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1046:. It did not seek political reform, but rather the opportunity to save souls through political action by freeing slaves, abolishing the duel, prohibiting cruelty to children and animals, stopping gambling, and avoiding frivolity on the Sabbath; they read the Bible every day. All souls were equal in God's view, but not all bodies, so evangelicals did not challenge the hierarchical structure of English society. As R. J. Morris noted in his 1983 article "Voluntary Societies and British Urban Elites, 1780-1850," "id-eighteenth-century Britain was a stable society in the sense that those with material and ideological power were able to defend this power in an effective and dynamic manner," but "in the twenty years after 1780, this consensus structure was broken." Anglican Evangelicalism thus, as historian Lisa Wood has argued in her book
1227:
barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximise exports from and minimise imports to the realm. The government had to fight smuggling, which became a favourite
American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch. The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a large and powerful Royal Navy, which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country.
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1334:, sponsored by Robert Walpole, strengthened the criminal code for the benefit of the upper class. It specified over 200 capital crimes, many with intensified punishment. The crime of arson, for example, was expanded to include of burning or the threat of burning haystacks. The legal rights of defendants were something different from today. For example, suspects who refused to surrender within 40 days could be summarily judged guilty and sentenced to execution if apprehended. Local villages were punished if they failed to find, prosecute and convict alleged criminals, due to the increase in crime at the time.
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1320:
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1965:
1629:, the 1640s and 1650s saw a revived economy characterised by growth in manufacturing, the elaboration of financial and credit instruments, and the commercialisation of communication. The gentry found time for leisure activities, such as horse racing and bowling. In the high culture important innovations included the development of a mass market for music, increased scientific research, and an expansion of publishing. All the trends were discussed in depth at the newly established
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1023:(1703–1791) and his followers preached revivalist religion, trying to convert individuals to a personal relationship with Christ through Bible reading, regular prayer, and especially the revival experience. Wesley himself preached 52,000 times, calling on men and women to "redeem the time" and save their souls. Wesley always operated inside the Church of England, but at his death, his followers set up outside institutions that became the
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the trade with India, and largely dominated the highly lucrative slave, sugar, and commercial trades originating in West Africa and the West Indies. China would be next on the agenda. Other powers set up similar monopolies on a much smaller scale; only the
Netherlands emphasized trade as much as England.
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1141:
was perhaps the most prominent of the many explorers and geographers using the resources of the Royal Navy to develop the Empire and make many scientific discoveries, especially in
Australia and the Pacific. Instead of trying to recover the lost colonies in North America, the British built up in Asia
1643:
argues that the reason for the neglect was the assumption that the movement was primarily French-inspired, that it was largely a-religious or anti-clerical, and it stood in outspoken defiance to the established order. Porter admits that after the 1720s, England could claim thinkers to equal
Diderot,
1207:
in 1672 and focused on the slave trade. British involvement in each of the four major wars, 1740 to 1783, paid off handsomely in terms of trade. Even the loss of the 13 colonies was made up by a very favourable trading relationship with the new United States of
America. British gained dominance in
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and speculation. It issued stock four times in 1720 that reached about 8,000 investors. Prices kept soaring every day, from £130 a share to £1,000, with insiders making huge paper profits. The Bubble collapsed overnight, ruining many speculators. Investigations showed bribes had reached into high
939:
remarked of the Grand Tour as useful for intellectual self-improvement. The journey and stay abroad would usually take a year or more. This would eventually lead to the basis for the acquisition and spread of art collections back to
England as well as fashions and paintings from Italy. The custom
1656:
were all quite conservative and supported the standing order. Porter says the reason was that
Enlightenment had come early to England, and had succeeded so that the culture had accepted political liberalism, philosophical empiricism and religious toleration of the sort that intellectuals on the
1226:
was the basic policy imposed by
Britain on its colonies. Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires. The government protected its merchants—and kept others out—by trade
1190:
so powerful that no rival could sweep its ships from the world's trading routes, or invade the
British Isles. The London government enhanced the private sector by incorporating numerous privately financed London-based companies for establishing trading posts and opening import-export businesses
1483:
argues that the
Scottish Enlightenment "was a small and cohesive group of friends – David Hume, Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson, and others – who knew one another intimately and talked to one another incessantly". Education was a priority in Scotland, both at the local level and especially in four
1706:
Historians debate the exact ending, with the deaths of George IV in 1830 or William IV in 1837 as the usual marker. In most social and cultural trends, the timing varied. The emergence of Romanticism and literature began as early as the 1780s, but religious changes took much longer and were
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1597:
The very existence of an English Enlightenment has been debated by scholars. The majority of textbooks and standard surveys make no room for an English Enlightenment. Some European surveys include England, others ignore it but do include coverage of such major intellectuals as
1657:
continent had to fight for against powerful odds. The coffee-house culture provided an ideal venue for enlightened conversation. Furthermore, England rejected the collectivism of the continent, and emphasized the improvement of individuals as the main goal of enlightenment.
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gained strength in the late 18th and early 19th century. The movement challenged the traditional religious sensibility that emphasised a code of honour for the upper class, and suitable behaviour for everyone else, together with faithful observances of rituals.
1697:
in 1745. Asylums for the mentally ill were established, notably Bethel Hospital in Norwich (1713); a ward for incurable lunatics at Guy's Hospital (1728); and lunatic hospitals in Manchester (1766) and York in (1777)—York was the first to be called an asylum.
1524:
of the same time period, the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment asserted the importance of human reason combined with a rejection of any authority that could not be justified by reason. In Scotland, the Enlightenment was characterised by a thoroughgoing
1720:
partook of the general sordidness of the age; it was an age of great material prosperity, but of moral and spiritual poverty, such as hardly finds a parallel in our history. Mercenary motives were to predominate everywhere, in the Church as well as in the
1186:), Britain had a different set of primary interests. Its main diplomatic goal (besides protecting the homeland from invasion) was building a worldwide trading network for its merchants, manufacturers, shippers and financiers. This required a hegemonic
1529:
and practicality where the chief values were improvement, virtue, and practical benefit for the individual and society as a whole. Among the fields that rapidly advanced were philosophy, economics, history, architecture, and medicine. Leaders included
1109:
dragged on for nearly a quarter of a century, 1793–1815. Britain organised coalition after coalition, using its superb financial system to subsidise infantry forces, and built up its Navy to maintain control of the seas. Victory over Napoleon at the
1238:
was a private business corporation supposedly set up much like the other trading companies, with a focus on South America. Its actual purpose was to renegotiate previous high-interest government loans amounting to £31 million through
934:
coincided with the 18th century and is associated with Georgian high society. This custom saw young upper-class Englishmen travelling to Italy by way of France and the Netherlands for intellectual and cultural purposes. Notable historian
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Although religious toleration was extensive by the standards of continental Europe, hostility to religious minorities was widespread in Britain during the eighteenth century and sometimes expressed itself in rioting. The
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we are the most "diligent nation in the world. Vast trade, rich manufactures, mighty wealth, universal correspondence, and happy success have been constant companions of England, and given us the title of an industrious
1082:(1803–1815). The British won most of the wars except for the American Revolution, where the combined weight of the United States, France, Spain and the Netherlands overwhelmed Britain, which stood alone without allies.
2230:
dies on 26 June. Some historians date this as the end of the Georgian era of the House of Hanover. However, many other authorities continue this era during the relatively short reign of his younger brother, who became
1050:, functioned as a tool of ruling-class social control, buffering the discontent that in France had inaugurated a revolution; yet it contained within itself the seeds for challenge to gender and class hierarchies.
1711:
in religion and the demise of classical architecture. Victorians typically were disapproving of the times of the previous era. By the late 19th century, the "Georgian era" was a byword for a degenerate culture.
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in 1819 began as a protest rally which saw 60,000 people gathering to protest about their living standards, but was quelled by military action and saw eleven people killed and 400 wounded. The
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universities. The Enlightenment culture was based on close readings of new books, and intense discussions that took place daily at such intellectual gathering places in Edinburgh as
1465:
Historians have long explored the importance of the Scottish Enlightenment, as well as the American Enlightenment, while debating the very existence of the English Enlightenment.
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The era was prosperous as entrepreneurs extended the range of their business around the globe. By the 1720s Britain was one of the most prosperous countries in the world, and
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While the other major powers were primarily motivated towards territorial gains, and protection of their dynasties (such as the Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties, and the
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in Canada. The Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa had been set up in 1662 to trade in gold, ivory and slaves in Africa; it was re-established as the
523:
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E. Chaney, "Gibbon, Beckford and the Interpretation of Dreams, Waking Thoughts and Incidents", The Beckford Society Annual Lectures (London, 2004), pp. 25–50.
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Most of the companies earned good profits, and enormous personal fortunes were created in India, but there was one major fiasco that caused heavy losses. The
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churches, Presbyterians, Congregationalist, Baptists, Unitarians, and Quakers. The Nonconformist churches, however, were less influenced by revivalism.
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forms in a military alliance with the United States and declares war on Britain. The Netherlands and Spain support France; Britain has no major allies.
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in 1815, Great Britain entered a period of greater economic depression and political uncertainty, characterised by social discontent and unrest. The
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isolated nitrogen in 1774, while Priestley discovered oxygen and ammonia. Antiquarians and archaeologists mapped the past. In medicine, in 1717
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The Church of England remained dominant in England but it had a growing evangelical, revivalist faction, the "Low Church". Its leaders included
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saw huge changes to the movement of people and the decline of small communities, the growth of the cities and the beginnings of an integrated
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managed to wind it down with minimal political and economic damage, although some suffering extreme loss fled to exile or committed suicide.
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2042:. The geographical terms are very generous to the Americans, and the expectation that Anglo-American trade will become of major importance.
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was characterized in religion, social values, and the arts by a shift in tone away from rationalism and toward romanticism and mysticism.
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passed by Parliament through the influence of William Wilberforce and the Evangelical movement. The slaveowners are generously paid off.
1412:
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4144:
2427:
1425:
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P. Bruce Buchan, "The East India Company 1749–1800: The evolution of a territorial strategy and the changing role of the directors."
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829:. Their work ushered in a new era of poetry, characterised by vivid and colourful language, evocative of elevating ideas and themes.
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Ann M. Carlos and Stephen Nicholas. "'Giants of an Earlier Capitalism': The Chartered Trading Companies as Modern Multinationals."
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2026:: Admiral Sir George Rodney defeated a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse, enabling the Royal Navy to control the West Indies.
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is defined by the regency of George IV as Prince of Wales during the illness of his father George III. The transition to the
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Matthew Daniel Eddy, "Natural History, Natural Philosophy and Readership", in Stephen Brown and Warren McDougall, eds.,
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Leon Radzinowicz, "The Waltham Black Act: A study of the legislative attitude towards crime in the eighteenth century".
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across the world. Each was given a monopoly of trade to the specified geographical region. The first enterprise was the
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British Library history resources about the Georgian era, featuring collection material and text by Dr. Matthew White.
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Begiato, Joanne. "Between poise and power: embodied manliness in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century British culture."
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1633:. Education was also a priority in England. English institutions expanded rapdly, including the formation of the
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987:
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Note: In the twentieth century, the period 1910–1936 was informally called the Georgian Era during the reign of
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but, nevertheless, as rural towns and villages declined and work became scarce there was a huge increase in
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Nicholas Rogers, 'Riot and Popular Jacobitism in Early Hanoverian England', in Eveline Cruickshanks (ed.),
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Trailblazing Women of the Georgian Era: The Eighteenth-Century Struggle for Female Success in a Man's World
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incomplete until around a century later. The 1830s saw important developments such as the emergence of the
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The Georgian period saw continual warfare, with France the primary enemy. Major episodes included the
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1941:
1803:
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2012:
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668:. The definition of the Georgian era is also often extended to include the relatively short reign of
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20:
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Morris, R. J. (March 1983). "Voluntary Societies and British Urban Elites, 1780–1850: An Analysis".
1256:
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The History of England from the Accession of George III to the close of Pitt's first Administration
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207:
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2151:) for George III, who had become delusional. This sub-period of the Georgian era is known as the
1836:
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access. This began an internal mass movement of rural poor from the countryside into the cities.
1665:
The British sponsored numerous scientists who made major discoveries in the small laboratories.
5159:
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The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, 1607–1755
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was a national disaster. Commentators at home and abroad speculated on the end of Britain as a
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The Edinburgh History of the Book in Scotland, Vol. II: Enlightenment and Expansion, 1707–1800
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Georgian society and its preoccupations were well portrayed in the novels of writers such as
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2260:. King William IV dies on 20 June, ending the Georgian era. He was succeeded by his niece,
2051:
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1521:
1505:
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1378:
1300:
was repealed a year after it had been passed because of widespread opposition and the 1780
1216:
991:
915:
810:
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The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science
848:
illustrated the changing world of the Georgian period – as did the work of designers like
8:
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1758:, the former of which had itself been established in 1707. This is the beginning of the
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Defining John Bull: political caricature and national identity in late Georgian England
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and overthrow the government. This too was thwarted, with the conspirators executed or
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introduced inoculation against smallpox to Britain, and by 1740 it was in wide usage.
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The American enlightenment: The shaping of the American experiment and a free society
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2008:
1981:
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Chandler, Timothy. "The development of a sporting tradition at Oxbridge, 1800-1860"
2217:. He had been the effective ruler since 1811 as regent for his seriously ill father.
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mobs in protest against the Hanoverian succession and which included attacks on the
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refers to the acknowledgement of the influence of Latin literature from the ancient
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Modes of Discipline: Women, Conservatism, and the Novel after the French Revolution
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Modes of Discipline: Women, Conservatism, and the Novel After the French Revolution
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William Li Parry-Jones, "Asylum for the mentally ill in historical perspective."
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Bultmann, William A. "Early Hanoverian England (1714–60): Some Recent Writings."
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The creation of the modern world: the untold story of the British Enlightenment
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O'Brien, Patrick K. "The political economy of British taxation, 1660‐1815", in
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2464:(1988) vol 19 pp:1-29. Emergence of cricket and rowing at Cambridge and Oxford.
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set up in 1555 to trade with Russia. Other prominent enterprises included the
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is not applied to the time of the two 20th-century British kings of this name,
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It was a time of immense social change in Britain, with the beginnings of the
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destroyed and damaged machinery in the industrial north-west of England. The
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in Birmingham, the mob targeted Dissenters, including the prominent Radical
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a largely new Second British Empire. That new empire flourished during the
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3375:, ref. NPG 1075a, National Portrait Gallery, London, accessed February 2010
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The History of England From The Accession of Anne To The Death of George II
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Eliga H. Gould, "American independence and Britain's counter-revolution",
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Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939
2488:
Gould, Eliga H. "American independence and Britain's counter-revolution",
2410:
The Loyal Atlantic: Remaking the British Atlantic in the Revolutionary Era
1002:(which became the United States during the period) and other parts of the
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The flowering of the arts was most vividly shown in the emergence of the
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Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966
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is put into place by the British Parliament. This act brought about the
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O'Gorman, Frank. "The Recent Historiography of the Hanoverian Regime."
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The expansion of empire in Asia was primarily the work of the British
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100:
90:
42:
3402:
2956:
Aleksandr Georgievich, and David Minaevich Gamezardashvili Baramidze,
2830:
Snyder, Henry L. "Early Georgian England", in Richard Schlatter, ed.,
2672:
Thomas, Peter D. G. (1985). "George III and the American Revolution".
5229:
5137:
1925:
1480:
1158:
1024:
876:
731:
665:
126:
95:
3657:
Antiquaries: the discovery of the past in eighteenth-century Britain
3557:"Royal Society | British Science, History & Impact | Britannica"
3191:
The forging of the modern state: early industrial Britain, 1783–1872
2604:
The British imperial century, 1815–1914: A world history perspective
1637:, which is the oldest national scientific institution in the world.
1292:, which granted the authorities greater powers to put down rioting.
1085:
5090:
2163:
1513:
1349:, also known as "The Two Penny Trash" to its rivals. The so-called
1289:
859:
Fine examples of distinctive Georgian architecture are Edinburgh's
727:
3594:
Karen O'Brien, "English Enlightenment Histories, 1750–c.1815" in
2336:
689:
is typically used in the contexts of social and political history
4916:
2774:(2008) 783pp; wide-ranging survey with emphasis on historiography
2555:
The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain 1700–1850
1880:
grants Britain domain over vast new territories around the world.
1644:
Voltaire or Rousseau. Indeed, its leading intellectuals, such as
1366:
1358:
2126:, partly as a result of a twenty-year parliamentary campaign by
672:, which ended with his death in 1837. The subperiod that is the
5212:
3110:
Crisis of Empire: Britain and America in the Eighteenth Century
2451:
The making of modern England, 1783–1867: The age of improvement
1461:
Distinguished Men of Science. Use the cursor to see who is who.
1365:
to London in March 1817 to hand the Government a petition. The
2920:
Ridicule, Religion and the Politics of Wit in Augustan England
2706:
The Age of Unease: government and reform in Britain, 1782–1832
2533:(1905), highly detailed on politics and diplomacy, 1760–1801.
2083:
to avoid poverty and famine or conflict over scarce resources.
1284:, which occurred on the day of George I's coronation, and the
5189:
2483:
Britain before the Reform Act: politics and society 1815–1832
2396:
The savage storm: Britain on the brink in the age of Napoleon
3762:
3021:
The Church of England: the Methodists and society, 1700–1850
2403:
The Church of England: the Methodists and society, 1700–1850
1014:
In England, the evangelical movement inside and outside the
3293:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 173-194.
3160:
G. C. Bolton, "The Founding of the Second British Empire."
3098:. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press. pp. 42–44.
289:
3532:"The Enlightenment (1650–1800): The English Enlightenment"
1308:
removed some of their legal disabilities. During the 1791
276:
3328:
Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia
3278:
Ideology and Conspiracy: Aspects of Jacobitism, 1689–1759
3149:
Captain Cook and the Pacific: art, exploration and empire
2571:
Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia
1009:
3717:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
3459:
A Hotbed of Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment 1731–1790
3000:
2510:
Bury the Chains, The British Struggle to Abolish Slavery
2095:
comes into effect on 1 January, uniting the Kingdoms of
1234:
was a business enterprise that exploded in scandal. The
1126:
brought a sense of triumphalism and political reaction.
3602:. Vol. 3: 1400–1800. OUP Oxford. pp. 518–35.
3595:
1268:
The beginning of the Georgian era witnessed rioting by
3325:
A. J. Graham Cummings and Jack Fruchtman, ed. (1997).
2821:
The Hanoverian Dimension in British History, 1714–1837
2643:
Robson, Eric. "The American Revolution Reconsidered."
2562:
Britain in the Age of the French Revolution: 1785–1820
2547:, highly detailed on politics and diplomacy 1702–1760.
922:
was some of the most popular in England at that time.
3486:"Locating the 1650s in England's Seventeenth Century"
2696:
British History in the Nineteenth Century (1782–1901)
2015:, in October 1781. The French Navy controls the seas.
3263:
Julian Hoppit, "The Myths of the South Sea Bubble",
2834:(Rutgers UP, 1984), pp. 167–196, historiography
2772:
A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846
2750:(1967), comprehensive economic and business history.
2723:
Modern England: from the 18th century to the present
1304:
in London were directed against Catholics after the
1244:
places—even to the king. The future prime minister
4903:
3010:(Johns Hopkins University Press, Fall 2004) p. 101.
2847:), and is sometimes still referred to as such; see
2671:
2500:
A Social and Economic History of Britain: 1760–1950
1980:The main British invasion army under Gen. Burgoyne
3304:A Polite and Commercial People: England, 1727–1783
3225:Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind
2899:
3581:Roy Porter, "England" in Alan Charles Kors, ed.,
3365:Engraving after 'Men of Science Living in 1807-8'
2785:; also reprinted in Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed.
1984:; the French increase their aid to the Americans.
1944:begins in the Thirteen Colonies, specifically in
16:Period in British history from 1714 to c. 1830–37
5327:
3306:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 291.
2792:Dixon, Nicholas, "From Georgian to Victorian,"
1960:. King George III is determined to recover them.
3763:British Library Timelines: Sources from History
3457:David Daiches, Peter Jones, Jean Jones, eds.,
2118:became law, making it illegal to engage in the
2036:independence of the original 13 American States
1406:
3685:Nicholas Dixon, "From Georgian to Victorian",
3670:Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists
2879:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–47.
2567:
1251:
3790:
2814:George III, Tyrant Or Constitutional Monarch?
1280:' places of worship. These included the 1714
614:
3700:The English Church in the Eighteenth Century
3472:The Enlightenment: A comprehensive anthology
3430:The Enlightenment: A comprehensive anthology
3291:Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788
3265:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
2764:
2666:Politics and the Press in Hanoverian Britain
2424:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
3804:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2664:Schweizer, Karl W., and Jeremy Black, eds.
2209:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2105:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1824:of 1746, where British troops defeated the
1716:in 1878 argued that the Church of England:
1345:political party published a leaflet called
3797:
3783:
3280:(Edinburgh: John Donald, 1982), pp. 70–88.
3047:Albion's People: English Society 1714–1815
3008:Hair, Authenticity, The Self Made Macaroni
2659:Albion's People: English Society 1714–1815
2435:. "Georges I & II: Limited monarchs."
790:style, which hearkened back to a supposed
734:. Those periods are simply referred to as
621:
607:
41:
3387:"Eminent men of science living in 1807-8"
2652:English radicals and reformers, 1760–1848
2618:English Society in the Eighteenth Century
2444:The Hanoverians: The History of a Dynasty
2408:Bannister, Jerry, and Liam Riordan, eds.
1908:Australia and New Zealand are claimed as
1468:
1093:at the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815
1042:. It reached the upper class through the
3599:The Oxford History of Historical Writing
2861:
2819:Simms, Brendan and Torsten Riotte, eds.
1963:
1810:
1581:
1577:
1402:
1318:
1255:
1210:
1157:
1084:
967:which began the process of intensifying
954:
5341:History of the United Kingdom by period
2072:An Essay on the Principle of Population
1956:The Thirteen Colonies in North America
1660:
774:, characterised by the architecture of
5328:
3058:
2034:Great Britain formally recognises the
1972:shown surrendering at Saratoga in 1777
1027:. It stood alongside the traditional
1010:Evangelical religion and social reform
4902:
3778:
3483:
3384:
3252:A Land of Liberty?: England 1689–1727
3178:A Land of Liberty?: England 1689–1727
2872:
2789:(Harvard UP, 1966), pp. 181–205.
2141:, begins his nine-year period as the
1854:dies on 25 October, and his grandson
1288:. In response, Parliament passed the
1153:
1133:, especially under the leadership of
3331:. Taylor & Francis. p. 58.
3093:
2968:
2966:
2462:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
2373:Historiography of the United Kingdom
2368:Historiography of the British Empire
1817:An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745
1786:. This party is dominant until 1760.
1734:Upon the death of his second cousin
1691:Queen Charlotte's maternity hospital
3745:Rocque's Map of London Online, 1746
3378:
3358:
2933:"Georgian Definition & Meaning"
2748:England's apprenticeship, 1603–1763
2512:(Basingstoke: Pan Macmillan, 2005).
1948:; all royal officials are expelled.
741:
711:in the period 1700–1740s. The term
13:
2902:"George III King of Great Britain"
2900:John Steven Watson (31 May 2023).
2713:The Reign of George III: 1760–1815
2686:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1985.tb02477.x
2589:; 904pp; short articles by experts
2388:
2003:The British Army in America under
1928:of land and removing the right of
1874:victorious in the Seven Years' War
1669:investigated electricity. Chemist
1323:Life in the streets of London, by
19:For other uses of "Georgian", see
14:
5357:
3738:
3583:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
3034:The age of improvement, 1783–1867
2963:
2650:Royle, Edward, and James Walvin.
2606:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2019).
2417:Year of Waterloo: Britain in 1815
2378:International relations 1648–1814
3646:(2000), pp. 1–12, 36–37, 482–84.
3596:José Rabasa et al. eds. (2012).
3147:John McAleer, and Nigel Rigby,
2335:
2321:
2307:
2293:
2279:
2203:dies on 29 January, and his son
2116:Abolition of the Slave Trade Act
1742:George Louis, Elector of Hanover
1392:
950:
581:Political history (1979–present)
288:
275:
4905:Countries of the United Kingdom
4005:Countries of the United Kingdom
3705:
3692:
3679:
3662:
3649:
3636:
3588:
3575:
3549:
3524:
3477:
3464:
3451:
3435:
3422:
3409:
3345:
3318:
3309:
3296:
3283:
3270:
3257:
3244:
3231:
3216:
3196:
3183:
3167:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3087:
3052:
3039:
3026:
2207:, ascends to the throne of the
2166:I of France is defeated by the
4000:Counties of the United Kingdom
3719:(4th ed.). Archived from
3013:
2991:
2950:
2925:
2912:
2893:
2876:Handbook of British Chronology
2757:, (1938), wide-ranging survey
2069:, an Anglican cleric, authors
1780:British parliamentary election
1381:and then move on to storm the
1377:of 1820 sought to blow up the
1298:Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753
944:style that was soon to become
1:
3371:engraved by George Zobel and
3136:Business and Economic History
2855:
2635:England under the Hanoverians
2526:(Taylor & Francis, 2017).
2050:Australia is settled through
1896:, causing much unrest in the
1673:identified hydrogen in 1772.
1492:as well as within Scotland's
971:, and the emergence of rival
925:
642:
586:Social history (1979–present)
371:
358:
344:
331:
271:
4772:Universal basic income (UBI)
2755:The Age of Reform, 1815–1870
2737:The Whig Supremacy 1714–1760
2568:Newman, Gerald, ed. (1997).
2492:(1997) #154 pp. 107–41.
2476:The Georgian Town, 1680–1840
1744:, succeeds as the new King,
1687:Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
554:Post-war Britain (political)
7:
4777:Water supply and sanitation
4476:Weapons of mass destruction
4461:His Majesty's Naval Service
2613:. Revised ed. Hamlyn, 1974.
2412:(U of Toronto Press, 2012).
2351:
2270:
2075:. This work, the origin of
1894:Parliament of Great Britain
1858:, ascends to the throne as
1801:, ascends to the throne as
1725:
1252:Political and social revolt
940:also helped popularise the
801:poets, principally through
36:1714 – 1830 (1837)
10:
5362:
4872:Stereotypes of the British
2960:(The Minerva Group, 2001).
2873:Pryde, E. B., ed. (1996).
2715:(1960), scholarly survey;
2647:(Feb 1952) 3#3 pp 126–132.
1958:declare their independence
1942:American Revolutionary War
1472:
1396:
1068:American Revolutionary War
1062:, known in America as the
875:, the Georgian Quarter of
18:
5287:
5188:
5089:
5037:First Minister and deputy
5002:
4915:
4911:
4898:
4894:
4795:
4635:
4626:
4584:
4501:
4492:
4451:
4392:
4261:
4257:
4248:
4110:
4038:
3990:
3986:
3977:
3910:
3822:
3813:
3267:(1962), 12#1 pp. 141–165.
3073:10.1017/S0018246X00019610
2779:Journal of Modern History
2765:Historiography and memory
2471:(English Heritage, 2011).
1797:dies on 11 June. His son
1701:
1685:was founded in 1721; the
1679:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
1219:in the early 19th century
1215:The subscription room at
1072:French Revolutionary Wars
1053:
786:and the emergence of the
564:Post-war Britain (social)
490:
468:
454:
442:
430:
408:
284:
274:
266:
109:
73:
63:
40:
35:
30:
21:Georgian (disambiguation)
4665:Environmental inequality
3241:(Praeger, 2000), p. 54.
3125:(1997) #154 pp. 107–141.
2803:29#4 (1986): 1005–1020.
2668:(E. Mellon Press, 1989).
2574:. Taylor & Francis.
1351:March of the Blanketeers
946:fashionable at the time.
879:and much of Bristol and
208:William Pitt the Younger
3768:1 February 2010 at the
3502:10.1111/1468-229X.00016
3204:Business history review
3162:Economic History Review
2922:(Ashgate, 2013), ch. 1.
2654:(UP of Kentucky, 1982).
2594:Economic History Review
2139:George, Prince of Wales
2040:Treaty of Paris of 1783
1878:Treaty of Paris of 1763
1856:George, Prince of Wales
1799:George, Prince of Wales
1337:With the ending of the
1076:Irish Rebellion of 1798
1000:North American colonies
988:Agricultural Revolution
803:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
117:George, Prince of Wales
4551:Science and technology
3672:12.10 (1988): 407-410
3659:(A&C Black, 2004).
3385:Smith, HM (May 1941).
3355:(1945). 9#1 pp. 56–81.
3315:Langford, pp. 291-292.
3206:62#3 (1988): 398–419.
3061:The Historical Journal
2796:, (Dec 2010), Issue 68
2630:(Pen and Sword, 2018).
2611:The First Four Georges
2596:(1988) 41#1 pp: 1–32.
2172:The Duke of Wellington
1982:surrenders at Saratoga
1973:
1828:
1594:
1556:Henry Home, Lord Kames
1522:European Enlightenment
1475:Scottish Enlightenment
1469:Scottish Enlightenment
1462:
1375:Cato Street Conspiracy
1347:The Political Register
1327:
1265:
1220:
1166:
1150:which were to follow.
1094:
960:
4528:Free trade agreements
3755:25 April 2015 at the
3689:(Dec 2010), Issue 68.
3484:Hirst, Derek (1996).
3461:(Edinburgh UP, 1986).
3353:Cambridge Law Journal
3254:(2000), pp. 334–338.
3164:19.1 (1966): 195–200.
2743:, wide-ranging survey
2469:Georgian Architecture
2467:Curl, James Stevens.
2246:Slavery Abolition Act
2205:George, Prince Regent
2148:George, Prince Regent
2079:, posited a need for
2067:Thomas Robert Malthus
2024:Battle of the Saintes
1967:
1837:final Jacobite rising
1814:
1589:performing his first
1585:
1578:English Enlightenment
1460:
1397:Further information:
1322:
1259:
1214:
1205:Royal African Company
1184:House of Hohenzollern
1161:
1088:
1064:French and Indian War
992:transportation system
965:Industrial Revolution
958:
904:Johann Christian Bach
127:George, Prince Regent
49:Georgian architecture
4877:World Heritage Sites
4670:Environmental issues
4374:Female party leaders
4015:Overseas territories
3698:Charles John Abbey,
3445:(2012), pp. 297–309
3415:Adrienne Koch, ed.,
2633:Robertson, Charles.
2602:Parsons, Timothy H.
2426:26 (2016): 125–147.
2401:Armstrong, Anthony.
2363:Early modern Britain
2145:(he became known as
2052:penal transportation
2011:after its defeat in
1661:Science and medicine
1494:ancient universities
1399:Age of Enlightenment
1201:Hudson's Bay Company
1099:13 American Colonies
986:In rural areas, the
811:Percy Bysshe Shelley
794:of building design.
3289:Paul Kleber Monod,
3237:William R. Nester,
3227:(2005), pp. 204–211
3094:Wood, Lisa (2003).
3019:Anthony Armstrong,
2958:Georgian literature
2781:35.1 (1963): 46-61
2729:university textbook
2128:William Wilberforce
1241:market manipulation
1120:Admiral Lord Nelson
1112:Battle of Trafalgar
1036:William Wilberforce
959:18th-century London
873:Newcastle upon Tyne
834:Thomas Gainsborough
696:Augustan literature
326:Prehistoric Britain
4571:Telecommunications
4523:Economic geography
4379:Political scandals
4010:Crown Dependencies
3702:(1878) vol 2 p. 4.
3628:has generic name (
3561:www.britannica.com
3123:Past & Present
3036:(1959), pp. 66–73.
2827:, focus on Hanover
2816:. scholarly essays
2801:Historical Journal
2711:Watson J. Steven.
2564:(Routledge, 2014).
2508:Hochschild, Adam.
2490:Past & Present
2383:The Georgian Group
2256:Transition to the
2176:Battle of Waterloo
2081:population control
2013:Yorktown, Virginia
1974:
1922:Inclosure Act 1773
1841:Battle of Culloden
1839:is crushed at the
1829:
1822:Battle of Culloden
1762:'s reign over the
1695:Middlesex Hospital
1595:
1486:The Select Society
1479:English historian
1463:
1328:
1266:
1221:
1197:East India Company
1167:
1154:The trading nation
1139:Captain James Cook
1131:East India Company
1124:Duke of Wellington
1116:Battle of Waterloo
1095:
961:
930:The height of the
854:landscape designer
807:William Wordsworth
699:is often used for
648:, named after the
243:Duke of Wellington
163:Duke of Devonshire
143:Sir Robert Walpole
5323:
5322:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5274:
4890:
4889:
4622:
4621:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4369:Political parties
4293:Foreign relations
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
3973:
3972:
3950:Mass surveillance
3928:Foreign relations
3861:Second World War
3609:978-0-19-921917-9
3403:10.1021/ed018p203
3338:978-0-8153-0396-1
3151:(Yale UP, 2017).
2886:978-0-521-56350-5
2812:(editor) (1964).
2753:Woodward; E. L.
2746:Wilson, Charles.
2581:978-0-8153-0396-1
2515:Holmes, Richard.
2188:Peterloo Massacre
2168:Seventh Coalition
2093:Act of Union 1800
2054:to the colony of
2009:George Washington
1900:in North America.
1898:Thirteen Colonies
1892:is passed by the
1675:Daniel Rutherford
1552:William Robertson
1532:Francis Hutcheson
1371:Peterloo Massacre
1332:Black Act of 1723
1236:South Sea Company
1217:Lloyd's of London
1165:in the China Seas
1105:. In Europe, the
1074:(1792–1802), the
1070:(1775–1783), the
1066:(1754–1763), the
1016:Church of England
973:political parties
832:The paintings of
756:Samuel Richardson
631:
630:
572:
571:
353:Sub-Roman Britain
300:
299:
296:
295:
158:Duke of Newcastle
5353:
5303:
5296:
5004:Northern Ireland
4913:
4912:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4633:
4632:
4546:
4499:
4498:
4357:House of Commons
4325:Local government
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4165:Renewable energy
4150:hydroelectricity
3988:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3820:
3819:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3723:on 12 March 2008
3709:
3703:
3696:
3690:
3683:
3677:
3666:
3660:
3655:Rosemary Sweet,
3653:
3647:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3613:
3592:
3586:
3585:(2003) 1:409–15.
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3496:(263): 359–383.
3481:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3455:
3449:
3439:
3433:
3428:Peter Gay, ed.
3426:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3382:
3376:
3362:
3356:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3300:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3268:
3261:
3255:
3248:
3242:
3235:
3229:
3220:
3214:
3200:
3194:
3187:
3181:
3180:(2000), p. 344.
3171:
3165:
3158:
3152:
3145:
3139:
3132:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3056:
3050:
3049:(1992), ch. 2–6.
3043:
3037:
3030:
3024:
3017:
3011:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2978:Oxford Reference
2970:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2929:
2923:
2918:Roger D. Lund,
2916:
2910:
2909:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2870:
2693:Trevelyan, G. M.
2689:
2585:
2560:Mori, Jennifer.
2522:Hunt, Tamara L.
2439:53.2 (2003): 11+
2415:Bates, Stephen.
2394:Andress, David.
2339:
2325:
2311:
2297:
2283:
2058:from 26 January.
1968:British general
1820:, depicting the
1784:House of Commons
1760:House of Hanover
1693:in 1739 and the
1667:Joseph Priestley
1405:
1314:Joseph Priestley
1306:Papists Act 1778
1282:coronation riots
1232:South Sea Bubble
1107:wars with France
1097:The loss of the
1060:Seven Years' War
1025:Methodist Church
850:Capability Brown
742:Arts and culture
691:and architecture
647:
646: 1830–1837
644:
637:was a period in
623:
616:
609:
544:Second World War
534:Interwar Britain
373:
360:
346:
333:
322:
321:
302:
301:
292:
279:
272:
223:Spencer Perceval
203:Duke of Portland
173:George Grenville
45:
28:
27:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5346:Historical eras
5326:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5271:
5184:
5085:
4998:
4907:
4886:
4791:
4747:Public holidays
4727:Life expectancy
4618:
4580:
4560:London Exchange
4556:Stock exchanges
4544:
4543:Pound sterling
4511:Bank of England
4480:
4471:Royal Air Force
4447:
4388:
4320:Law enforcement
4236:
4145:hydraulic frac.
4106:
4087:Lakes and lochs
4034:
4030:Former colonies
3969:
3965:Women's history
3940:Law enforcement
3906:
3852:First World War
3809:
3803:
3770:Wayback Machine
3757:Wayback Machine
3741:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3697:
3693:
3684:
3680:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3650:
3641:
3637:
3625:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3593:
3589:
3580:
3576:
3566:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3482:
3478:
3470:Peter Gay, ed.
3469:
3465:
3456:
3452:
3440:
3436:
3427:
3423:
3414:
3410:
3383:
3379:
3363:
3359:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3302:Paul Langford,
3301:
3297:
3288:
3284:
3275:
3271:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3245:
3236:
3232:
3221:
3217:
3201:
3197:
3193:(1996), p. 31.
3189:Eric J. Evans,
3188:
3184:
3172:
3168:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3142:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3116:
3107:
3103:
3092:
3088:
3057:
3053:
3044:
3040:
3031:
3027:
3018:
3014:
3006:Amelia Rauser,
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2913:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2849:Georgian Poetry
2843:(following the
2783:online in JSTOR
2767:
2733:Williams, Basil
2626:Rendell, Mike.
2582:
2529:Hunt, William.
2446:(2004), 288 pp.
2442:Black, Jeremy.
2391:
2389:Further reading
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2273:
2234:King William IV
2122:throughout the
2056:New South Wales
2005:Lord Cornwallis
1728:
1709:Oxford Movement
1704:
1671:Henry Cavendish
1663:
1620:Joshua Reynolds
1580:
1520:outlook of the
1512:). Sharing the
1477:
1471:
1459:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1383:Tower of London
1339:War with France
1325:William Hogarth
1310:Priestley Riots
1254:
1193:Muscovy Company
1156:
1114:(1805) and the
1080:Napoleonic Wars
1056:
1012:
998:to Canada, the
969:class divisions
953:
928:
865:Georgian Dublin
842:J. M. W. Turner
838:Joshua Reynolds
764:Laurence Sterne
744:
705:Augustan poetry
645:
639:British history
627:
591:
590:
577:
524:First World War
319:
310:English history
270:
262:
258:Sir Robert Peel
213:Henry Addington
188:Duke of Grafton
178:Lord Rockingham
148:Lord Wilmington
139:
138:
136:Prime ministers
131:
105:
59:
55:in the city of
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5359:
5349:
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5338:
5321:
5320:
5318:
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5280:
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5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5232:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5223:First Minister
5220:
5215:
5205:
5200:
5194:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5140:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5131:First Minister
5128:
5123:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5095:
5093:
5087:
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5078:
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4779:
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4614:Rail transport
4611:
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4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4436:Prime Minister
4433:
4432:
4431:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4384:Shadow Cabinet
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4362:House of Lords
4359:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4295:
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4252:
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4232:
4227:
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4212:
4204:
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4187:
4179:
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4167:
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4132:
4122:
4116:
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4108:
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4094:
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4079:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4062:
4061:
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4055:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3992:Administrative
3981:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
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3897:
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3887:
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3867:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808: articles
3806:United Kingdom
3802:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3760:
3747:
3740:
3739:External links
3737:
3735:
3734:
3704:
3691:
3687:History Review
3678:
3661:
3648:
3635:
3608:
3587:
3574:
3563:. 29 June 2024
3548:
3523:
3476:
3474:(1973), p. 14.
3463:
3450:
3434:
3432:(1973), p. 15.
3421:
3408:
3377:
3373:William Walker
3357:
3344:
3337:
3317:
3308:
3295:
3282:
3269:
3256:
3243:
3230:
3215:
3195:
3182:
3166:
3153:
3140:
3138:(1994): 52–61.
3127:
3114:
3108:Jeremy Black,
3101:
3086:
3051:
3038:
3025:
3012:
2999:
2990:
2962:
2949:
2937:Dictionary.com
2924:
2911:
2892:
2885:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2817:
2807:
2797:
2794:History Review
2790:
2775:
2770:Boyd, Hilton.
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2744:
2741:online edition
2730:
2719:
2709:
2704:Turner, M. J.
2702:
2690:
2680:(228): 16–31.
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2631:
2624:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2590:
2580:
2565:
2558:
2548:
2539:Leadam, I. S.
2537:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2496:Gregg, Pauline
2493:
2486:
2479:
2474:Ellis, Joyce.
2472:
2465:
2458:
2447:
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2263:Queen Victoria
2254:
2250:
2249:
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2239:
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2196:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2124:British Empire
2112:
2108:
2107:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2007:surrenders to
2001:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1843:in April 1746.
1833:
1809:
1808:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1703:
1700:
1683:Guy's Hospital
1662:
1659:
1654:Samuel Johnson
1616:Alexander Pope
1600:Joseph Addison
1579:
1576:
1544:Dugald Stewart
1490:The Poker Club
1473:Main article:
1470:
1467:
1394:
1391:
1389:to Australia.
1264:trial, c. 1808
1253:
1250:
1246:Robert Walpole
1180:
1179:
1155:
1152:
1148:Edwardian eras
1118:(1815) under
1091:British Empire
1055:
1052:
1011:
1008:
1004:British Empire
952:
949:
927:
924:
846:John Constable
840:and the young
788:Gothic Revival
760:Henry Fielding
752:Jonathan Swift
743:
740:
717:Roman Republic
709:Augustan prose
701:Augustan drama
629:
628:
626:
625:
618:
611:
603:
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588:
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428:
427:
424:
418:
417:
412:
406:
405:
402:
396:
395:
392:
386:
385:
382:
380:Norman/Angevin
376:
375:
369:
363:
362:
355:
349:
348:
342:
336:
335:
328:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
298:
297:
294:
293:
283:
264:
263:
261:
260:
255:
253:Lord Melbourne
250:
245:
240:
235:
233:George Canning
230:
228:Lord Liverpool
225:
220:
218:Lord Grenville
215:
210:
205:
200:
198:Lord Shelburne
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
134:
133:
132:
130:
129:
124:
122:Queen Caroline
119:
113:
111:
107:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
77:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
53:Royal Crescent
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5358:
5347:
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5342:
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4806:
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4794:
4788:
4787:Welfare state
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
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4735:
4733:
4732:Mental health
4730:
4728:
4725:
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4718:
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4708:
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4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
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4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4675:Ethnic groups
4673:
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4668:
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4607:
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4599:Bus transport
4597:
4595:
4594:Air transport
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
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4569:
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4557:
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4538:Manufacturing
4536:
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4509:
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4417:
4415:
4414:Civil service
4412:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4340:republicanism
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
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4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
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4200:
4196:
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4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:North Sea oil
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
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4123:
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4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
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4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
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4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4058:Great Britain
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4048:British Isles
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3985:
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3963:
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3916:
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3909:
3901:
3898:
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3893:
3892:
3890:
3886:
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3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:Edwardian era
3845:
3843:
3842:Victorian era
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3800:
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3714:
3708:
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3695:
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3682:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3658:
3652:
3645:
3639:
3631:
3626:|author=
3619:
3611:
3605:
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3600:
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3584:
3578:
3562:
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3507:
3503:
3499:
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3480:
3473:
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3454:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3391:J. Chem. Educ
3388:
3381:
3374:
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3366:
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3354:
3348:
3340:
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3330:
3329:
3321:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3247:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3222:Max Savelle,
3219:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3174:Julian Hoppit
3170:
3163:
3157:
3150:
3144:
3137:
3131:
3124:
3118:
3111:
3105:
3097:
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3078:
3074:
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3062:
3055:
3048:
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3016:
3009:
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2896:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:Edwardian Era
2842:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2810:Reitan, E. A.
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
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2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
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2701:
2697:
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2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2645:History Today
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2616:Porter, Roy.
2615:
2612:
2609:Plumb, J. H.
2608:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:online review
2583:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2559:
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2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2481:Evans, E. J.
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:Briggs, Asa.
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:History Today
2434:
2433:Black, Jeremy
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
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2338:
2330:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2302:
2296:
2288:
2282:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2258:Victorian era
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
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2189:
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2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:Great Britain
2094:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:Malthusianism
2074:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:John Burgoyne
1966:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1946:Massachusetts
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:Jacobite Army
1823:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1764:British Crown
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:Great Britain
1749:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:Charles Abbey
1710:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:Edward Gibbon
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:Royal Society
1632:
1631:coffee houses
1628:
1625:According to
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1604:Edward Gibbon
1601:
1592:
1588:
1587:Edward Jenner
1584:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:John Playfair
1561:
1560:Adam Ferguson
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1466:
1400:
1393:Enlightenment
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:riots of 1715
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1163:East Indiaman
1160:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1029:Nonconformist
1026:
1022:
1017:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
957:
951:Social change
948:
947:
943:
938:
937:Edward Gibbon
933:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:William Boyce
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
886:The music of
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:Grainger Town
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:William Blake
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:
692:
688:
687:
681:
679:
678:Victorian era
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
641:from 1714 to
640:
636:
624:
619:
617:
612:
610:
605:
604:
602:
601:
598:
595:
594:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
576:
567:
565:
562:
561:
557:
555:
552:
551:
547:
545:
542:
541:
537:
535:
532:
531:
527:
525:
522:
521:
517:
515:
514:Edwardian era
512:
511:
507:
505:
504:Victorian era
502:
501:
498:
495:
493:
489:
485:
483:
480:
479:
476:
473:
471:
467:
464:
461:
458:
453:
450:
447:
445:
441:
438:
435:
433:
429:
425:
423:
420:
419:
416:
413:
411:
407:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
391:
388:
387:
383:
381:
378:
377:
370:
368:
365:
364:
356:
354:
351:
350:
343:
341:
340:Roman Britain
338:
337:
329:
327:
324:
323:
315:
314:
311:
307:
304:
303:
291:
287:
286:Victorian era
282:
281:Stuart period
278:
273:
269:
265:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
238:Lord Goderich
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
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186:
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176:
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171:
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161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
137:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
112:
108:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
5336:Georgian era
5165:Homelessness
4979:Homelessness
4762:Social class
4742:Prostitution
4685:Homelessness
4466:British Army
4298:Human rights
4286:By-elections
4266:Constitution
3837:Georgian era
3836:
3725:. Retrieved
3721:the original
3716:
3707:
3699:
3694:
3686:
3681:
3669:
3664:
3656:
3651:
3643:
3642:Roy Porter,
3638:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3577:
3565:. Retrieved
3560:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3535:
3526:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3471:
3466:
3458:
3453:
3442:
3437:
3429:
3424:
3416:
3411:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3369:John Gilbert
3360:
3352:
3347:
3327:
3320:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3203:
3198:
3190:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3095:
3089:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3032:Asa Briggs,
3028:
3020:
3015:
3007:
3002:
2993:
2981:. Retrieved
2977:
2974:"Grand Tour"
2957:
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2936:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2905:
2895:
2875:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2820:
2813:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2771:
2754:
2747:
2736:
2722:
2721:Webb, R. K.
2712:
2705:
2695:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2658:
2657:Rule. John.
2651:
2644:
2634:
2627:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2593:
2570:
2561:
2554:
2540:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2261:
2232:
2225:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2146:
2138:
2070:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1815:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1705:
1664:
1650:Edmund Burke
1639:
1624:
1612:Isaac Newton
1596:
1572:James Hutton
1568:Joseph Black
1488:and, later,
1478:
1464:
1346:
1336:
1329:
1302:Gordon Riots
1294:
1267:
1229:
1224:Mercantilism
1222:
1181:
1171:Daniel Defoe
1168:
1135:Robert Clive
1128:
1096:
1057:
1047:
1044:Clapham Sect
1033:
1013:
985:
962:
929:
885:
858:
831:
827:Robert Burns
796:
768:Mary Shelley
748:Daniel Defoe
745:
735:
724:Georgian era
723:
721:
712:
694:
693:. The term
684:
682:
635:Georgian era
634:
632:
574:
496:
482:Georgian era
481:
474:
462:
448:
436:
414:
267:
183:Lord Chatham
153:Henry Pelham
31:Georgian era
25:
5252:Health care
5160:Health care
5066:Health care
4974:Health care
4882:Anglosphere
4757:Social care
4712:Immigration
4655:Drug policy
4419:Departments
4347:Nationality
4120:Agriculture
4053:terminology
4020:City status
3891:Since 1979
3541:18 December
3045:John Rule,
2551:Mokyr, Joel
2358:Bloody Code
2153:Regency era
2120:slave trade
1930:common land
1872:Britain is
1627:Derek Hirst
1591:vaccination
1548:Thomas Reid
1518:rationalist
1387:transported
1361:march from
1274:High Church
1199:, and the
1103:great power
1040:Hannah More
1021:John Wesley
920:Mendelssohn
784:James Wyatt
776:Robert Adam
772:Jane Austen
674:Regency era
492:Regency era
470:Restoration
457:Interregnum
410:Elizabethan
390:Plantagenet
367:Anglo-Saxon
361:7th century
68:Regency era
5330:Categories
5218:Government
5126:Government
5121:Parliament
4837:Literature
4717:Innovation
4650:Demography
4545:(currency)
4394:Government
4352:Parliament
4276:Devolution
4271:Corruption
4206:Materials
4140:geothermal
3824:Chronology
3713:"Georgian"
3536:SparkNotes
3397:(5): 203.
2906:Britannica
2856:References
2343:William IV
2315:George III
2200:George III
1861:George III
1776:Whig Party
1737:Queen Anne
1641:Roy Porter
1608:John Locke
1540:Adam Smith
1536:David Hume
1527:empiricism
1498:St Andrews
1363:Manchester
1278:Dissenters
1262:Old Bailey
1188:Royal Navy
1078:, and the
996:emigration
932:Grand Tour
926:Grand Tour
888:John Field
823:Lord Byron
819:John Keats
792:golden age
670:William IV
662:George III
650:Hanoverian
486:1714–1837
426:1603–1714
404:1485–1603
268:Chronology
193:Lord North
101:William IV
91:George III
74:Monarch(s)
5247:Education
5203:Geography
5155:Education
5111:Geography
5061:Education
5032:Executive
5017:Geography
4969:Education
4942:Geography
4722:Languages
4660:Education
4586:Transport
4424:Ministers
4310:Judiciary
4281:Elections
4221:Wildlife
4130:biodiesel
4112:Resources
4102:Volcanoes
4092:Mountains
4077:Coastline
3979:Geography
3933:1814–1919
3895:political
3880:political
3832:Formation
3750:Georgians
3618:cite book
3567:21 August
3510:0018-2648
3112:(2010).
3081:162351383
3067:(1): 99.
2329:George IV
2301:George II
2227:George IV
2214:George IV
2103:into the
1926:enclosure
1912:colonies.
1905:1769–1770
1890:Stamp Act
1852:George II
1804:George II
1778:wins the
1689:in 1729;
1506:Edinburgh
1481:Peter Gay
1173:boasted:
1144:Victorian
975:like the
916:Beethoven
877:Liverpool
780:John Nash
732:George VI
722:The term
683:The term
666:George IV
658:George II
568:1945–1979
558:1945–1979
548:1939–1945
538:1919–1939
528:1914–1918
518:1901–1914
508:1837–1901
497:1811–1820
475:1660–1714
463:1649–1660
449:1625–1649
437:1603–1625
415:1558–1603
394:1216–1485
384:1066–1216
248:Lord Grey
168:Lord Bute
110:Leader(s)
96:George IV
86:George II
64:Including
5310:Category
5262:Religion
5208:Politics
5175:Religion
5116:Politics
5104:timeline
5091:Scotland
5076:Religion
5027:Assembly
5022:Politics
4989:Religion
4947:Politics
4935:timeline
4852:Religion
4832:Identity
4695:Scotland
4640:Cannabis
4566:Taxation
4453:Military
4335:monarchs
4330:Monarchy
4250:Politics
4210:forestry
4190:Scottish
4181:Fishing
4040:Physical
3960:Taxation
3955:Military
3945:Maritime
3918:Economic
3911:By topic
3876:Postwar
3870:military
3865:civilian
3857:Interwar
3766:Archived
3753:Archived
3518:24423269
3250:Hoppit,
2841:George V
2598:in JSTOR
2352:See also
2287:George I
2271:Monarchs
2164:Napoleon
1795:George I
1782:for the
1747:George I
1726:Timeline
1514:humanist
1510:Aberdeen
1367:Luddites
1355:spinners
1353:saw 400
1290:Riot Act
1270:Jacobite
1178:people."
1122:and the
942:macaroni
900:Clementi
861:New Town
799:Romantic
736:Georgian
728:George V
713:Augustan
686:Georgian
654:George I
597:Timeline
575:See also
444:Caroline
432:Jacobean
374:449–1066
81:George I
5294:Outline
5267:Symbols
5257:Culture
5240:tourism
5235:Economy
5198:History
5180:Symbols
5170:Culture
5148:tourism
5143:Economy
5099:History
5081:Symbols
5071:Culture
5054:tourism
5049:Economy
5012:History
4994:Symbols
4984:Culture
4962:tourism
4957:Economy
4925:History
4917:England
4867:Theatre
4862:Symbols
4820:Cuisine
4797:Culture
4767:Suicide
4737:Poverty
4702:Housing
4690:England
4628:Society
4604:Driving
4576:Tourism
4494:Economy
4402:Cabinet
4202:Hunting
4185:English
4082:Geology
4065:Climate
3815:History
3490:History
3419:(1965).
3212:3115542
3023:(1973).
2823:(2009)
2739:(1939)
2725:(1968)
2698:(1901)
2674:History
2637:(1911)
2622:excerpt
2620:(1991)
2557:(2010).
2543:(1912)
2519:(2009).
2502:(1950)
2485:(1989).
2478:(2001).
2453:(1959)
2419:(2015).
2405:(1973).
2398:(2012).
2190:occurs.
2174:at the
2101:Ireland
2099:and of
2038:in the
1910:British
1756:Ireland
1593:in 1796
1502:Glasgow
1379:Cabinet
1359:weavers
1343:Radical
306:Periods
51:of the
5315:Portal
5213:Senedd
4930:social
4815:Cinema
4810:Anthem
4752:Racism
4707:Hunger
4680:Health
4533:Income
4518:Budget
4215:mining
4155:marine
4125:Energy
4097:Rivers
4070:change
3923:Empire
3900:social
3885:social
3727:4 July
3674:online
3606:
3516:
3508:
3447:online
3335:
3210:
3079:
2983:20 May
2942:13 May
2883:
2825:online
2805:online
2759:online
2727:online
2717:online
2708:(2000)
2700:online
2661:(1992)
2639:online
2578:
2545:online
2535:online
2504:online
2455:online
2428:Online
2170:under
2143:regent
1993:France
1876:. The
1721:state.
1702:Ending
1054:Empire
981:Tories
912:Mozart
892:Handel
852:, the
836:, Sir
652:kings
422:Stuart
347:43–410
330:until
318:
5301:Index
5190:Wales
4857:Sport
4847:Music
4842:Media
4782:Waste
4645:Crime
4609:Roads
4506:Banks
4230:flora
4225:fauna
4195:Welsh
4170:solar
4025:Towns
3514:JSTOR
3208:JSTOR
3077:S2CID
1750:, of
977:Whigs
896:Haydn
400:Tudor
334:43 AD
4825:Wine
4441:list
4429:list
4407:list
4303:LGBT
4175:wind
4135:coal
3729:2008
3630:help
3604:ISBN
3569:2024
3543:2023
3506:ISSN
3333:ISBN
2985:2022
2944:2022
2881:ISBN
2576:ISBN
2253:1837
2242:1833
2222:1830
2195:1820
2186:The
2183:1819
2160:1815
2135:1811
2114:The
2111:1807
2091:The
2088:1801
2063:1789
2047:1788
2031:1783
2020:1782
2000:1781
1989:1778
1977:1777
1953:1776
1940:The
1937:1775
1920:The
1917:1773
1888:The
1885:1765
1869:1763
1848:1760
1835:The
1832:1745
1791:1727
1774:The
1771:1715
1754:and
1731:1714
1652:and
1618:and
1570:and
1516:and
1508:and
1357:and
1330:The
1272:and
1146:and
1089:The
1038:and
979:and
918:and
881:Bath
844:and
825:and
782:and
770:and
730:and
707:and
664:and
633:The
357:410-
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5230:Law
5138:Law
5044:Law
4952:Law
4805:Art
4315:Law
3498:doi
3399:doi
3069:doi
2682:doi
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