Victorian era - Knowledge

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spaces too small for adults. Some accounts exist of happy upbringings involving child labour, but conditions were generally poor. Pay was low, punishments severe, work was dangerous and disrupted children's development (often leaving them too tired to play even in their free time). Early labour could do lifelong harm; even in the 1960s and '70s, the elderly people of industrial towns were noted for their often unusually short stature, deformed physiques, and diseases associated with unhealthy working conditions. Reformers wanted the children in school; in 1840 only about 20 per cent of the children in London had any schooling. By the 1850s, around half of the children in England and Wales were in school (not including

2143: 1949: 1734: 1770: 748: 1698: 2006: 1376: 49: 1435: 1805:, around a century later, did the country experience substantial economic growth again. But whilst industry was well developed, education and the arts were mediocre. Wage rates continued to improve in the later 19th century: real wages (after taking inflation into account) were 65 per cent higher in 1901 compared to 1871. Much of the money was saved, as the number of depositors in savings banks rose from 430,000 in 1831 to 5.2 million in 1887, and their deposits from £14 million to over £90 million. 9858: 350: 2091: 1933: 1322:. Her reign lasted 63 years and seven months, a longer period than any of her predecessors. The term 'Victorian' was in contemporaneous usage to describe the era. The era has also been understood in a more extensive sense as a period that possessed sensibilities and characteristics distinct from the periods adjacent to it, in which case it is sometimes dated to begin before Victoria's accession—typically from the passage of or agitation for (during the 1830s) the 6153: 1185: 5861: 5873: 9870: 9846: 161: 148: 1864:, more than three out of every four people were classified as living in an urban area, compared to one in five a century earlier. Historian Richard A. Soloway wrote that "Great Britain had become the most urbanized country in the West." The rapid growth in the urban population included the new industrial and manufacturing cities, as well as service centres such as 1926:(though it was falling by the end of the period), the lack of a catastrophic pandemic or famine in the island of Great Britain during the 19th century for the first time in history, improved nutrition, and a lower overall mortality rate. Ireland's population shrank significantly, mostly due to emigration and the Great Famine. 2216:, and detainment if they were found to be infected. This caused a great deal of resentment among women in general due to the principle underlying the checks, that women had to be controlled in order to be safe for sexual use by men, and the checks were opposed by some of the earliest feminist campaigning. 2207:

At a time when job options for women were limited and generally low-paying, some women, particularly those without familial support, took to prostitution to support themselves. Attitudes in public life and among the general population to prostitution varied. Evidence about prostitutes' situation also

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in Ireland was unique. Levels of poverty fell significantly during the 19th century from as much as two thirds of the population in 1800 to less than a third by 1901. However, 1890s studies suggested that almost 10% of the urban population lived in a state of desperation lacking the food necessary to

1838:). From the 1833 Factory Act onwards, attempts were made to get child labourers into part time education, though this was often difficult to achieve. Only in the 1870s and 1880s did children begin to be compelled into school. Work continued to inhibit children's schooling into the early 20th century. 1556:

was another philosophy that saw itself as based on science rather than on morality, but also emphasised social progress. An alliance formed between these two ideological strands. The reformers emphasised causes such as improving the conditions of women and children, giving police reform priority over

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varies. One contemporary study argues that the trade was a short-term stepping stone to a different lifestyle for many women, while another, more recent study argues they were subject to physical abuse, financial exploitation, state persecution, and difficult working conditions. Due to worries about

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were increasingly popular towards the end of period. Initially the industrial revolution increased working hours, but over the course of the 19th century a variety of political and economic changes caused them to fall back down to and in some cases below pre-industrial levels, creating more time for

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grew among people with higher levels of education. Northern English and Scottish academics tended to be more religiously conservative, whilst agnosticism and even atheism (though its promotion was illegal) gained appeal among academics in the south. Historians refer to a 'Victorian Crisis of Faith',

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fell only marginally, from 20.8 per thousand in 1850 to 18.2 by the end of the century. Urbanisation aided the spread of diseases and squalid living conditions in many places exacerbated the problem. The population of England, Scotland and Wales grew rapidly during the 19th century. Various factors

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per person increasing by half. This prosperity was driven by increased industrialisation, especially in textiles and machinery, along with exports to the empire and elsewhere. The positive economic conditions, as well as a fashion among employers for providing welfare services to their workers, led

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Before the Industrial Revolution, daily life had changed little for hundreds of years. The 19th century saw rapid technological development with a wide range of new inventions. This led Great Britain to become the foremost industrial and trading nation of the time. Historians have characterised the

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argued that the change in moral standards led by the middle of the 19th century to 'diminished cruelty to animals, criminals, lunatics, and children (in that order)'. Legal restrictions were placed on cruelty to animals. Restrictions were placed on the working hours of child labourers in the 1830s

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during the early 19th century, meaning that the distracting temptations of sinful behaviour had to be avoided in order to focus on the war effort, and the evangelical movement's push for moral improvement. There is evidence that the expected standards of moral behaviour were reflected in action as

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Known as the 'workshop of the world', Britain was uniquely advanced in technology in the mid-19th century. Engineering, having developed into a profession in the 18th century, gained new profile and prestige in this period. The Victorian era saw methods of communication and transportation develop

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and London. Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure. P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants. Overcrowding was a major problem with seven or eight people frequently sleeping in a single room. Until at least the 1880s, sanitation was inadequate in areas such as

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in 1884 introduced a general principle of one vote per household. All these acts and others simplified the electoral system and reduced corruption. Historian Bruce L Kinzer describes these reforms as putting the United Kingdom on the path towards becoming a democracy. The traditional aristocratic

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had been deliberately designed to punish them and would remain the basis for welfare provision into the 20th century. While many people were prone to vices, not least alcoholism, historian Bernard A. Cook argues that the main reason for 19th century poverty was that typical wages for much of the

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became especially intense during the Victorian era. Children were put to work in a wide range of occupations, but particularly associated with this period are factories. Employing children had advantages, as they were cheap, had limited ability to resist harsh working conditions, and could enter

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for the first time towards the end of the period. Access to education increased rapidly during the 19th century. State-funded schools were established in England and Wales for the first time. Education became compulsory for pre-teenaged children in England, Scotland and Wales. Literacy rates

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developed early radio broadcasting at the end of the period. The railways were important economically in the Victorian era, allowing goods, raw materials, and people to be moved around, stimulating trade and industry. They were also a major employer and industry in their own right.

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Notes Upon "the Representation of the People Act, '1867.'" (30 & 31 Vict. C. 102.): With Appendices Concerning the Antient Rights, the Rights Conferred by the 2 & 3 Will. IV C. 45, Population, Rental, Rating, and the Operation of the Repealed Enactments as to Compound

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in the middle of the 19th century. Male sexuality became a favourite subject of medical researchers' study. For the first time, all male homosexual acts were outlawed. Concern about sexual exploitation of adolescent girls increased during the period, especially following the

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Improvements were made over time to housing along with the management of sewage and water eventually giving the UK the most advanced system of public health protection anywhere in the world. The quality and safety of household lighting improved over the period with

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where housewives provided their husbands with a respite from the troubles of the outside world. Within this ideal, women were expected to focus on domestic matters and to rely on men as breadwinners. Women had limited legal rights in most areas of life, and a

1485:. The couple had nine children, who themselves married into various royal families, and the queen thus became known as the 'grandmother of Europe'. In 1861, Albert died. Victoria went into mourning and withdrew from public life for ten years. In 1871, with 1295:

The period saw significant scientific and technological development. Britain was advanced in industry and engineering in particular, but somewhat undeveloped in art and education. Great Britain's population increased rapidly, while Ireland's fell sharply.

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was developed for the first time. Doctors became more specialised and the number of hospitals grew. The overall number of deaths fell by about 20%. The life expectancy of women increased from around 42 to 55 and 40 to 56 for men. In spite of this, the

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was insistent that "in truth, the Victorian period is three periods, and not one". He distinguished early Victorianism—the socially and politically unsettled period from 1837 to 1850—and late Victorianism (from 1880 onwards), with its new waves of

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ruling class attempted to maintain as much influence as possible while gradually allowing the middle- and working-classes a role in politics. However, all women and a large minority of men remained outside the system into the early 20th century.

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Increased importance was placed on the value of the family, and the idea that marriage should be based on romantic love gained popularity. A clear separation was established between the home and the workplace, which had often not been the case

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Expected standards of personal conduct changed in around the first half of the 19th century, with good manners and self-restraint becoming much more common. Historians have suggested various contributing factors, such as Britain's

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coined the term 'scientist' in 1833 to refer to those who studied what was generally then known as natural philosophy, but it took a while to catch on. Having been previously dominated by amateurs with a separate income, the

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Hideous slums, some of them acres wide, some no more than crannies of obscure misery, make up a substantial part of the metropolis... In big, once handsome houses, thirty or more people of all ages may inhabit a single

2111:. This system, which used electrical currents to transmit coded messages, quickly spread across Britain, appearing in every town and post office. A worldwide network developed towards the end of the century. In 1876, 1666:. The idea of women participating in sport did not fit well with the Victorian view of femininity, but their involvement did increase as the period progressed. For the middle classes, many leisure activities such as 1645:

was somewhat undeveloped compared to parts of Europe but did have significant support. Many sports were introduced or popularised during the Victorian era. They became important to male identity. Examples included

8907: 1584:. Nonconformists comprised about half of church attendees in England in 1851, and gradually the legal discrimination that had been established against them outside of Scotland was removed. Legal restrictions on 1536:

increased rapidly, and had become nearly universal by the end of the century. Private education for wealthier children, boys and more gradually girls, became more formalised over the course of the century.

1470:, from 1853 to 1856. There were various revolts and violent conflicts within the British Empire, and Britain participated in wars against minor powers. It also took part in the diplomatic struggles of the 1682:

were increasingly practical. The working classes had their own culture separate from that of their richer counterparts, various cheaper forms of entertainment and recreational activities provided by

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sentiments growing in Britain, she began to return to public life. In her later years, her popularity soared as she became a symbol of the British Empire. Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901.

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movement for working-class men to be given the right to vote, which had been prominent in the early Victorian period, dissipated. Government involvement in the economy was limited. Only in the

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in 1851, only 45 per cent survived to age 20. Conditions were particularly bad in London, where the population rose sharply and poorly maintained, overcrowded dwellings became slum housing.

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was increasingly distributed through a variety of publications which caused tension with the professionals. There were significant advances in various fields of research, including

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A variety of reading materials grew in popularity during the period, including novels, women's magazines, children's literature, and newspapers. Much literature, including

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harsh punishment to prevent crime, religious equality, and political reform in order to establish a democracy. The political legacy of the reform movement was to link the

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were repealed in response to this. Across the British Empire, reform included rapid expansion, the complete abolition of slavery in the African possessions and the end of

753: 2191:. Chastity was expected of women, whilst attitudes to male sexual behaviour were more relaxed. The development of police forces led to a rise in prosecutions for illegal 1273:. It participated in various military conflicts mainly against minor powers. The British Empire expanded during this period and was the predominant power in the world. 7454: 7429: 669: 265: 1597: 7411: 2054:(1859), which sought to explain biological evolution by natural selection, gained a high profile in the public consciousness. Simplified (and at times inaccurate) 612: 240: 3130: 9801: 7459: 674: 378: 270: 1891:

maintain basic physical functions. Attitudes towards the poor were often unsympathetic and they were frequently blamed for their situation. In that spirit, the

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water supply and disposal of sewage. This all had a negative effect on health, especially that of the impoverished young. For instance, of the babies born in

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Szreter, Simon (1988). "The importance of social intervention in Britain's mortality decline c.1850–1914: A re-interpretation of the role of public health".

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well as rhetoric across all classes of society. For instance, an analysis suggested that less than 5% of working class couples cohabited before marriage.

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placed great emphasis on a respectable and moral code of behaviour. This included features such as charity, personal responsibility, controlled habits,

1349:, from the Victorian heyday: mid-Victorianism, 1851 to 1879. He saw the latter period as characterised by a distinctive mixture of prosperity, domestic 9781: 8436: 7988: 7509: 3315: 2212:, especially among soldiers, women suspected of prostitution were for a period between the 1860s and 1880s subject to spot compulsory examinations for 652: 305: 9786: 8336: 7651: 7444: 6064: 1886:

Hunger and poor diet was a common aspect of life across the UK in the Victorian period, especially in the 1840s, but the mass starvation seen in the

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Livingston Schuyler, Robert (September 1941). "The Cambridge History of the British Empire. Volume II: The Growth of the New Empire, 1783-1870".

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gave impetus to social reform but also placed restrictions on certain groups' liberty. Prosperity rose during the period, but debilitating

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indicated in 1852 that it remained difficult to earn a living as a scientist alone. Scientific knowledge and debates such as that about

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19th-century Britain saw a huge population increase accompanied by rapid urbanisation stimulated by the Industrial Revolution. In the

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The encyclopedia of the Victorian world: a reader's companion to the people, places, events, and everyday life of the Victorian era

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as British society's dominant class. A distinctive middle-class lifestyle developed that influenced what society valued as a whole.

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beginning to appear in the homes of the richest by the end of the period. Medicine advanced rapidly during the 19th century and

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Davies, Christie (1992). "Moralization and Demoralization: A Moral Explanation for Changes in Crime". In Anderson, Digby (ed.).

1244:, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. Slightly different definitions are sometimes used. The era followed the 9495: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9211: 8613: 8187: 7916: 7884: 7724: 7709: 7699: 7524: 7514: 7504: 7477: 6428: 1061: 364: 330: 325: 290: 178: 9905: 9500: 9029: 8306: 7879: 7291: 7235: 6624: 6458: 6452: 5948: 5645: 5616: 5566: 5488: 5263: 5188: 5163: 5138: 5088: 4816: 3827: 3163: 3083: 2631: 1404: 936: 218: 9748: 8173: 7995: 7656: 7629: 7184: 6446: 6307: 5986: 2197: 2013: 1384: 83: 5953: 5802: 8346: 8291: 8234: 8153: 8097: 8065: 7899: 7584: 7349: 7215: 6981: 6976: 6944: 6904: 6864: 6270: 6265: 4533: 2167:

and 1840s. Further interventions took place throughout the century to increase the level of child protection. Use of the

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population were simply too low. Barely enough to provide a subsistence living in good times, let alone save up for bad.

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a period when religious views had to readjust to accommodate new scientific knowledge and criticism of the Bible.

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Maguire, Joe (1986). "Images of manliness and competing ways of living in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain".

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Lusztig, Michael (July 1995). "Solving Peel's Puzzle: Repeal of the Corn Laws and Institutional Preservation".

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Wykes, David L. (2005). "Introduction: Parliament and Dissent from the Restoration to the Twentieth Century".

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Various liberalising political reforms took place in the UK, including expanding the electoral franchise. The

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Throughout most of the 19th century Britain was the most powerful country in the world. The period from

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Scheuerle H., William (2011). "Amusements and Recreation: Middle class". In Mitchell, Sally (ed.).

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also decreased. Crime rates fell significantly in the second half of the 19th century. Sociologist

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Victorian Faith in Crisis: Essays on Continuity and Change in Nineteenth-Century Religious Belief

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Victorian society valued a high standard of personal conduct across all sections of society. The

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The Cambridge history of the British empire: volume II: the growth of the new empire, 1783-1870

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Waters, Chris (2011). "Amusements and Recreation: Working class". In Mitchell, Sally (ed.).

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Religion was politically controversial during this era, with Nonconformists pushing for the

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and self-criticism. As well as personal improvement, importance was given to social reform.

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caused mass starvation, disease and death in Ireland, sparking large-scale emigration. The

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They were a clear majority in Wales. Scotland and Ireland had separate religious cultures.

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Katz, Victor (2009). "Chapter 23: Probability and Statistics in the Nineteenth Century".

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Lewis, Christopher (2007). "Chapter 5: Energy and Entropy: The Birth of Thermodynamics".

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The Cambridge History of the British Empire Vol. iii: The Empire – Commonwealth 1870–1919

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Contrary to popular belief, Victorian society understood that both men and women enjoyed

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early in the period. The British Empire had relatively peaceful relations with the other

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Machin, G. I. T. (1979). "Resistance to Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1828".

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movement developed. Parental authority was seen as important, but children were given

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Lewis, Christoper (2007). "Chapter 7: Black Bodies, Free Energy, and Absolute Zero".

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Soloway, Richard A. (2011). "Population and demographics". In Mitchell, Sally (ed.).

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In the strictest sense, the Victorian era covers the duration of Victoria's reign as

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Davis, R. W. (1966). "The Strategy of "Dissent" in the Repeal Campaign, 1820–1828".

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The professionalisation of scientific study began in parts of Europe following the

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who became an important cultural influence, to a significant extent replacing the

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Kathleen E., McGrone (2011). "Sport and Games, Women". In Mitchell, Sally (ed.).

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Kinzer, Bruce L (2011). "Elections and the Franchise". In Mitchell, Sally (ed.).

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for the first time. Whilst some attempts were made to improve living conditions,

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linked this change to attempts to morally educate the population, especially at

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In 1837, 2051:On the Origin of Species 1877:wrote of the situation: 1803:post-World War II period 1775:Royal Small Arms Factory 1598:immigration from Ireland 1067:Scottish Socialist Party 261:Post-war period (social) 59:Franz Xaver Winterhalter 9911:19th century in England 9449:Depression of 1920–1921 9381:Depression of 1882–1885 9295:Early Victorian Britain 9030:Real and nominal values 6605:Victoria Day (Scotland) 6406:Death and state funeral 6022:William Ewart Gladstone 6012:The Viscount Palmerston 5801:(4 vol, Groiler 2003); 5309:Perkin, Harold (1969). 4962:(subscription required) 3798:Chadwick, Owen (1966). 3547:Chadwick, Owen (1966). 2766:Benians, E. A. (1959). 2281:Victorian Turkish baths 1353:, and complacency—what 1062:Scottish National Party 787:During the Roman Empire 321:History of the monarchy 271:Modern history (social) 119:William Ewart Gladstone 109:The Viscount Palmerston 9554:Recession of 1969–1970 9549:Recession of 1960–1961 9508:Recession of 1937–1938 8111:Science and technology 7231:Malta Halfpenny Yellow 6333:Cunningham Clock Tower 5987:The Viscount Melbourne 5941:Politics and diplomacy 5864:Quotations related to 4782:www.hiddenlives.org.uk 4367:"Victorian Technology" 3843:Eisen, Sydney (1990). 3769:"Coleridge's Religion" 3599:The Historical Journal 3014:. London: Croom Helm. 2948:10.12987/9780300194289 2150: 2095: 2094:A railway crew (1873) 2024: 1884: 1826: 1788: 1451: 1392: 1097:National football team 84:The Viscount Melbourne 27:Queen Victoria's reign 9672:Early 2000s recession 9639:Early 1990s recession 9591:Early 1980s recession 9171:Commercial revolution 9069:Nominal interest rate 8088:Free trade agreements 7216:Canada 2c Large Queen 7185:Lilac and Green Issue 6756:Victoria & Albert 6338:Devonshire House Ball 6281:Clock Tower, Brighton 6276:Clock Tower, Weymouth 5721:Smith, F. B. (1976). 5634:How to be a Victorian 4976:. Homepage.tinet.ie. 4809:How to be a Victorian 3958:Oxford Bibliographies 3519:Parliamentary History 3437:Halevy, Elie (1924). 3333:Young, G. M. (1936). 3186:. Twayne Publishers. 2982:Halévy, Élie (1924). 2488:. pp. 13 and 32. 2271:Victorian masculinity 2198:white slavery scandal 2145: 2132:Further information: 2093: 2008: 1879: 1846:Further information: 1816: 1773:Illustrations of the 1772: 1761:Industrial Revolution 1755:Further information: 1437: 1385:1880 general election 1383:, a candidate at the 1378: 1265:caused mass death in 906:Scandinavian Scotland 9238:Copper Panic of 1789 8437:World Heritage Sites 8230:Environmental issues 7934:Female party leaders 7575:Overseas territories 7085:"Recessional" (1897) 6764:Looking for Victoria 6697:Victoria & Abdul 6665:Sixty Glorious Years 6396:Visits to Manchester 6032:The Earl of Rosebery 6007:The Earl of Aberdeen 5880:at Wikimedia Commons 5692:10.1093/jhmas/jrm046 5481:Representing Animals 5389:BBC History Magazine 5334:Briggs, Asa (1959). 4591:May, Trevor (1994). 3800:The Victorian Church 3747:10.3138/cjh.14.2.318 3549:The Victorian church 3363:Roach, John (1957). 3348:Briggs, Asa (1957). 2674:Comparative Politics 1546:evangelical movement 1448:Alphonse de Neuville 1278:emphasis on morality 1127:Scottish Reformation 912:Wars of independence 129:The Earl of Rosebery 104:The Earl of Aberdeen 9574:1973–1975 recession 9518:Post–WWII expansion 9192:Great Frost of 1709 9020:Neutrality of money 9001:Classical dichotomy 8917:Economic expansions 7170:Three Halfpence Red 6641:Sixty Years a Queen 6554:Lady Flora Hastings 6237:Hackpen White Horse 6075:Society and culture 5814:(Henry Holt, 1996) 5028:. Victorian Powys. 4904:. pp. 3 to 4. 4718:1982EnPlA..14.1437K 4558:Lloyd, Amy (2007). 4451:. pp. 211–214. 4010:"Street literature" 3352:. pp. 236–285. 3282:Lloyd, Amy (2007). 3152:Robyn Ryle (2012). 2649:This Great Calamity 2266:Victorian jewellery 2246:Victorian burlesque 2226:19th-century London 2107:invented the first 2042:Thomas Henry Huxley 1982: 1850s or 60s 1493:Society and culture 1476:Scramble for Africa 1190:Scotland portal 932:Glorious Revolution 776:) 12,000 BC–700 BC 415:Prehistoric Britain 9756:COVID-19 recession 9416:Panic of 1910–1911 9248:Panic of 1796–1797 9074:Real interest rate 9042:Economic expansion 8131:Telecommunications 8083:Economic geography 7939:Political scandals 7570:Crown Dependencies 7175:Penny Venetian Red 7165:Halfpenny Rose Red 6748:The Young Victoria 6732:Happy and Glorious 6689:The Young Victoria 6657:Victoria the Great 6595:Royal Family Order 6391:Victorian morality 6328:Recessional (poem) 5836:Palgrave Macmillan 5822:Mitchell, Sally.. 5803:online vol 1-2-3-4 5727:Historical Studies 5434:The London Journal 3441:. pp. 585–95. 2516:History of England 2276:Victorian painting 2151: 2134:Victorian morality 2105:Charles Wheatstone 2096: 2025: 1827: 1789: 1680:Scottish Highlands 1588:were also largely 1452: 1393: 1167:Edinburgh timeline 957:The Scots language 888:Acts of Union 1707 825:History (timeline) 9832: 9831: 9543:Recession of 1958 9537:Recession of 1953 9531:Recession of 1949 9228:Thirteen Colonies 9035:Velocity of money 8965:Paradox of thrift 8883: 8882: 8843: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8450: 8449: 8182: 8181: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8043: 7929:Political parties 7853:Foreign relations 7804: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7533: 7532: 7510:Mass surveillance 7488:Foreign relations 7421:Second World War 7332: 7331: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7243: 6673:Victoria in Dover 6649:Victoria in Dover 6534:Kensington System 6518:Royal descendants 6381:John William Bean 6356:Bedchamber crisis 6165: 6164: 6017:Benjamin Disraeli 6002:The Earl of Derby 5997:Lord John Russell 5876:Media related to 5647:978-0-241-95834-6 5618:978-0-313-31399-8 5568:978-0-7425-3735-4 5490:978-0-253-34154-9 5265:978-0-313-33358-3 5190:978-0-321-38700-4 5165:978-0-313-33358-3 5140:978-0-313-33332-3 5090:978-0-321-38700-4 4949:10.1093/shm/1.1.1 4818:978-0-241-95834-6 4712:(11): 1437–1447. 3829:978-0-313-33332-3 3426:. pp. 10–12. 3165:978-1-4129-6594-1 3085:978-0-19-254397-4 3035:Summerscale, Kate 2878:Victorian England 2820:. pp. x–vi. 2633:978-1-4262-0091-5 2539:Victorian England 2503:. pp. 25–30. 2473:. pp. 18–19. 2401:Victorian Studies 2256:Victorian fashion 2251:Victorian erotica 2121:Guglielmo Marconi 2029:French Revolution 1975:Alfred Capel-Cure 1908:in the 1890s and 1709:Nidderdale Museum 1672:domestic holidays 1582:Church of England 1401:Second Reform Act 1332:England and Wales 1248:and preceded the 1240:was the reign of 1224: 1223: 1172:Glasgow timeline 1149:Islam and Muslims 884:(1652–1660) 872:(1306–1371) 866:(1292–1296) 860:(1058–1286) 854:(1040–1058) 720: 719: 661: 660: 442:Sub-Roman Britain 389: 388: 306:Mass surveillance 171: 170: 167: 166: 114:Benjamin Disraeli 99:The Earl of Derby 94:Lord John Russell 16:(Redirected from 9923: 9873: 9872: 9871: 9861: 9860: 9859: 9849: 9848: 9847: 9840: 9624:Great Regression 9619:Great Moderation 9465:Great Depression 9454:Roaring Twenties 8975:Underconsumption 8945:Effective demand 8936:Aggregate demand 8910: 8903: 8896: 8887: 8886: 8863: 8856: 8564:Northern Ireland 8473: 8472: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8193: 8192: 8106: 8059: 8058: 7917:House of Commons 7885:Local government 7819: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7725:Renewable energy 7710:hydroelectricity 7548: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7380: 7379: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7336: 7335: 7221:Ceylon Dull Rose 7211:Canada 12d black 7123: 7122: 6705:The Black Prince 6630: 6629: 6615:Victoria (plant) 6376:Empress of India 6323:Cherries jubilee 6212:Empress of India 6192: 6185: 6178: 6169: 6168: 6155: 6154: 5983:Prime ministers 5908: 5901: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5875: 5863: 5849: 5779: 5778: 5760: 5751: 5750: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5671: 5665: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5409:on 24 April 2011 5405:. 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sponge 7240: 7194: 7160:Embossed stamps 7114: 7089: 7068: 7043: 6915:Balmoral cairns 6835:List of statues 6827: 6821: 6807:Victoria Regina 6786: 6740:Victoria Regina 6719: 6619: 6573: 6559:Charlotte Percy 6544:Victoire Conroy 6522: 6417: 6361:Prime ministers 6344: 6313:Jubilee Diamond 6298:Diamond Jubilee 6215: 6201: 6196: 6166: 6161: 6138: 6048: 5992:Sir Robert Peel 5935: 5931:Edwardian era → 5917: 5912: 5856: 5846: 5794: 5788: 5786:Further reading 5783: 5782: 5775: 5761: 5754: 5733:(67): 165–173. 5719: 5715: 5672: 5668: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5528: 5524: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5307: 5298: 5291: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5052: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5024: 5023: 5019: 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9008: 9003: 8998: 8984: 8982:Business cycle 8979: 8978: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8960:Overproduction 8957: 8952: 8947: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8913: 8912: 8905: 8898: 8890: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8865: 8864: 8857: 8849: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8792: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8783:First Minister 8780: 8775: 8765: 8760: 8754: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8700: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8691:First Minister 8688: 8683: 8673: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8655: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8606: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8579: 8574: 8568: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8481: 8479: 8469: 8468: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8361: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8174:Rail transport 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8150: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8113: 8108: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8017: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8003: 7996:Prime Minister 7993: 7992: 7991: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7958: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7944:Shadow Cabinet 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7922:House of Lords 7919: 7909: 7904: 7903: 7902: 7897: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7855: 7850: 7849: 7848: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7822: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7764: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7682: 7676: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7604: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7556: 7554: 7552:Administrative 7541: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7485: 7480: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7388: 7386: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: articles 7366:United Kingdom 7362: 7361: 7354: 7347: 7339: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7319: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7150:Two penny blue 7147: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7129: 7127: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7105: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7059: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6947: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6837: 6831: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6811: 6803: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6776: 6768: 6760: 6752: 6744: 6736: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6709: 6701: 6693: 6685: 6677: 6669: 6661: 6653: 6645: 6636: 6634: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6610:Victoria Cross 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6509:(half-brother) 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6403: 6401:Foreign visits 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6256:Golden Jubilee 6253: 6252: 6251: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6199:Queen Victoria 6195: 6194: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6149: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6039:Queen Victoria 6036: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5956: 5954:British empire 5951: 5945: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5926:← Georgian era 5922: 5919: 5918: 5911: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5869: 5855: 5854:External links 5852: 5851: 5850: 5844: 5827: 5819: 5818: 5807: 5806: 5790:Main article: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5773: 5752: 5713: 5666: 5653: 5646: 5624: 5617: 5599: 5593:978-0907631507 5592: 5574: 5567: 5549: 5542: 5522: 5496: 5489: 5471: 5420: 5394: 5376: 5369: 5351: 5344: 5326: 5319: 5296: 5289: 5271: 5264: 5246: 5239: 5221: 5214: 5196: 5189: 5171: 5164: 5146: 5139: 5121: 5114: 5096: 5089: 5071: 5064: 5043: 5017: 4991: 4965: 4922: 4885: 4878: 4860: 4824: 4817: 4799: 4769: 4762: 4739: 4696: 4689: 4671: 4664: 4641: 4634: 4613: 4598: 4583: 4547: 4517: 4510: 4489: 4474: 4454: 4434: 4427: 4415:Hobsbawn, Eric 4403: 4388: 4354: 4347: 4329: 4322: 4304: 4297: 4279: 4272: 4254: 4247: 4229: 4222: 4204: 4197: 4179: 4172: 4154: 4147: 4129: 4118:(3): 265–287. 4102: 4087: 4080: 4062: 4031: 4000: 3993: 3975: 3944: 3914: 3884: 3865: 3835: 3828: 3805: 3790: 3760: 3741:(2): 318–320. 3721: 3694:(2): 185–198. 3675: 3654:10.1086/239951 3648:(4): 374–393. 3632: 3605:(1): 115–139. 3589: 3582: 3564: 3558:978-0334024095 3557: 3536: 3509: 3490:(2): 352–363. 3474: 3459: 3444: 3429: 3414: 3355: 3340: 3325: 3307: 3271: 3240: 3221: 3192: 3171: 3164: 3144: 3113: 3084: 3063: 3055: 3020: 2997: 2971: 2956: 2927: 2894: 2887: 2862: 2845: 2808: 2801: 2783: 2777:978-0521045124 2776: 2751: 2699: 2686:10.2307/422226 2680:(4): 393–408. 2664: 2657: 2639: 2632: 2609: 2602: 2584: 2569:. W. Ridgway. 2554: 2547: 2529: 2506: 2491: 2476: 2461: 2446: 2407:(3): 395–438. 2387: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2356: 2347: 2342:and excessive 2331: 2314: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2221: 2218: 2184: 2181: 2177:Sunday schools 2129: 2126: 2087: 2084: 2046:Charles Darwin 1999:Main article: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1972: 1965: 1963: 1953: 1946: 1944: 1937: 1930: 1924:fertility rate 1919:mortality rate 1875:Kellow Chesney 1843: 1840: 1810: 1807: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1738: 1731: 1729: 1722: 1715: 1713: 1702: 1695: 1610: 1607: 1559:nonconformists 1554:Utilitarianism 1541: 1538: 1505: 1502: 1497:Main article: 1494: 1491: 1460:Pax Britannica 1444:Anglo-Zulu War 1413: 1412: 1362: 1359: 1301: 1298: 1282:undernutrition 1242:Queen Victoria 1234:British Empire 1222: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1204: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1008: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 995: 994: 989: 984: 982:Historiography 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 902: 899: 898: 895: 894: 891: 890: 885: 879: 873: 870:House of Bruce 867: 861: 855: 852:House of Moray 849: 846:House of Alpin 842: 837: 836: 833: 832: 828: 827: 822: 817: 812: 811: 810: 805: 800: 790: 784: 783: 782: 766: 765: 762: 761: 758: 757: 743: 742: 733: 732: 725: 718: 717: 715: 714: 707: 700: 692: 689: 688: 682: 681: 678: 677: 672: 662: 659: 658: 655: 649: 648: 645: 639: 638: 635: 629: 628: 625: 619: 618: 615: 609: 608: 605: 599: 598: 595: 589: 588: 583: 577: 576: 573: 567: 566: 561: 555: 554: 549: 541: 540: 535: 529: 528: 523: 517: 516: 513: 507: 506: 501: 495: 494: 491: 485: 484: 481: 475: 474: 471: 469:Norman/Angevin 465: 464: 458: 452: 451: 444: 438: 437: 431: 425: 424: 417: 409: 406: 405: 402: 401: 387: 386: 384: 383: 376: 369: 361: 358: 357: 344: 343: 339: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 311:Jewish history 308: 303: 298: 293: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 227: 226: 224:Regency period 221: 210: 209: 204: 203: 200: 199: 191: 190: 184: 183: 176: 169: 168: 165: 164: 154: 135: 134: 132: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 80: 78: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 55:Queen Victoria 52: 44: 43: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9928: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9891:Victorian era 9889: 9888: 9886: 9876: 9875:Victorian era 9866: 9864: 9854: 9852: 9842: 9841: 9838: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9817:United States 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9750: 9749:United States 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9661: 9660:United States 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9625: 9620: 9616: 9608: 9607:United States 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9589: 9585: 9584:United States 9582: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9544: 9541: 9538: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9509: 9506: 9502: 9501:United States 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9463: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9423: 9420: 9417: 9414: 9411: 9410:Panic of 1907 9408: 9405: 9404:Panic of 1901 9402: 9399: 9396: 9395:Panic of 1893 9393: 9390: 9389:Baring crisis 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9375: 9374:United States 9372: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9354: 9349: 9345: 9338: 9335: 9332: 9331:Panic of 1866 9329: 9326: 9323: 9322:Panic of 1857 9320: 9317: 9314: 9313:Panic of 1847 9311: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9301: 9296: 9292: 9285: 9284:Panic of 1837 9282: 9279: 9276: 9273: 9272:Panic of 1825 9270: 9267: 9264: 9261: 9258: 9255: 9252: 9249: 9246: 9243: 9242:Panic of 1792 9239: 9236: 9233: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9214: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9187:Slump of 1706 9185: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9155: 9152: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9138: 9135: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9095:Balance sheet 9093: 9092: 9091: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9064:Interest rate 9062: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9040: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8911: 8906: 8904: 8899: 8897: 8892: 8891: 8888: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8858: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8846: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8561: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8348: 8347:Welfare state 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8292:Mental health 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8235:Ethnic groups 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8159:Bus transport 8157: 8155: 8154:Air transport 8152: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8101: 8099: 8098:Manufacturing 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8010: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7974:Civil service 7972: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7901: 7900:republicanism 7898: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7720:North Sea oil 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7618:Great Britain 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7608:British Isles 7606: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7407:Edwardian era 7405: 7403: 7402:Victorian era 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7367: 7360: 7355: 7353: 7348: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7292:Diamond Crown 7290: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7260:Osborne House 7258: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7190:Jubilee Issue 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6997:Visakhapatnam 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 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6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6371:The boy Jones 6369: 6367: 6366:Edward Oxford 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6318:Jubilee Tower 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6249:Wedding dress 6247: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6210:(1837–1901), 6209: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6188: 6186: 6181: 6179: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6158: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5979:Pax Britannia 5977: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5915:Victorian era 5909: 5904: 5902: 5897: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5886: 5879: 5878:Victorian era 5874: 5870: 5867: 5866:Victorian era 5862: 5858: 5857: 5847: 5845:9780230551756 5841: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5776: 5774:9780415669726 5770: 5766: 5759: 5757: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5686:(1): 65–102. 5685: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5649: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5620: 5614: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5578: 5570: 5564: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5543:9781317935124 5539: 5535: 5534: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5492: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5390: 5383: 5381: 5372: 5370:9780224011624 5366: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5345:9780582482043 5341: 5337: 5330: 5322: 5320:9780710045676 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M. 3418: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3344: 3336: 3329: 3321: 3320:UK Parliament 3317: 3311: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3276: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3193:0-8057-8978-2 3189: 3185: 3178: 3176: 3167: 3161: 3157: 3156: 3148: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3068: 3058: 3056:9780747596486 3052: 3048: 3043: 3042: 3036: 3031: 3023: 3021:9780856644382 3017: 3013: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2976: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2957:9780300194289 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2932: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2899: 2890: 2888:9780737702217 2884: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2849: 2841: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2804: 2802:9780415669726 2798: 2794: 2787: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2660: 2658:9781570981401 2654: 2650: 2643: 2635: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2605: 2603:9780415669726 2599: 2595: 2588: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2558: 2550: 2548:9780737702217 2544: 2540: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2502: 2495: 2487: 2480: 2472: 2465: 2458:. p. 17. 2457: 2450: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2391: 2384: 2383:Plunkett 2012 2379: 2375: 2360: 2351: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2309: 2300: 2296: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2203: 2202:from 13 to 16 2199: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169:death penalty 2165: 2164:Harold Perkin 2160: 2157: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2115:patented the 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:refrigeration 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:Royal Society 2034: 2030: 2015: 2012:delivering a 2011: 2007: 2002: 1976: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1938:Slum area in 1934: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1889: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1836:Sunday school 1832: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1745: 1741: 1740:Leisure Hours 1735: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676:Lake District 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635:theater music 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1606: 1603: 1602:Old Testament 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1571:Presbyterians 1568: 1564: 1563:Liberal Party 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1500: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440:Rorke's Drift 1436: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421:Potato Famine 1418: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1403:in 1867. The 1402: 1398: 1390: 1389:Cardiganshire 1386: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1306:Periodisation 1297: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1286:Great Britain 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1250:Edwardian era 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:Victorian era 1235: 1231: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1181: 1180: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1001: 1000: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 942:Enlightenment 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 907: 904: 903: 897: 896: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 843: 840: 835: 834: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 794: 791: 788: 785: 781: 778: 777: 775: 771: 768: 767: 760: 759: 755: 749: 745: 744: 741: 735: 734: 729: 724: 723: 713: 708: 706: 701: 699: 694: 693: 691: 690: 687: 684: 683: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 665: 656: 654: 651: 650: 646: 644: 641: 640: 636: 634: 631: 630: 626: 624: 621: 620: 616: 614: 611: 610: 606: 604: 603:Edwardian era 601: 600: 596: 594: 593:Victorian era 591: 590: 587: 584: 582: 578: 574: 572: 569: 568: 565: 562: 560: 556: 553: 550: 547: 542: 539: 536: 534: 530: 527: 524: 522: 518: 514: 512: 509: 508: 505: 502: 500: 496: 492: 490: 487: 486: 482: 480: 477: 476: 472: 470: 467: 466: 459: 457: 454: 453: 445: 443: 440: 439: 432: 430: 429:Roman Britain 427: 426: 418: 416: 413: 412: 404: 403: 400: 396: 393: 392: 382: 377: 375: 370: 368: 363: 362: 360: 359: 356: 346: 345: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 281: 280: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 225: 222: 220: 217: 216: 215: 212: 211: 207: 202: 201: 197: 193: 192: 189: 186: 185: 180: 175: 174: 162: 158: 157:Edwardian era 153: 149: 144: 140: 136: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 81: 79: 75: 72: 69: 65: 60: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37:Victorian era 35: 30: 19: 18:Victorian-era 9734:South Africa 9491:South Africa 9337:Black Friday 9294: 9154:Unemployment 9011:Money supply 9006:Disinflation 8950:General glut 8725:Homelessness 8539:Homelessness 8322:Social class 8302:Prostitution 8245:Homelessness 8026:British Army 7858:Human rights 7846:By-elections 7826:Constitution 7401: 7397:Georgian era 7323:Edward VII → 7321: 7316:← William IV 7314: 7109:Choral Songs 7108: 7101: 7061: 7054: 7039:Christchurch 6815:I and Albert 6814: 6806: 6798: 6779: 6771: 6763: 6755: 6747: 6739: 6731: 6712: 6704: 6696: 6688: 6680: 6672: 6664: 6656: 6648: 6640: 6600:Victoria Day 6564:George Davys 6385: 6271:Police Medal 6147:Bibliography 6060:Demographics 5958:By location 5949:British Army 5914: 5868:at Wikiquote 5831: 5823: 5811: 5798: 5764: 5730: 5726: 5716: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5661: 5660:Sean Brady, 5656: 5633: 5627: 5608: 5602: 5583: 5577: 5558: 5552: 5533:Business Law 5532: 5525: 5508: 5499: 5480: 5474: 5462:. 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