Mount Vesuvius - Knowledge

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out by the volcano. The remaining 62% of remains found at Pompeii were in the pyroclastic surge deposits, and thus were probably killed by them – probably from a combination of suffocation from inhaling ashes and blast and debris thrown around. Examination of cloth, frescoes and skeletons shows that, in contrast to the victims found at Herculaneum, it is unlikely that high temperatures were a significant cause of the destruction at Pompeii. Herculaneum, much closer to the crater, was saved from tephra falls by the wind direction but was buried under 23 metres (75 ft) of material deposited by pyroclastic surges. Likely, most of the known victims in this town were killed by the surges.

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kilometres (0.024 cu mi), such as those of 472 and 1631, have been more frequent with a few hundred years between them. From the 1631 eruption until 1944, there was a comparatively small eruption every few years, emitting 0.001–0.01 km of magma. For Vesuvius, the amount of magma expelled in an eruption increases roughly linearly with the interval since the previous one, and at a rate of around 0.001 cubic kilometres (0.00024 cu mi) for each year. This gives an approximate figure of 0.08 cubic kilometres (0.019 cu mi) for an eruption after 80 years of inactivity.

982: 2194: 2280: 202: 90: 73: 1345: 195: 1802: 1645: 49: 1924: 4763: 1903: 2252: 1760: 1276:, Italian archaeologists using the technique of filling every cavity with plaster or substitute compound, recovered some remarkably well-preserved forms of perishable objects, such as fence rails, a bucket and especially in the vicinity, thousands of human footprints pointing into the Apennines to the north. The settlement had huts, pots and goats. The residents had hastily abandoned the village, leaving it to be buried under 2266: 2147:) to reduce the population living in the red zone, by demolishing illegally constructed buildings, establishing a national park around the whole volcano to prevent the future construction of buildings and by offering sufficient financial incentives to people for moving away. One of the underlying goals is to reduce the time needed to evacuate the area, over the next twenty to thirty years, to two or three days. 2081: 1742:

emitting loud snoring. They elected to take to the fields with pillows tied to their heads to protect them from the raining debris. They approached the beach again, but the wind prevented the ships from leaving. Pliny sat down on a sail that had been spread for him and could not rise even with assistance when his friends departed. Though Pliny the Elder died, his friends ultimately escaped by land.

1455: 1722:) across the bay. Fearing for their lives, the population began to flee the shore along the road. An ash rain fell, causing Pliny to shake it off periodically to avoid being buried. Later that same day, the pumice and ash stopped falling, and the sun shone weakly through the cloud, encouraging Pliny and his mother to return to their home and wait for news of Pliny the Elder. 1628:, which caused widespread destruction around the Bay of Naples, and particularly to Pompeii. Some of the damage had still not been repaired when the volcano erupted. The deaths of 600 sheep from "tainted air" in the vicinity of Pompeii indicates that the earthquake of AD 62 may have been related to new activity by Vesuvius. 947:

1270, 1347, and 1500. The volcano erupted again in 1631, six times in the 18th century (including 1779 and 1794), eight times in the 19th century (notably in 1872), and in 1906, 1929 and 1944. There have been no eruptions since 1944, and none of the eruptions after AD 79 were as large or destructive as the Pompeian one.

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Pliny the Elder and his party saw what they believed to be flames coming from several parts of the crater. After staying overnight, the party was driven from the building by an accumulation of material, presumably tephra, which threatened to block all egress. They woke Pliny, who had been napping and

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Reconstructions of the eruption and its effects vary considerably in the details but have the same overall features. The eruption lasted two days. The morning of the first day was perceived as normal by the only eyewitness to leave a surviving document, Pliny the Younger. In the middle of the day, an

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The cliffs forming the northern ridge of Monte Somma's caldera rim reach a maximum height of 1,132 m (3,714 ft) at Punta Nasone. The summit of the main cone of Vesuvius is 1,281 m (4,203 ft) above sea level and more than 400 m (1,300 ft) above the 5 km (3.1 mi)

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Vesuvius has erupted many times since. It is the only volcano on Europe's mainland to have erupted in the last hundred years. It is regarded as one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world because 3,000,000 people live near enough to be affected by an eruption, with at least 600,000 in the danger

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Another study used the magnetic characteristics of over 200 samples of roof-tile and plaster fragments collected around Pompeii to estimate the equilibrium temperature of the pyroclastic flow. The magnetic study revealed that on the first day of the eruption a fall of white pumice containing clastic

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around 1800 BC, which engulfed several Bronze Age settlements. Since AD 79, the volcano has also erupted repeatedly, in 172, 203, 222, possibly in 303, 379, 472, 512, 536, 685, 787, around 860, around 900, 968, 991, 999, 1006, 1037, 1049, around 1073, 1139, 1150, and there may have been eruptions in

560:, "fiery"), "from the mountain which of old spouted forth a huge fire the mountain is called Vesuvius." It was inhabited by giant bandits, "the sons of the Earth. With the gods' assistance, he pacified the region and continued. The facts behind the tradition, if any, remain unknown, as does whether 1729:

at Misenum and had meanwhile decided to investigate the phenomenon at close hand in a light vessel. As the ship was preparing to leave the area, a messenger came from his friend Rectina (wife of Tascius) living on the coast near the foot of the volcano, explaining that her party could only get away

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The latest scientific studies of the ash produced by Vesuvius reveal a multi-phase eruption. The initial major explosion produced a column of ash and pumice ranging between 15 and 30 kilometres (49,000 and 98,000 ft) high, which rained on Pompeii to the southeast but not on Herculaneum upwind.

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on 5 June 1995. The summit of Vesuvius is open to visitors, and there is a small network of paths around the volcano that are maintained by the park authorities on weekends. There is access by road to within 200 metres (660 ft) of the summit (measured vertically), but after that, access is on

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Thirty-eight percent of the 1,044 were found in the ash fall deposits, the majority inside buildings. These are thought to have been killed mainly by roof collapses, with the smaller number of victims found outside of buildings probably being killed by falling roof slates or by larger rocks thrown

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Subsequently, the cloud collapsed as the gases expanded and lost their capability to support their solid contents, releasing it as a pyroclastic surge, which first reached Herculaneum but not Pompeii. Additional blasts reinstituted the column. The eruption alternated between Plinian and Peléan six

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region, and may have to stay away for several months. However, the dilemma that would face those implementing the plan is when to start this massive evacuation: If it starts too late, thousands could be killed, whereas if it is started too early, the indicators of an eruption may turn out to be a

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The two men saw an extraordinarily dense cloud rising rapidly above the peak. This cloud and a request by a messenger for an evacuation by sea prompted the elder Pliny to order rescue operations in which he sailed away to participate. His nephew attempted to resume a normal life, but that night a

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across the Bay of Naples from the volcano, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi), the elder Pliny launched a rescue fleet and went himself to the rescue of a personal friend. His nephew declined to join the party. One of the nephew's letters relates what he could discover from witnesses of his

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The collapse of the Plinian columns on the second day caused pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) that devastated Herculaneum and Pompeii. The depositional temperature of these pyroclastic surges reached up to 300 °C (572 °F). Any population remaining in structural refuges could not have

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caused by the reduction in weight of the overlying rock (which drops to zero at the surface) causes the gases to come out of solution, the volume of gas increasing explosively from nothing to perhaps many times that of the accompanying magma. Additionally, the removal of the higher melting point

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Large Vesuvian eruptions which emit volcanic material in quantities of about 1 cubic kilometre (0.24 cu mi), the most recent of which overwhelmed Pompeii and Herculaneum, have happened after periods of inactivity of a few thousand years. Sub-Plinian eruptions producing about 0.1 cubic

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By 2003, around 1,044 casts made from impressions of bodies in the ash deposits had been recovered in and around Pompeii, with the scattered bones of another 100. The remains of about 332 bodies have been found at Herculaneum (300 in arched vaults discovered in 1980). What percentage these

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About 19,000 years ago: the style of eruption changed to a sequence of large explosive and caldera-forming Plinian eruptions, of which the AD 79 one was the most recent. The calderas are aligned in a roughly east–west direction, and all contributed to forming present-day's Somma caldera. The

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in the close vicinity of the volcano began. Lights were seen on the peak, interpreted as fires. People as far away as Misenum fled for their lives. The flows were rapid-moving, dense and very hot, knocking down, wholly or partly, all structures in their path, incinerating or suffocating all

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People caught on the former seashore by the first surge died of thermal shock. The rest were concentrated in arched chambers at a density of as high as three persons per square metre. As only 85 metres (279 ft) of the coast have been excavated, further casualties may be discovered.

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In the first letter to Tacitus, Pliny the Younger suggested that his uncle's death was due to the reaction of his weak lungs to a cloud of poisonous, sulphurous gas that wafted over the group. However, Stabiae was 16 km from the vent (roughly where the modern town of

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were also created, adding to the devastation. Activity thereafter became almost continuous, with relatively severe eruptions occurring in 1660, 1682, 1694, 1698, 1707, 1737, 1760, 1767, 1779, 1794, 1822, 1834, 1839, 1850, 1855, 1861, 1868, 1872, 1906, 1926, 1929, and

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as having a predominantly flat, barren summit covered with sooty, ash-coloured rocks, and suggested that it might once have had "craters of fire". He also perceptively suggested that the fertility of the surrounding slopes may be due to volcanic activity, as at Mount

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is situated), and his companions were unaffected by the volcanic gases. It is more likely that the corpulent Pliny died from another cause, such as a stroke or heart attack. His body was found with no apparent injuries the next day, after dispersal of the plume.

2097:, towns and cities south and east of the volcano are most at risk from this. It is assumed that tephra accumulation exceeding 100 kilograms per square metre (20 lb/sq ft)—at which point people are at risk from collapsing roofs—may extend out as far as 958:, a Roman writer who published a detailed description of the AD 79 eruption, including his uncle's death. On occasion, eruptions from Vesuvius have been so large that the whole of southern Europe has been blanketed by ash; in 472 and 1631, Vesuvian ash fell on 1981:. From 13 to 18 March 1944, activity was confined within the rim. Finally, on 18 March 1944, lava overflowed the rim. Lava flows destroyed nearby villages from 19 March through 22 March. On 24 March, an explosive eruption created an ash plume and a small 2092:

4 eruption. In this scenario, the volcano's slopes, extending out to about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the vent, may be exposed to pyroclastic surges sweeping down them, whilst much of the surrounding area could suffer from tephra falls. Because of

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He set off across the bay but, in the shallows on the other side, encountered thick showers of hot cinders, lumps of pumice and pieces of rock. Advised by the helmsman to turn back, he stated, "Fortune favors the brave" and ordered him to continue to

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even wrote that they "were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania". Small earthquakes started taking place four days before the eruption becoming more frequent over the next four days, but the warnings were not recognized.

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Vesuvius was then built up by a series of lava flows, with some smaller explosive eruptions interspersed between them. By this time, the volcano was 2,000 meters (6,560 feet) tall, with the summit being 500 meters (1,640 feet) east of the current

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to the south-east. Near Naples, this tephra fall hazard is assumed to extend barely past the volcano's slopes to the northwest. The specific areas affected by the ash cloud depend upon the circumstances surrounding the eruption.

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The volcano became quiescent at the end of the 13th century, and in the following years, it again became covered with gardens and vineyards as old. Even the inside of the crater was moderately filled with shrubbery.

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Several surviving works written over the 200 years preceding the AD 79 eruption describe the mountain as having had a volcanic nature, although Pliny the Elder did not depict the mountain in this way in his

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beneath the latter, deeper into the earth. As the water-saturated sediments of the African oceanic plate were pushed to hotter depths inside the planet, the water boiled off and lowered the melting point of the

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enough to partially melt the rocks. Because magma is less dense than the solid rock around it, it was pushed upward. Finding a weak spot at the Earth's surface, it broke through, thus forming the volcano.

1558:, a Roman administrator and poet. Several dates are given in the surviving copies of the letters. The latest evidence supports earlier findings and indicates that the eruption occurred after 17 October. 1648:

Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as other cities affected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash, pumice and cinders. Modern coast lines are shown.

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The chief energy supporting the column came from the escape of steam superheated by the magma, created from seawater seeping over time into the deep faults of the region, which interacted with magma.

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explosion threw up a high-altitude column from which ash and pumice began to fall, blanketing the area. Rescues and escapes occurred during this time. At some time in the night or early the next day,

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The eruption could be seen from Naples. Different perspectives and the damage caused to the local villages were recorded by USAAF photographers and other personnel based nearer to the volcano.

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10 cu yd) per second. More than 1,000 people are thought to have died in the eruption, though the exact toll is unknown. The only surviving witness account consists of two letters by

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Vocabolario della lingua latina : IL : latino-italiano, italiano-latino / Luigi Castiglioni, Scevola Mariotti; redatto con la collaborazione di Arturo Brambilla e Gaspare Campagna

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fragments of up to 3 centimetres (1.2 in) fell for several hours. It heated the roof tiles up to 140 °C (284 °F). This period would have been the last opportunity to escape.

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by sea and asking for rescue. Pliny ordered the immediate launching of the fleet galleys to the evacuation of the coast. He continued in his light ship to the rescue of Rectina's party.

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times. Surges 3 and 4 are believed by the authors to have buried Pompeii. Surges are identified in the deposits by dune and cross-bedding formations, which are not produced by fallout.

910:, a volcanic island 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the west, and several undersea volcanoes to the south. The arc forms the southern end of a larger chain of volcanoes produced by the 2005:, Italy, just a few kilometres from the eastern base of the volcano. The tephra and hot ash from multiple days of the eruption damaged the fabric control surfaces, the engines, the 1703:

tremor awoke him and his mother, prompting them to abandon the house for the courtyard. Further tremors near dawn caused the population to abandon the village and caused disastrous

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deposits were distributed to the northwest of the vent, travelling as far as 15 km (9.3 mi) from it, and lie up to 3 m (9.8 ft) deep in the area now occupied by

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produced in the more explosive eruptions (e.g. the eruption in 1631 displaying a complete stratigraphic and petrographic description: phonolite was firstly erupted, followed by a

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escaped, as gases of incinerating temperatures surrounded the city. The lowest temperatures were in rooms under collapsed roofs, at approximately 100 °C (212 °F).

1194:. The area has been subject to volcanic activity for at least 400,000 years; the lowest layer of eruption material from the Somma caldera lies on top of the 40,000-year‑old 996:

Vesuvius is still regarded as an active volcano, although its current activity produces little more than sulfur-rich steam from vents at the bottom and walls of the crater.

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Mount Vesuvius has erupted many times. Numerous others preceded the eruption in AD 79 in prehistory, including at least three significantly larger; an example is the

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The dates of the earthquakes and of the eruption are contingent on a final determination of the time of year, but there is no reason to change the relative sequence.

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has had as many long-duration eruptions in the last 270 years. The two most recent eruptions of Vesuvius (1875–1906 and 1913–1944) each lasted more than 30 years.

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The last of these may have been in 217 BC. There were earthquakes in Italy during that year and the sun was reported as being dimmed by gray haze or dry fog.

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VIII 653–655 "Aetnaeos quoque contorquens e cautibus ignes / Vesvius intonuit, scopulisque in nubila iactis / Phlegraeus tetigit trepidantia sidera vertex."

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in the Bay of Naples. By late afternoon of the second day, the eruption was over, leaving only haze in the atmosphere through which the sun shone weakly.

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Sigurdsson, Haraldur; Carey, Steven (2002). "The Eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79". In Jashemski, Wilhelmina Mary Feemster; Meyer, Frederick Gustav (eds.).

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that Vesuvius had thundered and produced flames worthy of Mount Etna in that year. However, both authors were writing around 250 years later. Greenland

3325: 747: 681:, the etymology depends to a large degree on the presumption of what language was spoken there at the time. Naples was settled by Greeks, as the name 5282: 2528:

Woods, Andrew W. (2013). "Sustained explosive activity: volcanic eruption columns and hawaiian fountains". In Fagents, Sarah A.; Gregg, Tracy K. P.;

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Vesuvius entered a new phase in December 1631, when a major eruption buried many villages under lava flows, killing around 3,000 people. Torrents of

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Along with Pliny the Elder, the only other noble casualties of the eruption to be known by name were Agrippa (a son of the Herodian Jewish princess

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The government emergency plan for an eruption therefore assumes that the worst case will be an eruption of similar size and type to the 1631

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Sigurdsson, Haraldur (2002). "Mount Vesuvius before the Disaster". In Jashemski, Wilhelmina Mary Feemster; Meyer, Frederick Gustav (eds.).

3343: 1256:(Pomici di Avellino), VEI 6; its vent was apparently 2 km (1.2 mi) west of the current crater and the eruption destroyed several 705:

settlements were in the vicinity. Other peoples of unknown provenance are said to have been there at some time by various ancient authors.

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population remaining there and altering the landscape, including the coastline. Additional light tremors accompanied these and a mild

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zone. This is the most densely populated volcanic region in the world. Eruptions tend to be violent and explosive; these are known as

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The volcano's slopes are scarred by lava flows, while the rest are heavily vegetated, with scrub and forests at higher altitudes and

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Inscriptiones Bruttiorum, Lucaniae, Campaniae, Siciliae, Sardiniae Latinae. Pars Prior: Inscriptiones Bruttiorum Lucaniae Campaniae

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Early Warning of Volcanic eruptions and Earthquakes in the Neapolitan area, Campania Region, South Italy (Submitted Abstract)

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The volcano was then quiet (for 295 years, if the 217 BC date for the last previous eruption is true) and was described by

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Vesuvius was active from 1913 through 1944, with lava filling the crater and occasional outflows of small amounts of lava.

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uncle's experiences. In a second letter, the younger Pliny details his own observations after the departure of his uncle.

5506: 5018: 1541: 419: 816:. The Gran Cono was produced during the A.D. 79 eruption. For this reason, the volcano is also called Somma-Vesuvius or 2541: 2486: 501:

type at the time of the eruption of AD 79: it appears under the inscribed name Vesuvius as a serpent in the decorative

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The eruptions of 512 were so severe that those inhabiting the slopes of Vesuvius were granted exemption from taxes by

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Stoppa, Francesco; Principe, Claudia; Schiazza, Mariangela; Liu, Yu; Giosa, Paola; Crocetti, Sergio (15 March 2017).

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The official INGV monitoring bulletin from the Vesuvius Observatory, as of July 2024, classifies Mount Vesuvius at a

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on wood and bones offer a range of possible dates of about 500 years in the mid-2nd millennium BC. In May 2001, near

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The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian

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samples of around that period show relatively high acidity, which is assumed to have been caused by atmospheric

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Sbrana, Alessandro; Cioni, Rafaello; Marianelli, Paola; Andronico, Daniele; Pasqiuni, Giuseppe (January 2020).

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A massive black cloud glistering with lightning obscured the early-morning light, a scene Pliny describes as

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deposits produced by them, which in turn are named after the place where the deposits were first identified:

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relates a tradition that Hercules, in the performance of his labors, passed through the country of nearby

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The eruption of 5 April 1906 killed more than 100 people and ejected the most lava ever recorded from a

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numbers are of the total dead or the percentage of the dead to the total number at risk remain unknown.

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The caldera started forming during an eruption around 17,000–18,000 years ago and was enlarged by later

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Stothers, R.B.; Klenk, Hans-Peter (2002). "The case for an eruption of Vesuvius in 217 BC (abstract)".

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The eruptions vary greatly in severity but are characterized by explosive outbursts of the kind dubbed

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The volcano then entered a stage of more frequent, but less violent eruptions, until the most recent

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taken from a 2,000 m (6,600 ft) plus borehole on the flanks of the volcano, extending into

580:, patroness of Pompeii, and Hercules were worshipped in the region devastated by the eruption of 79. 31: 3958: 3886: 3677: 3485: 2874: 2691:. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 303. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 410–411. 5461: 5222: 5191: 5139: 5013: 3140: 2949: 2892: 2293: 2163: 1473: 1048: 930: 784: 17: 4917: 4034: 3654: 2818:. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. Archived from 2024:

medium bomber of the 340th Bombardment Group on 23 March 1944 after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius

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Giacomelli, Lisetta; Perrotta, Annamaria; Scandone, Roberto; Scarpati, Claudio (September 2003).

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That eruptive period ended in the major eruption of March 1944, which destroyed the villages of

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Since 1750, seven of the eruptions of Vesuvius have had durations of more than five years; only

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Further eruptions were recorded in 787, 968, 991, 999, 1007 and 1036 with the first recorded

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in Ercolano with extensive networks of seismic and gravimetric stations, a combination of a

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deposits that have been dubitatively assigned to either the Somma-Vesuvius complex, or the

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crystallizing out. The effect is to increase the concentration of dissolved gases (mostly

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Around 11,000 years ago: the Lagno Amendolare eruption, smaller than the Mercato eruption.

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Vesuvius has a long historic and literary tradition. It was considered a divinity of the

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song, was written to commemorate the opening of the first funicular on Mount Vesuvius.

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Guest, John; Cole, Paul; Duncan, Angus; Chester, David (2003). "Chapter 2: Vesuvius".

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The plan assumes between two weeks and 20 days notice of an eruption and foresees the

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eruptions, ending in the one of AD 79. This structure has given its name to the term "

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Kozák, Jan; Cermák, Vladimir (2010). "Vesuvius-Somma Volcano, Bay of Naples, Italy".

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foot only. There is a spiral walkway around the volcano from the road to the crater.

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process described above, which extends northwest along the length of Italy as far as

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In 472, it ejected such a volume of ash that ashfalls were reported as far away as

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Around 5,000 years ago: two explosive eruptions smaller than the Avellino eruption.

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in the crater have raised clouds of ash dust, raising false alarms of an eruption.

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caused by the collapse of an earlier (and originally much higher) structure called

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Ongoing efforts are being made by the government at various levels (especially of

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The main cone of Vesuvius and the cliff of Monte Somma's caldera separated by the

5385: 5272: 4679: 4470: 4082:"The eruption of Vesuvius of 79 AD and its impact on human environment in Pompei" 3649: 3623: 1813: 1715: 1691: 1427: 1323: 1187: 739:"violence", "hurling violence", *vesbia, taking advantage of the collateral form. 4651: 4633:

Purcell, N.; Talbert, R.; Gillies, S.; Elliott, T.; Becker, J. (20 March 2015).

3401:

Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology

3087:"Magma evolution inside the 1631 Vesuvius magma chamber and eruption triggering" 2914:

Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology

2656: 2561: 4572: 3135: 2944: 2786: 2451: 2424: 2372: 2364: 2053: 2049: 1970: 1858: 1772: 1593: 1052: 959: 874: 866: 865:

Vesuvius is a stratovolcano and was formed as a result of the collision of two

859: 855: 835:

long valley of Atrio di Cavallo (the northern floor of Monte Somma's caldera).

831:", which describes any volcano with a summit caldera surrounding a newer cone. 698: 678: 614: 384: 4223: 4006:. University of California at Santa Barbara, Department of Geological Sciences 3039: 2621: 48: 5410: 5324: 5196: 4907: 3999: 3445: 3120: 2285: 2129: 2041: 2010: 1708: 1644: 1562: 1328: 1269: 1199: 899: 870: 828: 801: 764: 743: 443: 408: 380: 281: 269: 120: 107: 4695: 3259:

Cioni, Raffaello; Santacroce, Roberto; Sbrana, Alessandro (September 1999).

1923: 1846:

Since the eruption of AD 79, Vesuvius has erupted around three dozen times.

1631:

The Romans grew accustomed to minor earth tremors in the region; the writer

5390: 4927: 4897: 4784: 4702: 4408: 2586: 2529: 2271: 2113:

of 600,000 people, almost entirely comprising all those living in the

2044:

for many years will start to see higher melting point constituents such as

1936: 1718:. The cloud obscured Point Misenum near at hand and the island of Capraia ( 1570: 1566: 1550:

eruptions of all time. Historians have learned about the eruption from the

1356: 1281: 1004: 915: 887: 618: 451: 447: 423: 308: 277: 4492: 3284: 3111: 3086: 1801: 5307: 4942: 4698:. Global Volcanic and Environmental Systems Simulation (GVES). 1996–2003. 4610: 3582: 2174:. All of this is intended to track magma rising underneath the volcano. 2125: 1851: 1605: 1416: 1304: 1179: 813: 563: 431: 4431:

Gasparini, Paolo; Barberi, Franco; Belli, Attilio (16–18 October 2003).

4298:. Central University Library (CUL), Southern Methodist University (SMU). 4222:(The Travel Film Archive). Naples: Castle Films, YouTube. Archived from 3901: 3829: 3226: 3001: 2975: 2204:

cable cars on Mount Vesuvius; the other cable car of the pair was named

1284:

in much the same way that Pompeii and Herculaneum were later preserved.

1242:(Pomici di Mercato) – also known as Pomici Gemelle or Pomici Ottaviano, 5380: 4912: 4877: 4867: 4789: 4345:. Dipartimento di Fisica E. Amaldi, Università Roma Tre. Archived from 4245:. Dipartimento di Fisica E. Amaldi, Università Roma Tre. Archived from 2182: 1876: 1726: 1592:

10 cu yd) per second, ultimately releasing 100,000 times the

1257: 1015:

make up the volcanic peak. Their mineralogy is variable, but generally

990: 911: 4430: 2132:

area, another volcanic complex near Naples, but no eruption occurred.

1232:

16,000 years ago: the Green Pumice (Pomici Verdoline) eruption, VEI 5.

4892: 4887: 4804: 4747: 4379: 2534:

Modeling Volcanic Processes: The Physics and Mathematics of Volcanism

2226: 2201: 2159: 2006: 1974: 1790: 1759: 1433: 1024: 1020: 966:), over 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) away. A few times since 1944, 935: 878: 670: 613:

was a name of the volcano in frequent use by the authors of the late

4120:. Chicago: The Field Museum of Natural History. 2007. Archived from 1202:

complex. The volcanic complex stands on a large, sedimentary plain.

1178:

Scientific knowledge of the geologic history of Vesuvius comes from

415:, resulting from the collapse of an earlier, much higher structure. 5319: 4825: 4655: 4056: 3627: 2251: 2171: 2144: 2120: 2098: 2070: 2057: 2013:

medium bombers. Estimates ranged from 78 to 88 aircraft destroyed.

2002: 1373: 1333: 1319: 1308: 1265: 1183: 1072: 1032: 963: 839: 674: 539: 435: 388: 230: 214: 4079: 5331: 5186: 4989: 4882: 4814: 4752: 4167:

Scandone, Roberto; Giacomelli, Lisetta; Gasparini, Paolo (1993).

4143:

Vesuvius Causes Terror; Loud Detonations and Frequent Earthquakes

3606:"When Did Vesuvius Erupt? The Evidence for and against August 24" 3028:

Global Volcanism Program — Volcanoes of the World (Version 4.9.2)

2102: 2074: 2045: 1956: 1735: 1704: 1695: 1687: 1659: 1601: 1551: 1360: 1352: 1300: 951: 919: 903: 809: 622: 573: 569: 514: 486: 478: 439: 427: 412: 400: 4571:

Waldstein, Charles; Shoobridge, Leonard Knollys Haywood (1908).

4155:

Vesuvius Threatens Destruction Of Towns; Bosco Trecase Abandoned

4027:"Lecture 19: Greek, Carthaginian and Roman Agricultural Writers" 673:. Given that peoples of varying ethnicity and language occupied 5003: 4937: 4809: 4779: 4336: 4236: 3459:

de Boer; Jelle Zeilinga & Sanders; Donald Theodore (2002).

2066: 1952: 1951:

when Mount Vesuvius violently erupted, devastating the city of

1613: 1581: 1444: 1400: 1348: 1289: 1277: 1219: 1016: 1012: 1008: 907: 768: 690: 551: 502: 462: 396: 64: 4515:"What are the lyrics and translation of 'Funiculì, Funiculà'?" 3189: 2768:

Local etymology, a derivative dictionary of geographical names

2080: 1850:

It erupted again in 203, during the lifetime of the historian

1225:

18,300 years ago: the Basal Pumice (Pomici di Base) eruption,

5061: 4932: 4696:"Vesuvius: The making of a catastrophe: Il problema ignorato" 3624:"Pompeii: Vesuvius eruption may have been later than thought" 2689:

Diodorus of Sicily: The Library of History: Books II.34–IV.58

1932: 1889: 1869: 1719: 756: 751: 734: 728: 719: 718:= "not" prefixed to a root from or related to the Greek word 713: 683: 664: 658: 547: 518: 392: 376: 346: 265: 4632: 4582:

Zanella, E.; Gurioli, L.; Pareschi, M.T.; Lanza, R. (2007).

4581: 4311: 4169:"Mount Vesuvius: 2000 years of volcanological observations" 4166: 3815: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3767: 1915:

Vesuvius erupting (seen from the surrounding caldera wall)

1577: 1273: 1059:(VEI) has been assigned to all but one of these eruptions. 1000: 458: 355: 352: 4958: 3452: 3192:"Volcanic Evolution of the Somma-Vesuvius Complex (Italy)" 399:

and a short distance from the shore. It is one of several

3084: 2560:

C. Plinii Caecilii Secundi. "Liber Sextus; 16 & 20".

2155: 2089: 1307:. Evidence of these eruptions comes from badly preserved 1243: 1226: 1206:

25,000 years ago: Vesuvius started forming in the Codola

750:, "shine", "burn", sense "the one who lightens", through 337: 4442:

Second International Conference on Early Warning (EWCII)

4067:

Also known to have been mentioned in a section now lost.

3722: 1927:

The March 1944 eruption of Vesuvius, by Jack Reinhardt,

3536: 3143:, Volcanoes of the World, version 4.11.0 (08 June 2022) 1075:

eruptions for which a VEI has been assigned (total=53)

858:

overlooking the city of Naples in the 19th century, by

800:

Vesuvius is a "humpbacked" peak, consisting of a large

554:

and found there a place called "the Phlegraean Plain" (

538:

The Romans regarded Mount Vesuvius as being devoted to

442:

and other settlements. The eruption ejected a cloud of

248:

25,000 years before present to 1944; age of volcano =

4543: 3371:"Vesuvius' Next Eruption May Put Metro Naples at Risk" 3312: 3166: 2559: 2536:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 158. 2128:. In 1984, 40,000 people were evacuated from the 1725:

Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, was in command of the

4471:"Official INGV monitoring bulletin of Mount Vesuvius" 4368: 4366: 4364: 3604:

Lapatin, Kenneth; Kozlovski, Alina (23 August 2019).

3258: 3017: 3015: 2733:. Medford, MA: The Perseus Project, Tufts University. 2481:(in Italian) (4th ed.). Loescher. p. 1505. 2084:

The area around the volcano is now densely populated.

1414:) described the mountain in Book V, Chapter 4 of his 1051:, Vesuvius has had 54 confirmed eruptions during the 367: 358: 343: 4307: 4305: 2904: 2902: 2247: 349: 334: 4670:Garrett, Roger A.; Klenk, Hans-Peter (April 2005). 4570: 3523: 3425: 3127: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2709: 2634: 2476: 2212:The area around Vesuvius was officially declared a 1447:

as having been burnt from another species of stone.

808:) partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit 340: 4361: 3998:Fisher, Richard V.; et al. (and volunteers). 3693: 3691: 3012: 2842:"Geology and Vulcanology | Vesuvius National Park" 2697:10.4159/DLCL.diodorus_siculus-library_history.1933 2077:, adding to the explosive nature of the eruption. 1791:Later eruptions from the 3rd to the 19th centuries 4548:. London: The Geological Society. pp. 25–62. 4302: 3899: 3827: 3639: 3637: 2999: 2899: 2816:"Summary of the eruptive history of Mt. Vesuvius" 1947:. Italian authorities were preparing to hold the 1523:), another Greek writer, wrote in Book IV of his 411:partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit 27:Active stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples, Italy 5408: 4114:"Pompeii, Stories from an eruption: Herculaneum" 3603: 3024:"What volcanoes have had the longest eruptions?" 2932: 2353: 1897: 1372:writers as having been covered with gardens and 1322:wrote of the sky being on fire near Naples, and 938:during an eruption of Vesuvius (painted in 1822) 163: 4561: 4404:"Italy ready to pay to clear slopes of volcano" 3755: 3688: 3575: 2503:"Vesuvio o Vesevius nell'Enciclopedia Treccani" 2009:windscreens and the gun turrets of the 340th's 527:indicates that he was worshipped as a power of 30:"Vesuvius" redirects here. For other uses, see 5278:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum 4176:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 3997: 3700:"Visiting Pompeii – AD 79 – Vesuvius explodes" 3634: 3571: 3569: 3368: 2477:Castiglioni, Luigi; Mariotti, Scevola (2007). 701:also competed for the occupation of Campania. 4974: 4841: 4718: 4375:"Italians trying to prevent a modern Pompeii" 4219:Mt Vesuvius erupts near Naples, Italy in 1944 2575: 2573: 2555: 2553: 1694:. Observing the first volcanic activity from 1612:and the ruins buried under tens of metres of 1038: 724:= "I quench", in the sense of "unquenchable". 148: 4732: 4669: 4296:"Melvin C. Shaffer World War II Photographs" 3706:. London: Current Publishing. Archived from 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2785: 2725:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (2010) . 2649:The Illustrated History of Natural Disasters 2170:and chemical analyses of gases emitted from 1619: 1476:. There might be a discussion about this on 4339:"Activity of Vesuvio between 1631 and 1799" 4312:Kilburn, Chris & McGuire, Bill (2001). 4270:"The Mount Vesuvius Eruption of March 1944" 4075: 4073: 3908:. The Harvard Classics. New York: Bartelby. 3836:. The Harvard Classics. New York: Bartelby. 3576:Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew (15 October 2010). 3566: 3483: 3008:. The Harvard Classics. New York: Bartleby. 2795:Indogermanisches etymologisches Woerterbuch 2646: 2389: 2383: 2377: 1527:that the Campanian plain was called fiery ( 1425: 669:. Many scholars since then have offered an 651: 643: 635: 627: 607: 561: 522: 507: 4981: 4967: 4848: 4834: 4725: 4711: 4552: 4337:Giacomelli, L.; Scandone, R. (1996–2009). 4237:Giacomelli, L.; Scandone, R. (1996–2009). 3744: 3728: 3697: 3254: 3252: 2724: 2570: 2550: 2020:Ash being swept off a wing of an American 894:The volcano is one of several forming the 88: 71: 4148: 4136: 4097: 3548:Department of Physics, University of Rome 3225: 3215: 3172: 3110: 2801: 2793:. In Lubotsky, A.; Starostin, G. (eds.). 2686: 2065:material will raise the concentration of 1829:An eruption of Vesuvius seen from Portici 1546:In AD 79, Vesuvius erupted in one of the 1496:Learn how and when to remove this message 854:Famous view of Vesuvius and the historic 4239:"The eruption of vesuvius of March 1944" 4070: 3678:"2: Identifying Potential Damage Events" 2764: 2743: 2720: 2718: 2299:List of volcanic eruptions by death toll 2192: 2166:to measure ground movement and by local 2150:The volcano is closely monitored by the 2134: 2079: 2015: 1922: 1901: 1823: 1800: 1758: 1643: 1573:to a height of 33 km (21 mi), 1343: 1169: 1063:Volcanic explosivity index for Vesuvius 980: 972: 929: 849: 783: 454:to a height of 33 km (21 mi), 395:, about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of 4574:Herculaneum, past, present & future 3675: 3249: 2797:(in German). Leiden: Leiden University. 2771:. London: Houlston and Wright. p. 2611: 2579: 1252:3,800 years ago (19th century BC): the 513:, or household shrines, surviving from 14: 5409: 4649: 4024: 3893: 3821: 3133: 3021: 2881: 2449: 2358: 2347: 2185:activity of rocks inside the crater. 1639: 697:people, lived in the countryside. The 201: 5360:Naples National Archaeological Museum 5268:Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum 4962: 4829: 4706: 4652:"Vesuvius escape plan 'insufficient'" 4650:Fraser, Christian (10 January 2007). 4620:from the original on 11 October 2007. 4118:Soprintendenza archeologica di Pompei 3731:, p. 35, on Seneca the Younger, 3682:Patterns of Reconstruction at Pompeii 2715: 2527: 2371: 2334: 1763:Pompeii, with Vesuvius towering above 1624:The AD 79 eruption was preceded by a 4855: 4401: 4372: 4205:from the original on 10 August 2017. 4055: 3022:Venzke, E., ed. (10 December 2020). 2750:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 2712:, p. 108 re Epigram IV line 44. 2425:"Vesuvio nell'Enciclopedia Treccani" 2073:, potentially making the magma more 1535: 1448: 906:a few kilometers to the north-west, 708:Some theories about its origin are: 5019:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD 4033:. Purdue University. Archived from 3490:. Translated by John Bostock & 3341: 2397: 1542:Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD 420:eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD 24: 4267: 4157:, The New York Times, 7 April 1906 4145:, The New York Times, 6 April 1906 4000:"Derivation of the name "Plinian"" 3919:Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus ( 3847:Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus ( 3504: 2765:Charnock, Richard Stephen (1859). 2321: 1738:(about 4.5 km from Pompeii). 596:City of Naples with Mount Vesuvius 86:1,232 m (4,042 ft) 69:1,281 m (4,203 ft) 25: 5523: 4626: 3653:. 15 October 1956. Archived from 3375:University at Buffalo News Center 2580:McGuire, Bill (16 October 2003). 1681: 5100:House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto 4761: 3676:Martini, Kirk (September 1998). 2612:Mommsen, Theodorus, ed. (1883). 2278: 2264: 2250: 2188: 2040:Magma sitting in an underground 1453: 1359:with Mount Vesuvius, as seen in 985:The eruption of Vesuvius in 1794 977:Lava flows from Vesuvius in 1760 657:. Writers in ancient Greek used 585: 330: 200: 193: 47: 5512:Tourist attractions in Campania 4591:Journal of Geophysical Research 4536: 4507: 4485: 4463: 4444:. Bonn, Germany. Archived from 4424: 4395: 4373:Hale, Ellen (21 October 2003). 4330: 4288: 4261: 4230: 4209: 4160: 4106: 4099:10.18814/epiiugs/2003/v26i3/014 4049: 4018: 3991: 3965: 3912: 3840: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3738: 3669: 3616: 3597: 3578:"Pompeii: Portents of Disaster" 3517: 3498: 3477: 3438: 3419: 3389: 3369:Ellen Goldbaum (6 March 2006). 3362: 3335: 3318: 3306: 3160: 3078: 3053: 2993: 2968: 2859: 2834: 2779: 2758: 2737: 2710:Waldstein & Shoobridge 1908 2703: 2673: 2640: 2635:Waldstein & Shoobridge 1908 2628: 1797:1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius 1561:The volcano ejected a cloud of 1174:Vesuvius erupting (before 1923) 1165: 407:. Vesuvius consists of a large 4635:"Places: 433189 (Vesuvius M.)" 4564:The natural history of Pompeii 4555:The natural history of Pompeii 4004:The Volcano Information Center 3463:. Princeton University Press. 3377:. State University of New York 3004:. In Eliot, Charles W. (ed.). 2687:Oldfather, C. H., ed. (1935). 2601: 2582:"In the shadow of the volcano" 2521: 2495: 2470: 2443: 2417: 2139:The crater of Vesuvius in 2012 1861:(760 mi.; 1,220 km). 1218:eruptions are named after the 13: 1: 5115:House of the Prince of Naples 5024:Foreign influences on Pompeii 4495:. Vesuvioinrete.it. 2001–2010 3904:. In Charles W. Eliot (ed.). 3832:. In Charles W. Eliot (ed.). 3397:"Pomici di Avellino eruption" 3217:10.1080/17445647.2019.1706653 3136:"Vesuvius – Eruption History" 2976:"Definition of somma volcano" 2910:"The Pomici Di Base Eruption" 2450:Grasso, Alfonso, ed. (2007). 2410: 1991:United States Army Air Forces 1916: 1898:Eruptions in the 20th century 1836: 1754: 1513: 1437: 1404: 779: 746:root, *eus- < *ewes- < 689:, "New City", testifies. The 249: 5492:16th-century volcanic events 5487:17th-century volcanic events 5482:18th-century volcanic events 5477:19th-century volcanic events 5472:20th-century volcanic events 4402:Arie, Sophie (5 June 2003). 4196:10.1016/0377-0273(93)90099-D 3902:"LXVI. To Cornelius Tacitus" 2651:. Springer. pp. 45–54. 2220: 1806:Eruption of 16 December 1631 1019:-undersaturated and rich in 925: 845: 684: 601: 576:in 88 AD suggests that both 492: 7: 5130:House of the Small Fountain 5125:House of the Silver Wedding 5095:House of Loreius Tiburtinus 5090:House of the Greek Epigrams 5085:The Garden of the Fugitives 4988: 4577:. London: Macmillan and Co. 4546:Volcanoes of Southern Italy 3900:Pliny the Younger (2001) . 3828:Pliny the Younger (2001) . 3756:Sigurdsson & Carey 2002 2889:"The world's top volcanoes" 2846:Parco Nazionale del Vesuvio 2657:10.1007/978-90-481-3325-3_3 2243: 1598:Hiroshima-Nagasaki bombings 1326:mentioned in his epic poem 1055:(the last 11,700 years). A 10: 5528: 5507:Geological type localities 5290:Pompeii in popular culture 4343:Esplora i Vulcani Italiani 4243:Esplora i Vulcani Italiani 3461:Volcanoes in Human History 3000:Pliny the Younger (1909). 2304:List of volcanoes in Italy 2158:-based geodetic array and 1794: 1539: 1186:rock. Cores were dated by 1057:volcanic explosivity index 1039:Volcanic explosivity index 735: 729: 720: 714: 665: 659: 29: 5373: 5352: 5345: 5298: 5263:Portrait of Terentius Neo 5240: 5210: 5174: 5153: 5110:House of Octavius Quartio 5060: 5039: 5032: 4996: 4863: 4770: 4759: 4740: 4672:"Vesuvius' next eruption" 3698:Jones, Rick (2004–2010). 3645:"Science: Man of Pompeii" 3524:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio. 3346:. Meridie. Archived from 3040:10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013 2622:10.1515/9783112610220-011 2200:, one of a pair of early 2031: 1967:San Sebastiano al Vesuvio 1626:powerful earthquake in 62 1620:Precursors and foreshocks 1363:'s House of the Centenary 1149: 1135: 1121: 1107: 1093: 1079: 1070: 1067: 1031:and finally a phonolitic 319: 307: 302: 292: 275: 259: 242: 237: 226: 187: 182: 141: 136: 97: 80: 63: 58: 46: 41: 32:Vesuvius (disambiguation) 5497:Medieval volcanic events 5452:Stratovolcanoes of Italy 5140:House of the Tragic Poet 5014:AD 62 Pompeii earthquake 4734:Major volcanoes of Italy 4216:Stevens, Robert (1944). 3906:Vol. IX, Part 4: Letters 3834:Vol. IX, Part 4: Letters 3342:Livadie, Claude Albore. 3141:Global Volcanism Program 3134:Venzke, E., ed. (2013). 3006:Vol. IX, Part 4: Letters 2950:Global Volcanism Program 2891:. Scenta. Archived from 2314: 2294:Battle of Mount Vesuvius 2164:synthetic aperture radar 1474:clarify the bullet point 1049:Global Volcanism Program 4741:Roman comagmatic region 4031:History of Horticulture 3265:Bulletin of Volcanology 3147:Smithsonian Institution 3032:Smithsonian Institution 2955:Smithsonian Institution 2744:Phillips, John (1869). 2354: 2344: 2309:List of stratovolcanoes 1995:340th Bombardment Group 1748:Castellammare di Stabia 1045:Smithsonian Institution 568:was named after it. An 164: 5502:Pompeii (ancient city) 5427:Campanian volcanic arc 5258:Plato's Academy mosaic 5070:House of the Centenary 5052:Villa of the Mysteries 4772:Campanian volcanic arc 4025:Janick, Jules (2002). 2390: 2384: 2378: 2368: 2331: 2225:Mount Vesuvius' first 2209: 2140: 2085: 2025: 1939: 1920: 1843: 1821: 1764: 1649: 1426: 1378:House of the Centenary 1364: 1175: 986: 978: 939: 896:Campanian volcanic arc 862: 797: 652: 644: 636: 628: 608: 562: 523: 517:. An inscription from 508: 405:Campanian volcanic arc 287:Campanian volcanic arc 149: 5365:Secret Museum, Naples 5299:Other sites destroyed 3285:10.1007/s004450050272 3112:10.1515/geo-2017-0003 2682:Bibliotheca historica 2196: 2138: 2083: 2019: 1979:San Giorgio a Cremano 1926: 1914: 1827: 1804: 1762: 1647: 1525:Bibliotheca Historica 1347: 1238:8,000 years ago: the 1173: 984: 976: 933: 853: 787: 121:40.82139°N 14.42611°E 5457:Subduction volcanoes 5248:Achilles and Briseis 5135:House of the Surgeon 5080:House of Julia Felix 4611:10.1029/2006jb004775 4451:on 27 September 2009 4316:. Terra Publishing. 3923:) (September 2001). 3851:) (September 2001). 3407:on 18 September 2010 2566:. The Latin Library. 2454:[Vesuvius]. 2373:[wɛˈsʊwi.ʊs] 2360:[amunˈdaɲɲə] 2152:Osservatorio Vesuvio 2111:emergency evacuation 1949:1908 Summer Olympics 1810:Joachim von Sandrart 1588:10 cubic metres (7.8 1466:confusing or unclear 1399:The Greek historian 1264:, including ancient 1196:Campanian ignimbrite 469:10 cubic metres (7.8 5442:Geography of Naples 5393:(CIL IV 8123, 8623) 5313:Villa of the Papyri 5166:Macellum of Pompeii 5145:House of the Vettii 4603:2007JGRB..112.5214Z 4493:"The National Park" 4249:on 30 December 2009 4226:on 30 October 2021. 4188:1993JVGR...58....5S 3973:"Pliny Letter 6.16" 3816:Zanella et al. 2007 3804:Zanella et al. 2007 3792:Zanella et al. 2007 3780:Zanella et al. 2007 3768:Zanella et al. 2007 3657:on 14 December 2008 3487:The Natural History 3277:1999BVol...61..207C 3208:2020JMaps..16..137S 3103:2017OGeo....9....3S 2530:Lopes, Rosaly M. C. 2456:ilportaledelsud.org 2349:[vəˈsuːvjə] 2336:[veˈzuːvjo] 2238:Neapolitan language 2069:components such as 2060:, the huge drop in 1989:In March 1944, the 1931:tail gunner in the 1866:Theodoric the Great 1771:and the procurator 1640:Scientific analysis 1382:Casa del Centenario 1260:settlements of the 1064: 1029:tephritic phonolite 883:convergent boundary 117: / 5301:in the 79 eruption 4753:Vulsinian district 4349:on 19 January 2011 4276:on 3 November 2011 4062:Jewish Antiquities 3704:Current Archeology 3630:. 16 October 2018. 3507:"Book V Chapter 4" 3492:Henry Thomas Riley 3428:Ancient Hist. Bull 3332:, October 11, 2022 2920:on 22 October 2006 2895:on 26 August 2010. 2822:on 3 December 2006 2731:A Latin Dictionary 2679:Diodorus Siculus, 2363:("the Mountain"); 2234:Funiculì, Funiculà 2210: 2141: 2086: 2026: 1940: 1921: 1844: 1822: 1765: 1655:pyroclastic surges 1650: 1610:pyroclastic surges 1608:were destroyed by 1462:This bullet point 1365: 1299:, which destroyed 1192:argon–argon dating 1176: 1062: 987: 979: 940: 863: 798: 126:40.82139; 14.42611 59:Highest point 5467:Parks in Campania 5432:Complex volcanoes 5404: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5283:Pompeian frescoes 5236: 5235: 5228:Temple of Jupiter 5105:House of Menander 5075:House of the Faun 5047:Villa of Diomedes 4956: 4955: 4823: 4822: 4800:Phlegraean Fields 4748:Ciminian district 4383:. Gannett Co. Inc 4323:978-1-903544-04-4 4314:Italian Volcanoes 4057:Josephus, Flavius 3931:Project Gutenberg 3921:Pliny the Younger 3859:Project Gutenberg 3849:Pliny the Younger 3830:"LXV. To Tacitus" 3733:Natural Questions 3484:Pliny the Elder. 3470:978-0-691-05081-2 3313:Guest et al. 2003 3167:Guest et al. 2003 2867:"Vesuvius, Italy" 2666:978-90-481-3325-3 2179:Green Alert Level 2062:internal pressure 1945:Vesuvian eruption 1912: 1633:Pliny the Younger 1556:Pliny the Younger 1548:most catastrophic 1536:Eruption of AD 79 1506: 1505: 1498: 1286:Pyroclastic surge 1254:Avellino eruption 1163: 1162: 1043:According to the 956:Pliny the Younger 944:Avellino eruption 898:. Others include 877:. The former was 477:to the historian 475:Pliny the Younger 323: 322: 16:(Redirected from 5519: 5447:Sacred mountains 5437:Decade Volcanoes 5422:Active volcanoes 5350: 5349: 5337:Villa Boscoreale 5253:Alexander Mosaic 5218:Temple of Apollo 5120:House of Sallust 5037: 5036: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4960: 4959: 4857:Decade Volcanoes 4850: 4843: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4765: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4678:. Archived from 4666: 4664: 4662: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4621: 4619: 4588: 4578: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4450: 4439: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4370: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4309: 4300: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4272:. Archived from 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4173: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4124:on 18 March 2009 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4077: 4068: 4066: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3975:. Archived from 3969: 3963: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3926:LETTERS OF PLINY 3916: 3910: 3909: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3854:LETTERS OF PLINY 3844: 3838: 3837: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3758:, pp. 42–43 3753: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3641: 3632: 3631: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3554:on 12 April 2011 3550:. Archived from 3544:"Somma-Vesuvius" 3540: 3534: 3533: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3456: 3450: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3403:. Archived from 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3339: 3333: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3229: 3219: 3187: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3114: 3091:Open Geosciences 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3019: 3010: 3009: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2941: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2916:. Archived from 2906: 2897: 2896: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2873:. Archived from 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2812: 2799: 2798: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2722: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2577: 2568: 2567: 2557: 2548: 2547: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2421: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2362: 2357: 2351: 2338: 2325: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2260: 2258:Volcanoes portal 2255: 2254: 2095:prevailing winds 1999:Pompeii Airfield 1983:pyroclastic flow 1955:and surrounding 1918: 1913: 1841: 1838: 1775:) and his wife. 1600:. The cities of 1596:released by the 1591: 1587: 1584:at the rate of 6 1522: 1518: 1515: 1510:Diodorus Siculus 1501: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1457: 1456: 1449: 1442: 1439: 1432:, the architect 1431: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1338:hydrogen sulfide 1313:Phlegrean fields 1297:Plinian eruption 1262:Apennine culture 1240:Mercato eruption 1208:Plinian eruption 1198:produced by the 1158: 1157: 1144: 1143: 1130: 1129: 1116: 1115: 1102: 1101: 1088: 1087: 1065: 1061: 771:" (compare e.g. 760: 738: 737: 732: 731: 723: 722: 717: 716: 687: 668: 667: 662: 661: 655: 647: 639: 631: 623:collateral forms 611: 589: 567: 557:Φλεγραῖον πεδίον 544:Diodorus Siculus 542:. The historian 533:Jupiter Vesuvius 526: 511: 472: 468: 465:at the rate of 6 371: 365: 364: 361: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 311: 298:17–23 March 1944 255:years to present 254: 251: 204: 203: 197: 175: 167: 160: 152: 132: 131: 129: 128: 127: 122: 118: 115: 114: 113: 110: 93: 92: 76: 75: 51: 39: 38: 21: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5462:VEI-6 volcanoes 5407: 5406: 5405: 5396: 5386:Pompeii Lakshmi 5369: 5341: 5300: 5294: 5273:Pompeian Styles 5232: 5206: 5170: 5149: 5056: 5028: 4992: 4987: 4957: 4952: 4859: 4854: 4824: 4819: 4766: 4757: 4736: 4731: 4694: 4685: 4683: 4660: 4658: 4640: 4638: 4629: 4624: 4617: 4586: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4371: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4310: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4235: 4231: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4078: 4071: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4037:on 18 July 2012 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3954: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3934: 3917: 3913: 3898: 3894: 3882: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3862: 3845: 3841: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3745:Sigurdsson 2002 3743: 3739: 3729:Sigurdsson 2002 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3710:on 8 March 2012 3696: 3689: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3643: 3642: 3635: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3612:. Getty Museum. 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3574: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3530:de Architectura 3522: 3518: 3503: 3499: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3439: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3350:on 18 June 2012 3340: 3336: 3324:Halpin, Danny. 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3257: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3196:Journal of Maps 3188: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3132: 3128: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3065:volcanotrek.com 3059: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3020: 3013: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2943: 2942: 2933: 2923: 2921: 2908: 2907: 2900: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2877:on 5 July 2008. 2865: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2802: 2787:Pokorny, Julius 2784: 2780: 2763: 2759: 2742: 2738: 2723: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2578: 2571: 2558: 2551: 2544: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2507:www.treccani.it 2501: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2429:www.treccani.it 2423: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2223: 2191: 2101:to the east or 2034: 1902: 1900: 1839: 1814:Matthias Merian 1799: 1793: 1757: 1716:sheet lightning 1692:Pliny the Elder 1684: 1642: 1622: 1589: 1585: 1580:and pulverized 1544: 1538: 1520: 1516: 1502: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1471: 1458: 1454: 1441: 80–70 BC 1440: 1428:De architectura 1411: 1407: 1392:Natural History 1324:Silius Italicus 1188:potassium–argon 1168: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1041: 936:Saint Januarius 928: 867:tectonic plates 848: 782: 755: 733:= "I hurl" and 604: 599: 598: 597: 595: 590: 495: 470: 466: 461:and pulverized 383:located on the 369: 333: 329: 309: 252: 222: 221: 220: 219: 218: 212: 211: 210: 209: 205: 178: 169: 154: 125: 123: 119: 116: 111: 108: 106: 104: 103: 87: 70: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5525: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5417:Mount Vesuvius 5402: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5388: 5383: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5356: 5354: 5347: 5346:Archaeological 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5304: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5223:Temple of Isis 5220: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5192:Suburban Baths 5189: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5066: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5009:Mount Vesuvius 5006: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4963: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4853: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4830: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4795:Mount Vesuvius 4792: 4787: 4782: 4776: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4692: 4682:on 12 May 2007 4667: 4647: 4628: 4627:External links 4625: 4623: 4622: 4597:(B5): B05214. 4579: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4506: 4484: 4462: 4423: 4394: 4360: 4329: 4322: 4301: 4287: 4260: 4229: 4208: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4105: 4092:(3): 235–238. 4069: 4048: 4017: 3990: 3979:on 11 May 2015 3964: 3955:|website= 3933:. p. LXVI 3911: 3892: 3883:|website= 3839: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3737: 3721: 3687: 3668: 3633: 3615: 3596: 3565: 3535: 3516: 3497: 3476: 3469: 3451: 3437: 3418: 3388: 3361: 3334: 3317: 3305: 3271:(4): 207–222. 3248: 3202:(2): 137–147. 3171: 3159: 3126: 3077: 3052: 3011: 2992: 2967: 2931: 2898: 2880: 2858: 2833: 2800: 2789:(1998–2003) . 2778: 2757: 2736: 2714: 2702: 2672: 2665: 2639: 2627: 2600: 2569: 2549: 2543:978-0521895439 2542: 2520: 2494: 2488:978-8820166601 2487: 2469: 2442: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2396: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2275: 2261: 2245: 2242: 2222: 2219: 2190: 2187: 2054:carbon dioxide 2050:sulfur dioxide 2033: 2030: 1987: 1986: 1977:, and part of 1971:Massa di Somma 1963: 1960: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1872:king of Italy. 1862: 1859:Constantinople 1855: 1792: 1789: 1773:Antonius Felix 1756: 1753: 1683: 1682:The two Plinys 1680: 1641: 1638: 1621: 1618: 1594:thermal energy 1571:volcanic gases 1540:Main article: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1486:September 2022 1461: 1459: 1452: 1424:In Book II of 1422: 1386: 1385: 1342: 1341: 1316: 1293: 1250: 1247: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1223: 1215: 1211: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1053:Holocene Epoch 1040: 1037: 960:Constantinople 934:Procession of 927: 924: 860:Giorgio Sommer 856:Pine of Naples 847: 844: 781: 778: 777: 776: 761: 740: 725: 679:Roman Iron Age 617:and the early 615:Roman Republic 603: 600: 592: 591: 584: 583: 582: 550:on his way to 494: 491: 452:volcanic gases 422:destroyed the 385:Gulf of Naples 326:Mount Vesuvius 321: 320: 317: 316: 313: 305: 304: 300: 299: 296: 290: 289: 284: 273: 272: 263: 257: 256: 246: 240: 239: 235: 234: 228: 224: 223: 213: 208:Mount Vesuvius 207: 206: 199: 198: 192: 191: 190: 189: 188: 185: 184: 180: 179: 177: 176: 161: 145: 143: 139: 138: 134: 133: 101: 95: 94: 84: 78: 77: 67: 61: 60: 56: 55: 53:Mount Vesuvius 52: 44: 43: 42:Mount Vesuvius 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5524: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5325:Villa Poppaea 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5197:Stabian Baths 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4972: 4970: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4844: 4839: 4837: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4723: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4636: 4631: 4630: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4541: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4494: 4488: 4472: 4466: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4435: 4427: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4398: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4306: 4297: 4291: 4275: 4271: 4268:Kaiser, Don. 4264: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4212: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4074: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4052: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3960: 3948: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3876: 3861:. p. 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Retrieved 4680:the original 4675: 4659:. Retrieved 4639:. Retrieved 4594: 4590: 4573: 4563: 4554: 4545: 4537:Bibliography 4522:. Retrieved 4518: 4509: 4497:. Retrieved 4487: 4475:. Retrieved 4465: 4453:. Retrieved 4446:the original 4433: 4426: 4414:. Retrieved 4409:The Guardian 4407: 4397: 4385:. Retrieved 4378: 4351:. Retrieved 4347:the original 4342: 4332: 4313: 4290: 4278:. Retrieved 4274:the original 4263: 4251:. Retrieved 4247:the original 4242: 4232: 4224:the original 4218: 4211: 4179: 4175: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4126:. Retrieved 4122:the original 4117: 4108: 4089: 4085: 4061: 4059:. "xx.7.2". 4051: 4039:. Retrieved 4035:the original 4030: 4020: 4008:. Retrieved 4003: 3993: 3981:. Retrieved 3977:the original 3967: 3935:. Retrieved 3925: 3914: 3905: 3895: 3863:. Retrieved 3853: 3842: 3833: 3823: 3818:, p. 14 3811: 3806:, p. 13 3799: 3794:, p. 12 3787: 3775: 3763: 3751: 3740: 3735:, 6.1, 6.27. 3732: 3724: 3712:. Retrieved 3708:the original 3703: 3681: 3671: 3659:. 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Retrieved 2509:(in Italian) 2506: 2497: 2478: 2472: 2460:. Retrieved 2458:(in Italian) 2455: 2452:"Il Vesuvio" 2445: 2433:. 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Naples: 4637:. Pleiades 4519:Classic FM 3661:4 February 3589:4 February 3558:8 December 3434:: 182–185. 3411:8 December 3381:8 December 3354:8 December 3070:29 October 3061:"Vesuvius" 2960:8 December 2945:"Vesuvius" 2924:8 December 2826:8 December 2727:"Vesuvius" 2513:8 February 2462:8 February 2435:7 February 2411:References 2341:Neapolitan 2183:subsidence 2116:zona rossa 1877:lava flows 1795:See also: 1755:Casualties 1552:eyewitness 1519: – c. 1468:to readers 1410: – c. 1268:. 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