1038:
724:
578:'s policies back home, while Vietnamese loyal to the colonial government and fled to France were largely anti-communist. This political rift remained minor until the Fall of Saigon in 1975, when staunchly anti-communist refugees from South Vietnam arrived and established community networks and institutions. Today, Vietnamese in France are divided between those who support the Hanoi government, who self-identify as "immigrants", and those who are anticommunists, who self-identify as "refugees". The two camps have contradictory political goals and members of one group rarely interact with members of the other group. Such political divisions, especially the presence of a pro-Hanoi faction, have prevented the Vietnamese in France from forming a strong, unified community in their host nation as their counterparts have in North America and Australia.
838:
695:
Caledonia (a French territory) to South
Vietnam, which it had a better political relationship with. This created protests among the Vietnamese, who desired to return to their native region and petitioned to the Hanoi government to send delegates to New Caledonia for negotiation. After two and a half years of talks with the North Vietnamese government, France eventually agreed to send back Chân Dăng to northern Vietnam. Over 4,000 laborers returned during the mid-1960s, while about 2,000 Vietnamese remained in New Caledonia. As of 2014, the Vietnamese population in New Caledonia was 2,506, with members being heavily involved in commerce and the service industry.
1154:
896:
794:
910:
1138:
1096:
780:
852:
1124:
880:
752:
554:
more successful than students of
Vietnamese descent among other Overseas Vietnamese communities, having had a longer establishment and higher rates of success at the secondary and higher levels, while students in the latter group have only recently begun being represented as successful in the education system of their community's host nation. However, despite this model minority image, demeaning racial stereotypes about Asians (lumping Chinese and Vietnamese people together) are far from uncommon in France.
982:
938:
472:-born Vietnamese strongly identify with the French culture rather than the Vietnamese one. First or second generations born in France know very little about the country of their ancestors and often do not use Vietnamese, although cultural organizations and institutions are present to serve these groups of French Vietnamese. Fourth and later generations of French Vietnamese have largely blended into French society culturally, and have high rates of intermarriage with the ethnic French population.
996:
1052:
966:
952:
232:
924:
766:
2022:
1110:
476:
373:
1082:
2503:
1187:
810:
1024:
824:
360:, numbering over 100,000 between 1975 and 1990. By the beginning of the 1990s, refugees had accounted for slightly over three-quarters of the Vietnamese population in France. Despite the community already being numerous before the refugee arrival, the Vietnamese American community soon surpassed its counterpart in France as the largest overseas Vietnamese population due to the much higher number of refugees resettling there.
1967:
2491:
1201:
1068:
626:. These events always include the presence of the Vietnamese ambassador to France. UGVF members have also created many other organisations to compete with the anti-communist groups for the support of the post-1975 refugees within the community. However, these organisations do not clearly state their affiliation with UGVF because many refugees will stop supporting them if they learn about the connections.
738:
1010:
866:
308:, which granted Vietnam its independence from France, a number of Vietnamese loyal to the colonial government and Vietnamese married to French colonists emigrated to France. Hundreds of families who were evacuated out of Vietnam by the French government were largely settled in makeshift camps in the southwest of France. The most notable was in
550:, in part because they are represented as having a high degree of integration within the French society as well as economic and academic success. A survey in 1988 among French citizens placed the Vietnamese in fourth place as the most integrated immigrant group in the country, behind the Italian, Spanish and Portuguese communities.
263:, also migrated from Vietnam during this period, with some settling permanently. One of the few monuments dating back to these earliest waves of Vietnamese arriving in France is the Temple du Souvenir Indochinois, originally erected in 1907 and subsequently relocated to the Jardin tropical de Paris in the
694:
while France negotiated with the governments of North and South
Vietnam to repatriate back laborers. Although the vast majority of Vietnamese in New Caledonia originated from northern Vietnam, in 1957 the French government agreed to return ethnic Vietnamese who did not have permanent residency in New
610:
were viewed more favorably because they were considered to have more palatable political views. Upon their return to
Vietnam, the Vietnamese from France could not find jobs comparable to those they held in France. From then on, they have advocated for the formation of a permanent expatriate community
573:
The
Vietnamese community in France is divided into two opposing camps: those supporting the communist Hanoi government and those who are anticommunists. Almost all organisations in the community, including religious and commercial entities, fall in one of the two camps. This division in the community
344:
and end of the
Vietnam War in 1975. Early Vietnamese refugees who settled in France largely consisted of professionals who made up the middle class and elite in South Vietnam, along with those with high levels of education and those with family already present in the country. Larger waves of refugees
642:
Unlike the Hanoi supporters, the anticommunists do not unite under any single nationwide group, but they share the same view of opposing the communist regime in
Vietnam. Prior to 1975, there were very few anticommunist groups operating in France, with members largely consisting of those loyal to the
327:
continued to arrive in France, as well as members of the middle class involved in commerce. Although many initially returned home, as the war situation worsened, a majority decided to resettle permanently in France and brought their families along. It was during this period that
Vietnamese community
363:
Furthermore, Vietnamese refugees who arrived in France largely had the intent to request asylum in the country, unlike their counterparts who migrated to other
Western countries, who made desperate attempts to be permitted resettlement anywhere possible, especially in the United States. The last of
553:
Furthermore, Vietnamese in France on average have a high level of education attainment, a legacy dating back to the colonial era when privileged families and those with connections to the colonial government sent their children to France for studies. French students of
Vietnamese descent are also
489:
is the eighth most spoken language of immigrant origin and most spoken Asian language in France. However, a large number of French-born Vietnamese are unable to speak and/or understand it. Nevertheless, there has been an increase in Vietnamese-language schools serving both the community and local
569:
Despite having high rates of naturalization, the Vietnamese rarely follow French politics, having low participation rates in local and national elections. The generation of refugees from the Vietnam War usually become French citizens for economic rather than political reasons. While they do not
433:
form about over a third of the ethnic Vietnamese population in France, with about 128,000 individuals born in Vietnam as of 2012. This is in contrast to other overseas Vietnamese communities outside Southeast Asia, where the immigrant generation forms half or more of the Vietnamese population.
278:
saw the French Empire recruit soldiers and locals of its colonies to volunteer with the war effort in Metropolitan France. Roughly 50,000 and 20,000 Vietnamese migrated to France during these periods respectively. The wave of migrants who came during World War I was the first major presence of
661:
Although UGVF seeks to portray the Vietnamese community in France as a united community supportive of the government, the anticommunist groups seek to inform mainstream French that there are fundamental differences in political views among the community. They often stage protests against the
468:. Unlike Canada, the United States, or other European countries, the educational system in France does not emphasise a multicultural society. As a result, even though the generation of Vietnamese immigrants to France continues to hold onto traditional culture and values, later generations of
590:(UGVF). UGVF is well-organised and is recognised by the government of Vietnam. A majority of the group's members consist of those who arrived in France prior to 1975 and their descendants, and they tend to have more stable economic conditions. Many UGVF members are also members of the
505:
also present. Buddhist temples have played important roles in the community, helping to serve immigrant needs as well as forming a base for cultural and youth organizations for the generations of French-born Vietnamese. Slightly over a quarter of Vietnamese in France profess to
247:
in 1777 was one of earliest formal political relations between the two nations. Despite continued French Catholic missions, trade and military assistance to Vietnam throughout the rest of the 18th century and 19th century, Vietnam did not become a colony of France until the
686:
back to their homeland as free citizens. However, a significant number of workers decided to remain on the island after their contracts expired. By the time Vietnam gained its independence from France in 1954, Vietnamese had formed about 6% of New Caledonia's population.
633:
for Vietnamese communists in France, its political outlook is closely aligned with the Vietnamese government. Some French-born UGVF members have seen it as being too dependent on Hanoi and have started domestic activist movements, such as fighting against discrimination.
653:
refugees in large numbers, their activities dramatically increased. While the economic situation of the first generation of refugees is less stable and the group is not as organised as UGVF, their descendants and pre-Vietnam War anticommunist community members in the
605:
and to provide support to the Hanoi government. After the communist victory in 1975, many UGVF members planned to repatriate to help rebuild the country, but they were viewed as a threat by the government due to their Western background. Those who were trained in the
611:
in France. Their goals have also changed to maintaining Vietnamese culture among the later generations. The French government considers UGVF a communist organization and their political activities were clandestine until 1981, when they were recognised by the
279:
Vietnamese people in France. While many migrants returned to Vietnam following the war, a significant number resettled in France to work as factory workers, railroad builders, artists, and service workers, primarily in Paris and the surrounding
682:, descendants of Vietnamese contract laborers and prisoners recruited to work the nickel mines of the Pacific island during the 1890s to early 1950s. Many laborers returned to Vietnam after their contract expired, while prisoners were
290:
By 1939, there were an estimated 93,000 French residents of Vietnamese descent, largely consisting of workers and soldiers, as well as students. During the interwar period, a Vietnamese community began to be concentrated in
345:
later included South Vietnamese from different social standings, although their average level of education and affluence was still higher than their peers who settled in North America, Australia, and the rest of Europe.
710:, a small Vietnamese community forms part of the Asian community that is a minor percentage of the population, largely consisting of descendants of laborers from the early 20th century or refugees from the Vietnam War.
295:
in southern France. Vietnamese-owned rice farms were also established in southeastern France, and second and third-generation French Vietnamese started to run their own commercial firms or work in professional sectors.
545:
The level of integration among immigrants and their place in French society have become prominent issues in France in the past decade. French media and politicians generally view the Vietnamese community as a
587:
316:(Reception Center for the French of Indochina). Most of these camps were structured in a similar layout as a traditional town in Vietnam, with a Buddhist temple, markets, schools and medical facilities.
649:(AGEVP), founded by South Vietnamese students studying in the 1960s to address a lack of university and cultural representation for Vietnamese students in Paris. After 1975, with the arrival of
255:
During the colonial period, there was a significant representation of Vietnamese students in France, which largely consisted of members from the elite class and royal household, primarily from
1037:
643:
colonial government who fled to France following Vietnam's independence led by the Vietminh or South Vietnamese students and expatriates. The most significant of these groups is the
2261:
1262:
1274:
645:
445:, the Vietnamese have not formed distinct enclaves within the major cities of France (although many Vietnamese-based shops and cultural institutions can be found in the
723:
1748:
570:
follow French politics, they follow Vietnamese politics closely and in the past played pivotal roles in the Vietnamese political landscape in the early 20th century.
1765:
1508:
Marie-Eve Blanc. La difficulté d’échapper à sa « bonne réputation » : l’immigrant vietnamien dans la presse en France et au Canada. Varia, 2006.
1293:
562:
In the early 1980s, the rate of naturalization of Vietnamese in France was 5%, among the highest rates for immigrants in France (compared with about 0.25% for
2553:
1952:
406:) and the surrounding Île-de-France area, while a sizable number also reside in the major urban centers in the south-east of the country, primarily
2249:
1850:
1556:
1854:
1392:
566:, the largest immigrant community). The 1999 census showed that about 75% of those who held Vietnamese nationality received French citizenship.
328:
institutions were established to better serve both new immigrants and expatriates, as well as established generations of Vietnamese in France.
1930:
2205:
2533:
1761:
1324:
2543:
1373:
1745:
1361:
2426:
2372:
1945:
2538:
244:
2548:
1805:
1731:
2406:
2299:
1834:
1938:
1900:
702:, a small Vietnamese community originating from the refugee waves of the Vietnam War is found alongside a much larger
2523:
2198:
1921:
1825:
1448:
1290:
2528:
1436:
2399:
2289:
1960:
2387:
2362:
2326:
2306:
2094:
837:
2394:
2377:
2357:
2228:
2191:
1214:
574:
has been present since the 1950s, when Vietnamese students and workers in France supported and praised the
526:
403:
399:
395:
260:
214:
communities in the West, the Vietnamese population in France had already been well-established before the
2421:
2416:
2367:
2341:
2294:
2004:
1890:
1835:
Cooper Cooper, Nicola. France in Indochina, Colonial Encounters. Oxford, UK: Berg, 2001., Nicola (2001),
1234:
118:
2481:
2316:
2311:
1987:
1982:
1405:
1224:
595:
785:
2452:
2331:
2321:
2147:
1999:
1961:
1911:
1244:
1239:
1153:
612:
136:
2336:
670:
There are official reports of much smaller populations of Vietnamese in other territories of the
449:
neighborhood of Paris' 13th arrondissement) and the degree of assimilation is higher than in the
895:
2468:
2442:
2166:
2127:
1793:
591:
534:
469:
349:
309:
1892:
Les "Travailleurs indochinois": Étude socio-historique d'une immigration coloniale (1939-1954)
252:
in the late 1850s and Vietnamese immigration consisted of a mere trickle of mostly diplomats.
2279:
2171:
2053:
1817:
Behind the Bamboo Hedge: The Impact of Homeland Politics in the Parisian Vietnamese Community
1472:
829:
793:
458:
430:
305:
2041:
1992:
771:
464:
The community is still strongly attached to its homeland while being well-integrated in the
2411:
2256:
2244:
2074:
2048:
1278:
510:, often attending church services in French, rather than forming ethnic specific churches.
249:
218:
and the resulting diaspora. They make up over half of the Vietnamese population in Europe.
1864:
1577:
8:
2214:
2137:
2122:
2117:
2079:
623:
563:
522:
486:
454:
450:
211:
180:
164:
124:
34:
1766:"Prov2 - Principales caractéristiques des individus, par province de résidence et genre"
1691:
1496:
1335:
909:
2132:
2084:
1159:
857:
662:
Vietnamese government, often advocating boycotts against businesses with ties to UGVF.
630:
446:
382:
364:
Vietnamese refugees arrived in the mid-1990s, when the remaining refugee camps closed.
256:
843:
2036:
2011:
1917:
1896:
1844:
1821:
1801:
943:
675:
530:
507:
494:
465:
264:
239:
France was the first Western country in which Vietnamese migrants settled due to the
152:
140:
901:
461:, due to better cultural, historical, and linguistic knowledge of the host country.
2058:
1872:
1219:
1115:
851:
815:
707:
691:
240:
1123:
879:
655:
280:
81:
2152:
2142:
2112:
1815:
1312:
Anti-Imperial Metropolis: Interwar Paris and the Seeds of Third World Nationalism
1297:
671:
188:
113:
48:
1291:
Nguyen Quy Dao, La diaspora vietnamienne et sa coopération avec le Vietnam, 2013
981:
203:. Their population was about 400,000 as of 2017, making them one of the largest
2507:
1192:
987:
937:
915:
885:
779:
547:
518:
341:
215:
1137:
751:
586:
Those who support the Vietnamese government coalesce under the umbrella group
2517:
2495:
1509:
1206:
1129:
1095:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1001:
995:
951:
757:
699:
679:
438:
353:
324:
1876:
1029:
1015:
971:
923:
743:
729:
703:
683:
607:
502:
275:
231:
204:
168:
144:
1798:
Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World
1101:
1229:
1143:
965:
765:
650:
602:
320:
271:
1109:
871:
525:. In addition, those who support the Hanoi government also commemorate
2284:
1871:, vol. 11, no. 2, Oxford University Press, pp. 107–124,
1087:
1073:
475:
390:
Slightly more than half of the Vietnamese population in France live in
372:
2183:
2021:
1336:
Souvenirs coloniaux au bois de Vincennes - le Jardin tropical de Paris
1081:
957:
929:
442:
407:
357:
292:
85:
618:
UGVF organises many festivals for major Vietnamese holidays such as
480:
1023:
823:
809:
575:
423:
415:
101:
93:
1067:
601:
Prior to 1975, the goal of UGVF was to advocate for an end to the
1578:
Helping the World's homeless; Vietnamese in France proud, divided
619:
514:
337:
196:
1263:
Les célébrations du Têt en France par la communauté vietnamienne
1966:
1009:
799:
737:
498:
200:
148:
706:
population, of which some members originate from Vietnam. In
419:
391:
336:
The largest influx of Vietnamese people arrived in France as
284:
97:
77:
1406:"FEATURE: 'Little Vietnam' in rural France faces demolition"
1393:
20.000 travailleurs forcés d'Indochine oubliés par la France
418:. Earlier Vietnamese migrants also settled in the cities of
2447:
1913:
Subjects and Sojourners: A History of Indochinese in France
865:
411:
89:
1439:, p. 6, Rockefeller Foundation-Aspen Institute, June 2015.
581:
665:
377:
429:
Reflecting the community's long history in the country,
1865:"Vietnamese Communities in Canada, France, and Denmark"
1692:
Association Générale des Etudiants Vietnamiens de Paris
1449:
La dynamique des langues en France au fil du XXe siècle
646:
Association Générale des Etudiants Vietnamiens de Paris
1730:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMohamed-Gaillard2007 (
1275:
Les français d'origine vietnamienne de retour à Saigon
690:
Following Vietnam's independence, most Chân Dăng were
513:
Holidays observed by the Vietnamese in France include
2479:
1362:
La Diaspora Vietnamienne en France un cas particulier
1182:
259:. Professional and blue-collar workers, mostly from
1459:
1457:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
2515:
1726:
26:
1492:
1490:
1454:
1412:
2199:
1946:
319:During the 1950s to the 1970s, including the
1849:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1487:
348:France received the third highest number of
40:
1820:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,
1398:
493:A majority of Vietnamese in France observe
367:
199:ancestry who were born in or immigrated to
2554:Immigration to France by country of origin
2206:
2192:
1953:
1939:
1853:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1722:
1720:
1718:
1510:http://transtexts.revues.org/index191.html
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
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1345:
1343:
1314:. Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
314:Centre d'Accueil des Français d'Indochine
1837:France in Indochina, Colonial Encounters
1813:
1557:A Divided Vietnamese Community in France
1437:Vietnamese Diaspora in the United States
588:Union Générale des Vietnamiens de France
479:Pagode Tinh Tam, a Vietnamese temple in
474:
371:
230:
2213:
1888:
1715:
1606:
1604:
1340:
582:Supporters of the Vietnamese government
195:) consist of people of full or partial
2516:
1862:
1309:
713:
666:Vietnamese in other French territories
2187:
1934:
1909:
1791:
1706:
1697:
1676:
1667:
1601:
1473:La communauté vietnamienne de France
1265:, Le Petit Journal, 2017 (in French)
72:Regions with significant populations
2534:French people of Vietnamese descent
1580:The Christian Science Monitor, 1980
1451:Insee, enquête Famille. (in French)
1325:Les temples du souvenir indochinois
13:
1916:. University of California Press.
14:
2565:
637:
540:
241:colonization of Vietnam by France
2544:Vietnamese expatriates in France
2501:
2489:
2020:
1965:
1800:, Springer, pp. 1158–1166,
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1199:
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894:
878:
864:
850:
836:
822:
808:
792:
778:
764:
750:
736:
722:
658:have organized under the AGEVP.
594:, while some are members of the
312:near Bordeaux, which hosted the
1785:
1754:
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1532:
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1514:
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1478:
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1442:
1430:
299:
245:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
193:Diaspora vietnamienne en France
1863:Dorais, Louis-Jacques (1998),
1386:
1367:
1329:
1318:
1303:
1284:
1268:
1256:
235:Temple du Souvenir Indochinois
226:
66:0.61% of the French population
1:
2539:Vietnamese diaspora in France
1895:. Paris: Les Indes savantes.
1250:
437:Unlike their counterparts in
331:
1814:Bousquet, Gisèle L. (1991),
531:Vietnamese Reunification Day
323:, a number of students from
7:
1235:Annam (French protectorate)
1178:
557:
431:first-generation immigrants
177:Vietnamese people in France
23:Vietnamese people in France
10:
2570:
1889:Luguern, Liêm-Khê (2021).
1869:Journal of Refugee Studies
1378:của Liêm Khê Luguern theo
1225:French language in Vietnam
596:Communist Party of Vietnam
221:
2461:
2435:
2350:
2272:
2237:
2221:
2161:
2105:
2067:
2029:
2018:
1975:
1962:Asian diasporas in France
1796:, in Ember, Carol (ed.),
1792:Blanc, Marie-Eve (2004),
1245:Asian diasporas in France
1240:List of Vietnamese people
527:International Women's Day
163:
158:
135:
130:
112:
107:
76:
71:
62:
57:
2549:France–Vietnam relations
2524:Asian diaspora in France
1497:La diaspora vietnamienne
1310:Goebel, Michael (2017).
1215:France–Vietnam relations
490:French in recent years.
380:restaurant in the Paris
368:Culture and demographics
137:Vietnamese folk religion
2529:Ethnic groups in France
1910:Keith, Charles (2024).
674:. Most notable are the
535:Vietnamese National Day
497:, with influences from
151:; significant minority
2469:Vietnamese boat people
2167:Demographics of France
1794:"Vietnamese in France"
592:French Communist Party
483:
387:
310:Sainte-Livrade-sur-Lot
283:region, as well as in
236:
192:
184:
41:
27:
2172:Immigration to France
1727:Mohamed-Gaillard 2007
1559:, New Geography, 2011
478:
375:
350:refugees from Vietnam
234:
159:Related ethnic groups
42:Vietnamiens en France
1877:10.1093/jrs/11.2.107
1376:Những người lính thợ
629:While UGVF is not a
404:19th arrondissements
250:Cochinchina Campaign
2215:Overseas Vietnamese
714:Notable individuals
624:Mid-Autumn Festival
523:Mid-Autumn Festival
394:(especially in the
212:overseas Vietnamese
185:Người Pháp gốc Việt
165:Overseas Vietnamese
54:
28:Người Pháp gốc Việt
1296:2016-01-09 at the
1281:, 2013 (in French)
772:François Trinh-Duc
484:
447:Quartier asiatique
388:
383:Quartier asiatique
237:
119:Vietnamese dialect
22:
2477:
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2403:
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2303:
2265:
2253:
2181:
2180:
1807:978-0-306-48321-9
1176:
1175:
944:Aliette de Bodard
508:Roman Catholicism
503:Confucian thought
495:Mahayana Buddhism
265:Bois de Vincennes
205:Asian communities
174:
173:
153:Roman Catholicism
143:with elements of
141:Mahayana Buddhism
122:
67:
2561:
2506:
2505:
2504:
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2485:
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2385:
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2208:
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1970:
1969:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1906:
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1786:Bibliography
1772:. Retrieved
1756:
1744:J-M Kohler,
1740:
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276:World War II
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176:
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145:Confucianism
19:Ethnic group
16:Ethnic group
2453:New Zealand
2407:Netherlands
2332:Philippines
2128:Azerbaijani
1694:(in French)
1499:(in French)
1475:(in French)
1395:(in French)
1364:(in French)
1300:(in French)
1230:Cochinchina
1144:Harmony Tan
684:repatriated
651:boat people
603:Vietnam War
321:Vietnam War
272:World War I
257:Cochinchina
227:Before 1954
2518:Categories
2090:Vietnamese
2054:Sri Lankan
2042:in Réunion
2030:South Asia
1993:in Réunion
1882:2009-02-13
1774:24 October
1251:References
1088:Tristan Do
1074:Yvon Petra
521:, and the
487:Vietnamese
352:after the
340:after the
332:After 1975
197:Vietnamese
181:Vietnamese
125:Vietnamese
35:Vietnamese
2443:Australia
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2290:Hong Kong
2106:West Asia
2075:Cambodian
2049:Pakistani
1976:East Asia
1102:Alizé Lim
930:Anh Duong
916:Nguyên Lê
676:Chân Dăng
613:Socialist
564:Algerians
459:Australia
443:Australia
408:Marseille
358:Australia
293:Marseille
108:Languages
86:Marseille
2363:Bulgaria
2327:Malaysia
2280:Cambodia
2238:Americas
2148:Lebanese
2138:Georgian
2123:Assyrian
2118:Armenian
2095:in Paris
2080:Filipino
2005:in Paris
2000:Japanese
1988:in Paris
1845:citation
1294:Archived
1279:La Croix
1179:See also
872:Hàm Nghi
730:Bảo Long
622:and the
576:Vietminh
558:Politics
424:Bordeaux
416:Toulouse
338:refugees
131:Religion
102:Bordeaux
94:Toulouse
84:region,
2508:Vietnam
2482:Portals
2462:Related
2436:Oceania
2395:Germany
2378:Finland
2358:Belgium
2262:by city
2250:Toronto
2229:Senegal
2153:Turkish
2133:Iranian
2085:Laotian
2037:Indians
1983:Chinese
958:Maïwenn
222:History
2496:France
2422:Russia
2417:Poland
2412:Norway
2400:Berlin
2383:France
2368:Cyprus
2351:Europe
2342:Turkey
2307:Israel
2295:Taiwan
2245:Canada
2222:Africa
2012:Korean
1920:
1899:
1824:
1804:
1751:, 1978
1749:ORSTOM
800:Kayane
533:, and
519:Vu Lan
499:Taoism
481:Sèvres
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