Interwar Britain - Knowledge

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was parallel. Methodism, the largest of the Nonconformist churches reached a peak of 841,000 members in Great Britain in 1910, slipped to 802,000 in 1920, 792,000 in 1940, 729,000 in 1960, and 488,000 in 1980. The Nonconformists had built a strong base in industrial districts that specialised in mining textiles, agriculture and fishing; those were declining industries, whose share of the total male workforce was in steady decline, from 21 percent in 1921 to 13 percent in 1951. As the families migrated to southern England, or to the suburbs, they often lost contact with their childhood religion. The political reverberations were most serious for the Liberal Party, which was largely based in the nonconformist community, and which rapidly lost membership in the 1920s as its leadership quarrelled, the Irish Catholics and many from the working-class moved to the Labour Party, and part of the middle class moved to the Conservative party. Hoping to stem the membership decline, the three major Methodist groups merged in 1932. In Scotland the two major Presbyterian groups, the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church, merged in 1929 for the same reason. Nonetheless, the steady declension continued. The nonconformist churches showed not just a decline in membership but a dramatic fall in enthusiasm. Sunday school attendance plummeted; there were far fewer new ministers. Antagonism towards the Anglican church sharply declined, and many prominent nonconformists became Anglicans, including some leading ministers. There was a falling away in the size and fervour of congregations, less interest in funding missionaries, a decline in intellectualism, and persistent complaints about the lack of money. Commentator

154: 2827:(1889–1971), an intensely moralistic engineer, was in full charge. His goal was to broadcast, "All that is best in every department of human knowledge, endeavour and achievement.... The preservation of a high moral tone is obviously of paramount importance." Reith succeeded in building a high wall against an American-style free-for-all in radio in which the goal was to attract the largest audiences and thereby secure the greatest advertising revenue. There was no paid advertising on the BBC; all the revenue came from a licence fee charged for the possession of receivers. Highbrow audiences, however, greatly enjoyed it. At a time when American, Australian and Canadian stations were drawing huge audiences cheering for their local teams with the broadcast of baseball, rugby and ice-hockey, the BBC emphasised service for a national, rather than a regional audience. Boat races were well covered along with tennis and horse racing, but the BBC was reluctant to spend its severely limited air time on long football or cricket games, regardless of their popularity. 2617:

nation. George V was an ideal fit: "an ordinary little man with the philistine tastes of most of his subjects, he could be presented as the archetypical English paterfamilias getting on with his duties without fuss." Charmley finds that George V and Baldwin, "made a formidable conservative team, with their ordinary, honest, English decency proving the first (and most effective) bulwark against revolution." Edward VIII, flaunting his upper-class playboy style, suffered from an unstable neurotic character. He needed a strong stabilising partner—a role Mrs. Simpson was unable to provide. Baldwin's final achievement was to smooth the way for Edward to abdicate in favour of his younger brother who became George VI. Father and son both demonstrated the value of a democratic king during the severe physical and psychological hardships of the world wars, and their tradition was carried on by Elizabeth II.

845:. They were ready to come to terms with the monarchy if it took the first step. During the war George took that step; he made nearly 300 visits to shipyards and munitions factories, chatting with and congratulating ordinary workers on their hard work for the war effort. He adopted a more democratic stance that crossed class lines and brought the monarchy closer to the public. The king also cultivated friendly relations with leading Labour party politicians and trade union officials. George V's abandonment of social aloofness conditioned the royal family's behaviour and enhanced its popularity during the economic crises of the 1920s and for over two generations thereafter. For example, in 1924 the king proved willing, in the absence of a clear majority for any one of the three parties, to replace Conservative Prime Minister 1685:". It was George V who established the modern norm of conduct for British royalty, reflecting middle-class values and virtues rather than upper-class lifestyles or vices. Anti-intellectual and lacking the sophistication of his two royal predecessors, as well as their cosmopolitan experiences, he nevertheless understood the British Empire better than most of his ministers; indeed he explained, "it has always been my dream to identify myself with the great idea of Empire." He used his exceptional memory for details and faces to good effect in small talk with commoners and officials. He invariably wielded his influence as a force of neutrality and moderation, seeing his role as mediator rather than final decision maker. For example, in 1921 he had General 2221:

instant foods in jars, or powders that could be quickly mixed. Breakfast porridge from branded, more finely milled, oats could be cooked in two minutes, not 20. American-style dry cereals began to challenge the porridge and bacon and eggs of the middle classes, and the bread and margarine of the poor. Shops carried more bottled and canned goods and fresher meat, fish and vegetables. While wartime shipping shortages had sharply narrowed choices, the 1920s saw many new kinds of foods—especially fruits—imported from around the world, along with better quality packaging and hygiene. Middle-class households often had ice boxes or electric refrigerators, which made for better storage and the convenience of buying in larger quantities.

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the role of royalty in a newly democratic nation. The people had new ways to affirm their loyalties, such as close attention to live radio broadcasts and follow-up newsreels. New ceremonies born of the commemoration of death in the Great War included the two-minute silence. Britain set up living memorials to honour and expand the king's lifelong belief in the physical, moral and social benefits of recreation and sports. The royal death thereby acted to enhance a shared Britishness. The funeral of King George VI in 1952 followed the same formula. Thereby the monarchy grew stronger and, more importantly, national cohesion was built up in the era of total war.

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women could then vote. Local politicians consulted with them and in response put more emphasis on such amenities as communal laundries, extra bedrooms, indoor lavatories, running hot water, separate parlours to demonstrate their respectability, and practical vegetable gardens rather than manicured lawns. Progress was not automatic, as shown by the troubles of rural Norfolk. Many dreams were shattered as local authorities had to renege on promises they could not fulfill due to undue haste, impossible national deadlines, debilitating bureaucracy, lack of lumber, rising costs and the non-affordability of rents by the rural poor.

2487:. He served as bishop of Manchester and York, and in 1942 became Archbishop of Canterbury. He advocated a broad and inclusive membership in the Church of England as a means of continuing and expanding the church's position as the established church. Temple was troubled by the high degree of animosity inside, and between the leading religious groups in Britain. In the 1930s he promoted ecumenicism, working to establish better relationships with the Nonconformists, Jews and Catholics, managing in the process to overcome his anti-Catholic bias. 2002:- her long-time policy of paramount naval strength equal to or greater than the next two naval powers combined. Instead it accepted equality with United States, and weakness in Asian waters relative to Japan. It promised to not strengthen the fortifications of Hong Kong, which were within range of Japan. The treaty with Japan was not renewed, But Japan at the time was not engaged in expansion activities of the sort that grew momentous from 1931 onward. London cut loose from Tokyo but moved much closer to Washington. 986: 2190:(TUC), an umbrella organisation of all trades unions, called out certain critical unions. The hope was the government would intervene to reorganise and rationalise the industry and raise the subsidy. The Conservative government had stockpiled supplies and essential services continued in operation using students and middle-class volunteers. All three major parties opposed the strike. The Labour Party leaders did not approve and feared it would tar the party with the image of radicalism, for the 308: 1801:. In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion. Gandhi developed the technique of nonviolent resistance, claiming moral superiority over the British use of violence. Multiple negotiations were held in the 1930s, but a strong reactionary movement in Britain, led by Winston Churchill, blocked the adoption of reforms that would satisfy Indian nationalists. Historian 2842:

classes, which introduced the rowdy spectator to the sports world. In some sports there was significant controversy in the fight for amateur purity especially in rugby and rowing. New games became popular almost overnight, including golf, lawn tennis, cycling and hockey. Women were much more likely to enter these sports than the old established ones. The aristocracy and landed gentry, with their ironclad control over land rights, dominated hunting, shooting, fishing and horse racing.

2800: 1084: 1190: 1434: 2289:." The Conservative and Liberal parties signed on, along with a small cadre of Labour, but the vast majority of Labour leaders denounced MacDonald as a traitor for leading the new government. Britain went off the gold standard, and suffered relatively less than other major countries in the Great Depression. In the 1931 British election the Labour Party was virtually destroyed, leaving MacDonald as Prime Minister of a largely Conservative coalition. 1751: 2510:

supported by taxes, and secular schools and taxpayers. The Nonconformists had long taken the lead in fighting the Anglicans, who a century before had practically monopolised education. The Anglican share of the elementary school population fell from 57% in 1918 to 39% in 1939. With the sustained decline in Nonconformist enthusiasm their schools closed one after another. In 1902 the Methodist Church operated 738 schools; only 28 remained in 1996.

753: 1871: 2820:. There was a revival of creativity in the 1933–45 era, especially with the arrival of Jewish filmmakers and actors fleeing the Nazis. Meanwhile, giant palaces were built for the huge audiences that wanted to see Hollywood films. In Liverpool 40 percent of the population attended one of the 69 cinemas once a week; 25 percent went twice. Traditionalists grumbled about the American cultural invasion, but the permanent impact was minor. 1208:(at the prewar parity) in 1925 would lead to the restoration of prewar conditions and prosperity. The government aimed to reduce class conflict and ameliorate social conditions; when in March 1925 a Conservative backbencher introduced a bill to abolish the trade unions' political levy, Baldwin killed the bill with a speech in which he pleaded: "Give peace in our time, O Lord". The government also expanded 2212:

that it raised wages for farm labourers by 15 percent by 1929, and by more than 20 percent in the 1930s. It reduced the employment of such labourers by 54,000 (6.5 percent) in 1929 and 97,000 (13.3 percent) in 1937. They argue, "The minimum wage lifted out of poverty many families of farm labourers who remained employed, but it significantly lowered the incomes of farmers, particularly during the 1930s."

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paperbacks. The line signalled cultural self-improvement and political education. The more polemical Penguin Specials, typically with a leftist orientation for Labour readers, were widely distributed during the Second World War. However, the war years caused a shortage of staff for publishers and book stores, and a severe shortage of rationed paper, worsened by the air raid on

731:, a deluge that swept away many old attitudes and brought in a more egalitarian society. He sees the famous literary pessimism of the 1920s as misplaced, arguing there were major positive long-term consequences of the war for British society. He points to an energised self-consciousness among workers that quickly built up the Labour Party, the coming of partial 2135:, consumer credit, eliminating surplus capacity, designing more structured management, and using greater economies of scale. For over a century the shipping industry had dominated world trade, but it remained in the doldrums despite various stimulus efforts by the government. With the very sharp decline in world trade after 1929, its condition became critical. 1020:. Baldwin, as leader of the Conservative Party (1923–37) and as Prime Minister (in 1923–24, 1924–29 and 1935–37), dominated British politics. His mixture of strong social reforms and steady government proved a powerful election combination, with the result that the Conservatives governed Britain either by themselves or as the leading component of the 1663:

stigma of a millstone round your neck to instead be seen as a smart long-term investment in suburbanised Britain. It appealed to aspirations of upward mobility and made possible the fastest rate of growth in working-class owner-occupation during the 20th century. The boom was largely financed by the savings ordinary Britons put into their

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been made with Turkey; unemployment was a standing menace to national recovery; there was continued unrest among the wage-earners, and a significant strike among farm labourers in Norfolk. Confronted by these difficulties, convinced that economic conditions in England called for a drastic change in fiscal policy, and urged thereto by the

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while the Liberals remained active under Lloyd George, they won few seats. Baldwin's reputation soared in the 1920s and 1930s, but crashed after 1940 as he was blamed for the appeasement policies toward Germany, and as Churchill was made the Conservative icon by his admirers. Since the 1970s Baldwin's reputation has recovered somewhat.

2663:(1883–1968)–became the dominant figures in the inter-war press. In 1937, for instance, they owned nearly one in every two national and local daily papers sold in Britain, as well as one in every three Sunday papers that were sold. The combined circulation of all their newspapers amounted to over thirteen million. 2888:; the publisher sent observers around the country to talk to boys and learn what they wanted to read about. The story line in magazines, comic books and cinema that most appealed to boys was the glamorous heroism of British soldiers fighting wars that were exciting and just. DC Thomson issued the first 2764:. However, drinking as a way of spending leisure time and spare cash declined during the Depression and pub attendance never returned to 1930 levels; it fell far below prewar levels. The majority of pubs were divided into public bars and saloon bars. The saloon bars catered for those who paid an extra 2151:

of England and the Midlands fairly prosperous by the Thirties, while parts of South Wales and the industrial north of England became known as "distressed areas" due to particularly high rates of unemployment and poverty. Despite this, the standard of living continued to improve as local councils built

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objected vigorously, noting that "although it is true that standards are lower since the war it only leads people to expect a higher standard from their King." Baldwin was supported by his Conservative Party (except Churchill), as well as the Labour Party, and the prime ministers of the Commonwealth.

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Standards of morality in Britain changed dramatically after the world wars, in the direction of more personal freedom, especially in sexual matters. The Church tried to hold the line, and was especially concerned to stop the rapid trend toward divorce. In 1935 it reaffirmed that, "in no circumstances

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writes: "Historians, however, have long since revised this grim picture, presenting the devil's decade as the cradle of the affluent society. Prices fell sharply between the wars and average incomes rose by about a third. The term "property-owning democracy" was coined in the 1920s, and three million

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The flight of gold continued, however, and the Treasury finally was forced to abandon the gold standard in September 1931. Until then the government had religiously followed orthodox policies, which demanded balanced-budgets and the gold standard. Instead of the predicted disaster, cutting loose from

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for a third of a pint of milk. This dramatically improved their nutrition, and the new demand kept up the wholesale price of milk paid to farmers. About half the nation's school children participated by 1936. Milk was distributed for free in the Second World War, and participation rose to 90 percent.

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as the "economics of Bedlam." Food prices were low, but the advantage went overwhelmingly to the middle and upper classes, with the poorest third of the population suffering from sustained poor nutrition. Starvation was not a factor, but widespread hunger was. The deleterious effects on poor children

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In England and Wales 214,000 multi-unit council buildings were built by 1939; the Ministry of Health became largely a ministry of housing. Council housing accounted for 10 percent of the housing stock in Britain by 1938, peaking at 32 percent in 1980, and dropping to 18 percent by 1996, where it held

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Lloyd George set up a system of government housing that followed his 1918 campaign promises of "homes fit for heroes." Also known as the "Addison Act," it required local authorities to survey their housing needs, and start building houses to replace slums. The treasury subsidised the low rents. Older

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to practically the entire civilian working population except domestic servants, farm workers and civil servants. Funded in part by weekly contributions from both employers and employed, it provided weekly payments of 15s for unemployed men and 12s for unemployed women. It passed at a time of very low

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on 13 August, which was criticised by Conservatives and Liberals as political interference. On 8 October the Conservatives voted for the Liberal motion that called for a committee of enquiry on the government's decision, which was carried by 364 votes to 198. Parliament was dissolved the next day and

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on 1 February 1924 and engaged in negotiations with the Soviets to settle outstanding issues, such as the payment of Russia's pre-revolutionary debts to Britain. However, the Soviets would only agree if they received a loan guaranteed by the British government. The government signed two treaties with

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Labour and the Liberal parties. The Conservatives remained the largest party with 258 seats, compared to Labour's 191 seats and 158 for the Liberals. Baldwin remained prime minister until the government lost a vote of confidence in the House of Commons on 21 January 1924, when Labour and the Liberals

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Baldwin's was the last government to win over 50% of the vote. Baldwin's political strategy was to polarise the electorate so that voters would choose between the Conservatives on the right and the Labour Party on the left, squeezing out the Liberals in the middle. The polarisation did take place and

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argues in the history of the Conservative Party that Baldwin was pushing for more democracy, and less of an old aristocratic upper-class tone. Monarchy was to be a national foundation, whereby the head of the Church, the State and the Empire, by drawing upon 1,000 years of tradition, could unify the

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By the late 1920s, economic performance had stabilised, but the overall situation was disappointing, for Britain had fallen behind the United States as the leading industrial power. There also remained a strong economic divide between the north and south of England during this period, with the south

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proved disappointing to its supporters; it was unable to resolve any of the threats posed by the dictators. British policy was to "appease" them in the hopes they would be satiated. League-authorised sanctions against Italy for its invasion of Ethiopia had support in Britain but proved a failure and

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in 1922. He was rejected. The World War had greatly strengthened the sense of nationalism and self-confidence in the dominions. They were by then independent members of the League of Nations, and refused to automatically follow requests from Britain's leaders. The right of the Dominions to set their

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Wartime regulations such as state direction of industry, price controls, the control of raw materials and foreign trade were abolished, and trade unions resurrected restrictive practices. However, food rationing remained until 1921. Prices increased twice as fast during 1919 than they had during the

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The British film industry emerged in the 1890s, and built heavily on the strong reputation of the London legitimate theatre for actors, directors and producers. The problem was that the American market was so much larger and richer. It bought up the top talent, especially when Hollywood came to the

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Although the overall population was growing steadily, and the Catholic membership was keeping pace, the Protestants were slipping behind. Out of 30–50 million adults, they dropped slowly from 5.7 million members in 1920, and 5.4 million in 1940, to 4.3 million in 1970. The Church of England decline

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Britain's world trade fell in half (1929–33); the output of heavy industry fell by a third. Employment and profits plunged in nearly all sectors. At the depth in summer 1932, registered unemployed numbered 3.5 million, and many more had only part-time employment. The government tried to work inside

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were encouraged and their membership grew from 4.1 million in 1914 to 6.5 million in 1918. They peaked at 8.3 million in 1920 before relapsing to 5.4 million in 1923. During the early 1920s strikes became less common: in 1921 over 85 million working days had been lost to strikes, in 1922 the figure

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The British economy was lackluster in the 1920s, with sharp declines and high unemployment in heavy industry and coal, especially in Scotland and Wales. Exports of coal and steel halved by 1939 and the business community was slow to adopt the new labour and management principles coming from the US,

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His was the busiest service of any nineteenth- or twentieth-century British monarch. He dealt with a remarkable and arduous series of crises: the reaction of the Unionists to the Parliament Bill and the home rule crisis, the complex coalition-forming of the First World War, the incorporation of the

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on the radio, an event that became a popular across the British Empire every year. His Silver Jubilee in 1935 became a national festival of fervent rejoicing, tinged with a few complaints. His funeral and following commemorations were elaborately staged, very well attended ceremonies that redefined

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as their leader in the place of MacDonald, who was expelled from the party on 31 August. In Labour opinion the fall of the Labour government was explained as a "bankers' ramp" and MacDonald was accused of "betrayal" and viewed as a "traitor". Supporters of the National government accused the Labour

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The times were still out of joint. Mr. Baldwin had indeed succeeded in negotiating (January 1923) a settlement of the British debt to the United States, but on terms which involved an annual payment of £34 million, at the existing rate of exchange. The French remained in the Ruhr. Peace had not yet

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at age 21, with no property qualifications. Even more dramatically it opened up woman suffrage for most women over the age of 30. In 1928, all women were covered on the same terms as men. With the emergence of revolutionary forces, most notably in Bolshevik Russia and Socialist Germany, but also in

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For sports to become fully professionalised, coaching had to come first. It gradually professionalised in the Victorian era and the role was well established by 1914. In the First World War, military units sought out the coaches to supervise physical conditioning and develop morale-building teams.

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in the generation that has passed since the great Liberal landslide of 1906, one of the greatest changes in the English religious and social landscape has been the decline of Nonconformity. Partly that decline has been due to the general weakening of the hold of Christianity on the English people,

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The north of England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales suffered particularly severe economic problems, especially if they depended on coal, steel or shipbuilding. Unemployment reached 70% in some mining localities at the start of the 1930s (with more than 3 million out of work nationally). The

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and an issue of £15 million in fiduciary notes slowed, but did not reverse the British crisis. The financial crisis caused a major political crisis in Britain in August 1931. With deficits mounting, the bankers demanded a balanced budget; the divided cabinet of Ramsay MacDonald's Labour government

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Starting in 1909, Liberals, led especially by Lloyd George, promoted the idea of a minimum wage for farm workers. Resistance from landowners was strong, but success was achieved by 1924. According to Robin Gowers and Timothy J. Hatton, the impact in England and Wales was significant. They estimate

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was a nine-day nationwide walkout of 1.3 million railwaymen, transport workers, printers, dockers, iron workers and steelworkers supporting the 1.2 million coal miners who had been locked out by the owners. The miners had rejected the owners' demands for longer hours and reduced pay in the face of

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From 1930 to 1935 was a Cassandra, warning the country that the government's policy of allowing self-determination for India would be a catastrophe for Britain and mark the beginning of the end for her Empire. His language was stark and his imagery apocalyptic: India was facing a prolonged crisis

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Increasingly the British ideal was home ownership, even among the working class. Rates of home ownership rose steadily from 15 percent before 1914, to 32 percent by 1938, and 67 percent by 1996. The construction industry sold the idea of home ownership to upscale renters. The mortgage lost its old

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called these laws "Socialism by the back door," and notes how surprised politicians were when the costs to the Treasury soared during the high unemployment of 1921. The Baldwin and Chamberlain governments also expanded unemployment assistance: the number of workers included in the scheme increased

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The British showed a more profound interest in sports, and in greater variety, than any rival. They gave pride of place to such moral issues as sportsmanship and fair play. Cricket became symbolic of the Imperial spirit throughout the Empire. Football proved highly attractive to the urban working

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Even more strange and sad it is that he should have sought his happiness in a manner inconsistent with the Christian principles of marriage, and within a social circle whose standards and ways of life are alien to all the best instincts and traditions of the people....Let those who belong to this

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Britain continued to think of itself as a Christian country; there were few atheists or nonbelievers, and unlike the continent, there was no anti-clericalism worthy of note. A third or more prayed every day. Large majorities used formal church services to mark birth, marriage and death. The great

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specified. Therefore, they believed the punitive harshness of the Treaty of Versailles was unwarranted, and this view, adopted by politicians and the public, was largely responsible for supporting appeasement policies down to 1938. That is, German rejections of treaty provisions seemed justified.

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in early 1919, however, he took a much more moderate approach. France and Italy demanded and achieved harsh terms, including German admission of guilt for starting the war (which humiliated Germany), and a demand that Germany pay the entire Allied cost of the war, including veterans' benefits and

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Baldwin had renounced protectionism in June 1924 and as a consequence there was no longer any major barrier for those Liberals who wanted to vote Conservative to oust the Labour government. In the election the Liberals lost over 100 seats, mainly to the Conservatives, whilst Labour suffered a net

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British policy was confused and contradictory, as the cabinet could not decide on war or peace, sending in enough force to commit atrocities that angered Catholics in Ireland and America, and Liberals in Britain, but not enough to suppress the rebels outside the cities. Lloyd George waxed hot and

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during Easter Week, 1916. It was badly organised, and quickly suppressed by the Army. The government responded with harsh repression, 2,000 arrests, and quick execution of 15 leaders. The Catholic Irish then underwent a dramatic change of mood, and shifted to demand vengeance and independence. In

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of Russia. Nervous conservatives associated republicanism with the rise of socialism and the growing labour movement. Their concerns, although exaggerated, resulted in a redesign of the monarchy's social role to be more inclusive of the working class and its representatives, a dramatic change for

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Reid, Alastair; Tolliday, Steven (1977). "Review of The General Strike; The General Strike: The Politics of Industrial Conflict.; The General Strike; The General Strike, 1926; Trade Unions and Revolution: The Early Industrial Politics of the Communist Party; Essays on the History of Communism in

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After the war, the major newspapers engaged in a large-scale circulation race. The political parties, which long had sponsored their own papers, could not keep up, and one after another their outlets were sold or closed down. Sales in the millions depended on popular stories, with a strong human

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After the War many new food products became available to the typical household, with branded foods advertised for their convenience. The shortage of servants was felt in the kitchen, but instead of an experienced cook spending hours on difficult custards and puddings the housewife could purchase

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praises the king's initiative as, "perhaps the greatest service performed by a British monarch in modern times." His transparent sense of duty, his loyalty, his impartiality and his unfailing example of good taste inspired the people and discouraged politicians from manipulating him to their own

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The rapid expansion of housing was a major success story of the interwar years, standing in sharp contrast to the United States, where new housing construction practically ceased after 1929. The total housing stock In England and Wales was 7.6 million in 1911; 8.0 million in 1921; 9.4 million in

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was called, with polling day on 27 October. MacDonald appealed to the country to give the National government a "doctor's mandate" so that it would have a free hand to remedy the national crisis. The National government won a landslide victory with 67 percent of the vote and the Labour Party was

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status and the second was a general treaty, which left the settlement of pre-revolutionary debts and the government loan to be negotiated at a later date. The Conservatives and Liberals denounced the treaties, especially the government loan, which David Lloyd George called "a fake...a thoroughly

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Having won an election just the year before, Baldwin's Conservative party had a comfortable majority in the Commons and could have waited another four years, but the government was concerned about unemployment. As Bonar Law had pledged that there would be no change in the country's fiscal system

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Taxes rose sharply during the war and never returned to their old levels. A rich man paid 8% of his income in taxes before the war, and about a third afterward. Much of the money went on unemployment benefits. About 5% of the national income every year was transferred from the rich to the poor.

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One aspect of the long-term decline in religiosity was that Protestants showed less and less interest in sending their children to religious schools. In localities across England, fierce battles were fought between the Nonconformists, Anglicans and Catholics, each with their own school systems

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On 28 August the National government received £80 million in credits from the bankers of Paris and New York and on 10 September Philip Snowden, who continued as Chancellor, presented his budget, which eliminated the deficit by spending cuts and increased taxation. However, the run on the pound

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Hungary, Italy and elsewhere, revolution to overthrow established elites and aristocracies was in the air. The Labour Party largely controlled working-class politics, and it strongly supported the government in London and opposed violent revolution. Conservatives were especially worried about "

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in 1935. The first titles included novels by Ernest Hemingway and Agatha Christie. They were sold cheaply (usually sixpence) in a wide variety of inexpensive stores such as Woolworth's. Penguin aimed at an educated middle-class "middlebrow" audience. It avoided the downscale image of American

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As leisure, literacy, wealth, ease of travel and a broadened sense of community grew in Britain from the late 19th century onward, there was more time and interest in leisure activities of all sorts, on the part of all classes. Drinking was differentiated by class, with upper-class clubs and

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was published on 31 July and recommended that the government's deficit should be remedied by increased taxation and cuts in public spending. In August there was a run on the pound and the bankers advised that a 10 percent cut in unemployment benefit as part of a balanced budget would restore

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As literacy and leisure time expanded after 1900 reading became a popular pastime. New additions to adult fiction doubled during the 1920s, reaching 2,800 new books a year by 1935. Libraries tripled their stock, and saw heavy demand for new fiction. A dramatic innovation was the inexpensive

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Cricket had become well established among the English upper class in the 18th century, and was a major factor in sports competition among the public schools. Army units around the Empire had time on their hands, and encouraged the locals to learn cricket so they could have some entertaining

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hosted 7 million visitors a year in the 1930s. Organised leisure was primarily a male activity, with middle-class women allowed in at the margins. Participation in sports and all sorts of leisure activities increased for the average Englishman, and his interest in spectator sports increased

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made general strikes illegal and ended the automatic payment of union dues to the Labour Party. That act was largely repealed in 1946. The coal industry used up the more accessible coal. As costs rose, output fell from 267 million tons in 1924 to 183 million in 1945. The Labour government

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when he insisted on marrying an American divorcée. Although public opinion gave him considerable support, elite opinion was hostile, and he was practically forced into exile. Archbishop Lang in a radio broadcast lashed out, blaming the upper-class social circles that Edward frequented:

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in Moscow had sent instructions for Communists to aggressively promote the strike. The general strike itself was largely non-violent, but the miners' lock-out continued and there was violence in Scotland. It was the only general strike in British history, for TUC leaders such as

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The king's popularity was enhanced during the World War when he made more than a thousand visits to hospitals, factories, and military and naval installations. He thereby gave highly visible support to the morale of ordinary workers and servicemen. In 1932, George delivered his

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to create a federation that would facilitate continued British control and deflect the challenge of Congress. The Labour Party, although in a weak minority in the 1930s, gave support to Congress and worked with Indians in Britain; after 1945 it was in a position to grant India

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agreed; it proposed to raise taxes, cut spending and most controversially, to cut unemployment benefits by 20%. The attack on welfare was totally unacceptable to the Labour movement. MacDonald wanted to resign, but the King insisted he remain and form an all-party coalition "

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advantage. King George V was by temperament a cautious and conservative man who never fully appreciated or approved the revolutionary changes underway in British society. Nevertheless, everyone understood that he was earnestly devoted to Britain and the British Commonwealth.

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in the United States in late 1929, and quickly spread to the rest of the world. The main impact of the economic slump was felt in 1931. Unlike Germany, Canada and Australia, Britain had not experienced a boom in the 1920s, so the downturn was less severe and ended sooner.

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the leading publisher. Romantic encounters were embodied in a principle of sexual purity that demonstrated not only social conservatism, but also how heroines could control their personal autonomy. Adventure magazines became quite popular, especially those published by

2024:, working with France and Italy, to find a master solution to the diplomatic problems of Eastern Europe and the Balkans. It proved impossible to overcome mutual antagonisms, because Chamberlain's programme was flawed by his misperceptions and fallacious judgments. 2358:

The economic crisis of the early 1930s, and the response of the Labour and National governments to the depression, have generated much historical controversy. Apart from the major pockets of long-term high unemployment, Britain was generally prosperous. Historian

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was overwhelmed by the economic disasters of the Great depression and voluntarily gave up its dominion status. It reverted to a crown colony under direct British control until it voted to join Canada in 1948. The Irish Free State broke its ties with London with a

835:

Nevertheless, there were concerns about republicanism. The king and his top advisers were deeply concerned about the republican threat to the British monarchy, so much so that it was a factor in the king's decision not to rescue his cousin, the overthrown Tsar

2093:

By late 1938 it was clear that war was looming, and that Germany had the world's most powerful military. British military leaders warned that Germany would win a war, and Britain needed another year or two to catch up in terms of aviation and air defence.

735:, and an acceleration of social reform and state control of the economy. He sees a decline of deference toward the aristocracy and established authority in general, and the weakening among youth of traditional restraints on individual moral behaviour. The 1962:

Britain began to look on a restored Germany as an important trading partner and worried about the effect of reparations on the British economy. In the end the United States financed German debt payments to Britain, France and the other Allies through the

1037:

without a second general election, Baldwin felt the need to receive a new mandate from the people to introduce tariffs, which he hoped would secure the home market for domestic manufacturers and reduce unemployment. Oxford historian (and Conservative MP)

2808:

fore in the 1920s and produced over 80 percent of the total world output. Efforts to fight back were futile—the government set a quota for British made films, but it failed. Hollywood furthermore dominated the lucrative Canadian and Australian markets.

2558:

and tolerance of Roman Catholicism. They mobilised support in parliament, which twice rejected the revisions after intensely heated debates. The Anglican hierarchy compromised in 1929, while strictly prohibiting extreme and Anglo-Catholic practices.

2293:

gold proved a major advantage. Immediately the exchange rate of the pound fell by 25%, from $ 4.86 for one pound to $ 3.40. British exports were then much more competitive, which laid the ground for a gradual economic recovery. The worst was over.

2146:

in 1925, which many economists blame for the mediocre performance of the economy. Others point to a variety of factors, including the inflationary effects of the World War and supply-side shocks caused by reduced working hours after the war.

1719:

Labour Party into the working of constitutional government, the replacement of orthodox politics by a national government. George V's assiduous and non-partisan approach smoothed the process of political change which these crises represented.

1667:. Starting in the 1920s favourable tax policies encouraged substantial investment in the societies, creating huge reserves for lending. Beginning in 1927, the societies encouraged borrowing through gradual liberalisation of mortgage terms. 1858:. As the prospect of war with Germany loomed larger, Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland, and shifted to a pro-Arab stance, limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a 2787:

dramatically. By the 1920s the cinema and radio attracted all classes, ages and genders in very large numbers, with young women taking the lead. Working-class men were boisterous football spectators. They sang along at the music hall,

2846:

competition. Most of the Dominions of the Empire embraced cricket as a major sport, with the exception of Canada. Cricket test matches (international) began by the 1870s; the most famous are those between Australia and England for

1456:

but the Church disapproved of divorce and the Cabinet opposed the marriage. Edward was determined to marry Mrs Simpson and agreed to abdicate, which was announced by Baldwin in the House of Commons on 10 December and enacted by an

894:, which had mobilised grass-roots opposition to helping the British rule. Sinn Féin MPs did not take up their seats in the British Parliament, instead setting up their own new parliament in Dublin, and immediately declared an 11183: 2894:

in December 1937. It had a revolutionary design that broke away from the usual children's comics that were published broadsheet in size and not very colourful. Thomson capitalised on its success with a similar product

1842:

since 1920, also gained membership of the League in its own right after achieving independence from Britain in 1932. Iraq remained under firm British guidance regarding foreign affairs, defence policy and oil policy.

1854:, which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate, stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine. Tens of thousands of Jews immigrated from Europe. The Arab population 5500:

Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina (February 2016). "Royal death and living memorials: the funerals and commemoration of George V and George VI, 1936-52: The funerals and commemoration of George V and George VI, 1936-52".

2608:

The ascendancy of a female ethos of domesticity and privacy....Intense interest in the King's affair ... this obsession with personal life, which was itself part of the media-fuelled emotional character of the late

2275:

By summer 1931 the world financial crisis began to overwhelm Britain; investors across the world started withdrawing their gold from London at the rate of £2½ million a day. Credits of £25 million each from the

2738:

appealed predominantly to middle-class and lower-middle-class readers, and was the first paper to cater for women and children. The only newspaper intended specifically for working class readers was the Labour

1472:

introduced concessions on taxes and rents to encourage businesses to set up works in the "special areas", which suffered the highest unemployment. The government nationalised coal mining royalties through the

2599:

argues that Edward was poorly prepared to be King, because of deep personal weaknesses; he was inconsistent, superficial and incapable of resisting distractions, and handled the constitutional issues poorly.

934:. The 1919–21 clash "was no war in any conventional sense of the term, but a highly contingent, very small-scale and low-intensity conflict in which assassination was as important as ambush or fixed battle." 1742:

on certain German and Ottoman territories in 1919, the British Empire reached its territorial peak. The interwar years saw extensive efforts for economic and educational development of the colonies. The

1223:

but the result was a hung parliament with Labour as the largest party. Baldwin resigned the premiership on 4 June and the next day Ramsay MacDonald became prime minister of the second Labour government.

1301:

on 15 September, which caused alarm. The foreign holders of sterling withdrew their holdings and the pound was forced off the gold standard on 21 September. On 7 October Parliament was dissolved and a

918:(IRA) (the paramilitary force of Sinn Féin) into hiding. However, the IRA controlled much of the countryside and set up an alternative local government. The British units were poorly coordinated while 2005:

Politically the coalition government of Prime Minister David Lloyd George depended primarily on Conservative Party support. He increasingly antagonised his supporters with foreign policy miscues. The

1643:

of 1918 set the standards for council house design and location for the next 90 years. It recommended housing in short terraces, spaced at 70 feet (21 m) or a density of 12 to the acre. With the

2779:

offered the excitement of betting on a range of results. New estates with small, inexpensive houses offered gardening as an outdoor recreation. Church attendance declined to half the level of 1901.

1216:, which lasted for nine days in May. The general strike marked the end a period of industrial strife: after the strike the number of days lost to strikes fell and trade union membership declined. 1984:

Britain maintained close relationships with France and the United States, rejected isolationism, and sought world peace through naval arms limitation treaties, and peace with Germany through the

10351: 2228:

reported that the "standard to workers in 1936 was about 30 percent higher than it was in 1899." The dairy industry was producing too much, and profits were too low. So the government used the

2098:

of Germany—giving in to its demands—was the government's policy until early 1939. The final act of appeasement came when Britain and France sacrificed Czechoslovakia to Hitler's demands at the

841:

George, who was most comfortable with naval officers and landed gentry. In fact the socialists by 1911 no longer believed in their anti-monarchy slogans and took a wait-and-see attitude toward

2514:

majority believed in God and heaven, although belief in hell fell off after all the deaths of the World War. After 1918, Church of England services stopped practically all discussion of hell.

2159:, with up to date facilities including indoor toilets, bathrooms and electric lighting being included in the new properties. The private sector enjoyed a housebuilding boom during the 1930s. 1407:

and disarmament, and less emphatic support for military measures to stop an aggressor state. The Labour and Liberal parties opposed rearmament and instead advocated disarmament combined with

853:, the first Labour Party prime minister. King George's tactful and understanding reception of the MacDonald government allayed the suspicions of the party's supporters throughout the nation. 10433: 10153: 2673:

of London was long the most influential prestige newspaper, although far from having the largest circulation. It gave far more attention to serious political and cultural news. In 1922,

2467:

enabled women to join the professions and professional bodies, although the majority of women remained dependent on their husbands, especially in working class households. In most jobs

2626:

interesting theme, as well as detailed sports reports with the latest scores. Serious news was a niche market and added very little to the circulation base. The niche was dominated by

739:

faded away; village chemists sold contraceptives. Marwick says that class distinctions softened, national cohesion increased, and British society became more equal during the period.

2791:, gambled on horse racing, and took the family to seaside resorts in summer. Political activists complained that working-class leisure diverted men away from revolutionary agitation. 2709:

from Berlin that warned of warmongering were rewritten in London to support the appeasement policy. In March 1939, however, it reversed course and called for urgent war preparations.

2532:

to establish the Church Assembly, with three houses for bishops, clergy and laity, and permitted it to legislate regulations for the Church, subject to formal approval of Parliament.

2775:

Taxes were raised on beer, but there were more alternatives at hand, such as cigarettes (which attracted 8/10 men and 4/10 women), the talkies, the dance halls and Greyhound racing.

2554:

outside, were outraged because they understood England's religious national identity to be emphatically Protestant and anti-Catholic. They denounced the revisions as a concession to

961:

controlled Ulster and Northern Ireland remained loyal to London. By 1922 the Irish situation had stabilised, and no longer played a major role in British politics. Nevertheless,

953:

in December 1921 with Irish leaders. Collins took power when de Valera refused to sign and led a breakaway faction. Under the treaty southern Ireland seceded in 1922 to form the

1508:, despite Hitler's promise that the Sudetenland was his "last territorial demand in Europe". British opinion was shocked and on 31 March Chamberlain pledged Britain to protect 2070:

Germany was the difficult case. By 1930 British leaders and intellectuals largely agreed that all major powers shared the blame for war in 1914, and not Germany alone as the

922:

designed a highly effective organisation for the IRA that used informers to destroy the British intelligence system by assassinating its leadership. Although it was called "

807:

head of the committee on government expenditure and in February 1922 its report was published, which recommended spending cuts on the armed forces and social services. The "

11358: 2427:

in Sweden. Since the 1970s opinion has become less uniformly hostile. In the preface to the 1994 edition, Skidelsky argues that recent experience of currency crises and

1481:. Whereas in the 1920s only 1½ million workers were entitled to an annual paid holiday, this increased to 3 million in 1938 and to 11 million after the enactment of the 8629:

de Bromhead, Alan; Fernihough, Alan; Lampe, Markus; O’Rourke, Kevin Hjortshøj (February 2019). "When Britain Turned Inward: The Impact of Interwar British Protection".

2186:

falling prices. The Conservative government had provided a nine-month subsidy in 1925 but that was not enough to turn around a sick industry. To support the miners the

10216: 10191: 1318: 1177:. The letter, now believed to be a forgery, called for the British Communist Party to support the Russian treaties and encouraged them to commit seditious activities. 627: 223: 114: 2325:

repeated the dire warnings they had been making for years about the imminent death of capitalism, only this time far more people paid attention. Starting in 1935 the

9429: 2364:

houses were built during the 1930s. Land, labour and materials were cheap: a bungalow could be purchased for £225 and a semi for £450. The middle class also bought

1033:

finds that the political culture of the interwar period was built around an anti-socialist middle class, supported by the Conservative leaders, especially Baldwin.

10173: 1372: 882:

issue. It had little support. The upsurge in republican sympathies in Ireland following the Easter Rising coupled with Lloyd George's disastrous attempt to extend

570: 198: 109: 6991: 1016:

with a manifesto that promised spending cuts and a non-interventionist foreign policy. However, he resigned in May 1923 because of ill health and was replaced by

811:" on government spending and the end of the postwar economic boom in 1922 had made it impossible to fulfil the promises of reconstruction and "homes for heroes". 10221: 2168: 1556:

and housing that permanently expanded the welfare state passed in 1919 and 1920 with surprisingly little debate, even as the Conservatives dominated parliament.

1553: 1430:

on 31 October that there would be "no great armaments". The government won the election with a large though reduced majority and Labour gained around 100 seats.

1426:

in October, with polling day on 14 November. The National government sought a mandate for rearmament to fill the gaps in Britain's defences and Baldwin told the

709: 632: 336: 228: 2768:

a pint on beer in exchange for more select company and slightly better furniture. Public bars were often spare of ornamentation except for advertisements and a

2546:

into the life of the Church. The bishops sought a more tolerant, comprehensive established Church. After internal debate the Church Assembly gave its approval.

10249: 2114:

to divide Eastern Europe; when Germany did invade Poland in September 1939, Britain and France declared war; the British Commonwealth followed London's lead.

6454: 7350:

Smith, John T. (September 2010). "Ecumenism, economic necessity and the disappearance of Methodist elementary schools in England in the twentieth century".

1995:

of 1921 in working toward naval disarmament of the major powers. By 1933 disarmament had collapsed and the issue became rearming for a war against Germany.

1681:

King George V (reigned 1910-1936) was scandal free. He appeared hard working and became widely admired by the people of Britain and the Empire, as well as "

7101: 3590: 3326: 2505:

partly it is due to the comparative irrelevance of the peculiarly Nonconformist (as apart from Christian) view of the contemporary world and its problems.

2391:

In the decades immediately following the Second World War, most historical opinion was critical of the governments of the period. Some historians, such as

2127:

argues most people "were enjoying a richer life than any previously known in the history of the world: longer holidays, shorter hours, higher real wages."

667: 8993:

Sims, Paul David. "The Development of Environmental Politics in Inter-War and Post-War Britain" (PhD Dissertation, Queen Mary University of London, 2016)

10740: 10705: 10695: 2041: 1458: 1200:

The government's aim was tranquillity at home and abroad, and to remedy the dislocation caused by the war through a return to the prewar world. The 1925

9230:

Harris, Alana (October 2020). "Reframing the 'laws of life': catholic doctors, natural law and the evolution of catholic sexology in interwar Britain".

1255:, which led to over two million unemployed by December 1930 and halved the volume of exports between 1929 and 1931. In May 1930 the government rejected 11198: 10750: 10271: 6570:

Howkins, Alun; Verdon, Nicola (2009). "The state and the farm worker: the evolution of the minimum wage in agriculture in England and Wales, 1909–24".

1309:

The Conservatives, who made up a majority of National MPs, favoured protectionist tariffs as a solution to the depression. The government combated the

610: 263: 1204:, an attempt at reconciliation between France and Germany, were hailed as the harbinger of a new era of peace and it was hoped that the return to the 902:

cold, denouncing murderers one day, but eventually negotiating with them. He sent in 40,000 soldiers as well as newly formed para-military units—the "

11098: 10413: 10206: 2459:

revealed that there were more women than men in the population by the margin of one million and three quarters, which was largely caused by a higher

2340:

marked a deep split in the Labour Party and resulted in no government action. Unemployment remained high until the war absorbed all the job seekers.

218: 1905:, declaring the Dominions to be "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another" within a " 10700: 10261: 7307:

Parker, David (1999). "'Stand Therefore!'. Bishop Michael Bolton Furse, the Diocese of St. Albans, and the Church Schools Controversy, 1919-1939".

3066: 2431:

make it hard to be so critical of the politicians who wanted to achieve stability by cutting labour costs and defending the value of the currency.

2244:

Indeed, the rationing system of the wartime years sharply improved the nutrition of poorest third, together with their capacity for manual labour.

258: 9375:"Drifting into Manhood and Womanhood: Courtship, Marriage and Gender Among Young Adults in South Wales and the North-East of England in the 1930s" 10690: 10118: 2399:, compared the orthodox policies of the Labour and National governments unfavourably with the more radical proto-Keynesian measures advocated by 2013:

were opposed and the British military was hesitant, so peace was preserved. This was one of the factors causing Conservative MPs to vote, at the

1823: 1314: 10986: 10797: 10313: 3278:

Kirk, Neville (February 2005). "The conditions of royal rule: Australian and British socialist and labour attitudes to the monarchy, 1901–11".

1933: 273: 3397:

DháIbhéId, Caoimhe Nic (September 2012). "THE IRISH NATIONAL AID ASSOCIATION AND THE RADICALIZATION OF PUBLIC OPINION IN IRELAND, 1916–1918".

2528:

Parliament had governed the Church of England since 1688, but was increasingly eager to turn control over to the church itself. It passed the

1352:, which gave £2 million in aid to the "distressed" or "special areas", which were the hardest hit by the depression. These were designated as 10762: 10408: 10186: 590: 208: 2297:

the Commonwealth, raising tariffs for products from the United States, France and Germany, while giving preference to Commonwealth members.

11622: 11093: 10872: 10476: 3324:

Matthew, H. C. G. "George V (1865–1936), king of Great Britain, Ireland, and the British dominions beyond the seas, and emperor of India".

2529: 1781:. India contributed significantly to victory in the World War, and was bitterly disappointed by the very limited benefits conferred in the 1970:

Vivid memories of the horrors and deaths of the World War made Britain and its leaders strongly inclined to pacifism in the interwar era.

1259:'s memorandum which recommended state direction of industry and the use of credit to expand the economy. In 1931 the government appointed 11038: 10849: 9545: 9302:

Ramsay, Laura Monica (October 2020). "'The Relation of the Sexes': towards a Christian view of sex and citizenship in interwar Britain".

5889: 5200:

Scott, Peter (January 2008). "Marketing mass home ownership and the creation of the modern working-class consumer in inter-war Britain".

2102:

of 1938. Instead of satiation Hitler then seized the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 and menaced Poland. In response Prime Minister

329: 253: 8994: 1422:

on defence which announced increased spending on the armed forces. On 7 June Baldwin succeeded MacDonald as prime minister and called a

803:

movement was launched, which attracted considerable support for its attacks on "wasteful" public spending. The government appointed Sir

11048: 10991: 10523: 10466: 9266:

Lane, Margaret (September 2014). "Not the Boss of One Another: A Reinterpretation of Working-Class Marriage in England, 1900 to 1970".

2674: 2652: 2181:

Coal was a sick industry; the best seams were being exhausted, raising the cost. Demand fell as oil began replacing coal for fuel. The

799:

war and this was followed by wage increases. High taxation was regarded as the cause of wasteful government expenditure and in 1921 an

8742:

Luzardo-Luna, Ivan (12 May 2020). "Labour frictions in interwar Britain: industrial reshuffling and the origin of mass unemployment".

2904:

Books about the First World War peaked in popularity during the war book revival of 1928–1931. The revival originated in Germany with

1942:

Britain had suffered little physical devastation during the war but the cost in death and disability and money were very high. In the

1236:, which reduced the miners' working day to 7½ hours and empowered the mine-owners to fix minimum prices and quotas of production. The 11387: 10281: 7488:

Maiden, John G. (December 2010). "English Evangelicals, Protestant National Identity, and Anglican Prayer Book Revision, 1927–1928".

5235:

Swenarton, Mark; Taylor, Sandra (August 1985). "The Scale and Nature of the Growth of Owner-Occupation in Britain between the Wars".

1399:

saw the Conservative candidate, who advocated rearmament, defeated by the Labour candidate, who called his opponent a warmonger. The

732: 708:

affected Britain less severely economically and politically than other major nations, although some areas still suffered from severe

293: 278: 268: 3224:

Blackburn, Robert (February 2011). "Laying the Foundations of the Modern Voting System: The Representation of the People Act 1918".

11033: 10892: 10844: 5536: 2204: 2033: 1979: 1835: 660: 10614: 10423: 10254: 8537: 2464: 2017:, to fight the next election as a separate party; Lloyd George then resigned as Prime Minister, ending the coalition government. 1644: 1099: 3497: 1345:. This breach with free trade led to the resignation from the government of Snowden and some of the Liberals in September 1932. 11375: 10949: 10678: 10646: 10486: 10471: 10461: 10286: 10276: 10266: 10239: 5657:

Wagner, Kim A. (November 2016). "'Calculated to Strike Terror': The Amritsar Massacre and the Spectacle of Colonial Violence".

3071: 2823:

In radio British audiences had no choice apart from the highbrow programming of the BBC, which had a monopoly on broadcasting.

2604:

argues that cultural historians have read the abdication story not so much as a constitutional crisis, but as an indicator of:

2420: 2253: 1690: 1478: 1252: 322: 288: 283: 248: 136: 11068: 10641: 9496: 9074: 9055: 8953: 8897: 8865: 8520: 8501: 8482: 8463: 8219: 7539: 7432: 7405: 7291: 6169:

Bakić, Dragan (January 2013). "'Must Will Peace': The British Brokering of 'Central European' and 'Balkan Locarno', 1925–9".

5457: 4994: 3262: 2523: 2448: 820: 176: 1747:

were prosperous and largely took care of themselves. By far the most troublesome areas for London were India and Palestine.

1488:

However, Chamberlain's premiership was dominated by the challenge of Hitler, which Chamberlain attempted to resolve through

11667: 11662: 10935: 10757: 10418: 10391: 3061: 3015: 2765: 2286: 2240: 1943: 1916: 1855: 1822:

was nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, although under British rule, until 1914, when London declared it a protectorate.

1733: 1633: 1423: 1302: 1269: 1220: 1156: 1063: 1025: 1013: 962: 768: 760: 1946:, coming a month after the Allied victory over Germany, Lloyd George promised to impose a harsh treaty on Germany. At the 1577:

from 11 million in 1920 to 15.4 million in 1938. For the unemployed who had exceeded their entitlement to assistance, the

1102:, which increased government subsidies to local authorities to build municipal housing for rent for low paid workers. The 11108: 11053: 10996: 10915: 10859: 10827: 10661: 10346: 10111: 10060: 5910:

Overton, James (1990). "Economic Crisis and the End of Democracy: Politics in Newfoundland during the Great Depression".

5270:

Humphries, Jane (July 1987). "Inter-War House Building, Cheap Money and Building Societies: The Housing Boom Revisited".

2656: 1537: 653: 7555:

Machin, G. I. T. (January 1991). "Marriage and the Churches in the 1930s: Royal Abdication and Divorce Reform, 1936–7".

11083: 11063: 11006: 10971: 10619: 10587: 10551: 9914: 6981: 5149:

Martin, Annette (2005). "Shattered hopes and unfulfilled dreams: council housing in rural Norfolk in the early 1920s".

3657: 2555: 2088: 1758:

The Dominions (Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand) achieved virtual independence in foreign policy in the

1469: 1330: 1213: 974: 8119: 11078: 10976: 10631: 10624: 10491: 10456: 10441: 10341: 8831: 8384: 8091:

Hendy, D. (June 2013). "Painting with Sound: The Kaleidoscopic World of Lance Sieveking, a British Radio Modernist".

7704: 7661: 7615:

Mort, F. (March 2014). "Love in a Cold Climate: Letters, Public Opinion and Monarchy in the 1936 Abdication Crisis".

5948: 5883: 5829: 5802: 5749: 2660: 2648: 1629: 1492:

of Germany's grievances combined with continued British rearmament. The policy of appeasement culminated in the 1938

1273: 9473:(1969), annotated guide to 1000 history books on every major topic, plus book reviews and major scholarly articles. 11163: 10715: 10673: 10597: 10592: 10496: 10374: 10045: 9640: 8571:

Stepney: Profile of a London Borough from the Outbreak of the First World War to the Festival of Britain, 1914–1951

8376:

Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas [4 volumes]: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas

5481:

Robson, Neil (2015). "Fervent rejoicing and muted protest: London at the time of King George V 's Silver Jubilee".

2310: 2281: 1139: 600: 9518: 9410:

Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. "'Healthier and Better Clothes for Men': Men's Dress Reform in Interwar Britain." in

9374: 2306:

government was cautious and conservative, rejecting the Keynesian proposal for large-scale public works projects.

1884:

As Britain's Prime Minister, Lloyd George requested military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the

11226: 11043: 10981: 10907: 10602: 10451: 10398: 10361: 10326: 10300: 10201: 10070: 9673: 9538: 2639:

Consolidation was rampant, as local dailies were bought up and added to chains based in London. James Curran and

2424: 1906: 1560: 436: 426: 213: 1415:, who was left out of the National government, was almost a lone voice in his campaign for increased armaments. 1181:

loss of 42 seats. The Conservatives won a large parliamentary majority and Baldwin again became prime minister.

11173: 10961: 10887: 10782: 10735: 10651: 10571: 10531: 10321: 10104: 9857: 9690: 9628: 9180:

Gales, Kathleen E.; Marks, P. H. (1974). "Twentieth Century Trends in The Work of Women in England and Wales".

6953:

Perry, Matt (2002). "The Jarrow Crusade's Return: The 'New Labour Party' of Jarrow and Ellen Wilkinson, M.P.".

5069:

Wilding, Paul (October 1973). "The Housing and Town Planning Act 1919—A Study in the Making of Social Policy".

2920: 1859: 942: 938: 919: 879: 413: 2329:

provided a new warning every month, and built up the credibility of Soviet-style socialism as an alternative.

11615: 11382: 11188: 11118: 11088: 11058: 11023: 10925: 10897: 10815: 10723: 10607: 10386: 10136: 10065: 9974: 6597:

Gowers, Robin; Hatton, Timothy J. (1997). "The Origins and Early Impact of the Minimum Wage in Agriculture".

2747: 2741: 2582: 2551: 2203:

says it accelerated the movement of working-class voters to the Labour Party, which led to future gains. The

1578: 1317:

and empowered the Minister of Agriculture to impose tariffs on fresh fruits, flowers and vegetables with the

1268:

confidence in sterling. The Cabinet failed to reach agreement on the cuts and MacDonald formed the coalition

1147: 145: 2725: 1850:, Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the Arabs and increasing numbers of Jews. The 1395:

passed the motion "This House will under no circumstances fight for its King and country". The October 1933

1329:, which legislated for a general tariff of 10 percent on most goods except food and raw materials. The 1932 832:" in industrial Scotland. Their fears were misplaced, for there was no organised attempt at any revolution. 11501: 11425: 11397: 11343: 11146: 11136: 11073: 11028: 11001: 10854: 10839: 10536: 10511: 10446: 10336: 8361:

Boys Will Be Boys: The Story of Sweeney Todd, Deadwood Dick, Sexton Blake, Billy Bunter, Dick Barton et al.

7461:

Machin, G. I. T. (February 2000). "Parliament, the Church of England, and the Prayer Book Crisis, 1927–8".

2930: 2910: 2745:, which had a circulation of 100,000. The most important literary periodical during the interwar years was 2536: 2479:

While the Church of England was historically identified with the upper classes, and with the rural gentry,

2199:

considered it a mistake. Most historians treat it as a singular event with few long-term consequences, but

1947: 1811: 1782: 1396: 7996:

Walsh, Michael (1997). "Fighting the American Invasion with Cricket, Roses, and Marmalade for Breakfast".

6320: 5010:

Swenarton, Mark (January 2002). "Tudor Walters and Tudorbethan: reassessing Britain's inter-war suburbs".

2812:(based in Bombay) dominated the huge Indian market. The most prominent directors remaining in London were 2336:

to London in a bid to show the plight of the industrial poor. Although much romanticised by the Left, the

1612:

and funded their medical treatment, increased from 15 million in 1921 to 20 million in 1938. According to

11392: 11370: 11338: 11333: 11315: 11256: 11178: 11168: 11103: 10966: 10930: 10728: 10506: 10145: 10024: 10019: 9635: 5368:

Costello, Francis (1987). "King George V's Speech at Stormont (1921): Prelude to the Anglo-Irish Truce".

3081: 2836: 2824: 2107: 1992: 1910: 1902: 1759: 1564: 1525: 1103: 1047: 883: 643: 163: 7132:

Kirby, Dianne (January 2001). "Christian co-operation and the ecumenical ideal in the 1930s and 1940s".

1604:, which also transferred poor-law hospitals to local authorities. The number of workers included in the 11452: 11353: 11193: 10080: 10075: 9531: 5309: 3033: 2576:, held that the King, as the head of the Church of England, could not marry a divorcée. Prime Minister 1521: 1482: 1143: 824: 9390:

Winter, JM (1979). "Infant mortality, maternal mortality and public health in Britain in the 1930's".

2974:. The war books revived memories of the horrors of the First World War and increased antiwar feeling. 2332:

In 1936, by which time unemployment was lower, 200 unemployed men made a highly publicised march from

2224:

Numerous studies in the Depression years documented that the average consumer ate better than before.

11657: 11588: 11348: 11153: 11126: 10636: 10516: 10050: 9804: 9765: 6204:

Robertson, James C. (November 1969). "The Origins of British Opposition to Mussolini over Ethiopia".

1839: 1739: 1601: 1260: 1248: 923: 887: 6350:

Greaves, Julian (2007). "Managing decline: The political economy of British shipping in the 1930s".

6040:

McKercher, B.J.C. (November 1993). "The politics of naval arms limitation in Britain in the 1920s".

1991:

With disarmament high on the agenda, Britain played a major role following the United States in the

1212:

such as unemployment benefit and old age pensions. However, the government failed to avert the 1926

890:

at the December 1918 election. They had supported the British war effort and were then displaced by

11486: 11016: 10656: 10403: 9512: 6273: 5052: 3621:

Taylor, Andrew J. (2005). "Stanley Baldwin, Heresthetics and the Realignment of British Politics".

3021: 3003: 2569: 2542:, which had been in daily use for more than 250 years. The goal was to better incorporate moderate 2408: 2373: 1898: 1894: 1878: 1770: 1710:

The king was the most active monarch in many ways since George III (reigned 1760–1820). Biographer

1310: 1284:

government of "running away" from the crisis because they had refused to accept the spending cuts.

911: 9137:

Ferguson, Neal A. (1975). "Women's Work: Employment Opportunities and Economic Roles, 1918–1939".

11631: 11544: 11365: 11300: 11011: 10668: 10055: 9713: 8356: 7026:

Collins, Michael (1982). "Unemployment in Interwar Britain: Still Searching for an Explanation".

2591:

circle know that to-day they stand rebuked by the judgment of the nation which loved King Edward.

2547: 2480: 1921: 1810:

which successive governments had failed to resolve. The Conservatives in Parliament designed the

1505: 1388: 1174: 1134: 993: 780: 701: 2239:

were obvious to teachers. In 1934, the government began a program of charging school children a

1387:

in 1934. However, pacifist sentiment was widespread at this time, which found expression in the

1004:

fell apart in 1922 after Conservative MPs voted to end their membership of the Coalition at the

11481: 10546: 9879: 9708: 2439:

The English people were largely ethnically homogeneous during the interwar era, except for the

2346: 2106:

rejected further appeasement and stood firm in promising to defend Poland. Hitler unexpectedly

2084: 1762:, though each depended heavily upon British naval protection. After 1931 trade policy favoured 1703: 1349: 1326: 1094:

Prime Minister between 1924, 1929–1931 and as head of the National Government during 1931–1935.

1021: 970: 7651: 7422: 7279: 5873: 5819: 5739: 4984: 11636: 11476: 11432: 11295: 10881: 9959: 9824: 8821: 8374: 7694: 7517: 6385:

Solomou, Solomos; Vartis, Dimitris (2005). "Effective Exchange Rates in Britain, 1920-1930".

5980: 5938: 5792: 5717: 3588:

Ball, Stuart. "Baldwin, Stanley, first Earl Baldwin of Bewdley (1867–1947), prime minister".

3430: 3252: 3039: 2678: 2365: 2187: 1582: 1568: 1533: 1001: 966: 915: 772: 503: 312: 8248:

Cottle, Basil (1978). "Popular Reading And Our Public Libraries: The Abjured Prescription".

7395: 2388:

cigarettes, cork-tipped "to prevent sore throats". The depression spawned a consumer boom."

1967:, and Britain used this income to repay the loans it borrowed from the U.S. during the war. 11496: 11437: 11402: 11290: 11263: 10774: 10014: 10009: 9949: 9884: 9789: 6533: 6449: 5116: 5019: 2997: 2960: 2924:(1928), which were serialised in British newspapers. Other best-selling war books included 2915: 2440: 2229: 2200: 2071: 2014: 1952: 1937: 1640: 1125: 1071:

combined to vote against the government. The next day Baldwin resigned the premiership and

1005: 689: 6142:

Laird, Michael (September 1996). "Wars averted: Chanak 1922, Burma 1945–47, Berlin 1948".

3101:

Peel, John (November 1963). "The manufacture and retailing of contraceptives in England".

2728:

position and its typical reader was portrayed as a retired senior officer and his family.

8: 11573: 11491: 11469: 11464: 11447: 11442: 11420: 11310: 11268: 9979: 9909: 9852: 9769: 9595: 9463: 6289: 2714: 2698: 2634: 2484: 2182: 2103: 1956: 1851: 1847: 1763: 1465: 1437: 1408: 1384: 1334: 1322: 1233: 1051: 779:, who promised "a fit country for heroes to live in". The majority of coalition MPs were 372: 86: 9209:

Hall, Catherine (1977). "Married Women at Home in Birmingham in the 1920's and 1930's".

5977: 5023: 2732:

was a businessman's newspaper and had the largest advertising space of any paper, while

1830:

until 1954. British troops remained stationed to guard the Suez Canal. Egypt joined the

11568: 11524: 11305: 11283: 11278: 11246: 11158: 10331: 10085: 9989: 9773: 9725: 9720: 9623: 9613: 9570: 9562: 9474: 9361: 9319: 9283: 9247: 9218: 9197: 9154: 9019: 8932: 8924: 8769: 8736: 8671: 8275:

Joicey, Nicholas (1993). "A Paperback Guide to Progress: Penguin Books 1935– c .1951".

8142: 7783: 7775: 7572: 7474: 7367: 7332: 7324: 7238: 7149: 7051: 7043: 6935: 6927: 6774: 6727: 6719: 6614: 6579: 6515: 6410: 6402: 6367: 6256: 6221: 6186: 6111: 5997: 5919: 5858: 5709: 5701: 5626: 5463: 5252: 5248: 5217: 5086: 5035: 3685: 3677: 3638: 3422: 3414: 3303: 3295: 3118: 2400: 2021: 1999: 1913:. India, however, was denied dominion status and its foreign policy was set by London. 1664: 1597: 1294: 950: 907: 871: 788: 776: 756: 736: 717: 693: 516: 356: 66: 8776: 931: 11583: 11529: 11131: 9964: 9939: 9919: 9899: 9889: 9779: 9761: 9730: 9663: 9580: 9554: 9492: 9447: 9399: 9323: 9287: 9279: 9251: 9102: 9070: 9051: 8967: 8949: 8936: 8893: 8861: 8827: 8719: 8516: 8497: 8478: 8459: 8453: 8380: 8215: 8146: 7787: 7700: 7657: 7632: 7576: 7535: 7501: 7428: 7401: 7397:

Surprised by Hope: Rethinking Heaven, the Resurrection, and the Mission of the Church

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Chabot, Sean (December 2014). "The Gandhian Repertoire as Transformative Invention".

5453: 5221: 5090: 5039: 4990: 3689: 3426: 3307: 3258: 3237: 2945: 2940: 2925: 2686: 2573: 2568:

can Christian men or women re-marry during the lifetime of a wife or a husband." The

2543: 2444: 2369: 2139: 2063: 2059: 1831: 1798: 1682: 1477:, which was an important step towards nationalisation of the coal mines, achieved in 1453: 1412: 1404: 1376: 1194: 1121: 1091: 1038: 800: 792: 697: 399: 8907:

Richardson, H. W. (1969). "The Economic Significance of the Depression in Britain".

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O'Connor, Raymond G. (1958). "The 'Yardstick' and Naval Disarmament in the 1920's".

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Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs. Volume 1 - Problems of Nationality 1918–1936

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The market makers: creating mass markets for consumer durables in inter-war Britain

8916: 8751: 8638: 8542: 8284: 8257: 8134: 8100: 8024: 7767: 7624: 7564: 7527: 7497: 7470: 7359: 7316: 7230: 7141: 7106: 7035: 6962: 6919: 6766: 6711: 6702:

Richardson, H.W. (1969). "The Economic Significance of the Depression in Britain".

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MacMillan, Margaret (22 March 2014). "Making War, Making Peace: Versailles, 1919".

5854: 5693: 5666: 5618: 5510: 5279: 5244: 5209: 5078: 5027: 3669: 3630: 3595: 3489:

The Black and Tans: British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence

3406: 3366: 3331: 3287: 3233: 3114: 3110: 3076: 3027: 2982: 2970: 2817: 2702: 2460: 2392: 2259: 2225: 2099: 2047: 1985: 1819: 1778: 1711: 1609: 1605: 1493: 1468:

replaced Baldwin as prime minister and embarked on a series of social reforms. The

1280: 1237: 1201: 1170: 1087: 1072: 954: 946: 875: 850: 705: 81: 9460:

Writing the Great War - The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present

9315: 9243: 8329:

The Feminine Middlebrow Novel, 1920s to 1950s: Class, Domesticity, and Bohemianism

7118: 3607: 3343: 2020:

The success at Locarno in handling the German question impelled Foreign Secretary

11251: 11141: 10832: 10792: 9994: 9969: 9757: 9740: 9585: 9471:

Modern Historians on British History 1485–1945: A Critical Bibliography 1945–1969

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Owens, Edward (2019). "'A man we understand': King George V's radio broadcasts".

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and secured cabinet approval; the Irish also agreed and the war ended. Historian

1617: 1593: 1209: 1166: 1109: 1017: 989: 977:

it was one of a handful of neutral European nations during the Second World War.

927: 846: 685: 456: 76: 9165:

Ferguson, Neal A. "Women in Twentieth-Century England." in Barbara Kanner, ed.,

8028: 6321:"Rationalisation and Britain's industrial Malaise: The interwar years revisited" 6239:

Cline, Catherine Ann (1988). "British Historians and the Treaty of Versailles".

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Magee, Frank (1995). "'Limited Liability'?: Britain and the Treaty of Locarno".

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The Continental Connection: German-Speaking Émigrés and British Cinema, 1927–45

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Glaser, John F. (1958). "English Nonconformity and the Decline of Liberalism".

7110: 6966: 6923: 6715: 6643: 5735: 5132: 3599: 3335: 2965: 2935: 2880: 2788: 2776: 2734: 2596: 2468: 2428: 2337: 2326: 2277: 1802: 1774: 1729: 1541: 1497: 1449: 1342: 1241: 1106: 985: 903: 895: 724: 681: 9352:

Thompson, Derek (1975). "Courtship and Marriage in Preston between the Wars".

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Professionals, Amateurs and Performance: Sports Coaching in England, 1789–1914

8138: 7568: 7363: 7176: 7145: 6398: 6336: 6155: 6053: 5697: 5283: 5213: 5082: 5031: 3673: 3634: 3410: 2977:

It was also during this time and stretching into the 1950s and 1960s that the

1766:

with higher tariffs against the U.S. and all others outside the Commonwealth.

692:, although it was also characterised by economic stagnation. In politics, the 11651: 10920: 10481: 10379: 10369: 10168: 10163: 10040: 9839: 8576: 7696:

Power Without Responsibility: Press, Broadcasting and the Internet in Britain

6893: 6538: 6182: 5563: 5467: 3009: 2955: 2868: 2706: 2613: 2404: 2360: 2341: 2322: 2314: 2234: 2152: 2143: 2111: 2006: 1988:

of 1925. A main goal was to restore Germany to a peaceful, prosperous state.

1885: 1794: 1786: 1676: 1655:

During the interwar years England experienced an unprecedented growth of the

1474: 1427: 1256: 1205: 1151: 1055: 1030: 958: 862: 829: 784: 560: 550: 468: 386: 352: 193: 188: 8890:

Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century

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Darwin, J. G. (February 1980). "The Chanak Crisis and the British Cabinet".

5766:

Empire, politics and the creation of the 1935 India Act: Last Act of the Raj

5514: 2483:(1881–1944) was both a prolific theologian and a social activist, preaching 10787: 10158: 9999: 9829: 9700: 9618: 9403: 8340: 7758:

McDonough, Frank (1992). "The Times, Norman Ebbut and the Nazis, 1927-37".

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5670: 5592: 3370: 3044: 2905: 2720: 2535:

A crisis suddenly emerged in 1927 over the Church's proposal to revise the

2497: 2377: 2318: 2196: 2174: 2055: 2051: 1827: 1785:. British fears of German wartime plots or postwar Communism following the 1613: 1529: 1517: 1400: 1392: 1380: 1116: 528: 490: 478: 446: 171: 10096: 8755: 8288: 8104: 7733:

The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain: The Twentieth Century

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The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain: The Twentieth Century

7628: 5779:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume IV: The Twentieth Century

891: 11273: 11203: 9984: 9862: 9847: 9819: 9655: 8642: 8345:

Forever England: femininity, literature and conservatism between the wars

6080: 2992: 2690: 2640: 2456: 2263: 2095: 2037: 1790: 1573: 1501: 1489: 1445: 1419: 1353: 1298: 837: 804: 538: 181: 45: 9365: 9222: 6583: 6363: 5923: 5705: 3418: 1793:

of 1919 that suppressed dissent. Tensions escalated particularly in the

9747: 9451: 9332:

Masculinity, Class and Same-Sex Desire in Industrial England, 1895–1957

9201: 9158: 8800:

Consensus and Disunity: The Lloyd George Coalition Government 1918-1922

7242: 7047: 6778: 6618: 6519: 6406: 6260: 6115: 5630: 5256: 3681: 3642: 3299: 3122: 2987: 2885: 2864: 2799: 2782:

The annual holiday became common. Tourists flocked to seaside resorts;

2601: 1964: 1586: 1361: 1264: 1189: 1161: 1067: 973:. The Irish Free State cut many of its ties to Britain in 1937. As the 808: 8928: 7943:

Peter J. Beck, "Leisure and Sport in Britain." in Chris Wrigley, ed.,

7863:

Peter J. Beck, "Leisure and Sport in Britain." in Chris Wrigley, ed.,

7779: 7328: 6931: 6723: 5777:

Judith M. Brown, "India" in Judith M. Brown and Wm. Roger Louis, eds.

3926:

Britannia and the Bear: The Anglo-Russian Intelligence Wars, 1917–1929

1750: 1433: 1325:, who replaced Snowden as Chancellor in November 1931, introduced the 11551: 11459: 9794: 8261: 6982:"Review: A Social History of Britain Between the Wars by Martin Pugh" 6015:

Lloyd George and the lost peace: from Versailles to Hitler, 1919–1940

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Glickman, David L. (1947). "The British Imperial Preference System".

5167: 2897: 2889: 2847: 2809: 2783: 2669: 2628: 2412: 2191: 1870: 1686: 1066:, however, backfired on Baldwin, who lost a host of seats to the pro- 1009: 752: 728: 71: 50: 9523: 9339:

Sex before the sexual revolution: Intimate life in England 1918–1963

9193: 9150: 9018:(1936) 550pp; wide-ranging political, social and economic coverage; 8581:

The Age of Illusion: England in the twenties and thirties, 1919–1940

7234: 6770: 6252: 6107: 6028:

Liberal internationalism: the interwar movement for peace in Britain

5622: 2463:

rate amongst males (with wartime losses a contributory factor). The

2232:

to give a guaranteed price to dairy farmers – a policy ridiculed by

1403:, completed in June 1935, demonstrated overwhelming support for the 727:

sees a radical transformation of British society resulting from the

11412: 10004: 9799: 8695:

Industrial reorganization and government policy in interwar Britain

7320: 7039: 6217: 4375: 2978: 2416: 2385: 2381: 2010: 1874: 1744: 1365: 1357: 1338: 842: 713: 40: 8628: 8559:(1986); economic historian; uses only basic descriptive statistics 7984:

Age of the Dream Palace: Cinema & Society in Britain 1930–1939

6849: 4771: 1893:

own foreign policy, independent of Britain, was recognised at the

949:

in May 1921. Sinn Féin won control of the south and agreed to the

11238: 9874: 9685: 8850:

We Danced All Night: A Social History of Britain Between the Wars

7746:

The Times and Appeasement: The Journals of A L Kennedy, 1932–1939

7282:. In Davies, Rupert E.; George, A. Raymond; Rupp, Gordon (eds.). 5821:

One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate

5121:

We Danced All Night: A Social History of Britain Between the Wars

2452: 2132: 2009:

of 1922 brought Britain to the brink of war with Turkey, but the

8393: 7284:

A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain, Volume Three

6757:

Williams, David (1963). "London and the 1931 Financial Crisis".

6294:

How War Came: Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–39

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5186:

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1769:

In India, the forces of nationalism were being organised by the

1098:

Although the Labour government lacked a majority, it passed the

926:" historians generally agree that it was quite unlike the later 11534: 8455:

The Long Week-end: A Social History of Great Britain, 1918–1939

6625: 4855: 4585: 4507: 3357:

Prochaska, F. (1999). "George V and Republicanism, 1917-1919".

2333: 2058:. Britain and France led the policy of non-interference in the 1889: 1656: 1544:

and two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany.

1513: 1509: 1485:. The school leaving age was raised to 15 on 1 September 1939. 1440:

was Prime Minister of the National Government during 1937–1940.

1012:

became prime minister of a Conservative government and won the

866: 747: 9515:

Several large collections of primary sources and illustrations

9260:

Making Peace: the reconstruction of gender in interwar Britain

8557:

The British Economy. Volume 1: The Years of Turmoil, 1920–1951

7421:

Parkes, Colin Murray; Laungani, Pittu; Young, William (2015).

7169:

William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury: His Life and Letters

996:

Prime Minister between 1923 and 1924, 1924–1929 and 1935–1937.

11511: 9124:

Gender, Modernity, and the Popular Press in Inter-War Britain

8814:

The troubled giant: Britain among the great powers, 1916–1939

8185:

Land of sport and glory: Sport and British society, 1887–1910

8015:

Gough-Yates, K. (1992). "Jews and Exiles in British Cinema".

7830: 7818: 7806: 5936: 3205: 2769: 2667:

Just over half of homes purchased a daily newspaper in 1939.

2372:, electric cookers, vacuum cleaners and golf clubs. They ate 1909:". This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 1512:

and the British military resumed military conversations with

1159:

was called. On 25 October, four days before polling day, the

930:

that was fought in 1922–23 between the forces of Collins and

688:(1918–1939) entered a period of relative stability after the 9296:

Women Teachers in the Twentieth Century in England and Wales

9182:

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General)

8165: 8153: 8060: 6461: 2647:

after the death of Lord Northcliffe in 1922, four men–Lords

9002:

Politicians and the Slump: The Labour Government of 1929-33

8823:

The Twilight Years: The Paradox of Britain Between the Wars

8807:

British Cinema and Middlebrow Culture in the Interwar Years

8417: 8405: 7883: 5794:

The Making of Iraq, 1900–1963: Capital, Power, and Ideology

4843: 2156: 1865: 1293:

continued and was made worse when news was received of the

1244:

in the five years before 1939 than in the preceding fifty.

1050:, Mr. Baldwin decided to ask the country for a mandate for 118: 9167:

The Women of England from Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present

8858:

The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century British Politics

7842: 7794: 7524:

The Church of England and Divorce in the Twentieth Century

6241:

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

4944: 4942: 4891: 4879: 4819: 4807: 4783: 4684: 4621: 4534: 4267: 4207: 4027: 2712:

The daily newspaper most respected abroad was the Liberal

1319:

Horticultural Products (Emergency Customs Duties) Act 1931

105: 8048: 7513: 7511: 7082: 7080: 7067: 7065: 6785: 6738: 4903: 4795: 4725: 4723: 4696: 4650: 4648: 4633: 4447: 4303: 4255: 4219: 4159: 4147: 4123: 4099: 4087: 4051: 4015: 3991: 3906: 3858: 3709: 2761: 2562: 2451:

continued to be spoken they were on the decline and full

1689:

draft a speech calling for a compromise truce to end the

1496:, which conceded to Germany the German-speaking areas of 1444:

In late 1936 there was a constitutional crisis when king

1240:, which finally came into operation in 1934, led to more 914:). British firepower prevailed in the cities forcing the 9117:

Back to Home and Duty: Women Between the Wars, 1918–1939

7583: 4435: 4363: 4315: 4063: 4039: 3894: 3759: 3193: 1934:

International relations (1919–1939) § Great Britain

861:

An armed insurrection by Irish republicans known as the

7692: 7134:

European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire

5875:

Gandhi and Nationalism: The Path to Indian Independence

4939: 4551: 4549: 4524: 4522: 3800: 3798: 3658:"Baldwin's Reputation: Politics and History, 1937-1967" 3532: 3147: 3145: 2169:

Interwar unemployment and poverty in the United Kingdom

1150:. The Labour government dropped the prosecution of the 9028:(1936) pp. 575–838, Covers both UK and its empire 8198:

Playing the Game: Sport and British Society, 1914–1945

7919:

The English Seaside Resort. A social history 1750–1914

7713: 7508: 7077: 7062: 6473: 5499: 5380: 4915: 4867: 4759: 4720: 4645: 4597: 4561: 3454: 1567:. It set up the dole system that provided 39 weeks of 1227: 9174:

Birth Control, Sex, and Marriage in Britain 1918–1960

8997:; Bibliography of secondary sources, pp. 312–26. 8545:; short scholarly biographies of all the major people 8429: 8072: 7424:

Death and Bereavement Across Cultures: Second edition

6805:

Interwar Britain : a social and economic history

6657: 6455:

Speak for Britain!: A New History of the Labour Party

4927: 4831: 4747: 4735: 4708: 4672: 4660: 4609: 4573: 4495: 4471: 4411: 4387: 4351: 4327: 4231: 4183: 4135: 4111: 4075: 3967: 3943: 3870: 3834: 3822: 3810: 3747: 3569: 3557: 2350:

gives a bleak overview of the hardships of the time.

1877:

with the British and Dominion prime ministers at the

1789:

ensured that war-time structures were renewed by the

1184: 9099:

Modern England: from the 18th century to the present

8709:

Borrowed Time: The Story of Britain Between the Wars

8704:(4th ed. 2001), 704pp, a standard scholarly history. 8573:(2012), Working class district of London's East End. 8303:

Popular Reading and Publishing in Britain: 1914–1950

4546: 4519: 4483: 4459: 4423: 4399: 4339: 4291: 4279: 4243: 4195: 4171: 4003: 3979: 3955: 3931: 3882: 3846: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3254:

Missing Persons: The Impossibility of Auto/Biography

3181: 3169: 3157: 3142: 1263:

as head of a committee on national expenditure. The

11225: 8964:

A History of England, Volume 2: 1688 to the present

8875:Raymond, John (September 1960). "The Baldwin Age". 8773:

Modern England, 1885–1945 A History Of My Own Times

7420: 5871: 3137:

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2876:in 1940 that burned 5 million books in warehouses. 2415:responses in other economies: Franklin Roosevelt's 2042:

European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry

1998:At the Washington Conference Britain abandoned the 1279:The Labour Party opposed the coalition and elected 980: 9346:Making Youth: A History of Youth in Modern Britain 9085:The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750–1950 8793:British foreign policy since Versailles, 1919–1963 6130:British foreign policy since Versailles, 1919–1963 5741:Churchill and Empire: A Portrait of an Imperialist 5429:Carter, Miranda (2009). "How to keep your crown". 2178:declined to 19 million and in 1923 to 10 million. 965:regarding the exact relationship to the monarchy, 9458:Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. 9026:Great Britain: Empire and Commonwealth, 1886–1935 8843:The Development of the British Economy, 1914–1990 5356:The Transformation of British Politics, 1860–1995 5327:The Transformation of British Politics, 1860–1995 5314:The Transformation of British Politics, 1860–1995 2078: 1287: 11649: 8316:Passion's fortune: the story of Mills & Boon 1639:1931; and 11.3 million in 1939. The influential 1313:of foreign goods imported into Britain with the 1115:The Labour government officially recognised the 1078: 937:Lloyd George finally solved the crisis with the 9444:A Companion to Contemporary Britain 1939 - 2000 9131:English Women's Clothing in the Present Century 9035:(Penguin, 1984), 503pp; major scholarly history 8788:(1967), emphasis on politics and foreign policy 8688:Interwar Britain: A social and economic history 8564:Clement Attlee: The man who made modern Britain 8372: 7859: 7857: 6427:R.J. Unstead, "A Century of Change: 1837–Today" 5452:. University of London Press. pp. 91–132. 5234: 2046:The great challenge came from dictators, first 1924:in 1937, making it a republic in all but name. 1620:were "the most advanced in the world in 1939". 1315:Abnormal Importations (Customs Duties) Act 1931 9489:A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain 9426:Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939 8819: 8726:Aspects of British Political History 1914–1995 7958:All our yesterdays: 90 years of British cinema 7945:A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain 7865:A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain 6910:Samuels, Stuart (1966). "The Left Book Club". 6869:Modern Britain: An economic and social history 6831:The battle for Britain's gold standard in 1931 6318: 5734: 4986:Twentieth-Century Britain: A Political History 3928:(Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2014), p. 124. 3319: 3317: 2879:Romantic fiction was especially popular, with 2490: 1797:, where repressive measures culminated in the 1754:British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921 1547: 1219:Baldwin pleaded for "Safety First" during the 10112: 9539: 9045: 9040:Social conditions in Britain between the wars 7653:A History of Conservative Politics Since 1830 7649: 7171:. Oxford University Press. pp. 387–425. 6569: 6384: 6002:Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World 2964:(1929). The most successful play in 1929 was 1132:On 5 August the police raided the offices of 661: 330: 8741: 8658:British Foreign and Imperial Affairs 1919–39 7854: 7266:A History of English Christianity: 1920–1985 7105:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6596: 6504: 6093: 5105:A Social History of Housing : 1815–1985 5057:A Social History of Housing : 1815–1985 3594:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3330:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3067:History of the United Kingdom (1945–present) 2772:-board, which was not found in the saloons. 2530:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919 1951:interest. Britain reluctantly supported the 1630:Housing in the United Kingdom § History 886:in April 1918 led to the wipeout of the old 748:Lloyd George Coalition government: 1918-1922 29:11 November 1918 – 3 September 1939 10126: 8702:A History of English Christianity 1920–2000 8451: 8423: 8411: 8399: 8014: 7889: 7848: 7836: 7824: 7812: 7800: 6631: 5552:Britain: commonwealth and empire, 1901–1955 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 3314: 1516:. The government also introduced peacetime 1418:On 4 March 1935 the government published a 1383:, the National government launched its own 910:—to reinforce the professional police (the 700:became the main challenger to the dominant 16:Aspect of United Kingdom history, 1918–1939 10119: 10105: 9546: 9532: 9179: 9048:The Slump: Britain in the Great Depression 8990:(1966), pp. 105–316; political survey 8906: 8733:Twentieth-century Britain: an encyclopedia 7286:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 309. 7014:The economic history of Britain since 1700 6882:The Slump: Britain in the Great Depression 6701: 6690:The Slump: Britain in the Great Depression 6278:Munich, 1938: Appeasement and World War II 5790: 5182: 5180: 5172:Cassel's Companion to 20th Century Britain 4982: 3655: 2455:became extinct outside of literature. The 2155:to let to families rehoused from outdated 1723: 1112:through cuts in expenditure and taxation. 668: 654: 337: 323: 7757: 7449:The Church of England in the 20th Century 7166: 6844:An economic history of England, 1870–1939 6558:Abstract of British Historical Statistics 6438:Abstract of British Historical Statistics 6203: 6039: 5963: 5817: 5343:King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign 5269: 5009: 3396: 3356: 3223: 1824:Independence was formally granted in 1922 1589:to ensure that they were still eligible. 1120:the Soviets on 8 August; the first was a 783:and the election also saw the decline of 9392:The Journal of European Economic History 9351: 9136: 8887: 8602:The dark valley: A panorama of the 1930s 8472: 8171: 8159: 8066: 7589: 7012:Roderick Floud and D.N. McCloskey, eds. 6756: 6467: 6096:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 5943:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 75–76. 5937:John Coakley; Michael Gallagher (2010). 5608: 5537:The Oxford History of the British Empire 5367: 4954: 3527:A History of Northern Ireland: 1920–1996 2798: 2205:Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927 2034:United Kingdom and the League of Nations 1980:United Kingdom and the League of Nations 1869: 1866:Dominions control their foreign policies 1749: 1645:Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919 1536:with Poland on 25 August and passed the 1432: 1188: 1173:, the Soviet politician and head of the 1142:, for publishing a seditious article by 1082: 984: 878:in an attempt to settle the outstanding 751: 9486: 8962:Roberts, Clayton and David F. Roberts. 8874: 8855: 8538:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 8475:Classes and Cultures: England 1918-1951 8117: 7656:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 129–30. 7102:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7025: 6979: 6909: 6349: 5909: 5744:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 179–92. 5190:, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Winter 2011), p. 203. 5177: 5068: 3591:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3514:The Irish question and British politics 3327:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2697:was closely allied with Prime Minister 2465:Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 1959:, thought it was too harsh on Germany. 1955:, although many experts, most famously 1193:1929 Conservative poster attacking the 1100:Housing (Financial Provisions) Act 1924 11650: 9389: 9301: 9229: 9105:widely recommended university textbook 9064: 8943: 8683:(2010), 853 pp; popular social history 8616:Social Conditions in Britain 1918–1939 8593:Branson, Noreen and Margot Heinemann. 8510: 8274: 8247: 8209: 7719: 7554: 7521: 7487: 7460: 7393: 7306: 7277: 7220: 7167:Iremonger, Frederic Athelwold (1948). 7086: 7071: 6479: 5844: 5686:International Journal of Hindu Studies 5683: 5656: 5480: 5428: 5386: 5148: 4989:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 122. 4921: 4897: 4873: 4849: 4825: 4813: 4789: 4765: 4729: 4690: 4654: 4627: 4603: 4591: 4567: 4540: 4513: 4501: 4477: 4453: 4417: 4393: 4381: 4357: 4333: 4309: 4273: 4261: 4237: 4213: 4189: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4081: 4057: 4033: 4021: 3997: 3973: 3949: 3912: 3876: 3864: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3753: 3715: 3704:Parties and people: England, 1914–1951 3620: 3575: 3563: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3072:History of women in the United Kingdom 2563:Divorce and the abdication of the King 2434: 2254:Great Depression in the United Kingdom 1826:, though it continued to be a British 814: 11224: 10100: 9553: 9527: 9483:(2 vol 2003), 1610 pp, historiography 9441: 9046:Stevenson, John; Cook, Chris (2009). 9042:(1977), 295pp. short scholarly survey 8550:Churchill on the home front 1900–1955 8491: 8435: 8090: 8078: 8054: 7995: 7901:Noreen Branson and Margot Heinemann, 7557:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 7349: 7131: 6952: 6855: 6791: 6744: 6663: 6319:Garside, W.R.; Greaves, J.I. (1997). 6238: 6168: 6141: 6066: 5447: 5199: 4948: 4933: 4909: 4885: 4861: 4837: 4801: 4777: 4753: 4741: 4714: 4702: 4678: 4666: 4639: 4615: 4579: 4555: 4528: 4489: 4465: 4441: 4429: 4405: 4369: 4345: 4321: 4297: 4285: 4249: 4225: 4201: 4177: 4105: 4093: 4069: 4045: 4009: 3985: 3961: 3937: 3900: 3888: 3852: 3804: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3538: 3460: 3250: 2583:forced to abdicate the throne in 1936 2524:Book of Common Prayer (1928, England) 2517: 2300: 821:Representation of the People Act 1918 771:produced a landslide victory for the 712:, especially mining districts and in 9466:; full coverage for major countries. 9372: 9265: 9208: 9109: 8852:(2009), popular history by a scholar 8609:The British Economy between the Wars 8452:Graves, Robert; Hodge, Alan (1940). 7614: 7098: 6994:from the original on 8 November 2017 6532: 6325:Journal of European Economic History 3623:British Journal of Political Science 3277: 3100: 3062:Historiography of the United Kingdom 3016:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe 2803:Film director Alfred Hitchcock, 1955 1734:Historiography of the British Empire 1634:Public housing in the United Kingdom 1371:In response to the breakdown of the 1075:formed the first Labour government. 742: 10061:History of the Mediterranean region 9435: 8744:European Review of Economic History 8651:War and Progress: Britain 1914–1945 8494:Britain Between the Wars, 1918–1940 8212:A Social History of English Cricket 6818:War and progress: Britain 1914–1945 5940:Politics in the Republic of Ireland 3323: 3025:series. Tolkien went on to publish 2794: 2754: 2270: 2247: 2117: 2050:of Italy from 1923, then from 1933 1538:Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939 1228:Second Labour government: 1929-1931 710:long-term unemployment and hardship 13: 9418: 8604:(Knopf, 2000) pp 175–202, 604–632. 8530: 7971:British Cinema: A Critical History 7693:James Curran; Jean Seaton (2009). 7475:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2000.tb00449.x 5859:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1980.tb02082.x 5611:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 5539:: Volume IV: The Twentieth Century 5415:pp. 33, 141, 510, 517; John Gore, 5249:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1985.tb00377.x 3082:Women in World War I#Great Britain 3001:in 1937. Lewis went on to publish 2384:(costing £135 by 1930) and smoked 2089:Diplomatic history of World War II 1552:Two major programmes dealing with 1470:Special Areas (Amendment) Act 1937 1331:British Empire Economic Conference 1185:Conservative government: 1924-1929 1041:depicts the gloomy national mood: 146:History of the United Kingdom 14: 11679: 9506: 9481:Reader's Guide to British History 9414:(Routledge, 2020) pp. 37–51. 9373:Ward, Stephanie (December 2013). 9337:Szreter, Simon, and Kate Fisher. 9087:(3 vol. 1992), essays by scholars 8764:Britain's Locust Years: 1918–1940 8277:Twentieth Century British History 8093:Twentieth Century British History 7617:Twentieth Century British History 7016:(2nd ed. 1994) vol 2 pp. 291–414. 6069:Twentieth Century British History 3359:Twentieth Century British History 2353: 1927: 1652:steady for the next two decades. 957:. Meanwhile, the Unionists under 10046:Bibliography of European history 9641:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 9280:10.2752/147800414X13983595303435 8988:Post-Victorian Britain 1902–1951 8775:(4th ed. 1949) pp. 418–547 8623:British Social Policy, 1914–1939 8595:Britain in the Nineteen Thirties 8588:Britain in the Nineteen Twenties 8366: 8350: 8334: 8321: 8308: 8295: 8268: 8241: 8228: 8203: 8190: 8177: 8111: 8084: 8035: 8017:The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 8008: 7989: 7976: 7963: 7950: 7937: 7924: 7908: 7895: 7870: 7751: 7738: 7725: 7686: 7670: 7643: 7608: 7595: 7548: 7502:10.1111/j.1467-9809.2010.00905.x 7481: 7454: 7441: 7414: 7387: 7378: 7343: 7300: 7280:"Methodism in England 1900–1932" 7271: 7258: 7249: 7214: 7205: 7192: 7183: 7160: 7125: 7092: 7019: 7006: 6973: 6946: 6903: 6887: 6874: 6861: 6836: 6823: 6810: 6797: 6750: 6695: 6682: 6669: 6637: 6590: 6563: 6550: 6526: 6498: 6485: 6443: 6430: 6421: 6378: 6343: 6312: 6299: 6283: 6267: 6232: 6197: 6162: 6135: 6122: 6087: 6060: 6033: 6020: 6007: 5991: 5957: 5930: 5903: 5865: 5838: 5811: 5784: 5771: 5758: 5728: 5677: 5650: 5637: 5602: 5597:The Statute of Westminster, 1931 5586: 5573: 5557: 5544: 5521: 5493: 5474: 5441: 5422: 5405: 5392: 5361: 5348: 5332: 5319: 5303: 5298:King George V: A Personal Memoir 5290: 5263: 5228: 5193: 5161: 5142: 5137:Britain in the Nineteen Twenties 5126: 5110: 5097: 5062: 5046: 5003: 4976: 3742:British foreign policy 1919–1939 3587: 3449:Anglo-Irish Relations: 1798–1922 3238:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2010.00237.x 2705:in 1938. Candid news reports by 2693:of Hitler's demands. Its editor 2441:Chinese communities in Liverpool 2282:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 2208:nationalised the mines in 1947. 1670: 1140:Communist Party of Great Britain 1138:, the official newspaper of the 981:Period of instability: 1922-1924 628:Political history (1979–present) 306: 152: 117: 104: 11227:Countries of the United Kingdom 10327:Countries of the United Kingdom 10071:History of Western civilization 9674:Christianity in the Middle Ages 9428:(HMSO, 1946), primary sources; 8909:Journal of Contemporary History 8686:Glynn, Sean and John Oxborrow, 8668:The Life of Neville Chamberlain 8515:. Oxford University Press, UK. 8118:Huggins, Mike (December 2007). 7960:(British Film Institute, 1986). 7760:Journal of Contemporary History 7200:Methodism: Empire of the Spirit 6912:Journal of Contemporary History 6880:John Stevenson and Chris Cook, 6704:Journal of Contemporary History 6688:John Stevenson and Chris Cook, 6572:The Agricultural History Review 6387:The Journal of Economic History 6171:Journal of Contemporary History 5892:from the original on 2019-12-18 4983:Rubinstein, William D. (2017). 4973:(London: Pimlico, 1994), p. 33. 3918: 3734: 3721: 3696: 3649: 3614: 3581: 3544: 3519: 3506: 3479: 3466: 3441: 3390: 3377: 3350: 3271: 3244: 2816:, an expatriate Hungarian, and 2760:working-class and middle-class 2581:King Edward VIII therefore was 2376:("never miss a day"), drove to 2309:Doomsayers on the left such as 1907:British Commonwealth of Nations 1585:) required them to undergo the 1563:expanded the provisions of the 1561:Unemployment Insurance Act 1920 1524:. After Germany entered into a 1504:. On 15 March 1939 the Germans 1411:through the League of Nations. 1348:The government also passed the 941:which partitioned Ireland into 10322:Counties of the United Kingdom 9915:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 9858:Christianity in the modern era 9629:Christianity in late antiquity 8786:Contemporary England 1914–1964 8766:(1962), 298pp; political focus 8458:. W. W. Norton & Company. 7309:History of Education Quarterly 7223:The American Historical Review 6980:Brendon, Piers (5 July 2008). 6803:Sean Glynn and John Oxborrow, 6536:(2006). "The General Strike". 6493:Contemporary England 1914–1964 5824:. Macmillan. pp. 360–96. 5581:Contemporary England 1914–1964 3217: 3129: 3115:10.1080/00324728.1963.10405759 3094: 2921:All Quiet on the Western Front 2548:Evangelicals inside the Church 2079:Coming of the Second World War 1592:Neville Chamberlain abolished 1288:National government: 1931-1939 1169:", which purported to be from 963:disputes sputtered for decades 939:Government of Ireland Act 1920 1: 10066:History of the European Union 9513:"Britain 1919 to the present" 9424:Medlicott, W. N. et al. eds. 9316:10.1080/13619462.2020.1779067 9244:10.1080/13619462.2020.1780125 8946:George V: Never a Dull Moment 8120:"BBC Radio and Sport 1922–39" 7932:Leisure in Britain, 1780–1939 4384:, pp. 322, 324, 328–329. 2748:The Times Literary Supplement 2620: 2469:women were paid less than men 1579:Unemployment Assistance Board 1148:Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 1146:, who was arrested under the 1079:First Labour government: 1924 633:Social history (1979–present) 418: 405: 391: 378: 100: 11094:Universal basic income (UBI) 9487:Wrigley, Chris, ed. (2009). 9304:Contemporary British History 9232:Contemporary British History 8966:(2013) university textbook; 8681:The 30s: An Intimate History 8492:Mowat, Charles Loch (1955). 8127:Contemporary British History 7490:Journal of Religious History 7119:UK public library membership 7028:Journal of Political Economy 6858:, pp. 366–368, 415–416. 6352:Journal of Transport History 6309:(1965) p 176, quote on p 317 6144:Journal of Strategic Studies 5872:Simone Panter-Brick (2012). 4780:, pp. 590–591, 625–630. 3608:UK public library membership 3344:UK public library membership 3043:series. (See the article on 3007:in 1938 to start his famous 2931:Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man 2911:The Case of Sergeant Grischa 2425:Social Democratic government 2138:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1812:Government of India Act 1935 1783:Government of India Act 1919 1520:for the first time with the 1448:wanted to marry a divorcée, 601:Post-war Britain (political) 7: 11668:1930s in the United Kingdom 11663:1920s in the United Kingdom 11099:Water supply and sanitation 10798:Weapons of mass destruction 10783:His Majesty's Naval Service 10025:Russian invasion of Ukraine 9636:Crisis of the Third Century 9348:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2016). 9268:Cultural and Social History 9129:Cunnington, Cecil Willett. 9069:. Oxford University Press. 9065:Taylor, Alan J. P. (1978). 9016:The Reign of King George V, 9009:National Government 1931–40 8860:. Oxford University Press. 8856:Ramsden, John, ed. (2002). 8735:(Peter Lang, 2002); 910pp. 8477:. Oxford University Press. 6867:Sean Glynn and Alan Booth, 6759:The Economic History Review 6599:The Economic History Review 6017:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2001). 5878:. I.B.Tauris. p. 165. 5237:The Economic History Review 3656:Williamson, Philip (2004). 3292:10.1080/0307102042000337297 3050: 2837:Sport in the United Kingdom 2491:Slow decline in religiosity 2474: 1993:Washington Naval Conference 1903:Balfour Declaration of 1926 1760:Statute of Westminster 1931 1565:National Insurance Act 1911 1548:Expanding the welfare state 1532:, the government signed an 1452:. The king was head of the 1391:of February 1933, when the 1272:with the Conservatives and 1104:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1048:Imperial Conference of 1923 704:throughout the period. The 214:Post-war period (political) 10: 11684: 11194:Stereotypes of the British 10081:Military history of Europe 10076:Maritime history of Europe 9067:English History, 1914-1945 8921:10.1177/002200946900400401 8583:(Faber & Faber, 2014). 8445: 7878:The English pub: a history 7772:10.1177/002200949202700302 7427:. Routledge. p. 221. 6967:10.1179/007817202790180576 6924:10.1177/002200946600100204 6884:(3rd ed. 1994) pp. 64–115. 6871:(1996) pp. 118–24, 138–40. 6716:10.1177/002200946900400401 6307:English History, 1914–1945 6206:Journal of British Studies 6042:Diplomacy & Statecraft 5797:. SUNY Press. p. 82. 5059:(2nd ed. 1986) pp. 222–26. 3251:Evans, Mary (2002-09-11). 3034:The Fellowship of the Ring 2857: 2834: 2701:, and pushed hard for the 2521: 2419:in the United States, the 2251: 2166: 2082: 2031: 1977: 1931: 1740:League of Nations mandates 1727: 1674: 1627: 1623: 1522:Military Training Act 1939 1483:Holidays with Pay Act 1938 1232:The government passed the 971:British use of naval ports 856: 825:universal manhood suffrage 224:Modern history (political) 11609: 11510: 11411: 11359:First Minister and deputy 11324: 11237: 11233: 11220: 11216: 11117: 10957: 10948: 10906: 10823: 10814: 10773: 10714: 10583: 10579: 10570: 10432: 10360: 10312: 10308: 10299: 10232: 10144: 10135: 10051:Genetic history of Europe 10033: 9838: 9654: 9594: 9561: 8716:Modern England, 1901–1984 8513:English History 1914–1945 8511:Taylor, A. J. P. (1965). 8139:10.1080/13619460601060512 8029:10.1093/leobaeck/37.1.517 7699:. Routledge. p. 72. 7569:10.1017/S002204690000258X 7364:10.1080/00467601003749406 7146:10.1080/13507480020033491 6399:10.1017/S0022050705000318 6156:10.1080/01402399608437643 6054:10.1080/09592299308405895 5698:10.1007/s11407-014-9165-7 5284:10.1080/00076798700000057 5214:10.1080/00076790701785581 5083:10.1017/S0047279400003184 5032:10.1080/02665430210129324 4864:, pp. 630, 637, 639. 4516:, pp. 362, 366, 375. 3729:Modern England: 1885–1945 3674:10.1017/S0018246X03003546 3635:10.1017/S0007123405000244 3516:(2nd ed. 1996) pp. 58–76. 3487:Review of Leeson, D. M., 3411:10.1017/S0018246X12000234 2830: 2632:and, to a lesser extent, 2397:Politicians and the Slump 2162: 1691:Irish war of independence 1602:Local Government Act 1929 1540:. On 1 September Germany 1333:led to a limited form of 1249:Wall Street Crash of 1929 924:Irish War of Independence 611:Post-war Britain (social) 537: 515: 501: 489: 477: 455: 313:United Kingdom portal 113: 103: 95: 59: 33: 28: 23: 10987:Environmental inequality 9519:Primary source documents 9379:The Welsh History Review 9169:(1979) pp. 345–387. 9083:Thompson, F. M. L., ed. 9033:British society, 1914–45 8888:Reynolds, David (2000). 8731:Leventhal, Fred M., ed. 8631:American Economic Review 8552:(1992), pp. 199–35. 8379:. Abc-Clio. p. 74. 8373:M. Keith Booker (2014). 7400:. Zondervan. p. 8. 6183:10.1177/0022009412461814 5071:Journal of Social Policy 4594:, pp. 368–369, 382. 3493:H-Empire, H-Net Reviews. 3214:, pp. 183, 187–188. 3087: 3022:The Chronicles of Narnia 3004:Out of the Silent Planet 2863:paperback, pioneered by 2677:(1886–1971), son of the 2570:Archbishop of Canterbury 2423:in New Zealand, and the 2142:put Britain back on the 2054:of a much more powerful 2027: 1973: 1899:1926 Imperial Conference 1895:1923 Imperial Conference 1879:1926 Imperial Conference 1771:Indian National Congress 1608:scheme, which gave them 1572:unemployment. Historian 1026:general election of 1935 967:a trade war in the 1930s 912:Royal Irish Constabulary 219:Post-war period (social) 10056:History of Christianity 9442:Jones, Harriet (2008). 8820:Overy, Richard (2010). 8566:(2017) pp. 95–218. 8473:McKibbin, Ross (2000). 8424:Graves & Hodge 1940 8412:Graves & Hodge 1940 8400:Graves & Hodge 1940 8357:Ernest Sackville Turner 7890:Graves & Hodge 1940 7849:Graves & Hodge 1940 7837:Graves & Hodge 1940 7825:Graves & Hodge 1940 7813:Graves & Hodge 1940 7801:Graves & Hodge 1940 6675:Branson and Heinemann, 6632:Graves & Hodge 1940 6611:10.1111/1468-0289.00046 5515:10.1111/1468-2281.12108 3385:The Rising: Easter 1916 3047:for more information.) 2215: 1724:Commonwealth and Empire 1506:occupied Czechoslovakia 1397:Fulham East by-election 1389:King and Country debate 1175:Communist International 884:conscription to Ireland 279:History of the monarchy 229:Modern history (social) 10873:Science and technology 9880:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 9294:Partington, Geoffrey. 9258:Kent, Susan Kingsley. 9119:(Pandora Press, 1989). 8714:Havighurst, Alfred F. 8614:Constantine, Stephen. 8611:(Basil Blackwell 1986) 8210:Birley, Derek (2013). 7650:John Charmley (2008). 7532:10.4324/978131408507-8 7394:Wright, N. T. (2008). 7278:Turner, J. M. (2017). 7111:10.1093/ref:odnb/36454 6508:The Historical Journal 3662:The Historical Journal 3600:10.1093/ref:odnb/30550 3399:The Historical Journal 3336:10.1093/ref:odnb/33369 2804: 2689:. The paper advocated 2347:The Road to Wigan Pier 2085:Causes of World War II 2067:were dropped in 1936. 1948:Paris Peace Conference 1944:Khaki Election of 1918 1911:Statute of Westminster 1881: 1755: 1738:After taking over the 1704:Royal Christmas speech 1441: 1373:Disarmament Conference 1350:Special Areas Act 1934 1197: 1129:grotesque agreement". 1095: 1060: 997: 764: 10850:Free trade agreements 9960:Industrial Revolution 9341:(Cambridge UP, 2010). 9262:(Princeton UP, 2019). 8944:Ridley, Jane (2022). 8838:; about intellectuals 8779:, Political narrative 8720:online free to borrow 7998:The Velvet Light Trap 7463:Parliamentary History 5413:King George the Fifth 5012:Planning Perspectives 3731:(4th ed. 1948) p. 517 3226:Parliamentary History 3040:The Lord of the Rings 3037:in 1954 to start his 3019:in 1950 to start his 2802: 2789:fancied their pigeons 2539:Book of Common Prayer 2374:Kellogg's Corn Flakes 2188:Trades Union Congress 2167:Further information: 2083:Further information: 2032:Further information: 1978:Further information: 1932:Further information: 1873: 1753: 1728:Further information: 1628:Further information: 1583:Unemployment Act 1934 1569:unemployment benefits 1436: 1221:1929 general election 1192: 1086: 1043: 1002:Lloyd George ministry 988: 916:Irish Republican Army 888:Irish Home Rule Party 880:Home Rule for Ireland 823:finally gave Britain 769:1918 general election 755: 11199:World Heritage Sites 10992:Environmental issues 10696:Female party leaders 10337:Overseas territories 10015:European debt crisis 10010:European integration 9950:Age of Enlightenment 9790:Republic of Florence 9412:Consuming Behaviours 9092:Britain in the 1930s 8643:10.1257/aer.20172020 8402:, pp. 216, 265. 7903:Britain in the 1930s 7867:(2008): pp. 453–469. 7384:McKibben pp. 280–90. 7352:History of Education 7255:McKibben pp. 284–85. 6677:Britain in the 1930s 6652:Britain in the 1930s 5671:10.1093/pastj/gtw037 4888:, pp. 630, 640. 4852:, pp. 440, 442. 4543:, pp. 362, 367. 4276:, pp. 293, 295. 4228:, pp. 383, 392. 4216:, pp. 288, 291. 4108:, pp. 351, 353. 4096:, pp. 284, 331. 4036:, pp. 227, 236. 3371:10.1093/tcbh/10.1.27 2998:The Allegory of Love 2961:Good-Bye to All That 2916:Erich Maria Remarque 2681:(1849–1919), bought 2595:Edward's biographer 2230:Milk Marketing Board 2072:Treaty of Versailles 2015:Carlton Club meeting 1953:Treaty of Versailles 1938:Treaty of Versailles 1641:Tudor Walters Report 1385:rearmament programme 1126:most favoured nation 1006:Carlton Club meeting 791:and the rise of the 773:coalition government 690:Partition of Ireland 9980:Revolutions of 1848 9910:Early modern France 9691:Anglo-Saxon England 9596:Classical antiquity 9491:. Wiley-Blackwell. 9479:Loades, David, ed. 9446:. 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In February 1932 1306:reduced to 52 MPs. 1270:National government 1234:Coal Mines Act 1930 1110:balanced the budget 1022:National Government 975:Republic of Ireland 874:called the 1917–18 815:Enlarging democracy 373:Prehistoric Britain 87:Neville Chamberlain 10893:Telecommunications 10845:Economic geography 10701:Political scandals 10332:Crown Dependencies 10086:Crusading movement 9990:Russian Revolution 9825:Hundred Years' War 9721:Maritime republics 9624:Early Christianity 9614:Hellenistic period 9571:Paleolithic Europe 9344:Tebbutt, Melanie. 9126:(Oxford UP, 2004). 9004:(Macmillan, 1967). 8983:(Oxford UP, 2017). 8805:Napper, Lawrence. 8770:Marriott, J. A. R. 8762:McElwee, William. 8700:Hastings, Adrian. 8697:(Routledge, 2017). 8653:(Routledge, 2014). 8618:(Routledge, 2006). 8569:Bird, Samantha L. 7982:Jeffrey Richards, 7905:(1971) pp. 269–70. 7526:. pp. 38–69. 6846:(2005) pp. 325-33. 6842:William Ashworth, 6679:(1971) pp. 202–20. 6654:(1971) pp. 241–42. 6081:10.1093/tcbh/6.1.1 5998:Margaret MacMillan 5818:Tom Segev (2001). 5781:(1999) pp. 421–46. 5659:Past & Present 5402:(1984) pp. 237–40. 5139:(1976) pp. 103–17. 5107:(1986) pp. 226-34. 4792:, p. 408-409. 3552:Ireland: 1912–1985 3541:, pp. 79–108. 3525:Thomas Hennessey, 3500:2018-09-20 at the 3474:Ireland: 1912–1985 3451:(2003) pp. 98–109. 3383:Fearghal McGarry, 3103:Population Studies 2805: 2687:Northcliffe estate 2679:1st Viscount Astor 2518:Prayer Book crisis 2500:reported in 1943: 2445:East End of London 2443:, Swansea and the 2401:David Lloyd George 2370:three-piece suites 2301:Organised protests 2022:Austen Chamberlain 2000:Two power standard 1882: 1756: 1665:building societies 1598:board of guardians 1442: 1327:Import Duties Bill 1198: 1096: 1062:The result of the 998: 951:Anglo-Irish Treaty 872:David Lloyd George 777:David Lloyd George 765: 757:David Lloyd George 718:North West England 702:Conservative Party 696:collapsed and the 67:David Lloyd George 11645: 11644: 11605: 11604: 11601: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11212: 11211: 10944: 10943: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10691:Political parties 10615:Foreign relations 10566: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10295: 10294: 10272:Mass surveillance 10250:Foreign relations 10183:Second World War 10094: 10093: 10020:COVID-19 pandemic 9965:French Revolution 9940:Habsburg monarchy 9920:Cossack Hetmanate 9900:Portuguese Empire 9890:Absolute monarchy 9885:Thirty Years' War 9780:Holy Roman Empire 9705:Bulgarian Empire 9664:Early Middle Ages 9581:Bronze Age Europe 9555:History of Europe 9498:978-1-4051-8999-6 9334:(Springer, 2015). 9122:Bingham, Adrian. 9115:Beddoe, Deirdre. 9110:Gender and family 9076:978-0-19-821715-2 9057:978-1-4082-3010-7 9038:Stevenson, John. 9031:Stevenson, John. 8986:Seaman, L. C. B. 8955:978-0-06-256749-9 8899:978-0-582-38249-7 8867:978-0-19-860134-0 8841:Pollard, Sidney. 8812:Northedge, F. S. 8791:Medlicott, W. N. 8728:(1996), textbook. 8707:Hattersley, Roy. 8693:Greaves, Julian. 8607:Broadberry S. N. 8586:Branson, Noreen. 8522:978-0-19-150129-6 8503:978-0-416-29510-8 8484:978-0-19-820855-6 8465:978-0-393-31136-5 8221:978-1-78131-176-9 7839:, pp. 59–60. 7827:, pp. 57–60. 7815:, pp. 56–57. 7541:978-1-315-40850-7 7434:978-1-317-52092-4 7407:978-0-06-155182-6 7293:978-1-5326-3050-7 7268:(1986) pp. 264–72 7264:Adrian Hastings, 7117:(Subscription or 6807:(1976) pp. 67–73. 6560:(1962) pp. 116–17 6491:W. N. Medlicott, 6458:(2011) pp. 100–27 6132:(1968). pp. 18-31 5966:Queen's Quarterly 5643:Amales Tripathi, 5579:W. N. 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Marriott 763:during 1916–1922. 743:Political history 678: 677: 619: 618: 400:Sub-Roman Britain 347: 346: 264:Mass surveillance 129: 128: 125: 124: 11675: 11658:Interwar Britain 11625: 11618: 11326:Northern Ireland 11235: 11234: 11222: 11221: 11218: 11217: 10955: 10954: 10868: 10821: 10820: 10679:House of Commons 10647:Local government 10581: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10487:Renewable energy 10472:hydroelectricity 10310: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10142: 10141: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10098: 10097: 9955:Great Divergence 9870:Age of Discovery 9815:Late Middle Ages 9785:High Middle Ages 9696:Byzantine Empire 9679:Christianization 9669:Migration Period 9604:Classical Greece 9576:Neolithic Europe 9548: 9541: 9534: 9525: 9524: 9502: 9455: 9407: 9386: 9369: 9327: 9291: 9255: 9226: 9205: 9162: 9094:(Blackwell 1992) 9080: 9061: 9014:Somervell, D.C. 8959: 8940: 8903: 8884: 8871: 8837: 8783:Medlicott, W. N. 8759: 8724:Lee, Stephen J. 8677:Gardiner, Juliet 8646: 8600:Brendon, Piers. 8526: 8507: 8488: 8469: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8390: 8370: 8364: 8354: 8348: 8338: 8332: 8325: 8319: 8314:Joseph McAleer, 8312: 8306: 8301:Joseph McAleer, 8299: 8293: 8292: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8262:10.1108/eb012677 8245: 8239: 8232: 8226: 8225: 8207: 8201: 8194: 8188: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8124: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8012: 8006: 8005: 7993: 7987: 7980: 7974: 7967: 7961: 7954: 7948: 7941: 7935: 7930:John K. Walton, 7928: 7922: 7912: 7906: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7874: 7868: 7861: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7755: 7749: 7742: 7736: 7735:(1984) 2:516–17. 7729: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7690: 7684: 7683:(1984) 2:471–73. 7674: 7668: 7667: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7612: 7606: 7603:King Edward VIII 7601:Philip Ziegler, 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7515: 7506: 7505: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7458: 7452: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7391: 7385: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7275: 7269: 7262: 7256: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7218: 7212: 7209: 7203: 7196: 7190: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7114: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7075: 7069: 7060: 7059: 7023: 7017: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6955:Northern History 6950: 6944: 6943: 6907: 6901: 6891: 6885: 6878: 6872: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6840: 6834: 6827: 6821: 6814: 6808: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6699: 6693: 6686: 6680: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6648:Margot Heinemann 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6567: 6561: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6514:(4): 1001–1012. 6502: 6496: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6447: 6441: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6316: 6310: 6303: 6297: 6287: 6281: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6139: 6133: 6128:W.N. Medlicott, 6126: 6120: 6119: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6037: 6031: 6024: 6018: 6011: 6005: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5815: 5809: 5808: 5788: 5782: 5775: 5769: 5764:Andrew Muldoon, 5762: 5756: 5755: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5606: 5600: 5590: 5584: 5577: 5571: 5561: 5555: 5548: 5542: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5509:(243): 158–175. 5497: 5491: 5490: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5426: 5420: 5409: 5403: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5365: 5359: 5354:Brian Harrison, 5352: 5346: 5336: 5330: 5325:Brian Harrison, 5323: 5317: 5307: 5301: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5272:Business History 5267: 5261: 5260: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5202:Business History 5197: 5191: 5184: 5175: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5146: 5140: 5130: 5124: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5066: 5060: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4980: 4974: 4971:The Road to 1945 4967: 4952: 4946: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3924:Victor Madeira, 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3738: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3603: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3523: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3483: 3477: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3394: 3388: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3339: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3140: 3135:Arthur Marwick, 3133: 3127: 3126: 3098: 3077:Roaring Twenties 3028:On Fairy-Stories 3013:, and published 2983:J. R. R. Tolkien 2818:Alfred Hitchcock 2795:Cinema and radio 2755:Expanded leisure 2703:Munich Agreement 2675:John Jacob Astor 2659:(1879–1954) and 2461:infant mortality 2449:regional accents 2393:Robert Skidelsky 2271:Worldwide crisis 2260:Great Depression 2248:Great Depression 2226:Seebohm Rowntree 2173:During the war, 2118:Economic history 2100:Munich Agreement 2048:Benito Mussolini 1986:Locarno treaties 1922:new constitution 1856:revolted in 1936 1779:Jawaharlal Nehru 1712:H. C. G. Matthew 1610:sickness benefit 1606:health insurance 1581:(enacted by the 1494:Munich Agreement 1424:general election 1375:and accelerated 1303:general election 1281:Arthur Henderson 1253:Great Depression 1238:Housing Act 1930 1202:Locarno Treaties 1171:Grigory Zinoviev 1157:general election 1088:Ramsay MacDonald 1073:Ramsay MacDonald 1014:general election 955:Irish Free State 947:Northern Ireland 943:Southern Ireland 876:Irish Convention 851:Ramsay MacDonald 733:women's suffrage 706:Great Depression 670: 663: 656: 591:Second World War 581:Interwar Britain 420: 407: 393: 380: 369: 368: 349: 348: 339: 332: 325: 311: 310: 309: 289:Military history 249:Economic history 209:Second World War 194:Edwardian period 189:Victorian period 156: 131: 130: 121: 115:Second World War 108: 101: 82:Ramsay MacDonald 24:Interwar Britain 21: 20: 11683: 11682: 11678: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11673: 11672: 11648: 11647: 11646: 11641: 11628: 11621: 11614: 11593: 11506: 11407: 11320: 11229: 11208: 11113: 11069:Public holidays 11049:Life expectancy 10940: 10902: 10882:London Exchange 10878:Stock exchanges 10866: 10865:Pound sterling 10833:Bank of England 10802: 10793:Royal Air Force 10769: 10710: 10642:Law enforcement 10558: 10467:hydraulic frac. 10428: 10409:Lakes and lochs 10356: 10352:Former colonies 10291: 10287:Women's history 10262:Law enforcement 10228: 10174:First World War 10131: 10125: 10095: 10090: 10029: 9995:Interwar period 9970:Napoleonic Wars 9834: 9805:Mongol invasion 9758:Crown of Aragon 9650: 9590: 9586:Iron Age Europe 9557: 9552: 9509: 9499: 9438: 9421: 9419:Primary sources 9194:10.2307/2345145 9151:10.2307/4048398 9112: 9077: 9058: 8972:Rose, Kenneth. 8956: 8900: 8868: 8845:(4th ed. 1991). 8834: 8718:(2nd ed. 1987) 8548:Addison, Paul. 8533: 8531:Further reading 8523: 8504: 8485: 8466: 8448: 8443: 8442: 8434: 8430: 8422: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8387: 8371: 8367: 8363:(3rd ed. 1975). 8355: 8351: 8339: 8335: 8327:Nicola Humble, 8326: 8322: 8313: 8309: 8300: 8296: 8273: 8269: 8246: 8242: 8233: 8229: 8222: 8214:. Aurum Press. 8208: 8204: 8195: 8191: 8182: 8178: 8170: 8166: 8158: 8154: 8122: 8116: 8112: 8089: 8085: 8077: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8053: 8049: 8040: 8036: 8013: 8009: 7994: 7990: 7981: 7977: 7968: 7964: 7955: 7951: 7942: 7938: 7929: 7925: 7913: 7909: 7900: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7875: 7871: 7862: 7855: 7847: 7843: 7835: 7831: 7823: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7756: 7752: 7743: 7739: 7730: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7691: 7687: 7677:Stephen E. Koss 7675: 7671: 7664: 7648: 7644: 7613: 7609: 7600: 7596: 7588: 7584: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7516: 7509: 7486: 7482: 7459: 7455: 7446: 7442: 7435: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7392: 7388: 7383: 7379: 7348: 7344: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7276: 7272: 7263: 7259: 7254: 7250: 7235:10.2307/1849549 7219: 7215: 7211:McKibben p. 282 7210: 7206: 7198:David Hempton, 7197: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7165: 7161: 7130: 7126: 7116: 7097: 7093: 7085: 7078: 7070: 7063: 7024: 7020: 7011: 7007: 6997: 6995: 6987:TheGuardian.com 6978: 6974: 6951: 6947: 6908: 6904: 6898:Twilight Years, 6892: 6888: 6879: 6875: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6841: 6837: 6829:Diane B. Kunz, 6828: 6824: 6815: 6811: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6771:10.2307/2592922 6755: 6751: 6743: 6739: 6700: 6696: 6687: 6683: 6674: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6595: 6591: 6568: 6564: 6556:B.R. Mitchell, 6555: 6551: 6531: 6527: 6503: 6499: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6448: 6444: 6436:B.R. Mitchell, 6435: 6431: 6426: 6422: 6383: 6379: 6348: 6344: 6317: 6313: 6305:A.J.P. Taylor, 6304: 6300: 6288: 6284: 6272: 6268: 6253:10.2307/4049797 6237: 6233: 6202: 6198: 6167: 6163: 6140: 6136: 6127: 6123: 6108:10.2307/1889320 6092: 6088: 6065: 6061: 6038: 6034: 6025: 6021: 6013:Antony Lentin, 6012: 6008: 5996: 5992: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5935: 5931: 5908: 5904: 5895: 5893: 5886: 5870: 5866: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5789: 5785: 5776: 5772: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5733: 5729: 5682: 5678: 5655: 5651: 5642: 5638: 5623:10.2307/1879563 5607: 5603: 5591: 5587: 5583:(1967), 272–31 5578: 5574: 5562: 5558: 5549: 5545: 5532:Wm. Roger Louis 5528:Judith M. Brown 5526: 5522: 5498: 5494: 5483:Local Historian 5479: 5475: 5460: 5450:The Family Firm 5446: 5442: 5427: 5423: 5410: 5406: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5366: 5362: 5353: 5349: 5339:Harold Nicolson 5337: 5333: 5324: 5320: 5308: 5304: 5295: 5291: 5268: 5264: 5233: 5229: 5198: 5194: 5185: 5178: 5166: 5162: 5151:Local Historian 5147: 5143: 5131: 5127: 5115: 5111: 5102: 5098: 5067: 5063: 5051: 5047: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4981: 4977: 4968: 4955: 4947: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3744:(1998) p. 75–76 3740:Paul W. Doerr, 3739: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702:Ross McKibbin, 3701: 3697: 3654: 3650: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3554:(1989), ch 2-3. 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3507: 3502:Wayback Machine 3484: 3480: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3446: 3442: 3395: 3391: 3382: 3378: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3322: 3315: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3249: 3245: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3057:English society 3053: 2981:began to meet. 2951:Death of a Hero 2891:The Dandy Comic 2874:Paternoster Row 2860: 2839: 2833: 2814:Alexander Korda 2797: 2757: 2695:Geoffrey Dawson 2623: 2578:Stanley Baldwin 2565: 2526: 2520: 2493: 2477: 2437: 2409:interventionist 2407:, and the more 2356: 2303: 2273: 2256: 2250: 2241:halfpenny a day 2218: 2171: 2165: 2125:A. J. P. Taylor 2120: 2091: 2081: 2062:(1936–39). The 2044: 2030: 1982: 1976: 1940: 1930: 1868: 1736: 1726: 1695:A. J. P. Taylor 1679: 1673: 1636: 1626: 1618:social services 1594:poor law unions 1550: 1464:On 28 May 1937 1290: 1251:ushered in the 1242:slum clearances 1230: 1210:social services 1187: 1167:Zinoviev letter 1165:published the " 1135:Workers' Weekly 1081: 1018:Stanley Baldwin 1008:of 19 October. 990:Stanley Baldwin 983: 932:Éamon de Valera 928:Irish Civil War 920:Michael Collins 859: 847:Stanley Baldwin 817: 750: 745: 686:interwar period 674: 638: 637: 624: 571:First World War 366: 357:English history 343: 307: 305: 300: 299: 298: 284:Women's history 259:Law enforcement 243: 235: 234: 233: 204:Interwar period 199:First World War 177:Napoleonic Wars 172:Georgian period 166: 140: 110:First World War 99: 91: 77:Stanley Baldwin 55: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11681: 11671: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11643: 11642: 11640: 11639: 11634: 11627: 11626: 11619: 11611: 11610: 11607: 11606: 11603: 11602: 11599: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11592: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11554: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11545:First Minister 11542: 11537: 11527: 11522: 11516: 11514: 11508: 11507: 11505: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11473: 11472: 11462: 11457: 11456: 11455: 11453:First Minister 11450: 11445: 11435: 11430: 11429: 11428: 11417: 11415: 11409: 11408: 11406: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11379: 11378: 11368: 11363: 11362: 11361: 11356: 11351: 11341: 11336: 11330: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11287: 11286: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11260: 11259: 11254: 11243: 11241: 11231: 11230: 11214: 11213: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11150: 11149: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11123: 11121: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11020: 11019: 11014: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10958: 10952: 10946: 10945: 10942: 10941: 10939: 10938: 10936:Rail transport 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10912: 10910: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10875: 10870: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10836: 10835: 10824: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10808: 10807: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10779: 10777: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10767: 10766: 10765: 10758:Prime Minister 10755: 10754: 10753: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10732: 10731: 10720: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10708: 10706:Shadow Cabinet 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10687: 10686: 10684:House of Lords 10681: 10671: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10659: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10628: 10627: 10617: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10584: 10574: 10568: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10549: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10534: 10526: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10501: 10500: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10444: 10438: 10436: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10395: 10394: 10384: 10383: 10382: 10377: 10366: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10318: 10316: 10314:Administrative 10303: 10297: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10258: 10257: 10247: 10242: 10236: 10234: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10219: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10204: 10196: 10195: 10194: 10189: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10150: 10148: 10139: 10133: 10132: 10130: articles 10128:United Kingdom 10124: 10123: 10116: 10109: 10101: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9945:Russian Empire 9942: 9937: 9935:British Empire 9932: 9930:Dutch Republic 9927: 9925:Swedish Empire 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9905:Spanish Empire 9902: 9897: 9895:Ottoman Empire 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9866: 9865: 9855: 9850: 9844: 9842: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9810:Serbian Empire 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9744: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9718: 9717: 9716: 9711: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9682: 9681: 9671: 9666: 9660: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9648: 9646:Late antiquity 9643: 9638: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9609:Roman Republic 9606: 9600: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9567: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9551: 9550: 9543: 9536: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9516: 9508: 9507:External links 9505: 9504: 9503: 9497: 9484: 9477: 9467: 9456: 9437: 9436:Historiography 9434: 9433: 9432: 9420: 9417: 9416: 9415: 9408: 9387: 9370: 9349: 9342: 9335: 9330:Smith, Helen. 9328: 9310:(4): 555–579. 9299: 9292: 9274:(3): 441–458. 9263: 9256: 9238:(4): 529–554. 9227: 9206: 9177: 9172:Fisher, Karl. 9170: 9163: 9134: 9127: 9120: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9095: 9088: 9081: 9075: 9062: 9056: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9024:Spender, J.A. 9022: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8991: 8984: 8979:Scott, Peter. 8977: 8970: 8960: 8954: 8941: 8904: 8898: 8885: 8872: 8866: 8853: 8848:Pugh, Martin. 8846: 8839: 8832: 8817: 8810: 8803: 8796: 8789: 8780: 8767: 8760: 8750:(2): 243–263. 8739: 8729: 8722: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8674: 8664:Feiling, Keith 8661: 8656:Farmer, Alan. 8654: 8649:Dewey, Peter. 8647: 8637:(2): 325–352. 8626: 8619: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8591: 8584: 8577:Blythe, Ronald 8574: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8521: 8508: 8502: 8489: 8483: 8470: 8464: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8438:, p. 537. 8428: 8426:, p. 265. 8416: 8414:, p. 216. 8404: 8392: 8385: 8365: 8349: 8333: 8320: 8307: 8294: 8267: 8256:(4): 222–227. 8250:Library Review 8240: 8227: 8220: 8202: 8196:Derek Birley, 8189: 8183:Derek Birley, 8176: 8164: 8152: 8133:(4): 491–515. 8110: 8099:(2): 169–200. 8083: 8081:, p. 242. 8071: 8059: 8047: 8034: 8023:(1): 517–541. 8007: 7988: 7975: 7969:Amy Sargeant, 7962: 7956:Charles Barr, 7949: 7936: 7923: 7915:John K. Walton 7907: 7894: 7892:, p. 384. 7882: 7876:Peter Haydon, 7869: 7853: 7841: 7829: 7817: 7805: 7793: 7766:(3): 407–424. 7750: 7737: 7724: 7722:, p. 172. 7712: 7705: 7685: 7669: 7662: 7642: 7607: 7605:(1991) p. 560. 7594: 7592:, p. 279. 7582: 7547: 7540: 7507: 7496:(4): 430–445. 7480: 7469:(1): 131–147. 7453: 7440: 7433: 7413: 7406: 7386: 7377: 7358:(5): 631–657. 7342: 7321:10.2307/370037 7315:(2): 161–192. 7299: 7292: 7270: 7257: 7248: 7229:(2): 352–363. 7213: 7204: 7202:(2005). p 214. 7191: 7182: 7159: 7124: 7091: 7089:, p. 166. 7076: 7074:, p. 167. 7061: 7040:10.1086/261061 7034:(2): 369–379. 7018: 7005: 6972: 6945: 6902: 6886: 6873: 6860: 6848: 6835: 6822: 6809: 6796: 6784: 6765:(3): 513–528. 6749: 6737: 6694: 6681: 6668: 6666:, p. 439. 6656: 6644:Noreen Branson 6636: 6624: 6589: 6578:(2): 257–274. 6562: 6549: 6525: 6497: 6484: 6482:, p. 163. 6472: 6460: 6442: 6429: 6420: 6393:(3): 850–859. 6377: 6342: 6311: 6298: 6282: 6266: 6231: 6218:10.1086/385585 6212:(1): 122–142. 6196: 6161: 6150:(3): 343–364. 6134: 6121: 6102:(3): 441–463. 6086: 6059: 6032: 6026:Michael Pugh, 6019: 6006: 5990: 5956: 5949: 5929: 5902: 5884: 5864: 5853:(213): 32–48. 5837: 5830: 5810: 5803: 5783: 5770: 5757: 5750: 5736:Lawrence James 5727: 5692:(3): 327–367. 5676: 5665:(1): 185–225. 5649: 5636: 5617:(3): 439–470. 5601: 5585: 5572: 5556: 5543: 5520: 5492: 5473: 5458: 5440: 5421: 5404: 5398:Kenneth Rose, 5391: 5389:, p. 157. 5379: 5360: 5347: 5331: 5318: 5310:Brian Harrison 5302: 5289: 5278:(3): 325–345. 5262: 5243:(3): 373–392. 5227: 5192: 5188:Garden History 5176: 5160: 5141: 5133:Noreen Branson 5125: 5109: 5103:John Burnett, 5096: 5077:(4): 317–334. 5061: 5045: 5018:(3): 267–286. 5002: 4995: 4975: 4969:Paul Addison, 4953: 4938: 4936:, p. 648. 4926: 4924:, p. 452. 4914: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4876:, p. 444. 4866: 4854: 4842: 4840:, p. 622. 4830: 4818: 4806: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4768:, p. 305. 4758: 4756:, p. 501. 4746: 4744:, p. 448. 4734: 4732:, p. 406. 4719: 4717:, p. 466. 4707: 4695: 4683: 4681:, p. 554. 4671: 4669:, p. 553. 4659: 4657:, p. 363. 4644: 4632: 4620: 4618:, p. 478. 4608: 4606:, p. 376. 4596: 4584: 4582:, p. 542. 4572: 4570:, p. 379. 4560: 4558:, p. 422. 4545: 4533: 4531:, p. 475. 4518: 4506: 4504:, p. 352. 4494: 4492:, p. 465. 4482: 4480:, p. 334. 4470: 4468:, p. 419. 4458: 4446: 4434: 4432:, p. 416. 4422: 4420:, p. 330. 4410: 4408:, p. 415. 4398: 4396:, p. 328. 4386: 4374: 4362: 4360:, p. 326. 4350: 4348:, p. 409. 4338: 4336:, p. 324. 4326: 4314: 4302: 4300:, p. 394. 4290: 4288:, p. 395. 4278: 4266: 4254: 4252:, p. 393. 4242: 4240:, p. 294. 4230: 4218: 4206: 4204:, p. 382. 4194: 4192:, p. 288. 4182: 4180:, p. 379. 4170: 4158: 4146: 4144:, p. 284. 4134: 4122: 4120:, p. 271. 4110: 4098: 4086: 4084:, p. 248. 4074: 4062: 4050: 4038: 4026: 4014: 4012:, p. 199. 4002: 3990: 3988:, p. 196. 3978: 3976:, p. 220. 3966: 3964:, p. 190. 3954: 3952:, p. 219. 3942: 3940:, p. 188. 3930: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3891:, p. 184. 3881: 3879:, p. 218. 3869: 3857: 3855:, p. 182. 3845: 3843:, p. 217. 3833: 3831:, p. 212. 3821: 3819:, p. 210. 3809: 3807:, p. 176. 3794: 3792:, p. 171. 3782: 3780:, p. 168. 3770: 3758: 3756:, p. 208. 3746: 3733: 3720: 3708: 3706:(Oxford, 2010) 3695: 3668:(1): 127–168. 3648: 3629:(3): 429–463. 3613: 3580: 3578:, p. 196. 3568: 3566:, p. 192. 3556: 3543: 3531: 3518: 3505: 3495:October, 2012. 3485:Shane Nagle, " 3478: 3465: 3453: 3447:Nick Pelling, 3440: 3405:(3): 705–729. 3389: 3376: 3349: 3313: 3280:Social History 3270: 3263: 3243: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3190:, p. 183. 3180: 3178:, p. 140. 3168: 3166:, p. 139. 3156: 3154:, p. 128. 3141: 3128: 3109:(2): 113–125. 3092: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3049: 2966:R. C. Sherriff 2936:Edmund Blunden 2881:Mills and Boon 2859: 2856: 2835:Main article: 2832: 2829: 2796: 2793: 2777:Football pools 2756: 2753: 2735:The Daily Mail 2665: 2664: 2622: 2619: 2611: 2610: 2597:Philip Ziegler 2593: 2592: 2564: 2561: 2552:Nonconformists 2522:Main article: 2519: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2492: 2489: 2481:William Temple 2476: 2473: 2436: 2433: 2429:capital flight 2368:, telephones, 2355: 2354:Historiography 2352: 2338:Jarrow Crusade 2327:Left Book Club 2302: 2299: 2278:Bank of France 2272: 2269: 2262:originated on 2252:Main article: 2249: 2246: 2217: 2214: 2164: 2161: 2119: 2116: 2080: 2077: 2029: 2026: 1975: 1972: 1929: 1928:Foreign policy 1926: 1867: 1864: 1817: 1816: 1803:Lawrence James 1775:Mahatma Gandhi 1730:British Empire 1725: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1675:Main article: 1672: 1669: 1625: 1622: 1549: 1546: 1542:invaded Poland 1498:Czechoslovakia 1461:the next day. 1450:Wallis Simpson 1343:British Empire 1289: 1286: 1276:on 24 August. 1261:Sir George May 1229: 1226: 1214:general strike 1186: 1183: 1144:J. R. Campbell 1124:which granted 1107:Philip Snowden 1080: 1077: 982: 979: 904:Black and Tans 896:Irish Republic 865:took place in 858: 855: 816: 813: 761:Prime Minister 749: 746: 744: 741: 725:Arthur Marwick 682:United Kingdom 676: 675: 673: 672: 665: 658: 650: 647: 646: 640: 639: 636: 635: 630: 620: 617: 616: 613: 607: 606: 603: 597: 596: 593: 587: 586: 583: 577: 576: 573: 567: 566: 563: 557: 556: 553: 547: 546: 541: 535: 534: 531: 525: 524: 519: 513: 512: 507: 499: 498: 493: 487: 486: 481: 475: 474: 471: 465: 464: 459: 453: 452: 449: 443: 442: 439: 433: 432: 429: 427:Norman/Angevin 423: 422: 416: 410: 409: 402: 396: 395: 389: 383: 382: 375: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 345: 344: 342: 341: 334: 327: 319: 316: 315: 302: 301: 297: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 269:Jewish history 266: 261: 256: 251: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 236: 232: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 185: 184: 182:Regency period 179: 168: 167: 162: 161: 158: 157: 149: 148: 142: 141: 134: 127: 126: 123: 122: 112: 93: 92: 90: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 63: 61: 57: 56: 54: 53: 48: 43: 37: 35: 31: 30: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11680: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11629: 11624: 11620: 11617: 11613: 11612: 11608: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11563: 11560: 11559: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11509: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11419: 11418: 11416: 11414: 11410: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11346: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11323: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11285: 11282: 11281: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11148: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11120: 11116: 11110: 11109:Welfare state 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11054:Mental health 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11009: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10997:Ethnic groups 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10959: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10947: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10921:Bus transport 10919: 10917: 10916:Air transport 10914: 10913: 10911: 10909: 10905: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10883: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10863: 10861: 10860:Manufacturing 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10834: 10831: 10830: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10813: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10772: 10764: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10756: 10752: 10749: 10748: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10736:Civil service 10734: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10713: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10663: 10662:republicanism 10660: 10658: 10655: 10654: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10582: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10569: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10482:North Sea oil 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10385: 10381: 10380:Great Britain 10378: 10376: 10373: 10372: 10371: 10370:British Isles 10368: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10359: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10231: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10169:Edwardian era 10167: 10165: 10164:Victorian era 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10129: 10122: 10117: 10115: 10110: 10108: 10103: 10102: 10099: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10041:Art of Europe 10039: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9840:Modern period 9837: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9719: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9593: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9549: 9544: 9542: 9537: 9535: 9530: 9529: 9526: 9520: 9517: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9500: 9494: 9490: 9485: 9482: 9478: 9476: 9472: 9469:Elton, G. R. 9468: 9465: 9464:free download 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9440: 9439: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9422: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9398:(2): 439–62. 9397: 9393: 9388: 9385:(4): 623–648. 9384: 9380: 9376: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9350: 9347: 9343: 9340: 9336: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9300: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9264: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9178: 9175: 9171: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9135: 9132: 9128: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9089: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9072: 9068: 9063: 9059: 9053: 9050:. Routledge. 9049: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9030: 9027: 9023: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9010: 9007:Smart, Nick. 9006: 9003: 9000:Skidelsky R. 8999: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8985: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8974:King George V 8971: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8951: 8947: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8905: 8901: 8895: 8892:. Routledge. 8891: 8886: 8883:(9): 598–607. 8882: 8878: 8877:History Today 8873: 8869: 8863: 8859: 8854: 8851: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8835: 8833:9781101498347 8829: 8825: 8824: 8818: 8816:(1966), 657pp 8815: 8811: 8808: 8804: 8801: 8797: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8781: 8778: 8774: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8740: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8710: 8706: 8703: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8627: 8624: 8621:Crowther, A, 8620: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8606: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8585: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8524: 8518: 8514: 8509: 8505: 8499: 8495: 8490: 8486: 8480: 8476: 8471: 8467: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8437: 8432: 8425: 8420: 8413: 8408: 8401: 8396: 8388: 8386:9780313397516 8382: 8378: 8377: 8369: 8362: 8358: 8353: 8346: 8342: 8337: 8330: 8324: 8317: 8311: 8304: 8298: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8271: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8231: 8223: 8217: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8193: 8186: 8180: 8173: 8172:McKibbin 2000 8168: 8161: 8160:McKibbin 2000 8156: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8075: 8068: 8067:McKibbin 2000 8063: 8056: 8051: 8044: 8038: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7979: 7972: 7966: 7959: 7953: 7946: 7940: 7933: 7927: 7920: 7916: 7911: 7904: 7898: 7891: 7886: 7879: 7873: 7866: 7860: 7858: 7851:, p. 53. 7850: 7845: 7838: 7833: 7826: 7821: 7814: 7809: 7803:, p. 56. 7802: 7797: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7741: 7734: 7728: 7721: 7716: 7708: 7706:9781135248581 7702: 7698: 7697: 7689: 7682: 7678: 7673: 7665: 7663:9781137019639 7659: 7655: 7654: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7598: 7591: 7590:McKibbin 2000 7586: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7543: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7519: 7514: 7512: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7457: 7451:(1950) 2:5–18 7450: 7447:Roger Lloyd, 7444: 7436: 7430: 7426: 7425: 7417: 7409: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7390: 7381: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7295: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7261: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7208: 7201: 7195: 7186: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7128: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7103: 7095: 7088: 7083: 7081: 7073: 7068: 7066: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7009: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6961:(2): 265–78. 6960: 6956: 6949: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6899: 6895: 6894:Richard Overy 6890: 6883: 6877: 6870: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6845: 6839: 6832: 6826: 6820:(1997) 224–32 6819: 6816:Peter Dewey, 6813: 6806: 6800: 6793: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6746: 6741: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6685: 6678: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6605:(1): 82–103. 6604: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6553: 6545: 6541: 6540: 6539:History Today 6535: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6494: 6488: 6481: 6476: 6469: 6468:McKibbin 2000 6464: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6439: 6433: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6358:(1): 57–130. 6357: 6353: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6302: 6295: 6291: 6286: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6023: 6016: 6010: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5952: 5950:9780415476713 5946: 5942: 5941: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5891: 5887: 5885:9781780760810 5881: 5877: 5876: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5833: 5831:9780805065879 5827: 5823: 5822: 5814: 5806: 5804:9780791432419 5800: 5796: 5795: 5787: 5780: 5774: 5767: 5761: 5753: 5751:9781605985992 5747: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5582: 5576: 5569: 5565: 5564:W. K. Hancock 5560: 5553: 5547: 5540: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5489:(2): 143–157. 5488: 5484: 5477: 5469: 5468:j.ctvkjb3sr.8 5465: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5431:History Today 5425: 5419:(1941), p 293 5418: 5417:King George V 5414: 5408: 5401: 5400:King George V 5395: 5388: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5351: 5345:(1952) p 474. 5344: 5340: 5335: 5329:pp. 320, 337. 5328: 5322: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5299: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5183: 5181: 5174:2001) 195–96. 5173: 5169: 5164: 5157:(2): 107–119. 5156: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5106: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4979: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4918: 4911: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4839: 4834: 4827: 4822: 4815: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4716: 4711: 4704: 4699: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4641: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4550: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4479: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4330: 4323: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4299: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4263: 4258: 4251: 4246: 4239: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4138: 4131: 4126: 4119: 4114: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4083: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4059: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4011: 4006: 3999: 3994: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3958: 3951: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3927: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3842: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3791: 3786: 3779: 3774: 3767: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3584: 3577: 3572: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3547: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3475: 3469: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3320: 3318: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3266: 3260: 3257:. Routledge. 3256: 3255: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3035: 3031:in 1939, and 3030: 3029: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3011: 3010:Space Trilogy 3006: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2971:Journey's End 2967: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2956:Robert Graves 2953: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2869:Penguin Books 2867:(1902–70) at 2866: 2855: 2851: 2849: 2843: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2792: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2708: 2707:Norman Ebbutt 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2662: 2658: 2655:(1868–1940), 2654: 2651:(1879–1964), 2650: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2618: 2615: 2614:John Charmley 2607: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2531: 2525: 2515: 2511: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405:Oswald Mosley 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2382:Austin Sevens 2379: 2378:Odeon cinemas 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2361:Piers Brendon 2351: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2342:George Orwell 2339: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2323:G. D. H. Cole 2320: 2316: 2315:Beatrice Webb 2312: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2235:The Economist 2231: 2227: 2222: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2144:gold standard 2141: 2136: 2134: 2128: 2126: 2115: 2113: 2112:Joseph Stalin 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2007:Chanak Crisis 2003: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1981: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1886:Chanak Crisis 1880: 1876: 1872: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1815:independence. 1813: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795:Punjab region 1792: 1788: 1787:Ghadar Mutiny 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1741: 1735: 1731: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1677:King George V 1671:King George V 1668: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1635: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475:Coal Act 1938 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1428:Peace Society 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1285: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1274:some Liberals 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257:Oswald Mosley 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1225: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206:gold standard 1203: 1196: 1191: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1152:Campbell Case 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1076: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1042: 1040: 1034: 1032: 1031:Ross McKibbin 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 995: 991: 987: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 959:Edward Carson 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 864: 863:Easter Rising 854: 852: 848: 844: 839: 833: 831: 830:Red Clydeside 826: 822: 812: 810: 806: 802: 796: 794: 790: 786: 785:H. 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Asquith 782: 778: 774: 770: 762: 758: 754: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 694:Liberal Party 691: 687: 683: 671: 666: 664: 659: 657: 652: 651: 649: 648: 645: 642: 641: 634: 631: 629: 626: 625: 623: 614: 612: 609: 608: 604: 602: 599: 598: 594: 592: 589: 588: 584: 582: 579: 578: 574: 572: 569: 568: 564: 562: 561:Edwardian era 559: 558: 554: 552: 551:Victorian era 549: 548: 545: 542: 540: 536: 532: 530: 527: 526: 523: 520: 518: 514: 511: 508: 505: 500: 497: 494: 492: 488: 485: 482: 480: 476: 472: 470: 467: 466: 463: 460: 458: 454: 450: 448: 445: 444: 440: 438: 435: 434: 430: 428: 425: 424: 417: 415: 412: 411: 403: 401: 398: 397: 390: 388: 387:Roman Britain 385: 384: 376: 374: 371: 370: 362: 361: 358: 354: 351: 350: 340: 335: 333: 328: 326: 321: 320: 318: 317: 314: 304: 303: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 239: 238: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 173: 170: 169: 165: 160: 159: 155: 151: 150: 147: 144: 143: 138: 133: 132: 120: 116: 111: 107: 102: 98: 94: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 64: 62: 58: 52: 49: 47: 44: 42: 39: 38: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 11487:Homelessness 11301:Homelessness 11084:Social class 11064:Prostitution 11007:Homelessness 10788:British Army 10620:Human rights 10608:By-elections 10588:Constitution 10178: 10159:Georgian era 10000:World War II 9853:Early modern 9830:Kalmar Union 9701:Papal States 9619:Roman Empire 9488: 9480: 9470: 9459: 9443: 9425: 9411: 9395: 9391: 9382: 9378: 9360:(2): 39–44. 9357: 9354:Oral History 9353: 9345: 9338: 9331: 9307: 9303: 9295: 9271: 9267: 9259: 9235: 9231: 9217:(2): 62–83. 9214: 9211:Oral History 9210: 9185: 9181: 9173: 9166: 9145:(1): 55–68. 9142: 9138: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9098: 9097:Webb, R. K. 9091: 9084: 9066: 9047: 9039: 9032: 9025: 9015: 9008: 9001: 8987: 8980: 8973: 8963: 8945: 8912: 8908: 8889: 8880: 8876: 8857: 8849: 8842: 8822: 8813: 8806: 8802:(1996) 442pp 8799: 8792: 8785: 8772: 8763: 8747: 8743: 8732: 8725: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8667: 8657: 8650: 8634: 8630: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8580: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8536: 8512: 8493: 8474: 8454: 8431: 8419: 8407: 8395: 8375: 8368: 8360: 8352: 8344: 8341:Alison Light 8336: 8328: 8323: 8315: 8310: 8302: 8297: 8283:(1): 25–56. 8280: 8276: 8270: 8253: 8249: 8243: 8235: 8230: 8211: 8205: 8197: 8192: 8184: 8179: 8167: 8155: 8130: 8126: 8113: 8096: 8092: 8086: 8074: 8062: 8050: 8042: 8037: 8020: 8016: 8010: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7983: 7978: 7970: 7965: 7957: 7952: 7947:(2008) p 457 7944: 7939: 7931: 7926: 7918: 7910: 7902: 7897: 7885: 7877: 7872: 7864: 7844: 7832: 7820: 7808: 7796: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7745: 7740: 7732: 7727: 7715: 7695: 7688: 7680: 7672: 7652: 7645: 7623:(1): 30–62. 7620: 7616: 7610: 7602: 7597: 7585: 7563:(1): 68–81. 7560: 7556: 7550: 7523: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7448: 7443: 7423: 7416: 7396: 7389: 7380: 7355: 7351: 7345: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7283: 7273: 7265: 7260: 7251: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7207: 7199: 7194: 7185: 7168: 7162: 7140:(1): 37–60. 7137: 7133: 7127: 7100: 7094: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7013: 7008: 6996:. 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Wheare 5588: 5580: 5575: 5567: 5559: 5551: 5546: 5535: 5523: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5486: 5482: 5476: 5449: 5443: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5399: 5394: 5382: 5373: 5370:Éire-Ireland 5369: 5363: 5355: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5321: 5313: 5305: 5297: 5292: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5187: 5171: 5163: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5136: 5128: 5120: 5112: 5104: 5099: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5056: 5053:John Burnett 5048: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4893: 4881: 4869: 4857: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4710: 4698: 4686: 4674: 4662: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4536: 4509: 4497: 4485: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4305: 4293: 4281: 4269: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4185: 4173: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4113: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4041: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3925: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3741: 3736: 3728: 3723: 3711: 3703: 3698: 3665: 3661: 3651: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3589: 3583: 3571: 3559: 3551: 3546: 3534: 3526: 3521: 3513: 3512:D.G. Boyce, 3508: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3473: 3468: 3456: 3448: 3443: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3384: 3379: 3365:(1): 27–51. 3362: 3358: 3352: 3325: 3286:(1): 64–88. 3283: 3279: 3273: 3253: 3246: 3232:(1): 33–52. 3229: 3225: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3136: 3131: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3045:The Inklings 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2991:in 1937 and 2986: 2976: 2969: 2959: 2949: 2939: 2929: 2919: 2909: 2906:Arnold Zweig 2903: 2896: 2890: 2878: 2861: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2822: 2806: 2781: 2774: 2758: 2746: 2742:Daily Herald 2740: 2733: 2729: 2721:Morning Post 2719: 2713: 2711: 2682: 2668: 2666: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2612: 2594: 2566: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2512: 2508: 2498:D. W. Brogan 2494: 2478: 2438: 2396: 2390: 2357: 2345: 2331: 2319:J. A. 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Penguin. 8777:online free 8562:Bew, John. 8496:. Methuen. 7720:Taylor 1965 7518:Pages 44–45 7087:Taylor 1965 7072:Taylor 1965 6998:12 November 6710:(4): 3–19. 6546:(5): 40–47. 6480:Taylor 1965 6450:Martin Pugh 6440:(1962) p 68 6274:David Faber 6075:(1): 1–22. 5387:Taylor 1965 5376:(3): 43–57. 5358:pp. 51, 327 5316:(1996), 332 5296:John Gore, 5208:(1): 4–25. 5117:Martin Pugh 4922:Taylor 1965 4898:Taylor 1965 4874:Taylor 1965 4850:Taylor 1965 4826:Taylor 1965 4814:Taylor 1965 4790:Taylor 1965 4766:Taylor 1965 4730:Taylor 1965 4691:Taylor 1965 4655:Taylor 1965 4628:Taylor 1965 4604:Taylor 1965 4592:Taylor 1965 4568:Taylor 1965 4541:Taylor 1965 4514:Taylor 1965 4502:Taylor 1965 4478:Taylor 1965 4454:Taylor 1965 4418:Taylor 1965 4394:Taylor 1965 4382:Taylor 1965 4358:Taylor 1965 4334:Taylor 1965 4310:Taylor 1965 4274:Taylor 1965 4262:Taylor 1965 4238:Taylor 1965 4214:Taylor 1965 4190:Taylor 1965 4166:Taylor 1965 4154:Taylor 1965 4142:Taylor 1965 4130:Taylor 1965 4118:Taylor 1965 4082:Taylor 1965 4058:Taylor 1965 4034:Taylor 1965 4022:Taylor 1965 3998:Taylor 1965 3974:Taylor 1965 3950:Taylor 1965 3913:Taylor 1965 3877:Taylor 1965 3865:Taylor 1965 3841:Taylor 1965 3829:Taylor 1965 3817:Taylor 1965 3754:Taylor 1965 3716:Taylor 1965 3576:Taylor 1965 3564:Taylor 1965 3212:Taylor 1965 3200:Taylor 1965 3188:Taylor 1965 3176:Taylor 1965 3164:Taylor 1965 3152:Taylor 1965 2993:C. S. Lewis 2954:(1929) and 2914:(1927) and 2691:appeasement 2649:Beaverbrook 2641:Jean Seaton 2457:1921 census 2447:. Although 2264:Wall Street 2201:Martin Pugh 2096:Appeasement 2038:Appeasement 1901:issued the 1791:Rowlatt Act 1714:concludes: 1574:C. L. Mowat 1502:Sudetenland 1490:appeasement 1446:Edward VIII 1420:white paper 1354:South Wales 1299:Invergordon 908:Auxiliaries 838:Nicholas II 805:Eric Geddes 539:Regency era 517:Restoration 504:Interregnum 457:Elizabethan 437:Plantagenet 414:Anglo-Saxon 408:7th century 46:Edward VIII 11652:Categories 11540:Government 11448:Government 11443:Parliament 11159:Literature 11039:Innovation 10972:Demography 10867:(currency) 10716:Government 10674:Parliament 10598:Devolution 10593:Corruption 10528:Materials 10462:geothermal 10146:Chronology 9748:Viking Age 9563:Prehistory 9452:B000VSOY4Y 8948:. Harper. 8436:Mowat 1955 8234:Dave Day, 8079:Mowat 1955 8055:Mowat 1955 7177:1151778886 7121:required.) 6856:Mowat 1955 6792:Mowat 1955 6745:Mowat 1955 6664:Mowat 1955 6506:Britain". 6337:1192695304 5985:1518875569 5978:A363687774 5918:: 85–124. 5896:2017-11-11 5722:1677309098 4949:Mowat 1955 4934:Mowat 1955 4910:Mowat 1955 4886:Mowat 1955 4862:Mowat 1955 4838:Mowat 1955 4802:Mowat 1955 4778:Mowat 1955 4754:Mowat 1955 4742:Mowat 1955 4715:Mowat 1955 4703:Mowat 1955 4679:Mowat 1955 4667:Mowat 1955 4640:Mowat 1955 4616:Mowat 1955 4580:Mowat 1955 4556:Mowat 1955 4529:Mowat 1955 4490:Mowat 1955 4466:Mowat 1955 4442:Mowat 1955 4430:Mowat 1955 4406:Mowat 1955 4370:Mowat 1955 4346:Mowat 1955 4322:Mowat 1955 4298:Mowat 1955 4286:Mowat 1955 4250:Mowat 1955 4226:Mowat 1955 4202:Mowat 1955 4178:Mowat 1955 4106:Mowat 1955 4094:Mowat 1955 4070:Mowat 1955 4046:Mowat 1955 4010:Mowat 1955 3986:Mowat 1955 3962:Mowat 1955 3938:Mowat 1955 3901:Mowat 1955 3889:Mowat 1955 3853:Mowat 1955 3805:Mowat 1955 3790:Mowat 1955 3778:Mowat 1955 3766:Mowat 1955 3610:required.) 3550:J.J. Lee, 3539:Mowat 1955 3472:J.J. Lee, 3461:Mowat 1955 3435:1031201879 3346:required.) 2995:published 2988:The Hobbit 2985:published 2886:DC Thomson 2865:Allen Lane 2825:John Reith 2653:Rothermere 2621:Newspapers 2602:Frank Mort 2366:radiograms 2153:new houses 2108:cut a deal 1965:Dawes Plan 1587:means test 1362:Cumberland 1265:May Report 1162:Daily Mail 1068:free trade 1056:Protection 1052:Preference 906:" and the 809:Geddes Axe 801:Anti-Waste 775:headed by 723:Historian 533:1714–1837 473:1603–1714 451:1485–1603 254:Labour law 97:Chronology 34:Monarch(s) 11569:Education 11525:Geography 11477:Education 11433:Geography 11383:Education 11354:Executive 11339:Geography 11291:Education 11264:Geography 11044:Languages 10982:Education 10908:Transport 10746:Ministers 10632:Judiciary 10603:Elections 10543:Wildlife 10452:biodiesel 10434:Resources 10424:Volcanoes 10414:Mountains 10399:Coastline 10301:Geography 10255:1814–1919 10217:political 10202:political 10154:Formation 9795:Feudalism 9766:Catalonia 9324:225657488 9288:147645044 9252:225756300 9188:(1): 60. 8937:162292590 8147:144470897 7788:159583527 7577:159502330 7372:144704648 7337:147651066 7154:143580234 7056:153856132 6940:159342335 6732:162292590 6415:154005849 6372:154926556 6226:143664941 6191:159526739 5714:255157478 5222:154034194 5168:Pat Thane 5091:146665337 5040:144923339 3690:145455237 3427:159490772 3308:144979227 2901:in 1938. 2898:The Beano 2848:The Ashes 2810:Bollywood 2784:Blackpool 2766:halfpenny 2685:from the 2683:The Times 2670:The Times 2629:The Times 2556:ritualism 2413:Keynesian 2192:Comintern 2011:Dominions 1848:Palestine 1773:, led by 1745:Dominions 1687:Jan Smuts 1528:with the 1339:Dominions 1337:with the 1024:. 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