresponding evidence for the Anglo-Saxon invasions" of the fifth century.
174:
During the Early Medieval period, the islands of Ireland and Britain were each culturally, linguistically, and religiously divided among various peoples.
5409:
2486:
The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium. (2007). Nederländerna: Brill. p. 232
390:
Between half a million and a million people lived in England at this time, with society being rigidly hierarchical. The class system had a king and his
319:
In northern Britain, in the area roughly corresponding to modern-day Scotland, lived three distinct ethnic groups in their own respective kingdoms: the
1207:
142:
114:
3162:
273:, views differ as to whether Pictish was a Celtic language like those spoken further south, or perhaps even a non-Indo-European language like
121:
875:
1672:
again. Then, in 954, Eric Bloodaxe was expelled for the second and final time by Eadred. Bloodaxe was the last Norse king of Northumbria.
434:
without the interference of other elements of society. At the same time, it made them isolated and unprotected targets for attack by sea.
1529:, who had been leading the conflict against the Vikings, died in 871 and was succeeded on the throne of Wessex by his younger brother,
1030:
128:
5837:
4020:
3155:
2043:
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that Bloodaxe was 'driven out' from Northumbria; however, other sources claim that he was also killed.
2477:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024. (1995). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 91
1885:
and Colleen E. Batey remarked that it was on the Isle of Man where Norse archaeology was "remarkably rich in quality and quantity".
498:, an island off England's eastern coast, was sacked by a Viking raiding party on 8 June. The following year, they sacked the nearby
5765:
4946:
1851:, a collection of annals initially written in the late ninth century, most probably in the Kingdom of Wessex during the reign of
110:
4490:
1035:
5832:
4378:
3067:
3048:
3029:
3001:
2979:
2939:
2917:
2895:
2876:
2857:
2651:
946:
The vast majority of the runestones, 27, were raised in modern-day Sweden and 17 in the oldest Swedish provinces around lake
5730:
5725:
5584:
5324:
5094:
1977:"freebooter, sea-rover, pirate, Viking", which usually is explained as meaning properly "one who came from the fjords" from
2090:
1045:; these slaves were likely both Pagan Slavic, Finnic and Baltic Eastern Europeans as well as Christian Western Europeans.
398:(or landholders), and then the various categories of agricultural workers below them. Beneath all of these was a class of
52:, but some scholars debate whether the term Viking represented all Scandinavian settlers or just those who used violence.
4901:
4383:
1793:, and Hardrada was killed along with most of his men. Whilst the Viking attempt was unsuccessful, the near simultaneous
2960:
2153:
1716:
in 1002, King Æthelred proclaimed that all Danes living in England would be executed. It would come to be known as the
725:
2495:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024. (1995). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 504
413:, which became centres of royal and ecclesiastical administration. There were also a number of trading ports, such as
4510:
4083:
3105:
3086:
2359:
1785:. He met initial success, defeating the outnumbered forces mustered by the earldoms of Northumbria and Mercia at the
1581:
161:
5770:
3275:
3300:
3123:
Downham, Clare (2009). "'Hiberno-Norwegians' and 'Anglo-Danes': Anachronistic Ethnicities and Viking Age England".
1107:
1633:
135:
5043:
4526:
2719:
331:. The Pictish cultural group dominated the majority of Scotland, with major populations concentrated between the
5720:
806:
797:
779:
770:
716:
671:
662:
653:
617:
5827:
5822:
5294:
4916:
1937:
939:. Canute sent home most of the Vikings who had helped him conquer England, but he kept a strong bodyguard, the
824:
788:
761:
752:
743:
698:
644:
635:
626:
608:
599:
590:
581:
572:
563:
554:
499:
99:
2276:
815:
734:
707:
689:
680:
5801:
5755:
5640:
5514:
4931:
4906:
4485:
3820:
3590:
3544:
2024:
There are only three surviving documents from the Anglo-Saxon period that can be described as peace treaties.
959:
5119:
5620:
5615:
4941:
3976:
1573:
5179:
4373:
3232:
2785:
483:
277:. However, most inscriptions and place-names hint towards the Picts being Celtic in language and culture.
5610:
5114:
4806:
4701:
4278:
4000:
1717:
1467:
1095:
494:
The next recorded attack against the Anglo-Saxons came the following year, in 793, when the monastery at
405:
The majority of the populace lived in the countryside, although a few large towns had developed, notably
5209:
4886:
4726:
177:
5454:
4986:
4956:
4841:
4581:
3829:
3799:
1942:
1450:
1413:
1153:
and from the Arab world. Not all such Viking hoards in England contain coins, however: for example, at
288:
migrants from continental Europe had settled during the fifth century CE, bringing with them their own
3011:
Keynes, Simon (1999). Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). "Vikings".
454:
The first known account of a Viking raid in Anglo-Saxon England comes from 789, when three ships from
5796:
5459:
4831:
4505:
3859:
3844:
3420:
1790:
1478:
1458:
5680:
3660:
1651:
became king of the English in 939. However, when Edmund was killed in a brawl, his younger brother,
5304:
4856:
4826:
4821:
4541:
4153:
3733:
3703:
3294:
3226:
1877:
1564:
Alfred regrouped his military forces and defeated the armies of the Viking monarch of East Anglia,
1382:
1347:
525:
336:
5389:
4671:
1655:
of Wessex took over as king. Then in 947 the Northumbrians rejected Eadred and made the Norwegian
1511:
1377:
5524:
5469:
5199:
4926:
4776:
4731:
4691:
3622:
3538:
1285:
1253:
88:
5655:
5499:
5149:
3485:
3217:
1705:
366:
By the mid-ninth century, Anglo-Saxon England comprised four separate and independent kingdoms:
5605:
5174:
4911:
4716:
4706:
4601:
4436:
3942:
1504:
1492:
1026:
367:
41:
5695:
5494:
4576:
3205:
1549:
in the south-west of his kingdom in 878, where he was forced to take refuge in the marshes of
1500:
5650:
5549:
5334:
5154:
4536:
4495:
4456:
4388:
4358:
4076:
3793:
3438:
3432:
3060:
Erik Bloodaxe: His Life and Times: A Royal Viking in His Historical and Geographical Settings
2950:
2905:
1907:
1882:
1847:
1408:
1111:
1049:
912:, of which the latter refer to a Viking expedition to the Middle East. They were engraved in
355:, according to written sources, constituted a tribal group which had crossed to Britain from
5735:
5214:
5129:
5079:
3328:
2464:
1526:
474:, whose job it was to identify all foreign merchants entering the kingdom, they killed him.
5760:
5675:
5539:
5434:
5414:
5038:
4936:
4896:
4891:
4871:
4836:
4771:
4681:
4646:
4606:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4451:
4363:
3745:
3715:
3697:
3634:
3598:
3584:
1902:
1818:
1782:
1669:
1641:
1496:
1393:
1362:
1342:
1305:
1280:
1275:
1068:
to Russia, where slaves and furs were sold to Muslim merchants in exchange for Arab silver
328:
308:
5700:
5189:
4661:
1767:
359:
in the north of Ireland during the late-fifth century. The northern Britons lived in the
8:
5705:
5600:
5519:
5284:
5139:
4866:
4816:
4796:
4736:
4696:
4621:
4473:
4330:
3751:
3739:
3721:
3709:
3532:
1922:
1713:
1398:
1387:
1367:
1357:
1332:
1147:
1103:
508:
281:
251:
5715:
5309:
4686:
4238:
3672:
3394:
3382:
477:
There were almost certainly unrecorded earlier raids. In a document dating to 792, King
5690:
5685:
5630:
5249:
5194:
5084:
4971:
4876:
4801:
4791:
4721:
4676:
4651:
4641:
4611:
4571:
4551:
4233:
4213:
4050:
4010:
3834:
3805:
3678:
3654:
3574:
3461:
3376:
2989:
2515:
2451:
2139:
2001:"village, camp" (temporary camps were a feature of the Viking raids), related to Latin
1889:
1839:
1798:
1752:
1697:
1569:
1542:
1534:
1445:
1428:
1423:
1352:
1310:
1261:
1091:
1053:
1022:
1018:
1014:
471:
399:
289:
231:
5379:
5775:
5710:
5670:
5660:
5635:
5544:
5529:
5444:
5369:
5314:
5239:
5169:
5124:
5011:
4881:
4851:
4846:
4811:
4781:
4761:
4746:
4666:
4546:
4500:
4446:
4368:
4273:
3970:
3893:
3853:
3610:
3604:
3491:
3455:
3426:
3388:
3211:
3101:
3082:
3063:
3044:
3025:
2997:
2975:
2956:
2935:
2913:
2891:
2872:
2853:
2647:
2355:
2149:
1917:
1786:
1736:
1701:
1473:
1337:
1300:
1290:
1195:
1166:
1065:
909:
905:
37:
5134:
4756:
1970:
is a historical revival; it was not used in Middle English, but it was revived from
1845:
The Viking raids that affected Anglo-Saxon England were primarily documented in the
1842:, concentrated in Sweden, give accounts of the voyages from the Viking perspective.
1835:
provide us with accounts of much Viking activity during the 9th and 10th centuries.
1576:. The treaty is one of the few existing documents of Alfred's reign and survives in
529:
5740:
5665:
5645:
5625:
5559:
5504:
5489:
5474:
5419:
5259:
5244:
4786:
4766:
4751:
4741:
4656:
4636:
4626:
4616:
4556:
4421:
4353:
4069:
4045:
3899:
3787:
3781:
3640:
3616:
3244:
3238:
3147:
2383:
1869:
1852:
1813:
1709:
1665:
1637:
1530:
1418:
1403:
1315:
1295:
936:
889:
459:
266:
259:
211:
5204:
5089:
3022:
Alfred's Wars Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age
2148:. Anglo-Saxon studies (revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 57.
1495:, in 866. Counterattacks concluded in a decisive defeat for Anglo-Saxon forces at
5750:
5509:
5424:
5384:
5364:
5349:
5329:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5234:
5058:
5026:
4921:
4711:
4631:
4566:
4561:
4531:
4198:
4146:
4025:
3924:
3727:
3556:
3526:
3412:
3345:
2286:
2143:
2098:
1927:
1794:
1778:
1743:
1732:
plundered Thetford and sacked Norwich, before he once again returned to Denmark.
1724:
1614:
1372:
1270:
1158:
966:
932:
917:
513:
467:
324:
274:
5564:
5484:
3142:
1541:)—one of the leaders of the Viking Great Army (known to the Anglo-Saxons as the
1048:
People taken captive during the viking raids in Western Europe could be sold to
5791:
5404:
5374:
4991:
4405:
4035:
4005:
3550:
3351:
3288:
3199:
2927:
1684:
1629:
1607:
1586:
1436:
1143:
446:
332:
255:
203:
26:
3666:
2850:
Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred & Other Contemporary Sources
1199:
1090:. Initially this trade route between Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate passed
5816:
5745:
5579:
5159:
5048:
4203:
4188:
4141:
4015:
3910:
3370:
3100:. English Historical Documents. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Oxford: Routledge.
1656:
1628:
Alfred's policy of opposing the Viking settlers continued under his daughter
940:
517:
422:
45:
1110:. This was one of the major routes of the viking slave trade, alongside the
5479:
5344:
5164:
5021:
4335:
4325:
4218:
1831:
1618:
300:
285:
186:
3250:
2848:(1983). "Life of King Alfred". In Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (eds.).
533:
5534:
5464:
5319:
5053:
5016:
5001:
4861:
4192:
4126:
4111:
3930:
3628:
3359:
2871:(3rd ed.). Cambridge and New York City: Cambridge University Press.
1873:
1577:
1517:
1248:
1061:
950:. Modern-day Denmark has no such runestones, but there is a runestone in
935:
who received the danegeld three times, and the last one he received from
495:
375:
293:
227:
61:
5359:
2952:
Swein Forkbeard's Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991–1017
1600:, began the construction of a navy, and organised a militia system (the
5109:
5074:
4268:
4263:
3333:
1932:
1802:
1756:
1660:
1154:
901:
503:
463:
360:
340:
304:
102: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4178:
1801:. Hardrada's invasion and defeat has been described as the end of the
947:
48:
to raid, conquer, settle and trade. They are generally referred to as
5554:
5429:
5399:
5184:
4966:
4288:
4208:
4163:
4131:
4030:
1971:
1514:—came under the direct rule of Viking leaders or their puppet kings.
913:
897:
455:
391:
344:
235:
965:
Some Vikings, such as Guðvér, did not only attack England, but also
77:
5339:
5299:
5031:
5006:
4478:
4400:
4320:
4258:
4253:
4183:
4173:
4168:
4116:
3473:
1728:
1648:
1622:
1550:
1546:
1099:
1041:
1010:
924:
356:
239:
223:
215:
5354:
5279:
5254:
5224:
5219:
5104:
4431:
4393:
4298:
4283:
4248:
4136:
4092:
3887:
3773:
3689:
3479:
3364:
2428:
1668:
as their ruler, only to have Eric Bloodaxe remove him and become
1591:
1565:
1323:
1191:
1162:
1150:
1135:
418:
243:
219:
182:
49:
4106:
1613:
In 892 a new Viking army, with 250 ships, established itself in
5569:
5289:
5099:
4996:
4976:
4468:
4461:
4441:
4243:
3936:
3918:
3256:
2457:
1912:
1868:
The Viking settlers in the British Isles left remains of their
1652:
1139:
1127:
1087:
1070:
1057:
955:
951:
487:
414:
406:
402:, who may have made up as much as a quarter of the population.
395:
379:
371:
348:
4121:
2890:. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Leicester University Press.
1556:
5449:
5439:
5394:
4315:
4228:
4158:
2845:
1989:"bay", and the second element in Reykjavik). But Old English
1083:
1079:
521:
352:
320:
299:
Many peoples of Britain and Ireland had already converted to
270:
247:
207:
190:
2596:
943:, and its members are also mentioned on several runestones.
280:
Much of southern Britain had become the various kingdoms of
5574:
5144:
4981:
4223:
3467:
3339:
2972:
River Kings: The Vikings from Scandinavia to the Silk Roads
1748:
1680:
1602:
1596:
1075:
958:. There is also a runestone in Norway and a Swedish one in
478:
410:
21:
4061:
1735:
Further raids took place in 1006–1007, and, in 1009–1012,
1161:, 19 silver ingots were discovered, whilst at Orton Scar,
3573:
1751:, Sweyn's son. After defeating Anglo-Saxon forces at the
307:
religions, including the distinct polytheistic religion (
2749:
2737:
1584:, Manuscript 383, and in a Latin compilation, known as
440:
of the priests of God, despoiled of all its ornaments.
4041:
Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom
2584:
2074:
2072:
1590:. The areas to the north and east became known as the
502:. In 795, they once again attacked, this time raiding
382:, the last of which was the strongest military power.
2637:
2635:
1997:
are almost 300 years older, and probably derive from
3177:
2608:
2516:
https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6616pp7
2452:
https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6616pp7
2120:
462:
on the southern coast of Wessex. When approached by
67:
2069:
1491:Viking armies captured York, the major city in the
3013:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
2632:
2349:
984:made (the stone) in memory of (their) able father.
296:), polytheistic religion and cultural practices.
1094:, but from the early 10th century onward it went
5814:
1617:and another army of 80 ships soon afterwards in
1176:
1004:
314:
2996:. London: B. T. Batsford and English Heritage.
1727:in Denmark. It is believed that Sweyn's sister
1229:
2396:
2394:
2392:
528:, the King of the Picts, his brother Bran and
520:, Vikings inflicted heavy defeats against the
254:were spoken (their modern descendants include
4077:
3163:
3041:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy
2910:Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey
2786:"Last of the Vikings – Stamford Bridge, 1066"
2768:
2766:
2764:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2644:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2228:
2226:
2224:
1234:Viking invasions of England
1215:
3081:. Vol. I. London: Chatto & Windus.
2641:
2421:
2110:
2108:
2106:
1675:
2646:. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–59.
2620:
2412:
2389:
1981:"creek, inlet, small bay" (cf. Old English
4084:
4070:
3170:
3156:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2761:
2693:
2669:
2660:
2533:
2521:
2297:
2295:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2221:
1863:
1222:
1208:
1031:History of concubinage in the Muslim world
4021:List of English words of Old Norse origin
3095:
2912:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2681:
2602:
2572:
2403:
2103:
1499:, and the deaths of Northumbrian leaders
428:
162:Learn how and when to remove this message
40:, the 8th to the 11th centuries CE, when
1812:
1766:
1762:
1679:
1555:
1516:
1106:in Central Asia and finally via Iran to
923:The Anglo-Saxon rulers paid large sums,
197:
176:
20:
3122:
3019:
2955:(illustrated ed.). Boydell Press.
2804:
2590:
2292:
2238:
230:, people spoke an early form of Celtic
5815:
3015:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 460–461.
2969:
2948:
2869:An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England
2755:
2743:
2282:
2145:An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England
1723:The news of the massacre reached King
969:, as reported by the Grinda Runestone
250:, and south-west Scotland, the Celtic
111:"Viking activity in the British Isles"
4065:
3151:
3098:The treaty between Alfred and Guthrum
3024:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydel Press.
2844:
2614:
2434:
2138:
1203:
539:
4947:Cnut the Great's invasion of England
1739:led a Viking invasion into England.
1704:, who was murdered in 978, and then
100:adding citations to reliable sources
71:
34:Viking activity in the British Isles
4902:Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias
1960:
1797:was successful in the south at the
1636:, and also under her brother, King
1134:One of these hoards, discovered in
13:
5766:Västergötland Runic Inscription 40
5731:Södermanland Runic Inscription 333
5726:Södermanland Runic Inscription 174
5095:Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)
3116:
2084:
1808:
1533:. The Viking king of Northumbria,
1121:
981:Grjótgarðr (and) Einriði, the sons
847:
394:at the top, under whom ranked the
14:
5849:
3136:
2418:Harrison & Svensson 2007:198.
1582:Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
1512:northernmost parts of Northumbria
861:
458:(in modern Norway) landed in the
311:) practiced by the Anglo-Saxons.
68:Background of local ethnic groups
5838:Viking Age in the United Kingdom
4297:
3301:Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire
3291:, Lady of the Mercians (911–918)
3179:Viking activity in Great Britain
3096:Whitelock, Dorothy, ed. (1996).
3062:. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.
2908:& Batey, Colleen E. (1998).
2400:Harrison & Svensson 2007:199
990:divided (up) payment in England;
860:
846:
832:
823:
814:
805:
796:
787:
778:
769:
760:
751:
742:
733:
724:
715:
706:
697:
688:
679:
670:
661:
652:
643:
634:
625:
616:
607:
598:
589:
580:
571:
562:
553:
546:
303:from their older, pre-Christian
76:
2837:
2821:
2792:
2778:
2712:
2560:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2443:
2377:
2368:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2037:
2027:
2018:
1696:Under the reign of Wessex King
385:
87:needs additional citations for
4917:Sack of Santiago de Compostela
3276:Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians
2799:Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998
2314:Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998
2216:Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998
2204:Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998
2192:Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998
2180:Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998
2173:
2132:
2115:Graham-Campbell and Batey 1998
2057:
2008:
1938:Category:Scandinavian Scotland
449:on the sacking of Lindisfarne.
181:Territories controlled by the
1:
5802:Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)
5756:Uppland Runic Inscription 158
4932:Siege of Constantinople (860)
4001:"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem)
3980:
3946:
3495:
3398:
3279:
3043:. Plymouth: Scarecrow Press.
2886:Crawford, Barbara E. (1987).
2720:"The St Brice's Day Massacre"
1948:
1772:The Battle of Stamford Bridge
1759:ascended the English throne.
1634:Æthelred, Ealdorman of Mercia
1177:Invasion and Danelaw: 865–954
1098:and from there by caravan to
1005:Connection to the slave trade
315:Distribution of ethnic groups
5833:History of the British Isles
5721:Småland Runic Inscription 48
5621:Danish Runic Inscription 380
5616:Danish Runic Inscription 154
3977:Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum
2926:
2867:Blair, Peter Hunter (2003).
2626:
2465:"The Slave Market of Dublin"
2091:Online Etymology Dictionary.
2050:
1953:
1691:
1574:Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum
833:
7:
5611:Danish Runic Inscription 66
5115:Birka female Viking warrior
4807:Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu
4091:
3076:
3057:
3039:Panton, Kenneth J. (2011).
3038:
2974:. London: William Collins.
2932:Why Alfred Burned the Cakes
2687:
2675:
2578:
2350:Christopher Wright (1975).
1896:
1468:Northumbrian Revolt of 1065
1078:, which have been found in
1036:Slavery in the Muslim world
970:
10:
5854:
5641:Gunnar's bridge runestones
4987:Viking Age arms and armour
4842:Battle of Strangford Lough
4582:Battle of Brentford (1016)
3010:
2988:
2904:
2885:
2866:
2827:
2815:
2798:
2772:
2706:
2566:
2554:
2527:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2270:
2247:
2232:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2126:
2114:
2093:Retrieved 12 January 2020.
2078:
2063:
1943:Norman conquest of England
1888:However, as archaeologist
1774:(1870), Peter Nicolai Arbo
1521:Great Heathen Army battles
1189:
1185:
1008:
928:
500:Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey
218:inhabitants of Europe. In
193:(green) in the 9th century
16:Aspect of Viking expansion
5797:Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)
5784:
5771:Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone
5593:
5460:Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson
5295:Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson
5067:
4955:
4832:Battle of Stamford Bridge
4519:
4414:
4344:
4306:
4295:
4099:
3993:
3963:
3908:
3880:
3873:
3843:
3819:
3772:
3766:Second invasion: 980–1012
3765:
3688:
3566:
3519:
3512:
3448:
3421:Ecgberht I of Northumbria
3321:
3314:
3268:
3192:
3185:
3143:BBC History – The Vikings
3058:Pearson, William (2012).
2934:. London: Profile Books.
2374:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1791:Battle of Stamford Bridge
1676:Second invasion: 980–1042
1670:king of the Northumbrians
1243:
1165:, a silver neck-ring and
900:in Sweden which refer to
896:) is a group of about 30
265:The Picts, who spoke the
5305:Ingvar the Far-Travelled
5210:Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir
5044:Raid Warfare and Tactics
4887:Battle of Trans-la-Forêt
4857:Battle of Tara (Ireland)
4827:Battle of Stamford (918)
4822:Battle of Stamford (894)
4727:Battle of Lüneburg Heath
4542:Battle of Anglesey Sound
3295:Odda, Ealdorman of Devon
3214:of East Anglia (855–869)
2354:. Batsford. p. 54.
2097:7 September 2014 at the
1718:St. Brice's Day massacre
1092:via the Khazar Kaghanate
5525:Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson
5470:Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye
5200:Godfrid, Duke of Frisia
4927:Siege of Chartres (911)
4777:Battle of Reading (871)
4732:Battle of Lyrskov Heath
4722:Battle of London Bridge
4692:Battle of Hingston Down
3629:Sea Battle near Swanage
3539:Battle of Hingston Down
3079:The Monarchy of England
3077:Starkey, David (2004).
1864:Archaeological evidence
1064:and from there via the
987:Guðvér was in the west;
5681:Norra Härene Runestone
5606:Baltic area runestones
5120:Bjørn (floruit 856–58)
4907:Raids in the Rhineland
4717:Battle of Leuven (891)
4707:Battle of Islandbridge
4702:Battle of Hjörungavágr
4602:Battle of Cathair Cuan
3567:First invasion 865–896
3020:Lavelle, Ryan (2010).
2906:Graham-Campbell, James
2352:Kent through the years
2005:"village, habitation".
1822:
1775:
1688:
1561:
1522:
1493:Kingdom of Northumbria
1138:(historically part of
1027:Al-Andalus slave trade
893:
442:
429:Viking raids: 780s–850
194:
30:
5828:Viking Age in Ireland
5823:Scandinavian Scotland
5651:Hakon Jarl runestones
5550:Tryggvi the Pretender
5455:Snæfrithr Svásadottir
5390:Ohthere of Hålogaland
5335:Ketil Trout (Iceland)
5155:Eohric of East Anglia
5054:Svinfylking Formation
4862:Battle of Tarbat Ness
4672:Battle of Fýrisvellir
4537:First Battle of Alton
3520:Viking raids: 793–850
3439:Eohric of East Anglia
3433:Ceolwulf II of Mercia
3220:(978–1013, 1014–1016)
2888:Scandinavian Scotland
2642:Peter Sawyer (2001).
1985:, Middle High German
1908:Scandinavian Scotland
1883:James Graham-Campbell
1848:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1816:
1770:
1763:Stamford Bridge: 1066
1683:
1559:
1520:
1112:Black Sea slave trade
1108:the Abbasid Caliphate
437:
222:and parts of western
202:The languages of the
198:Language and religion
180:
24:
5761:Varangian runestones
5676:Lingsberg Runestones
5656:Hällestad Runestones
5540:Thorolf Kveldulfsson
5500:Styrbjörn the Strong
5435:Rognvald Eysteinsson
5415:Ragnhild Eriksdotter
5180:Freydís Eiríksdóttir
5150:Egill Skallagrímsson
4897:Burning of Luimneach
4872:Battle of Tettenhall
4837:Battle of Stiklestad
4772:Battle of Rastarkalv
4682:Battle of Hafrsfjord
4647:Battle of Englefield
4607:Battle of Chippenham
4597:Battle of Buttington
4592:Battle of Brunanburh
4587:Battle of Brissarthe
3673:Battle of Fearnhamme
3635:Battle of Chippenham
3599:Battle of Englefield
3218:Æthelred the Unready
3125:Medieval Scandinavia
2970:Jarman, Cat (2021).
2949:Howard, Ian (2003).
2852:. Penguin Classics.
1903:Kingdom of the Isles
1819:Kingdom of the Isles
1783:Edward the Confessor
1706:Æthelred the Unready
1642:Battle of Brunanburh
1497:York on 21 March 867
1104:Samanid slave market
996:townships in Saxony.
876:class=notpageimage|
309:Anglo-Saxon paganism
226:, as well as in the
96:improve this article
36:occurred during the
5706:Sigtrygg Runestones
5696:Runestones of Högby
5601:Ballstorp Runestone
5585:Unn the Deep-Minded
5520:Thorfinn the Mighty
5515:Þorbjörg Lítilvölva
5495:Steinunn Refsdóttir
5285:Hemming Halfdansson
5140:Bjorn the Easterner
4867:Battle of Tempsford
4817:Battle of Stainmore
4797:Battle of Rochester
4737:Battle of Mag Femen
4697:Battle of the Holme
4622:Battle of Corbridge
4577:Battle of Brávellir
4527:Tactics and warfare
4331:Viking ship replica
3591:Siege of Nottingham
3545:Battle of Rochester
3206:Ælla of Northumbria
2990:Richards, Julian D.
2666:Richards 1991 p. 22
2605:, pp. 417–418.
2140:Blair, Peter Hunter
1923:History of Shetland
1821:about the year 1100
1687:'s domains, in red.
1148:Carolingian-dynasty
421:, which engaged in
282:Anglo-Saxon England
252:Brythonic languages
210:descended from the
5736:Sparlösa Runestone
5691:Runestones at Aspa
5686:Orkesta Runestones
5631:England runestones
5250:Halfdan Ragnarsson
5230:Hakon Rognvaldsson
5215:Gunnar Hámundarson
5195:Godfrid Haraldsson
5130:Bjarni Herjólfsson
5080:Amlaíb Cenncairech
5068:Historical figures
4972:Great Heathen Army
4960:and fortifications
4877:Battle of Thetford
4802:Battle of Sasireti
4792:Battle of Ringmere
4677:Battle of Glenmama
4652:Battle of Epiphany
4642:Battle of Edington
4612:Battle of Clontarf
4572:Battle of Benfleet
4552:Battle of Assandun
4389:L'Anse aux Meadows
4214:Old Norse religion
4051:Vale of York Hoard
4011:England runestones
3881:Viking settlements
3679:Battle of Benfleet
3655:Battle of Edington
3575:Great Heathen Army
3462:Halfdan Ragnarsson
3373:(947–948, 952–954)
2994:Viking Age England
2285:, pp. 93–96 (
1890:Julian D. Richards
1876:have been able to
1840:England Runestones
1823:
1799:Battle of Hastings
1776:
1753:Battle of Assandun
1698:Edgar the Peaceful
1689:
1570:Battle of Edington
1562:
1543:Great Heathen Army
1535:Halfdan Ragnarrson
1527:Æthelred of Wessex
1523:
1262:Great Heathen Army
1096:via Volga Bulgaria
1056:or transported to
1054:Dublin slave trade
1023:Prague slave trade
1019:Balkan slave trade
1015:Dublin slave trade
886:England runestones
540:England runestones
195:
31:
5810:
5809:
5776:Viking runestones
5711:Simris Runestones
5701:Sædinge Runestone
5671:Karlevi Runestone
5661:Ingvar runestones
5636:Greece runestones
5545:Thorstein the Red
5530:Thorkell the Tall
5410:Ragnar Ragnarsson
5315:Ivar the Boneless
5240:Haakon Sigurdsson
5190:Garðar Svavarsson
5175:Eiríkr Hákonarson
5170:Eric I of Denmark
5125:Bjorn Asbrandsson
5012:Gjermundbu helmet
4882:Battle of Thimeon
4852:Battle of Sulcoit
4847:Battle of Svolder
4812:Battle of Skyhill
4782:Battle of Renfrew
4762:Battle of Norditi
4747:Battle of Meretun
4667:Battle of Fulford
4662:Battle of Florvåg
4547:Battle of Ashdown
4274:Viking runestones
4059:
4058:
3971:Treaty of Wedmore
3959:
3958:
3869:
3868:
3845:Harald's invasion
3815:
3814:
3761:
3760:
3650:
3649:
3623:Battle of Reading
3611:Battle of Meretun
3605:Battle of Ashdown
3508:
3507:
3492:Thorkell the Tall
3456:Ivar the Boneless
3427:Burgred of Mercia
3389:Olaf Guthfrithson
3310:
3309:
3212:Edmund the Martyr
3069:978-1-4685-8330-4
3050:978-0-8108-5779-7
3031:978-1-84383-569-1
3003:978-0-7134-6520-4
2981:978-0-00-835311-7
2941:978-1-86197-786-1
2919:978-0-7486-0641-2
2897:978-0-7185-1282-8
2878:978-0-521-53777-3
2859:978-0-14-044409-4
2788:. 26 August 2008.
2758:, pp. 66–67.
2746:, pp. 64–65.
2653:978-0-19-285434-6
1918:Earldom of Orkney
1787:Battle of Fulford
1737:Thorkell the Tall
1702:Edward the Martyr
1488:
1487:
1459:Harald's invasion
1311:Edington/Ethandun
1196:Scandinavian York
1167:penannular brooch
1066:Volga trade route
1002:
1001:
993:manfully attacked
973:in Södermanland:
931:, which tells of
910:Ingvar runestones
906:Greece runestones
530:Aed son of Boanta
290:Germanic language
172:
171:
164:
146:
60:Scotland and the
44:travelled to the
38:Early Middle Ages
5845:
5741:Stangeland stone
5716:Sjörup Runestone
5666:Italy runestones
5646:Hagby Runestones
5626:Egtved Runestone
5560:Valtoke Gormsson
5505:Sweyn Asleifsson
5490:Snorri Sturluson
5475:Sigurd the Stout
5420:Ragnall ua Imair
5310:Ingólfr Arnarson
5260:Harald Bluetooth
5245:Halfdan Long-Leg
4787:Battle of Remich
4767:Battle of Pinhoe
4752:Battle of Nesjar
4742:Battle of Maldon
4687:Battle of Helgeå
4657:Battle of Fitjar
4637:Battle of Dollar
4627:Battle of Cynwit
4617:Battle of Confey
4557:Battle of Basing
4422:Viking expansion
4354:North Sea Empire
4301:
4279:Viking Age trade
4154:Germanic deities
4086:
4079:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4046:Silverdale Hoard
3985:
3982:
3951:
3948:
3900:North Sea Empire
3878:
3877:
3788:Battle of Pinhoe
3770:
3769:
3686:
3685:
3661:Battle of London
3641:Battle of Cynwit
3617:Battle of Basing
3571:
3570:
3517:
3516:
3500:
3497:
3403:
3400:
3395:Ragnall ua Ímair
3383:Gofraid ua Ímair
3319:
3318:
3284:
3281:
3245:Edward the Elder
3239:Alfred the Great
3190:
3189:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3132:
3111:
3092:
3073:
3054:
3035:
3016:
3007:
2985:
2966:
2945:
2923:
2901:
2882:
2863:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2639:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2467:. 23 April 2013.
2461:
2455:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2431:2.0 for Windows.
2427:Entry Sö 166 in
2425:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2409:Jansson 1980:34.
2407:
2401:
2398:
2387:
2384:Annals of Ulster
2381:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2290:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2251:
2245:
2236:
2230:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2101:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2067:
2061:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2006:
1993:and Old Frisian
1964:
1870:material culture
1853:Alfred the Great
1710:protection money
1666:Olaf Sihtricsson
1638:Edward the Elder
1238:
1237:
1235:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1169:were uncovered.
976:
975:
937:Canute the Great
894:Englandsstenarna
864:
863:
850:
849:
836:
835:
827:
818:
809:
800:
791:
782:
773:
764:
755:
746:
737:
728:
719:
710:
701:
692:
683:
674:
665:
656:
647:
638:
629:
620:
611:
602:
593:
584:
575:
566:
557:
550:
486:of Northumbria,
460:Isle of Portland
450:
339:, as well as in
267:Pictish language
212:Celtic languages
167:
160:
156:
153:
147:
145:
104:
80:
72:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5780:
5751:Runestone U 582
5589:
5510:Sweyn Forkbeard
5425:Raud the Strong
5385:Orm Storolfsson
5380:Olof Skötkonung
5370:Olav Haraldsson
5365:Olaf Tryggvason
5350:Magnus Barefoot
5330:Ketill Flatnose
5275:Harald Wartooth
5270:Harald Hardrada
5265:Harald Fairhair
5235:Haakon the Good
5063:
5059:Varangian Guard
4959:
4951:
4922:Siege of Asselt
4912:Raid on Seville
4712:Battle of Largs
4632:Battle of Derby
4567:Battle of Bauds
4562:Battle of Barry
4532:Battle of Aclea
4515:
4410:
4346:
4340:
4308:
4302:
4293:
4199:Norse mythology
4147:Younger Futhark
4095:
4090:
4060:
4055:
3989:
3983:
3955:
3949:
3904:
3865:
3860:Stamford Bridge
3839:
3821:Cnut's invasion
3811:
3757:
3734:Second Stamford
3684:
3667:Siege of Exeter
3646:
3577:
3562:
3557:Battle of Aclea
3533:Isle of Sheppey
3504:
3498:
3444:
3413:Sweyn Forkbeard
3401:
3346:Harold Harefoot
3306:
3282:
3264:
3181:
3176:
3139:
3119:
3117:Further reading
3114:
3108:
3089:
3070:
3051:
3032:
3004:
2982:
2963:
2942:
2928:Horspool, David
2920:
2898:
2879:
2860:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2300:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2254:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2104:
2099:Wayback Machine
2089:
2085:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2009:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1928:Orkneyinga saga
1899:
1866:
1811:
1809:Written records
1795:Norman invasion
1779:Harald Hardrada
1765:
1744:Sweyn Forkbeard
1725:Sweyn Forkbeard
1694:
1678:
1615:Appledore, Kent
1489:
1484:
1483:
1479:Stamford Bridge
1472:
1437:Cnut's invasion
1392:
1383:Second Stamford
1239:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1198:
1190:Main articles:
1188:
1179:
1124:
1122:Treasure hoards
1033:
1007:
954:which mentions
933:Ulf of Borresta
918:Younger Futhark
882:
881:
880:
878:
872:
871:
870:
869:
865:
857:
856:
855:
851:
843:
842:
841:
837:
829:
828:
820:
819:
811:
810:
802:
801:
793:
792:
784:
783:
775:
774:
766:
765:
757:
756:
748:
747:
739:
738:
730:
729:
721:
720:
712:
711:
703:
702:
694:
693:
685:
684:
676:
675:
667:
666:
658:
657:
649:
648:
640:
639:
631:
630:
622:
621:
613:
612:
604:
603:
595:
594:
586:
585:
577:
576:
568:
567:
559:
558:
542:
514:Isle of Sheppey
452:
444:
431:
388:
317:
200:
168:
157:
151:
148:
105:
103:
93:
81:
70:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5851:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5792:Viking revival
5788:
5786:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5405:Ragnar Lodbrok
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5375:Olaf the White
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5135:Björn Ironside
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4942:Siege of Paris
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4892:Battle of York
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4757:Battle of Niså
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4369:Orkney Islands
4366:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4309:and navigation
4304:
4303:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4089:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4066:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4036:Ragnar Lodbrok
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:Cuerdale Hoard
4003:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3974:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3915:
3913:
3911:petty kingdoms
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3884:
3882:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3850:
3848:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3800:St Brice's Day
3797:
3791:
3785:
3778:
3776:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3704:First Stamford
3701:
3694:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3585:Battle of York
3581:
3579:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3523:
3521:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:Svein Knutsson
3349:
3343:
3337:
3325:
3323:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3200:Offa of Mercia
3196:
3194:
3193:Major monarchs
3187:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3138:
3137:External links
3135:
3134:
3133:
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3115:
3113:
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2980:
2967:
2962:978-0851159287
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2652:
2631:
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2617:, p. 311.
2607:
2603:Whitelock 1996
2595:
2593:, p. 325.
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2155:978-0521537773
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1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
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1898:
1895:
1874:archaeologists
1872:behind, which
1865:
1862:
1810:
1807:
1764:
1761:
1714:St Brice's Day
1693:
1690:
1685:Cnut the Great
1677:
1674:
1632:, who married
1608:Burghal Hidage
1587:Quadripartitus
1560:England in 878
1537:(Old English:
1486:
1485:
1482:
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1470:
1464:
1463:
1454:
1453:
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1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
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1380:
1375:
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1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:First Stamford
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
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1120:
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544:
543:
541:
538:
447:Alcuin of York
436:
430:
427:
387:
384:
333:Firth of Forth
316:
313:
204:Celtic Britons
199:
196:
170:
169:
84:
82:
75:
69:
66:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5850:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5746:Stone of Eric
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5205:Grímur Kamban
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5160:Eric Bloodaxe
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5090:Amlaíb Conung
5088:
5086:
5085:Amlaíb Cuarán
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5049:Shield-maiden
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5039:Ring Fortress
5037:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:Sack of Paris
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4427:British Isles
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4384:North America
4382:
4380:
4379:Faroe Islands
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4300:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4204:Norse rituals
4202:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4189:Norse funeral
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:Elder Futhark
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:Furness Hoard
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:Major leaders
3447:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3377:Amlaíb Cuarán
3375:
3372:
3371:Eric Bloodaxe
3369:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:Major leaders
3267:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3109:
3107:0-203-43950-3
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3088:0-7011-7678-4
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2829:
2828:Richards 1991
2824:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2773:Richards 1991
2769:
2767:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2708:
2707:Richards 1991
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2627:Horspool 2006
2623:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2567:Richards 1991
2563:
2556:
2555:Richards 1991
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2528:Richards 1991
2524:
2517:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2437:
2430:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2371:
2363:
2361:0-7134-2881-3
2357:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2271:Richards 1991
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2233:Richards 1991
2229:
2227:
2225:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2169:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2079:Richards 1991
2075:
2073:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2040:
2030:
2021:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1657:Eric Bloodaxe
1654:
1650:
1647:Edward's son
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:Hingston Down
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Moorish Spain
1046:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:
978:
977:
974:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
877:
826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
781:
772:
763:
754:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
700:
691:
682:
673:
664:
655:
646:
637:
628:
619:
610:
601:
592:
583:
574:
565:
556:
549:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:battle in 839
515:
510:
505:
501:
497:
492:
489:
485:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
451:
448:
441:
435:
426:
424:
423:foreign trade
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
312:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
192:
189:(yellow) and
188:
184:
179:
175:
166:
163:
155:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113: –
112:
108:
107:Find sources:
101:
97:
91:
90:
85:This section
83:
79:
74:
73:
65:
63:
57:
53:
51:
47:
46:British Isles
43:
42:Scandinavians
39:
35:
28:
23:
19:
5565:Vagn Åkesson
5485:Skalla-Grímr
5480:Sitric Caech
5345:Leif Erikson
5325:Ketilsdóttir
5165:Erik the Red
4957:Arms, armour
4426:
4347:and colonies
4336:Visby lenses
4326:Viking ships
4219:Raven banner
3178:
3128:
3124:
3097:
3078:
3059:
3040:
3021:
3012:
2993:
2971:
2951:
2931:
2909:
2887:
2868:
2849:
2838:Bibliography
2823:
2794:
2780:
2751:
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2723:
2714:
2683:
2676:Pearson 2012
2671:
2662:
2643:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2591:Lavelle 2010
2586:
2579:Starkey 2004
2574:
2569:. pp. 11–12.
2562:
2523:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2459:
2454:. p. 256-257
2445:
2436:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2379:
2370:
2351:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2278:
2211:
2206:. pp. 14–16.
2199:
2187:
2175:
2166:
2159:. Retrieved
2144:
2134:
2129:. pp. 56–57.
2122:
2086:
2059:
2039:
2029:
2020:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1887:
1867:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1837:
1832:Irish Annals
1830:
1828:
1824:
1805:in Britain.
1777:
1771:
1741:
1734:
1722:
1695:
1646:
1627:
1619:Milton Regis
1612:
1601:
1595:
1585:
1563:
1538:
1524:
1509:
1490:
1457:
1435:
1322:
1260:
1232:
1180:
1171:
1133:
1125:
1116:
1069:
1047:
1040:
1034:
964:
945:
922:
885:
883:
493:
476:
466:, the royal
453:
443:
438:
432:
404:
389:
386:Class system
365:
318:
305:polytheistic
301:Christianity
298:
279:
264:
201:
187:Anglo-Saxons
173:
158:
149:
139:
132:
125:
118:
106:
94:Please help
89:verification
86:
58:
54:
33:
32:
18:
5535:Thorir Hund
5465:Sigurd Ring
5320:Jomsvikings
5017:Yarm helmet
4452:Isle of Man
4406:Kievan Rus'
4239:Skíðblaðnir
4193:ship burial
4112:Brisingamen
4026:Norse–Gaels
3943:East Anglia
3931:Northumbria
3823:(1015–1016)
3794:First Alton
3774:The Danelaw
3690:The Danelaw
3669:(893, 1001)
3527:Lindisfarne
3415:(1013–1014)
3360:Northumbria
3354:(1030–1035)
3348:(1035–1040)
3342:(1016–1035)
3336:(1035–1042)
3186:Anglo-Saxon
2756:Howard 2003
2744:Howard 2003
2724:Historic UK
2688:Panton 2011
2283:Jarman 2021
2064:Keynes 1999
1578:Old English
1409:First Alton
1324:The Danelaw
1249:Lindisfarne
962:, Germany.
908:and the 26
496:Lindisfarne
445:Archbishop
376:Northumbria
368:East Anglia
294:Old English
286:Anglo-Saxon
228:Isle of Man
206:and of the
62:Isle of Man
5817:Categories
5594:Runestones
5110:Berle-Kari
5075:Airdeconut
4269:Viking art
4264:Viking Age
3984: 890
3950: 550
3746:Brunanburh
3716:Tettenhall
3698:Buttington
3551:Carhampton
3499: 970
3402: 914
3334:Harthacnut
3303:(855–?877)
3283: 881
3131:: 139–169.
2816:Blair 2003
2615:Asser 1983
2338:Blair 2003
2326:Blair 2003
2302:Blair 2003
2248:Blair 2003
2194:. pp. 5–7.
2127:Blair 2003
1949:References
1933:Viking Age
1803:Viking Age
1757:Harthacnut
1661:Castleford
1394:Brunanburh
1363:Tettenhall
1343:Buttington
1306:Chippenham
1281:Englefield
1155:Bowes Moor
1009:See also:
902:Viking Age
898:runestones
854:Copenhagen
532:, King of
524:, killing
504:Iona Abbey
484:Æthelred I
472:Dorchester
464:Beaduheard
341:Sutherland
292:(known as
214:spoken by
122:newspapers
5555:Turgesius
5430:Reginheri
5400:Palnatoke
5185:Freygeirr
4967:Berserker
4491:Pomerania
4486:Rhineland
4415:Expansion
4364:Greenland
4345:Homelands
4289:Yggdrasil
4209:Old Norse
4164:Hnefatafl
4132:Einherjar
4031:Old Norse
3939:(527–918)
3933:(653–954)
3927:(410–825)
3921:(519–927)
3896:(866–954)
3890:(865–896)
3830:Brentford
3752:Stainmore
3740:Corbridge
3722:Tempsford
3710:The Holme
3488:(892–896)
3482:(874–890)
3476:(865–870)
3470:(865–878)
3464:(865–877)
3458:(865–870)
3441:(917–927)
3435:(874–880)
3429:(852–874)
3423:(867–872)
3391:(939–941)
3385:(921–934)
3379:(941–944)
3367:(883–895)
3329:Knýtlinga
3289:Æthelflæd
3253:(924–939)
3251:Æthelstan
3247:(899–924)
3241:(871–899)
3235:(839–858)
3233:Æthelwulf
3229:(802–839)
3208:(unk–867)
3202:(757–796)
2690:. p. 135.
2066:. p. 460.
2051:Citations
1972:Old Norse
1966:The word
1954:Footnotes
1857:Chronicle
1742:In 1013,
1630:Æthelflæd
1568:, at the
1539:Healfdene
1451:Brentford
1439:(1015–16)
1399:Stainmore
1388:Corbridge
1378:Æthelwold
1368:Tempsford
1358:The Holme
1333:Rochester
1326:(886–954)
1142:, now in
1102:, to the
960:Schleswig
925:Danegelds
916:with the
914:Old Norse
868:Stockholm
534:Dál Riata
516:and in a
456:Hordaland
392:ealdormen
361:Old North
345:Caithness
337:River Dee
236:Old Irish
234:known as
152:June 2020
27:King Cnut
5580:Uí Ímair
5360:Náttfari
5340:Lagertha
5300:Hvitserk
5032:Ingelrii
5027:Ulfberht
5007:Dane axe
4479:Normandy
4474:Brittany
4457:Scotland
4401:Jomsborg
4374:Shetland
4321:Longship
4259:Valkyrie
4254:Valhalla
4184:Norsemen
4174:Leysingi
4169:Holmgang
4117:Danegeld
3964:Treaties
3909:English
3835:Assandun
3806:Ringmere
3578:(865–78)
3474:Hvitserk
3409:England
3322:Monarchs
3259:(946–954
3227:Ecgberht
3223:Wessex:
2992:(1991).
2930:(2006).
2830:. p. 15.
2818:. p. 64.
2775:. p. 28.
2709:. p. 24.
2678:. p. 131
2629:. p. 102
2557:. p. 20.
2530:. p. 17.
2340:. p. 68.
2328:. p. 66.
2316:. p. 24.
2304:. p. 55.
2273:. p. 16.
2250:. p. 63.
2235:. p. 13.
2218:. p. 18.
2161:30 April
2142:(2003).
2095:Archived
2015:origin".
1897:See also
1878:excavate
1729:Gunhilde
1623:Normandy
1551:Athelney
1547:Somerset
1446:Assandun
1429:Ringmere
1424:Thetford
1353:Benfleet
1264:(865–78)
1126:Various
1100:Khwarazm
1052:via the
1042:saqaliba
1011:Saqaliba
941:Þingalið
357:Dalriada
335:and the
284:, where
240:Cornwall
224:Scotland
216:Iron Age
25:Coin of
5785:Related
5355:Naddodd
5280:Hastein
5255:Hagrold
5225:Guthrum
5220:Guthred
5105:Bagsecg
5002:Skeggöx
4992:Halberd
4520:Battles
4496:Estonia
4432:Danelaw
4394:Vinland
4359:Iceland
4284:Wergeld
4249:Tyrfing
4234:Seeress
4179:Mjölnir
4137:Futhark
4100:Culture
4093:Vikings
3994:Culture
3888:Danelaw
3854:Fulford
3513:Battles
3486:Hastein
3480:Guthrum
3365:Guthred
2801:. p. 2.
2581:. p. 51
2429:Rundata
2386:, 839.9
2182:. p. 5.
2117:. p. 3.
2081:. p. 9.
2034:there."
1975:vikingr
1692:England
1592:Danelaw
1566:Guthrum
1505:Osberht
1474:Fulford
1338:Farnham
1301:Meretun
1291:Ashdown
1286:Reading
1192:Danelaw
1186:England
1163:Cumbria
1151:Francia
1136:Croydon
948:Mälaren
890:Swedish
419:Ipswich
329:Britons
260:Cornish
244:Cumbria
220:Ireland
185:(red),
183:Vikings
136:scholar
50:Vikings
5570:Veborg
5290:Hervor
5100:Auisle
4997:Atgeir
4977:Hersir
4506:Dublin
4501:Iberia
4469:France
4462:Wessex
4442:Mercia
4437:Anglia
4244:Thrall
3937:Mercia
3919:Wessex
3894:Jorvik
3874:Places
3862:(1066)
3856:(1066)
3847:(1066)
3808:(1010)
3802:(1002)
3796:(1001)
3790:(1001)
3782:Maldon
3501:–1024)
3315:Viking
3257:Eadred
3104:
3085:
3066:
3047:
3028:
3000:
2978:
2959:
2938:
2916:
2894:
2875:
2856:
2729:7 June
2650:
2358:
2168:began.
2152:
1995:wizing
1991:wicing
1968:Viking
1913:Orkney
1855:. The
1653:Eadred
1649:Edmund
1531:Alfred
1461:(1066)
1419:Pinhoe
1404:Maldon
1316:Cynwit
1296:Basing
1159:Durham
1140:Surrey
1128:hoards
1088:Dublin
1084:Wollin
1071:dirham
1062:Brännö
1058:Hedeby
1029:, and
971:Sö 166
967:Saxony
956:London
952:Scania
488:Alcuin
415:Hamwic
407:London
400:slaves
396:thegns
380:Mercia
378:, and
372:Wessex
351:. The
349:Orkney
347:, and
327:, and
275:Basque
232:Gaelic
138:
131:
124:
117:
109:
5450:Rusla
5445:Rorik
5440:Rollo
5395:Ottir
5022:Sword
4511:Italy
4316:Knarr
4307:Ships
4229:Skald
4224:Sagas
4159:Gothi
4127:Eddas
3973:(886)
3952:–918)
3784:(991)
3754:(954)
3748:(937)
3742:(918)
3736:(918)
3730:(917)
3728:Derby
3724:(917)
3718:(910)
3712:(902)
3706:(894)
3700:(893)
3681:(894)
3675:(893)
3663:(886)
3657:(878)
3643:(878)
3637:(878)
3631:(877)
3625:(871)
3619:(871)
3613:(871)
3607:(871)
3601:(870)
3593:(867)
3587:(867)
3559:(851)
3553:(843)
3547:(842)
3541:(838)
3535:(835)
3529:(793)
3404:–921)
3297:(878)
3285:–911)
2846:Asser
2287:S 134
2003:vicus
1597:burhs
1525:King
1373:Derby
1271:Alcea
1080:Birka
929:U 344
522:Picts
509:Kells
470:from
468:reeve
353:Scots
325:Scots
321:Picts
271:Ogham
256:Welsh
248:Wales
238:. In
208:Gaels
191:Celts
143:JSTOR
129:books
5575:Ubba
5145:Cnut
4982:Hird
4447:York
4107:Blót
3925:Kent
3468:Ubba
3340:Cnut
3102:ISBN
3083:ISBN
3064:ISBN
3045:ISBN
3026:ISBN
2998:ISBN
2976:ISBN
2957:ISBN
2936:ISBN
2914:ISBN
2892:ISBN
2873:ISBN
2854:ISBN
2731:2020
2648:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2163:2019
2150:ISBN
1987:wich
1838:The
1829:The
1817:The
1749:Cnut
1603:fyrd
1503:and
1501:Ælla
1276:York
1194:and
1086:and
1076:silk
1074:and
884:The
840:Oslo
526:Uuen
479:Offa
417:and
411:York
409:and
258:and
115:news
4122:Dís
1999:wic
1983:wic
1979:vik
1580:in
1060:or
262:).
98:by
5819::
3981:c.
3947:c.
3496:c.
3399:c.
3280:c.
3129:19
3127:.
2806:^
2763:^
2722:.
2695:^
2634:^
2535:^
2391:^
2294:^
2289:).
2255:^
2240:^
2223:^
2165:.
2105:^
2071:^
1720:.
1625:.
1610:.
1553:.
1507:.
1157:,
1114:.
1082:,
1025:,
1021:,
1017:,
1013:,
920:.
892::
536:.
425:.
374:,
370:,
343:,
323:,
246:,
242:,
64:.
4195:)
4191:(
4085:e
4078:t
4071:v
3986:)
3979:(
3945:(
3494:(
3397:(
3278:(
3171:e
3164:t
3157:v
3110:.
3091:.
3072:.
3053:.
3034:.
3006:.
2984:.
2965:.
2944:.
2922:.
2900:.
2881:.
2862:.
2733:.
2656:.
2518:.
2364:.
1223:e
1216:t
1209:v
888:(
165:)
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154:)
150:(
140:·
133:·
126:·
119:·
92:.
29:.
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