Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)

6026:; Quote from source (German original): "'Jetzt werden die Deutschen erfahren, was das Prinzip der kollektiven Verantwortung bedeutet', hatte das Organ der polnischen Geheimarmee im Juli 1944 geschrieben. Und der Befehlshaber der 2. Polnischen Armee wies seine Soldaten am 24. Juni 1945 an, mit den Deutschen 'so umzugehen, wie diese es mit uns getan haben', so daß 'die Deutschen von selbst fliehen und Gott danken, daß sie ihren Kopf gerettet haben'. Politiker jeglicher Couleur, Flugblätter und Zeitungen beider Staaten riefen nach Vergeltung für die brutale deutsche Besatzungspolitik" (English translation: "'Now the Germans will get to know the meaning of the principle of collective responsibility', the outlet of the Polish secret army wrote in July 1944. And the commander of the 2nd Polish Army instructed his soldiers on 24 June 1945, to 'treat' the Germans 'how they had treated us', causing 'the Germans to flee on their own and thank God for having saved their lives'. Politicians of all political wings, leaflets and newspapers of both states called for revenge for the brutal occupation policy.") 6052:, 2001; Quote: "By 1943, for example, Polish and Czech politicians across the political spectrum were convinced of the desirability of the postwar expulsion of Germans. After 1945 a democratic Czechoslovak government and a Communist Polish government pursued broadly similar policies toward their German minorities. (...) Taken together, and in comparison to the chapters on the Polish expulsion of the Germans, these essays remind us of the importance of politics in the decision to engage in ethnic cleansing. It will not do, for example, to explain the similar Polish and Czechoslovak policies by similar experiences of occupation. The occupation of Poland was incomparably harsher, yet the Czechoslovak policy was (if anything) more vengeful. (...) Revenge is a broad and complex set of motivations and is subject to manipulation and appropriation. The personal forms of revenge taken against people identified as Germans or collaborators were justified by broad legal definitions of these groups..." 3228:

people, natural deaths and births after the war in Eastern Europe are unreliable because the Communist governments in Eastern Europe did not extend full cooperation to West German efforts to trace people in Eastern Europe; the reports given by eyewitnesses surveyed are not reliable in all cases. In particular, Overmans maintains that the figure of 1.9 million missing people was based on incomplete information and is unreliable. Overmans found the 1958 demographic study to be unreliable because it inflated the figures of ethnic German deaths by including missing people of doubtful German ethnic identity who survived the war in Eastern Europe; the figures of military deaths is understated; the numbers of surviving people, natural deaths and births after the war in Eastern Europe are unreliable because the Communist governments in Eastern Europe did not extend full cooperation to West German efforts to trace people in Eastern Europe.

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supported Nazi Germany, and the United States had not yet entered the war). Consequently, Britain had to incur additional debt to the US, and the US had to spend more for the survival of its zone, while the Soviets gained applause among Eastern Europeans—many of whom were impoverished by the war and German occupation—who plundered the belongings of expellees, often before they were actually expelled. Since the Soviet Union was the only power among the Allies that allowed and/or encouraged the looting and robbery in the area under its military influence, the perpetrators and profiteers blundered into a situation in which they became dependent on the perpetuation of Soviet rule in their countries to not be dispossessed of the booty and to stay unpunished. With ever more expellees sweeping into post-war Germany, the Allies moved towards a policy of

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researched only military deaths; his project did not investigate civilian expulsion deaths; he merely noted the difference between the 2.2 million dead estimated in the 1958 demographic study, of which 500,000 have so far have been verified. He found that German military deaths from areas in Eastern Europe were about 1.444 million, and thus 334,000 higher than the 1.1 million figure in the 1958 demographic study, lacking documents available today included the figures with civilian deaths. Overmans believes this will reduce the number of civilian deaths in the expulsions. Overmans further pointed out that the 2.225 million number estimated by the 1958 study would imply that the casualty rate among the expellees was equal to or higher than that of the military, which he found implausible.

2723: 3392: 3636:. West Germany established a ministry dedicated to the problem, and several laws created a legal framework. The expellees established several organisations, some demanding compensation. Their grievances, while remaining controversial, were incorporated into public discourse. During 1945 the British press aired concerns over the refugees' situation; this was followed by limited discussion of the issue during the Cold War outside West Germany. East Germany sought to avoid alienating the Soviet Union and its neighbours; the Polish and Czechoslovakian governments characterised the expulsions as "a just punishment for Nazi crimes". Western analysts were inclined to see the Soviet Union and its satellites as a single entity, disregarding the national disputes that had preceded the Cold War. The 2748: 2650: 1803: 2161: 3475: 3443: 1433: 3867:

Europe featured a jumble of various ethnic groups aside from Germans, and that it was the destructive role played by ethnic Germans as instruments of Nazi Germany that led to their expulsion after the war. Evans concluded by positing that the expulsions were justified as they put an end to a major problem that plagued Europe before the war; that gains to the cause of peace were a further benefit of the expulsions; and that if the Germans had been allowed to remain in Eastern Europe after the war, West Germany would have used their presence to make territorial claims against Poland and Czechoslovakia, and that given the Cold War, this could have helped cause World War III.

816: 2706:. Life in the special settlements was harsh and severe, food was limited, and the deported population was governed by strict regulations. Shortages of food plagued the whole Soviet Union and especially the special settlements. According to data from the Soviet archives, by October 1945, 687,300 Germans remained alive in the special settlements; an additional 316,600 Soviet Germans served as labour conscripts during World War II. Soviet Germans were not accepted in the regular armed forces but were employed instead as conscript labour. The labor army members were arranged into worker battalions that followed camp-like regulations and received 1330: 3294:

ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe. The Hahns maintain that most of the reported 473,013 deaths occurred during the Nazi organized flight and evacuation during the war, and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union; they point out that there are 80,522 confirmed deaths in the postwar internment camps. They put the postwar losses in eastern Europe at a fraction of the total losses: Poland –15,000 deaths from 1945 to 1949 in internment camps; Czechoslovakia – 15,000–30,000 dead, including 4,000–5,000 in internment camps and ca. 15,000 in the

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and another 1,994 perished in Soviet labour camps. Those Germans still considered Yugoslav citizens were employed in industry or the military, but could buy themselves free of Yugoslav citizenship for the equivalent of three months' salary. By 1950, 150,000 of the Germans from Yugoslavia were classified as "expelled" in Germany, another 150,000 in Austria, 10,000 in the United States, and 3,000 in France. According to West German figures 82,000 ethnic Germans remained in Yugoslavia in 1950. After 1950, most emigrated to Germany or were assimilated into the local population.

2405: 3384: 2292:, a scholar dealing with Balkan affairs since the 1930s when he was a Nazi Party member. During the war, he was an officer in the SS and was directly implicated in the plundering of cultural artifacts in eastern Europe. After the war, he was chosen to author the sections of the demographic report on the expulsions from Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia. The figure of 57,000 "unresolved cases" in Hungary is included in the figure of 2 million dead expellees, which is often cited in official German and historical literature. 3471:(a basic material for fertiliser), timber, clay products, petroleum products, etc. The Western deliveries started in 1946, but this turned out to be a one-way street. The Soviet deliveries—desperately needed to provide the expellees with food, warmth, and basic necessities and to increase agricultural production in the remaining cultivation area—did not materialize. Consequently, the US stopped all deliveries on 3 May 1946, while the expellees from the areas under Soviet rule were deported to the West until the end of 1947. 2220: 2744:

Affairs Commissioner, and the inhabitants had to perform forced labor until the end of 1955. They were released from the special settlements by an amnesty decree of 13 September 1955, and the Nazi collaboration charge was revoked by a decree of 23 August 1964. They were not allowed to return to their former homes and remained in the eastern regions of the USSR, and no individual's former property was restored. Since the 1980s, the Soviet and Russian governments have allowed ethnic Germans to emigrate to Germany.

17777: 3439:, so it felt free to approve some of the Potsdam Agreements and dismiss others. France maintained the position that it had not approved the expulsions and therefore was not responsible for accommodating and nourishing the destitute expellees in its zone of occupation. While the French military government provided for the few refugees who arrived before July 1945 in the area that became the French zone, it succeeded in preventing entrance by later-arriving ethnic Germans deported from the East. 3271:

27,000 German Jews who were Nazi victims are included in the West German figures. He rejects the statement by the German government that the figure of 500–600,000 deaths omitted those people who died of disease and hunger, and has stated that this is a "mistaken interpretation" of the data. He maintains that deaths due to disease, hunger and other conditions are already included in the lower numbers. According to Haar the numbers were set too high for decades, for postwar political reasons.

3339:(a public-broadcasting radio station in Germany) saying that the numbers presented by the German government and others are not contradictory to the numbers cited by Haar and that the below 600,000 estimate comprises the deaths directly caused by atrocities during the expulsion measures and thus only includes people who were raped, beaten, or else killed on the spot, while the above two million estimate includes people who on their way to postwar Germany died of epidemics, hunger, cold, 3451:

war-related refugees and post-war expellees. In December 1946 it absorbed into its zone German refugees from Denmark, where 250,000 Germans had traveled by sea between February and May 1945 to take refuge from the Soviets. These were refugees from the eastern parts of Germany, not expellees; Danes of German ethnicity remained untouched and Denmark did not expel them. With this humanitarian act the French saved many lives, due to the high death toll German refugees faced in Denmark.

296: 3887: 3099:, range from 500,000 to a maximum of 3 million people. Although the German government's official estimate of deaths has stood at 2 million since the 1960s, the publication in 1987–89 of previously classified West German studies has led some historians to the conclusion that the actual number was much lower—in the range of 500,000–600,000. English-language sources have put the death toll at 2–3 million based on West German government figures from the 1960s. 2385:. Early expulsions were undertaken by the Polish Communist military authorities even before the Potsdam Conference placed them under temporary Polish administration pending the final Peace Treaty, in an effort to ensure later territorial integration into an ethnically homogeneous Poland. The Polish Communists wrote: "We must expel all the Germans because countries are built on national lines and not on multinational ones." The Polish government defined Germans as either 3735:

one-way and two-way transfers, since the rights of each individual are regarded as independent of the experience of others. Although the signatories to the Potsdam Agreements and the expelling countries may have considered the expulsions to be legal under international law at the time, there are historians and scholars in international law and human rights who argue that the expulsions of Germans from Central and Eastern Europe should now be considered as episodes of

3595: 1046: 94: 1675: 1577: 2739:, while those deemed to be of "questionable racial value" were sent to work in Germany. The Red Army captured these areas in early 1945, and 200,000 Soviet Germans had not yet been evacuated by the Nazi authorities, who were still occupied with their 'racial evaluation'. They were regarded by the USSR as Soviet citizens and repatriated to camps and special settlements in the Soviet Union. 70,000 to 80,000 who found themselves in the 2064:

redistributed among the citizens. Of the many post-war forced migrations, the largest was the expulsion of ethnic Germans from Central and Eastern Europe, primarily from the territory of 1937 Czechoslovakia (which included the historically German-speaking area in the Sudeten mountains along the German-Czech-Polish border (Sudetenland)), and the territory that became post-war Poland. Poland's post-war borders were moved west to the

2436:. By early 1946, 550,000 Germans had already been expelled from there, and 932,000 had been verified as having Polish nationality. In the February 1946 census, 2,288,000 people were classified as Germans and subject to expulsion, and 417,400 were subject to verification action, to determine nationality. The negatively verified people, who did not succeed in demonstrating their "Polish nationality", were directed for resettlement. 1512: 757: 2102: 3610:

foreign ethnic Germans and their descendants were displaced from their homes. The exact number of casualties is still unknown and is difficult to establish due to the chaotic nature of the last months of the war. Census figures placed the total number of ethnic Germans still living in Eastern Europe in 1950, after the major expulsions were complete, at approximately 2.6 million, about 12 percent of the pre-war total.

2915:. In 1931, the total number of ethnic Germans in Slovenia was around 28,000: around half of them lived in Styria and in Prekmurje, while the other half lived in the Gottschee County and in Ljubljana. In April 1941, southern Slovenia was occupied by Italian troops. By early 1942, ethnic Germans from Gottschee/Kočevje were forcefully transferred to German-occupied Styria by the new German authorities. Most resettled to the 2541:. The Germans had recently expelled more than a million Poles from territories they annexed during the war. Some Poles engaged in looting and various crimes, including murders, beatings, and rapes against Germans. On the other hand, in many instances Poles, including some who had been made slave laborers by the Germans during the war, protected Germans, for instance by disguising them as Poles. Moreover, in the 771: 3298:; Yugoslavia – 5,777 deliberate killings and 48,027 deaths in internment camps; Denmark – 17,209 dead in internment camps; Hungary and Romania – no postwar losses reported. The Hahns point out that the official 1958 figure of 273,000 deaths for Czechoslovakia was prepared by Alfred Bohmann, a former Nazi Party member who had served in the wartime SS. Bohmann was a journalist for an ultra-nationalist 3506:, for instance, the average living space per capita, reduced by air raids from 13.6 square metres (146 sq ft) in 1939 to 8.3 in 1945, was further reduced to 5.4 square metres (58 sq ft) in 1949 by billeting refugees and expellees. In May 1947, Hamburg trade unions organized a strike against the small rations, with protesters complaining about the rapid absorption of expellees. 1795:

advanced into the areas to be evacuated. The abandonment of millions of ethnic Germans in these vulnerable areas until combat conditions overwhelmed them can be attributed directly to the measures taken by the Nazis against anyone suspected of 'defeatist' attitudes (as evacuation was considered) and the fanaticism of many Nazi functionaries in their execution of Hitler's 'no retreat' orders.

2843:. The approximately 200,000 ethnic Germans remaining in Yugoslavia suffered persecution and sustained personal and economic losses. About 7,000 were killed as local populations and partisans took revenge for German wartime atrocities. From 1945 to 1948 ethnic Germans were held in labour camps where about 50,000 perished. Those surviving were allowed to emigrate to Germany after 1948. 2623:

that remained to be clarified. The figure of 101,000 "unresolved cases" in Romania is included in the total German expulsion dead of 2 million which is often cited in historical literature. 355,000 Germans remained in Romania in 1977. During the 1980s, many began to leave, with over 160,000 leaving in 1989 alone. By 2002, the number of ethnic Germans in Romania was 60,000.

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inhumanities (Unmenschlichkeiten) and do not include post-war deaths due to malnutrition and disease. Also not included are those who were raped or suffered mistreatment and did not die immediately. They estimated 600,000 deaths (150,000 during flight and evacuations, 200,000 as forced labour in the USSR and 250,000 in post-war internment camps. By region 400,000 east of the

3666:("Prudnik Weekly") magazine, was met with criticism from some Polish residents of Prudnik, but also with praise, because it revealed to many local citizens that there had been a post-war German ghetto in the town and addressed the tensions between Poles and Soviets in post-war Poland. The serialization was followed by an exhibition on Thurk's life in Prudnik's town museum. 1751:

assets left by expellees in Poland and Czechoslovakia were successfully used to reward cooperation with the new governments, and support for the Communists was especially strong in areas that had seen significant expulsions. Settlers in these territories welcomed the opportunities presented by their fertile soils and vacated homes and enterprises, increasing their loyalty.

8520:, a scholar dealing with Balkan affairs since the 1930s when he was Nazi party member, during the war he was an officer in the SS who was directly implicated in the plundering of cultural artifacts in eastern Europe . After the war he was rehabilitated and chosen to author the sections of the demographic report on the expulsions from Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia. 2719:

of the USSR in 1941 the Germans occupied the western regions of the USSR that had German settlements. A total of 370,000 ethnic Germans from the USSR were deported to Poland by Germany during the war. In 1945 the Soviets found 280,000 of these resettlers in Soviet-held territory and returned them to the USSR; 90,000 became refugees in Germany after the war.

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the ethnic Germans living in Poland prior to the war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the expulsions. For example, Eberhardt points out that "the total number of Germans in Poland is given as equal to 1,371,000. According to the Polish census of 1931, there were altogether only 741,000 Germans in the entire territory of Poland."

3739:, and thus a violation of human rights. For example, Timothy V. Waters argues in "On the Legal Construction of Ethnic Cleansing" that if similar circumstances arise in the future, the precedent of the expulsions of the Germans without legal redress would also allow the future ethnic cleansing of other populations under international law. 1452:

question in all its aspects, recognize that the transfer to Germany of German populations, or elements thereof, remaining in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, will have to be undertaken. They agreed that any transfers that take place should be effected in an orderly and humane manner." The major motivations revealed were:

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political attitudes or their activities. Even in the few cases when this happened and expellees were proven to have been bystanders, opponents or even victims of the Nazi regime, they were rarely spared from expulsion. Polish Communist propaganda used and manipulated hatred of the Nazis to intensify the expulsions.

3362:("Black Book of Expulsion"). Nawratil claimed the death toll was 2.8 million: he includes the losses of 2.2 million listed in the 1958 West German study, and an estimated 250,000 deaths of Germans resettled in Poland during the war, plus 350,000 ethnic Germans in the USSR. In 1987, German historian 984:—only partially completed before the Nazi defeat—to remove Jews and many Slavic people from Eastern Europe and settle the area with Germans. The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions is disputed, with estimates ranging from 500,000 up to 2.5 million according to the German government. 2959:. The government nationalized their property on a "decision on the transition of enemy property into state ownership, on state administration over the property of absent people, and on sequestration of property forcibly appropriated by occupation authorities" of 21 November 1944 by the Presidency of the 3609:

The exact number of Germans expelled after the war is still unknown, because most recent research provides a combined estimate which includes those who were evacuated by the German authorities, fled or were killed during the war. It is estimated that between 12 and 14 million German citizens and

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Overmans maintains that the 600,000 deaths found by the German Federal Archives in 1974 is only a rough estimate of those killed, not a definitive figure. He pointed out that some deaths were not reported because there were no surviving eyewitnesses of the events; also there was no estimate of losses

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In a 2006 interview, Overmans maintained that new research is needed to clarify the fate of those reported as missing. He found the 1965 figures of the Search Service to be unreliable because they include non-Germans; the figures according to Overmans include military deaths; the numbers of surviving

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after the war were also returned to the USSR, based on an agreement with the Western Allies. The death toll during their capture and transportation was estimated at 15–30%, and many families were torn apart. The special "German settlements" in the post-war Soviet Union were controlled by the Internal

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The calculations of the West German researcher Gerhard Reichling do not agree to the figures from the Soviet archives. According to Reichling a total of 980,000 Soviet ethnic Germans were deported during the war; he estimated that 310,000 died in forced labour. During the early months of the invasion

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or were believed to have collaborated with the Nazis, were considered "traitors of the nation" and sentenced to forced labor prior to being expelled. By 1950, 3,155,000 German civilians had been expelled and 1,043,550 were naturalized as Polish citizens. 170,000 Germans considered "indispensable" for

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of the respective countries. The Western allies also saw the threat of a potential German 'fifth column', especially in Poland after the agreed-to compensation with former German territory. In general, the Western allies hoped to secure a more lasting peace by eliminating the German minorities, which

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Given the complex history of the affected regions and the divergent interests of the victorious Allied powers, it is difficult to ascribe a definitive set of motives to the expulsions. The respective paragraph of the Potsdam Agreement only states vaguely: "The Three Governments, having considered the

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Overy, ibid. as: from East Prussia – 1.4 million to West Germany, 609,000 to East Germany; from West Prussia – 230,000 to West Germany, 61,000 to East Germany; from the former German provinces east of the Oder-Neisse line, encompassing most of Silesia, Pomerania and East Brandenburg – 3.2 million to

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wrote that although the expulsions of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe was done in an extremely brutal manner that could not be defended, the basic aim of expelling the ethnic German population of Poland and Czechoslovakia was justified by the subversive role played by the German minorities before

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could take no enforcement actions regarding measures taken against World War II "enemy states", defined as enemies of a Charter signatory in WWII. The Charter did not preclude action in relation to such enemies "taken or authorized as a result of that war by the Governments having responsibility for

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The US and Britain had to import food into their zones, even as Britain was financially exhausted and dependent on food imports having fought Nazi Germany for the entire war, including as the sole opponent from June 1940 to June 1941 (the period when Poland and France were defeated, the Soviet Union

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West German government figures from 1958 put the death toll at 135,800 civilians. A recent study published by the ethnic Germans of Yugoslavia based on an actual enumeration has revised the death toll down to about 58,000. A total of 48,447 people had died in the camps; 7,199 were shot by partisans,

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for forced labour; about 20% (5,683) were reported dead or missing. Data from Russian archives published in 2001, based on an actual enumeration, put the number of German civilians deported from Yugoslavia to the USSR in early 1945 for reparation labour at 12,579, where 16% (1,994) died. After March

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According to J. Otto Pohl, 65,599 Germans perished in the special settlements. He believes that an additional 176,352 unaccounted for people "probably died in the labor army". Under Stalin, Soviet Germans continued to be confined to the special settlements under strict supervision, in 1955 they were

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maintains that in early 1945, 165,000 Germans were transported to the Soviet Union. According to Gerhardt Reichling, an official in the German Finance office, 520,000 German civilians from the Oder–Neisse region were conscripted for forced labor by both the USSR and Poland; he maintains that 206,000

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in part had already expropriated the property of the German Silesians on 26 January 1945, another decree of 2 March expropriated that of all Germans east of the Oder and Neisse, and a subsequent decree of 6 May declared all "abandoned" property as belonging to the Polish state. Germans were also not

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Throughout 1944 until May 1945, as the Red Army advanced through Eastern Europe and the provinces of eastern Germany, some German civilians were killed in the fighting. While many had already fled ahead of the advancing Soviet Army, frightened by rumors of Soviet atrocities, which in some cases were

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In 1958, the West German government estimated, based on a demographic analysis, that by 1950, 270,000 Germans remained in Hungary; 60,000 had been assimilated into the Hungarian population, and there were 57,000 "unresolved cases" that remained to be clarified. The editor for the section of the 1958

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The first exodus of German civilians from the eastern territories was composed of both spontaneous flight and organized evacuation, starting in mid-1944 and continuing until early 1945. Conditions turned chaotic during the winter when kilometers-long queues of refugees pushed their carts through the

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The creation of ethnically homogeneous nation states in Central and Eastern Europe was presented as the key reason for the official decisions of the Potsdam and previous Allied conferences as well as the resulting expulsions. The principle of every nation inhabiting its own nation state gave rise to

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Pistohlkors, Gert : Informationen zur Klärung der Schicksale von Flüchtlingen aus den. Vertreibungsgebieten östlich von Oder und Neiße. Published in Schulze, Rainer, Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene in der westdeutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte : Bilanzierung der Forschung und Perspektiven für die

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In 1995, research by a joint German and Czech commission of historians found that the previous demographic estimates of 220,000 to 270,000 deaths in Czechoslovakia to be overstated and based on faulty information. They concluded that the death toll was at least 15,000 people and that it could range

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in postwar Germany. Polish demographer Piotr Eberhardt found that, "Generally speaking, the German estimates... are not only highly arbitrary, but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses." He maintains that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of

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In 2001, Polish researcher Bernadetta Nitschke puts total losses for Poland at 400,000 (the same figure as the German Federal Archive study). She noted that historians in Poland have maintained that most of the deaths occurred during the flight and evacuation during the war, the deportations to the

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that were converted into labour camps. All furniture was removed, straw placed on the floor, and the expellees housed like animals under military guard, with minimal food and rampant, untreated disease. Families were divided into the unfit women, old, and children, and those fit for slave labour. A

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was considered a security risk by the Soviet government, and they were deported during the war in order to prevent their possible collaboration with the Nazi invaders. In August 1941 the Soviet government ordered ethnic Germans to be deported from the European USSR, by early 1942, 1,031,300 Germans

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In 1958, the West German government estimated, based on a demographic analysis, that by 1950, 253,000 were counted as expellees in Germany or the West, 400,000 Germans still remained in Romania, 32,000 had been assimilated into the Romanian population, and that there were 101,000 "unresolved cases"

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German civilians were held as "reparation labor" by the USSR. Data from the Russian archives, newly published in 2001 and based on an actual enumeration, put the number of German civilians deported from Poland to the USSR in early 1945 for reparation labor at 155,262; 37% (57,586) died in the USSR.

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The Three Governments, having considered the question in all its aspects, recognize that the transfer to Germany of German populations, or elements thereof, remaining in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, will have to be undertaken. They agree that any transfers that take place should be effected

3902:, requested forgiveness on his country's behalf, using the term expulsion rather than transfer. Public approval for Havel's stance was limited; in a 1996 opinion poll, 86% of Czechs stated they would not support a party that endorsed such an apology. The expulsion issue surfaced in 2002 during the 3689:

of German Nazi leaders declared forced deportation of civilian populations to be both a war crime and a crime against humanity, and this opinion was progressively adopted and extended through the remainder of the century. Underlying the change was the trend to assign rights to individuals, thereby

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had estimated in 1964 that 233,000 German civilians were deported to the USSR from Poland as forced laborers and that 45% (105,000) were dead or missing. The West German Red Cross estimated at that time that 110,000 German civilians were held as forced labor in the Kaliningrad Oblast, where 50,000

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Plans to evacuate the ethnic German population westward into Germany, from Poland and the eastern territories of Germany, were prepared by various Nazi authorities toward the end of the war. In most cases, implementation was delayed until Soviet and Allied forces had defeated the German forces and

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Stalin, who had earlier directed several population transfers in the Soviet Union, strongly supported the expulsions, which worked to the Soviet Union's advantage in several ways. The satellite states would now feel the need to be protected by the Soviets from German anger over the expulsions. The

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One of the reasons given for the population transfer of Germans from the former eastern territories of Germany was the claim that these areas had been a stronghold of the Nazi movement. Neither Stalin nor the other influential advocates of this argument required that expellees be checked for their

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A reappraisal of the German expulsions from Eastern Europe became possible after 1989 and the collapse of communism. This contributed to a willingness on the part of Eastern European societies to remember the events of 1944 to 1948. An increasing and fruitful collaboration between Germany and the

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There is now general consensus about the legal status of involuntary population transfers: "Where population transfers used to be accepted as a means to settle ethnic conflict, today, forced population transfers are considered violations of international law." No legal distinction is made between

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With at least 12 million Germans directly involved, possibly 14 million or more, it was the largest movement or transfer of any single ethnic population in European history and the largest among the post-war expulsions in Central and Eastern Europe (which displaced 20 to 31 million

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Britain and the US protested against the actions of the French military government but had no means to force France to bear the consequences of the expulsion policy agreed upon by American, British and Soviet leaders in Potsdam. France persevered with its argument to clearly differentiate between

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After March 1945, ethnic Germans were placed in so-called "village camps". Separate camps existed for those able to work and for those who were not. In the latter camps, containing mainly children and the elderly, the mortality rate was about 50%. Most of the children under 14 were then placed in

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Warthegau or to Silesia, where they were to settle. Between 250,000 and 320,000 had reached Nazi Germany by the end of 1944. On their arrival, they were placed in camps and underwent 'racial evaluation' by the Nazi authorities, who dispersed those deemed 'racially valuable' as farm workers in the

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The roughly 400,000 ethnic Germans who remained in Romania were treated as guilty of collaboration with Nazi Germany and were deprived of their civil liberties and property. Many were impressed into forced labour and deported from their homes to other regions of Romania. In 1948, Romania began a

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report of 1957, 75,000 German civilians were deported to the USSR as forced labour and 15% (approximately 10,000) did not return. Data from the Russian archives which were based on an actual enumeration put the number of ethnic Germans registered by the Soviets in Romania at 421,846 civilians, of

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After Potsdam, a series of expulsions of ethnic Germans occurred throughout the Soviet-controlled Eastern European countries. Property and materiel in the affected territory that had belonged to Germany or to Germans was confiscated; it was either transferred to the Soviet Union, nationalised, or

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the vast majority of ethnic Germans in Poland and Czechoslovakia made it clear that they were not loyal to the states they happened to live under, and under Nazi rule, the German minorities in Eastern Europe were willing tools of German foreign policy. Evans also wrote that many areas of eastern

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Those who arrived were in bad condition – particularly during the harsh winter of 1945–46, when arriving trains carried "the dead and dying in each carriage (other dead had been thrown from the train along the way)". After experiencing Red Army atrocities, Germans in the expulsion

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German historians Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn published a detailed study of the flight and expulsions that is sharply critical of German accounts of the Cold War era. The Hahns regard the official German figure of 2 million deaths as an historical myth, lacking foundation. They place the

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Note: The indigenous population were former German citizens who declared Polish ethnicity. Historian R. M. Douglas describes a chaotic and lawless regime in the former German territories in the immediate postwar era. The local population was victimized by criminal elements who arbitrarily seized

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resulted in numerous deaths, which cannot be accurately determined because of lack of statistics or falsification. At certain periods, they could be in the tens of percent of the inmate numbers. Those interned are estimated at 200–250,000 German nationals and the indigenous population and deaths

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250,000 persons who had declared German nationality in the 1939 Nazi census remained in Czechoslovakia; however the Czechs counted 165,790 Germans remaining in December 1955. Male Germans with Czech wives were expelled, often with their spouses, while ethnic German women with Czech husbands were

1648:

in 1944, "Expulsion is the method which, insofar as we have been able to see, will be the most satisfactory and lasting. There will be no mixture of populations to cause endless trouble... A clean sweep will be made. I am not alarmed by the prospect of disentanglement of populations, not even of

957:. The West German government put the total at 14.6 million, including a million ethnic Germans who had settled in territories conquered by Nazi Germany during World War II, ethnic German migrants to Germany after 1950, and the children born to expelled parents. The largest numbers came from 3579:

In countries occupied by Nazi Germany during the war, sexual relations between Wehrmacht soldiers and local women resulted in the birth of significant numbers of children. Relationships between German soldiers and local women were particularly common in countries whose population was not dubbed

3270:

and domestic German politics, and he maintains that the 2.225 million number relies on improper statistical methodology and incomplete data, particularly in regard to the expellees who arrived in East Germany. Haar questions the validity of population balances in general. He maintains that

3217:

published a study of German military casualties; his research project did not investigate civilian expulsion deaths. In 1994, Overmans provided a critical analysis of the previous studies by the German government which he believes are unreliable. Overmans maintains that the studies of expulsion

3197:

The West German figure of 2 million deaths in the flight and expulsions was widely accepted by historians in the West prior to the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War. The recent disclosure of the German Federal Archives study and the Search Service figures have

3179:

such as deliberate killings, which according to the report included deaths caused by military activity in the 1944–45 campaign, forced labor in the USSR and civilians kept in post-war internment camps. The authors maintained that the figures included only those deaths caused by violent acts and

2734:

Those ethnic Germans who remained in the 1939 borders of the Soviet Union occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941 remained where they were until 1943, when the Red Army liberated Soviet territory and the Wehrmacht withdrew westward. From January 1943, most of these ethnic Germans moved in treks to the

2144:

The West German government estimated the expulsion death toll at 273,000 civilians, and this figure is cited in historical literature. However, in 1995, research by a joint German and Czech commission of historians found that the previous demographic estimates of 220,000 to 270,000 deaths to be

3116:

In 1953 the West German government ordered a survey by the Suchdienst (search service) of the German churches to trace the fate of 16.2 million people in the area of the expulsions; the survey was completed in 1964 but kept secret until 1987. The search service was able to confirm 473,013

2231:

In 1945, official Hungarian figures showed 477,000 German speakers in Hungary, including German-speaking Jews, 303,000 of whom had declared German nationality. Of the German nationals, 33% were children younger than 12 or elderly people over 60; 51% were women. On 29 December 1945, the postwar

1864:

In accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, at the end of 1945—wrote Hahn & Hahn—4.5 million Germans who had fled or been expelled were under the control of the Allied governments. From 1946 to 1950 around 4.5 million people were brought to Germany in organized mass transports from

3187:

A 1986 study by Gerhard Reichling "Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen" (the German expellees in figures) concluded 2,020,000 ethnic Germans perished after the war including 1,440,000 as a result of the expulsions and 580,000 deaths due to deportation as forced labourers in the Soviet Union.

2552:

The attitude of Soviet soldiers was ambiguous. Many committed atrocities, most notably rape and murder, and did not always distinguish between Poles and Germans, mistreating them equally. Other Soviets were taken aback by the brutal treatment of the German civilians and tried to protect them.

2421:

permitted to hold Polish currency, the only legal currency since July, other than earnings from work assigned to them. The remaining population faced theft and looting, and also in some instances rape and murder by the criminal elements, crimes that were rarely prevented nor prosecuted by the

2357:

estimated that during the final months of the war, 4 to 5 million German civilians fled with the retreating German forces, and in mid-1945, 4.5 to 4.6 million Germans remained in the territories under Polish control. By 1950, 3,155,000 had been transported to Germany, 1,043,550 were

1118:

after losing their privileged status in those foreign lands, where they had maintained minority communities. In 1919 ethnic Germans became national minorities in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Romania. In the following years, the Nazi ideology encouraged them to demand local

3466:

The Soviets, who encouraged and partly carried out the expulsions, offered little cooperation with humanitarian efforts, thereby requiring the Americans and British to absorb the expellees in their zones of occupation. In contradiction with the Potsdam Agreements, the Soviets neglected their

3370:

in Munich) described Nawratil's writings as "polemics with a nationalist-rightist point of view and exaggerates in an absurd manner the scale of 'expulsion crimes'." Broszat found Nawratil's book to have "factual errors taken out of context." German historian Thomas E. Fischer calls the book

2060:, one of the drafters of the cited Potsdam article, stated that the "purpose of this article was not to encourage or legalize the expulsions, but rather to provide a basis for approaching the expelling states and requesting them to co-ordinate transfers with the Occupying Powers in Germany." 3302:

newspaper in postwar West Germany. The Hahns believe the population figures of ethnic Germans for eastern Europe include German-speaking Jews killed in the Holocaust. They believe that the fate of German-speaking Jews in Eastern Europe deserves the attention of German historians. ("Deutsche

3235:

Overmans conducted a research project that studied the casualties of the German military during the war and found that the previous estimate of 4.3 million dead and missing, especially in the final stages of the war, was about one million short of the actual toll. In his study Overmans

12372:(PDF file, direct download), EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1; Florence: European University Institute. Contributors: Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, Piotr Pykel, Tomasz Kamusella, Balazs Apor, Stanislav Sretenovic, Markus Wien, Tillmann Tegeler, and Luigi Cajani. Accessed 26 May 2015. 1814:

Refugee treks which came within reach of the advancing Soviets suffered casualties when targeted by low-flying aircraft, and some people were crushed by tanks. The German Federal Archive has estimated that 100–120,000 civilians (1% of the total population) were killed during the flight and

8262:"Efektem były liczne zgony, których nie można dokładnie określic z powodu brak statystyk lub ich fałszowania. Okresowo mogly one sięgać kilkudziesięciu procent osadzonych. Szacunki mówią o 200–250 tys internowanych Niemców i ludności rodzimej, a czego zginąć moglo od 15 do aż 60tys. osób." 3849:) under the auspices of the Stiftung Flucht, Vertreibung, Versöhnung (SFVV). Several members of two consecutive international Advisory (scholar) Councils criticised some activities of the foundation and the new Director Winfried Halder resigned. Dr Gundula Bavendamm is a current Director. 2412:

At the Potsdam Conference (17 July – 2 August 1945), the territory to the east of the Oder–Neisse line was assigned to Polish and Soviet Union administration pending the final peace treaty. All Germans had their property confiscated and were placed under restrictive jurisdiction. The

2935:

had been expelled. Gottschee Germans were generally unhappy about their forced transfer from their historical home region. One reason was that the agricultural value of their new area of settlement was perceived as much lower than the Gottschee area. As German forces retreated before the

3835:

A Centre Against Expulsions was to be set up in Berlin by the German government based on an initiative and with active participation of the German Federation of Expellees. The centre's creation has been criticized in Poland. It was strongly opposed by the Polish government and president

2549:, citizens who claimed Polish ethnicity were allowed to remain, even though some, not all, had uncertain nationality, or identified as ethnic Germans. Their status as a national minority was accepted in 1955, along with state subsidies, with regard to economic assistance and education. 1109:

pronounced the formation of several independent states in Central and Eastern Europe, in territories previously controlled by these imperial powers. None of the new states were ethnically homogeneous. After 1919, many ethnic Germans emigrated from the former imperial lands back to the

3644:

opened the door to a renewed examination of the expulsions in both scholarly and political circles. A factor in the ongoing nature of the dispute may be the relatively large proportion of German citizens who were among the expellees and/or their descendants, estimated at 20% in 2000.

3108:

In 1950 the West German Government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0 million missing people (1.5 million in prewar Germany and 1.5 million in Eastern Europe) whose fate needed to be clarified. These figures were superseded by the publication of the 1958 study by the

5853:

if they had declared their native language to be German in the census of 1930. In 1945 Czechoslovakian nationalists and communists regarded this entry in the forms as an act of disloyalty against the republic. Cf. Reuven Assor, ""Deutsche Juden" in der Tschechoslowakei 1945–1948",

4353:

Hans-Walter Schmuhl. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, 1927–1945: crossing boundaries. Volume 259 of Boston studies in the philosophy of science. Coutts MyiLibrary. SpringerLink Humanities, Social Science & LawAuthor. Springer, 2008.

2124:

Transfers of population under the Potsdam agreements lasted from January until October 1946. 1.9 million ethnic Germans were expelled to the American zone, part of what would become West Germany. More than 1 million were expelled to the Soviet zone, which later became

2689:

and temporarily gained control of those areas. These returnees were employed by the Nazi occupation forces to establish a link between the German administration and the local population. Those resettled elsewhere shared the fate of the other Germans in their resettlement area.

1786:

Late in the war, as the Red Army advanced westward, many Germans were apprehensive about the impending Soviet occupation. Most were aware of the Soviet reprisals against German civilians. Soviet soldiers committed numerous rapes and other crimes. News of atrocities such as the

3662:. It depicted the maltreatment of Germans while also acknowledging German guilt, as well as Polish animosity toward Germans and, in specific instances, friendships between Poles and Germans despite the circumstances. Thürk's novel, when serialized in Polish translation by the 3467:

obligation to provide supplies for the expellees. In Potsdam, it was agreed that 15% of all equipment dismantled in the Western zones—especially from the metallurgical, chemical and machine manufacturing industries—would be transferred to the Soviets in return for food, coal,

2055:

In late 1945 the Allies requested a temporary halt to the expulsions, due to the refugee problems created by the expulsion of Germans. While expulsions from Czechoslovakia were temporarily slowed, this was not true in Poland and the former eastern territories of Germany. Sir

3789:, in particular, the Hague Regulations, Articles 42–56, which limited the rights of occupying powers—and obviously occupying powers have no rights to expel the populations—so there was the clear violation of the Hague Regulations." He argued that the expulsions violated the 2715:

rehabilitated but were not allowed to return to the European USSR. The Soviet-German population grew despite deportations and forced labor during the war; in the 1939 Soviet census the German population was 1.427 million. By 1959 it had increased to 1.619 million.

2120:

Between 700,000 and 800,000 Germans were affected by irregular expulsions between May and August 1945. The expulsions were encouraged by Czechoslovak politicians and were generally executed by order of local authorities, mostly by groups of armed volunteers and the army.

1896:, based on an order issued by Hitler on 4 February 1945. When the war ended, the German refugee population in Denmark amounted to 5% of the total Danish population. The evacuation focused on women, the elderly and children—a third of whom were under the age of fifteen. 2787:

or fled in panic as the Red Army approached. The remaining Germans were conscripted for forced labor. Ethnic Russians and the families of military staff were settled in the area. In June 1946, 114,070 Germans and 41,029 Soviet citizens were registered as living in the

5472:: The Soviet Union and the new Communist governments of the countries where these Germans had lived tried between 1945 and 1947 to eliminate the problem of minority populations that in the past had formed an obstacle to the development of their own national identity. 9795:

Ingo Haar, Die Deutschen "Vertreibungsverluste – Zur Entstehung der "Dokumentation der Vertreibung – Tel Aviver Jahrbuch, 2007, Tel Aviv : Universität Tel Aviv, Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften, Forschungszentrum für Geschichte; Gerlingen : Bleicher

1692:

The expulsions were also driven by a desire for retribution, given the brutal way German occupiers treated non-German civilians in the German-occupied territories during the war. Thus, the expulsions were at least partly motivated by the animus engendered by the

1415:

of the USSR, had agreed in principle before the end of the war that the border of Poland's territory would be moved west (though how far was not specified) and that the remaining ethnic German population were subject to expulsion. They assured the leaders of the

2203:

report of 1956, in early 1945 between 30 and 35,000 ethnic German civilians and 30,000 military POW were arrested and transported from Hungary to the Soviet Union as forced labourers. In some villages, the entire adult population was taken to labor camps in the

1057:

generally lacked clearly delineated ethnic settlement areas. There were some ethnic-majority areas, but there were also vast mixed areas and abundant smaller pockets settled by various ethnicities. Within these areas of diversity, including the major cities of

1007:, which redefined the Central European borders and approved expulsions of ethnic Germans from the former German territories transferred to Poland, Russia and Czechoslovakia. Many German civilians were sent to internment and labour camps where they were used as 2710:

rations. In 1945 the USSR deported to the special settlements 203,796 Soviet ethnic Germans who had been previously resettled by Germany in Poland. These post-war deportees increased the German population in the special settlements to 1,035,701 by 1949.

2365:

of 1953, 5,650,000 Germans remained in what would become Poland's new borders in mid-1945, 3,500,000 had been expelled and 910,000 remained in Poland by 1950. According to the Schieder commission, the civilian death toll was 2 million; in 1974, the

2792:, with an unknown number of unregistered Germans ignored. Between June 1945 and 1947, roughly half a million Germans were expelled. Between 24 August and 26 October 1948, 21 transports with a total of 42,094 Germans left the Kaliningrad Oblast for the 2267:. Other research indicates that, between 1945 and 1950, 150,000 were expelled to western Germany, 103,000 to Austria, and none to eastern Germany. During the expulsions, numerous organized protest demonstrations by the Hungarian population took place. 2152:) confirmed the deaths of 18,889 people during the expulsions from Czechoslovakia. (Violent deaths 5,556; Suicides 3,411; Deported 705; In camps 6,615; During the wartime flight 629; After wartime flight 1,481; Cause undetermined 379; Other misc. 73.) 2270:

Acquisition of land for distribution to Hungarian refugees and nationals was one of the main reasons stated by the government for the expulsion of the ethnic Germans from Hungary. The botched organization of the redistribution led to social tensions.

3680:

International law on population transfer underwent considerable evolution during the 20th century. Before World War II, several major population transfers were the result of bilateral treaties and had the support of international bodies such as the

8775:

Conseil de l'Europe Assemblée parlementaire Session Strasbourg (Council of the European Union in Straßburg), Documents, Document 7172: Report on the situation of the German ethnic minority in the former Soviet Union, Council of Europe, 1995, p. 8;

12453:, Foreign relations of the United States: diplomatic papers, Volume II (1945) pp. 1227–1327 (Note: p. 1227 begins with a Czechoslovak document dated 23 November 1944, several months before Czechoslovakia was "liberated" by the Soviet Army.) ( 3188:

Reichling was an employee of the Federal Statistical Office who was involved in the study of German expulsion statistics since 1953. The Reichling study is cited by the German government to support their estimate of 2 million expulsion deaths

1368:

as one of the justifications for the expulsion of the Germans. The contemporary position of the German government is that, while the Nazi-era war crimes resulted in the expulsion of the Germans, the deaths due to the expulsions were an injustice.

8756:

3167:

put losses at 2,225,000 (1.339 million in prewar Germany and 886,000 in Eastern Europe). In 1961 the West German government published slightly revised figures that put losses at 2,111,000 (1,225,000 in prewar Germany and 886,000 in Eastern

2274:

22,445 people were identified as German in the 1949 census. An order of 15 June 1948 halted the expulsions. A governmental decree of 25 March 1950 declared all expulsion orders void, allowing the expellees to return if they so wished. After the

3033:. Subsequent investigations showed many of the internees to be harmless, and three-quarters of them were returned to Germany during the war in exchange for citizens of the Americas, while the remainder returned to their homes in Latin America. 2211:

Data from the Russian archives, which were based on an actual enumeration, put the number of ethnic Germans registered by the Soviets in Hungary at 50,292 civilians, of whom 31,923 were deported to the USSR for reparation labor implementing

2326:. About 3,691 Germans (less than 15% of the total number of German expatriates in the Netherlands) were expelled. The Allied forces occupying the Western zone of Germany opposed this operation, fearing that other nations might follow suit. 2306:

After World War II, the Dutch government decided to expel the German expatriates (25,000) living in the Netherlands. Germans, including those with Dutch spouses and children, were labelled as "hostile subjects" ("vijandelijke onderdanen").

3420:(Lamsdorf), where interned Germans were exposed to sadistic practices and at least 1,000 died. Many expellees had experienced hunger and disease, separation from family members, loss of civil rights and familiar environment, and sometimes 1530:

In view of the desire for ethnically homogeneous nation-states, it did not make sense to draw borders through regions that were already inhabited homogeneously by Germans without any minorities. As early as 9 September 1944, Soviet leader

4454: 3253:

Haar maintains that all reasonable estimates of deaths from expulsions lie between around 500,000 and 600,000, based on the information of Red Cross Search Service and German Federal Archives. Harr pointed out that some members of the

8400:: "The Poles began driving Germans out of their houses with a brutality that had by then almost become commonplace: People were beaten, shot and raped. Even Soviet soldiers were taken aback, and some protected the German civilians." 2967:

state-run homes, where conditions were better, though the German language was banned. These children were later given to Yugoslav families, and not all German parents seeking to reclaim their children in the 1950s were successful.

6613:

US Department of State, Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, Bureau of Public Affairs, Bureau of Public Affairs: Office of the Historian, Timeline of U.S. Diplomatic History, 1937–1945, The Potsdam Conference,

9703:

Rüdiger Overmans, "Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung" (a parallel Polish summary translation was also included; this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw in 1994),

3549:(out of a total loss of German property due to the border changes and expulsions of 355.3 billion Deutschmarks). Administrative organisations were set up to integrate the expellees into post-war German society. While the 3427:

Once they arrived, they found themselves in a country devastated by war. Housing shortages lasted until the 1960s, which along with other shortages led to conflicts with the local population. The situation eased only with the

7590:]. Monografie/Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN (in Polish). Vol. 5. Warsaw: Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego PAN. 7233:, a scholar dealing with Balkan affairs since the 1930s when he belonged to the Nazi Party. During the war he was an officer in the SS, and was directly implicated in the mass murder of Jews as a member of Einsatzgruppe D in 3454:

Until mid-1945, the Allies had not reached an agreement on how to deal with the expellees. France suggested immigration to South America and Australia and the settlement of 'productive elements' in France, while the Soviets'

2373:

During the 1945 military campaign, most of the male German population remaining east of the Oder–Neisse line were considered potential combatants and held by Soviet military in detention camps subject to verification by the

9238:

Rüdiger Overmans, "Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung". A parallel Polish-language summary translation was also included. This paper was a presentation at an academic conference in

6701:, authored by Arbeitskreis Dokumentation im Bundesverband der Landsmannschaft der Donauschwaben aus Jugoslawien, Sindelfingen, and by Donauschwäbische Kulturstiftung, Munich: Die Stiftung, 1991–1995, vol. 4, pp. 1018–19. 2590:, as well as 80,000 from Romania. 140,000 of these Germans were resettled in German-occupied Poland; in 1945, they were caught up in the flight and expulsion from Poland. Most of the ethnic Germans in Romania resided in 2279:

in the early 1990s, German victims of expulsion and Soviet forced labor were rehabilitated. Post-Communist laws allowed expellees to be compensated, to return, and to buy property. There were reportedly no tensions

9720:

Rüdiger Overmans, "Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung" (a parallel Polish summary translation was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in

11790: 2071:

Polish refugees expelled from the Soviet Union were resettled in the former German territories that were awarded to Poland after the war. During and after the war, 2,208,000 Poles fled or were expelled from the

8834:

2240:, or any other armed German organisation. Accordingly, mass expulsions began. The rural population was affected more than the urban population or those ethnic Germans determined to have needed skills, such as 1077:

in an attempt to ensure its territorial integrity. It was also the first modern European state to propose population transfers as a means of solving "nationality conflicts", intending the removal of Poles and

3844:

restricted his comments to a recommendation that Germany pursue a neutral approach at the museum. The museum apparently did not materialize. The only project along the same lines in Germany is "Visual Sign"

3729:

Protocol No 4 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Securing Certain Rights and Freedoms Other than Those Already Included in the Convention and in the First Protocol

2196:. Three percent of the German pre-war population (about 20,000 people) had been evacuated by the Volksbund before that. They went to Austria, but many had returned. Overall, 60,000 ethnic Germans had fled. 1713:, asked for retribution for wartime German activities. Responsibility of the German population for the crimes committed in its name was also asserted by commanders of the late and post-war Polish military. 2563:

cites estimates of 7 million expelled in total during both the "wild" and "legal" expulsions from the recovered territories from 1945 to 1948, plus an additional 700,000 from areas of pre-war Poland.

9486:

Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958 pp. 38, 45–46

1502:: Stalin saw the expulsions as a means of creating antagonism between Germany and its Eastern neighbors, who would thus need Soviet protection. The expulsions served several practical purposes as well. 2314:, when German expatriates and their families were arrested at their homes in the middle of the night and given one hour to pack 50 kg (110 lb) of luggage. They were only allowed to take 100 2251:

About 180,000 German-speaking Hungarian citizens were stripped of their citizenship and possessions, and expelled to the Western zones of Germany. By July 1948, 35,000 others had been expelled to the

1709:, he blamed all Germans as responsible for the actions of the German state. In Poland and Czechoslovakia, newspapers, leaflets and politicians across the political spectrum, which narrowed during the 4861:

Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden. – Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958 pp. 45–46

3723:

regulated expulsions, yet only in respect to expulsions of individuals of the states who signed the convention. The first international treaty condemning mass expulsions was a document issued by the

11378:'s indication that in World War II, "3 million German civilians died, perhaps two-thirds of them in forced expulsions from Eastern Europe" (22 May 1995, p. 30) must seem surprising to many readers. 3711:'s legal adviser Jean-Marie Henckaerts posited that the contemporary expulsions conducted by the Allies of World War II themselves were the reason why expulsion issues were included neither in the 2335: 181: 4461: 3719:

in 1950, and says it "may be called 'a tragic anomaly' that while deportations were outlawed at Nuremberg they were used by the same powers as a 'peacetime measure'". It was only in 1955 that the

10490: 5086:

Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden – Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958 p. 276

12251:(Statistical and graphical data illustrating German population movements in the aftermath of the Second World War published in 1966 by the West German Ministry of Refugees and Displaced Persons) 2014:

The agreement further called for equal distribution of the transferred Germans for resettlement among American, British, French and Soviet occupation zones comprising post–World War II Germany.

1395:

The expulsion policy was part of a geopolitical and ethnic reconfiguration of postwar Europe. In part, it was retribution for Nazi Germany's initiation of the war and subsequent atrocities and

12478:"Unsere Heimat ist uns ein fremdes Land geworden..." Die Deutschen östlich von Oder und Neiße 1945–1950. Dokumente aus polnischen Archiven. Band 1: Zentrale Behörden, Wojewodschaft Allenstein 3658:—a German author who left Upper Silesia annexed by Poland shortly after the war had ended—contained graphic depictions of the treatment of Germans by Soviets and Poles in Thürk's hometown of 1624:

To Poles, expulsion of Germans was seen as an effort to avoid such events in the future. As a result, Polish exile authorities proposed a population transfer of Germans as early as 1941. The

6188:

Hans Henning Hahn & Eva Hahn. Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte, Paderborn: Schöningh, 2010, pp. 679–81, 839: ill., maps; 24 cm. D820.P72 G475 2010;

2471:

estimated in 1974 that more than 200,000 German civilians were interned in Polish camps; they put the death rate at 20–50% and estimated that over 60,000 probably died. Polish historians

12466: 1274:

According to the national census figures the percentage of ethnic Germans in the total population was: Poland 2.3%; Czechoslovakia 22.3%; Hungary 5.5%; Romania 4.1% and Yugoslavia 3.6%.

3541:

When the Federal Republic of Germany was founded, a law was drafted on 24 August 1952 that was primarily intended to ease the financial situation of the expellees. The law, termed the

2464:. Besides these large camps, numerous other forced labor, punitive and internment camps, urban ghettos and detention centers, sometimes consisting only of a small cellar, were set up. 2319: 1660:

in 1943 of the possibility of Polish reprisals, describing them as "unavoidable" and "an encouragement for all the Germans in Poland to go west, to Germany proper, where they belong."

2800:", had been left orphaned and unattended or died with their parents during the harsh winter without food. Between 1945 and 1947, around 600,000 Soviet citizens settled in the oblast. 3201:

The German government continues to maintain that the figure of 2 million deaths is correct. The issue of the "expellees" has been a contentious one in German politics, with the

12503: 11806: 10684: 10072:

Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, in Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich"

9881:

Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, in Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich"

5987:, probably short-lived, but it will be unavoidable. And I think this will be a sort of encouragement for all the Germans in Poland to go west, to Germany proper, where they belong. 3929:

decided that the exemption was "no longer relevant" and that the withdrawal of the opt-out "would help improve Prague's position with regard to other EU international agreements."

3514:, which was believed to be the best way to stabilise Germany and ensure peace in Europe by preventing the creation of a marginalised population. This policy led to the granting of 5095:

Alfred Bohmann, Menschen und Grenzen Band 1: Strukturwandel der deutschen Bevolkerung im polnischen Staats – und Verwaltungsbereich, Köln, Wissenschaft und Politik, 1969 p. 117–21

5983:

I would rather be frank with you, Mr. President. Nothing on earth will stop the Poles from taking some kind of revenge on the Germans after the Nazi collapse. There will be some

1946:

began refusing medical treatment to German refugees starting in March 1945. The last refugees left Denmark on 15 February 1949. In the Treaty of London, signed 26 February 1953,

9807:

Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich"

9631:

Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich"

7075: 2602:, allowed Germany to enlist the German population in Nazi-sponsored organizations. During the war, 54,000 of the male population was conscripted by Nazi Germany, many into the 10885: 1823:

maintain that civilian deaths in the flight and evacuation were "between 600,000 and 1.2 million. The main causes of death were cold, stress, and bombing." The mobilized

12477: 14453: 12636: 4118: 4045: 3553:

regime in the Soviet occupation zone did not allow the expellees to organise, in the Western zones expellees over time established a variety of organizations, including the

3008: 3502:, the British zone already harbored a great number of refugees who had come by sea, and the already modest rations had to be further shortened by a third in March 1946. In 13993: 12389: 3090: 114: 12495: 17923: 17888: 16348: 13807: 13790: 10433:"Hier spricht Hamburg". Hamburg in der Nachkriegszeit: Rundfunkreportagen, Nachrichtensendungen, Hörspiele und Meldungen des Nordwestdeutschen Rundfunks (NWDR) 1945–1949 10412:"Hier spricht Hamburg". Hamburg in der Nachkriegszeit: Rundfunkreportagen, Nachrichtensendungen, Hörspiele und Meldungen des Nordwestdeutschen Rundfunks (NWDR) 1945–1949 16093: 3925:

to ensure that the descendants of expelled Germans could not press legal claims against the Czech Republic. Five years later, in 2014, the government of Prime Minister

1478:

they thought could be done in a humane manner. The proposals from the Polish and Czech governments-in-exile to expel ethnic Germans after the war received support from

1325:

The national census figures for Germans include German-speaking Jews. Poland (7,000) Czech territory not including Slovakia (75,000) Hungary 10,000, Yugoslavia (10,000)

17928: 15701: 14014: 7725:; "From June until mid-July, Polish military and militia expelled (the 'wild expulsions') nearly all of the residents of the districts immediately east of the rivers " 7005:

Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Flüchtlinge und Kriegsgeschädigte (Hg.) Die Vertreibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus der Tschechoslowakei Band 1, 2004, pp. 132–33.

3554: 3518:

to the ethnic German expellees who had held citizenship of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, etc. before World War II. This effort was led by the

2846:

According to West German figures in late 1944 the Soviets transported 27,000 to 30,000 ethnic Germans, a majority of whom were women aged 18 to 35, to Ukraine and the

2694: 1975: 1024: 17699: 15717: 5856:

Odsun: Die Vertreibung der Sudetendeutschen; Dokumentation zu Ursachen, Planung und Realisierung einer 'ethnischen Säuberung' in der Mitte Europas, 1848/49 – 1945/46

210: 10033:, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, outlines the stance of the respective governmental institutions on Deutschlandfunk on 29 November 2006. 5254: 1069:

in the 19th century, the ethnicity of citizens became an issue in territorial claims, the self-perception/identity of states, and claims of ethnic superiority. The

9805:

Ingo Haar, "Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts 'Bevölkerung' vor, im und nach dem 'Dritten Reich': Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft".

9629:

Ingo Haar, "Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts 'Bevölkerung' vor, im und nach dem 'Dritten Reich': Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft".

1705:, justified the expulsions on 28 October 1945 by stating that the majority of Germans had acted in full support of Hitler; during a ceremony in remembrance of the 16037: 3731:, stating in Article 4: "collective expulsion of aliens is prohibited." This protocol entered into force on 2 May 1968, and as of 1995 was ratified by 19 states. 15640: 15612: 14756: 4050: 3975: 3250:. Since then Haar has published three articles in academic journals that covered the background of the research by the West German government on the expulsions. 930:

and from lands which from May 1945 fell inside the Soviet occupation zones. In 1941, his government had already transported Germans from Crimea to Central Asia.

11825:

Germany has provoked anger in Poland over plans to build a museum dedicated to German refugees who fled or were expelled from Poland after the Second World War.

11232: 10070:

Ingo Haar, "Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts 'Bevölkerung' vor, im und nach dem 'Dritten Reich': Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch".

9879:

Ingo Haar, "Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts 'Bevölkerung' vor, im und nach dem 'Dritten Reich': Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch".

5849:

Tragic was the fate of Czechoslovaks of German ethnicity and Jewish religion. They were clearly victims of the Nazi occupation but nevertheless qualified to be

5214: 17853: 17678: 16357: 16044: 15178: 7113: 2573: 2145:

overstated and based on faulty information. They concluded that the death toll was between 15,000 and 30,000 dead, assuming that not all deaths were reported.

194: 9116: 4073: 16660: 16023: 15332: 14957: 14230: 12115: 2318:

with them. The remainder of their possessions were seized by the state. They were taken to internment camps near the German border, the largest of which was

2188:

to compile lists of all ethnic Germans living in the country. Initially the Census Bureau refused to divulge information on Hungarians who had registered as

1523:

a series of expulsions and resettlements of Germans, Poles, Ukrainians and others who after the war found themselves outside their supposed home states. The

1388:, which sought the support of the Allies for this proposal, beginning in 1943. The final agreement for the transfer of the Germans was not reached until the 7976: 1621:

alongside operational groups of German military and police, in addition to such activities as identifying Poles for execution and illegally detaining them.

15673: 15619: 14805: 14286: 3244:

In 2006, Haar called into question the validity of the official government figure of 2 million expulsion deaths in an article in the German newspaper

3198:

caused some scholars in Germany and Poland to question the validity of the figure of 2 million deaths; they estimate the actual total at 500–600,000.

802: 215: 7581: 1385: 16130: 15626: 15242: 14310: 14274: 13872: 12490: 1011:

to countries in Eastern Europe. The major expulsions were completed in 1950. Estimates for the total number of people of German ancestry still living in

11839: 1147:. However, by 1939 more than half of Polish Germans lived outside of the formerly German territories of Poland due to improving economic opportunities. 14652: 14247: 11258: 3519: 3218:

deaths by the German government lack adequate support; he maintains that there are more arguments for the lower figures than for the higher figures. ("

9786:

Ingo Haar, "Hochgerechnetes Unglück, Die Zahl der deutschen Opfer nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wird übertrieben", Süddeutsche Zeitung, 14 November 2006.

8333: 3632:

The expulsions created major social disruptions in the receiving territories, which were tasked with providing housing and employment for millions of

16016: 15463: 15339: 14332: 14264: 14252: 4035: 2615:

gradual rehabilitation of the ethnic Germans: they were not expelled, and the communist regime gave them the status of a national minority, the only

1939: 1760: 988: 911: 155: 11871: 8817:

Heinemann posits that 250,000 is the number given by primary sources, but dismisses as too high the 320,000 estimate given by Ingeborg Fleischmann,

7841: 3699:

such action." Thus, the Charter did not invalidate or preclude action against World War II enemies following the war. This argument is contested by

17828: 15316: 14696: 14470: 7931: 4532: 4258: 15753: 12646: 12450: 11967: 7624: 3136:

to colonize eastern Europe. The commission estimated a total death toll of about 2.3 million civilians including 2 million east of the

3486: 2796:. The last remaining Germans were expelled between November 1949 (1,401 people) and January 1950 (7). Thousands of German children, called the " 15572: 14874: 7208: 5020: 4753: 4372: 1723:, briefed his soldiers to "exact on the Germans what they enacted on us, so they will flee on their own and thank God they saved their lives." 257: 17571: 10283: 9148: 5898: 3819:. José Ayala Lasso recognized the "expellees" as victims of gross violations of human rights. De Zayas, a member of the advisory board of the 1942:, these deaths were partially due to denial of medical care by Danish medical staff, as both the Danish Association of Doctors and the Danish 17873: 17843: 17833: 16364: 16327: 16304: 15825: 14747: 14717: 13008: 12024: 5794: 2840: 2041:). They were conducted by military and civilian authorities in Soviet-occupied post-war Poland and Czechoslovakia in the first half of 1945. 1524: 16079: 12368: 11421: 11279: 10612: 9096: 9061: 9002: 8936: 8535: 8110: 8046: 7913: 7796: 7740: 7422: 7363: 7338: 7309: 7284: 7158: 6860: 5603: 5554: 4709: 3545:

granted partial compensation and easy credit to the expellees; the loss of their civilian property had been estimated at 299.6 billion

1062:, people in various ethnic groups had interacted every day for centuries, while not always harmoniously, on every civic and economic level. 17848: 16457: 16313: 16297: 16269: 15517: 14724: 12460: 12096: 11462: 4797: 3529: 3096: 2370:

estimated the death toll at about 400,000. (The controversy regarding the casualty figures is covered below in the section on casualties.)

949:

from Central and Eastern Europe. By 1950, a total of about 12 million Germans had fled or been expelled from east-central Europe into

11341: 10373: 9506:

Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte

8230:

Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte

7667:

Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte

6628: 6264:

Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte

4586: 17868: 17214: 16281: 16193: 16137: 16100: 15382: 14066: 12500: 9903:

Ingo Haar, "Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich".

9828:

Ingo Haar, "Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich".

6024: 4405:

Ingo Haar, "Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich".

3690:

limiting the rights of nation-states to impose fiats which could adversely affect such individuals. The Charter of the then-newly formed

1770: 129: 101: 39: 9596:(a parallel Polish translation was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994; see 7093: 5702: 2496: 2344: 2052:

villages were turned into internment camps where over 50,000 perished from deliberate starvation and direct murders by Yugoslav guards.

17933: 16186: 14918: 11703:

Alfred M. de Zayas, "The Right to One's Homeland, Ethnic Cleansing and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia",

7643:, Theodor Schieder (compiler) in collaboration with A. Diestelkamp , Bonn, Bundesministerium für Vertriebene (ed.), 1953, pp. 78, 155. 6067: 3328: 1702: 1008: 10748:, 2007, p. 419: "largest population movement between European countries in the twentieth century and one of the largest of all time"; 8064: 7072: 3151:, Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste (The German Expulsion Casualties). The authors of the report included former Nazi party members, 2378:. Members of Nazi party organizations and government officials were segregated and sent to the USSR for forced labour as reparations. 17692: 16320: 14710: 14668: 4218: 3456: 93: 10979: 10901: 9931: 9905:"Bevölkerungsbilanzen" und "Vertreibungsverluste". Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung 9830:"Bevölkerungsbilanzen" und "Vertreibungsverluste". Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung 4407:"Bevölkerungsbilanzen" und "Vertreibungsverluste". Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung 2236:

agreements, ordered the expulsion of anyone identified as German in the 1941 census, or who had been a member of the Volksbund, the

17903: 17541: 15360: 15134: 14897: 14763: 14574: 13294: 12534: 10952: 10034: 9688: 5763: 4519: 4436:

puts the figure at 600,000, maintaining that the figure of 2 million deaths in the previous government studies cannot be supported.

3708: 3498:

In the British and US zones the supply situation worsened considerably, especially in the British zone. Due to its location on the

2089: 2045: 2017: 1971: 884: 795: 176: 5233:Československo-sovětské vztahy v diplomatických jednáních 1939–1945. Dokumenty. Díl 2 (červenec 1943 – březen 1945). Praha, 1999; 16436: 16233: 15270: 14770: 14682: 14618: 13475: 12444: 12082: 11994: 11765: 11647: 4135: 4015: 2722: 2512:. They also estimated that more than 100,000 people surviving the Soviet occupation were evacuated to Germany beginning in 1947. 2440: 2426: 1540: 354: 7803:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 26: confirms motivation to create an ethnically homogeneous Poland 2005:

between 17 July and 2 August 1945. Article XII of the agreement is concerned with the expulsions to post-war Germany and reads:

1899: 17878: 16639: 16151: 15001: 14539: 11668: 10458:

Soziologie und Politik: Sozialwissenschaftliches Expertenwissen im Dritten Reich und in der frühen westdeutschen Nachkriegszeit

6292:

Określa je wielkosciami między 600tys. a 1.2 mln zmarłych i zabitych. Głowną przyczyną zgonów było zimno, stres i bombardowania

5353:

Der Weg zur Vertreibung 1938–1945: Pläne und Entscheidungen zum "Transfer" der Deutschen aus der Tschechoslowakei und aus Polen

3922: 2945: 134: 12451:

Interest of the United States in the transfer of German populations from Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Austria

11939: 11310: 10672: 9020: 6835: 5534: 5370: 3675: 3391: 3303:

Vertreibungshistoriker haben sich mit der Geschichte der jüdischen Angehörigen der deutschen Minderheiten kaum beschäftigt.")

2444:

the Polish economy were retained until 1956, although almost all had left by 1960. 200,000 Germans in Poland were employed as

17883: 17235: 17140: 16667: 16413: 16288: 15374: 15348: 15205: 14911: 14828: 14184: 12768: 12419: 12278: 12008: 11977: 11753: 11499: 11472: 11405: 11391: 11355: 11324: 11293: 11188: 11160: 11131: 11102: 10474: 10440: 10419: 10238: 10157: 10079: 9991: 9912: 9888: 9837: 9814: 9654:""Haar"-sträubende Zahlenklitterung des Historikers Ingo Haar". Bund der Vertriebenen, Pressemitteilung vom 17 November 2006. 9638: 9618: 9213: 8894: 7944: 7765: 7722: 7595: 7184: 6763: 6680: 6193: 6146: 6077: 5976: 5962: 5912: 5808: 5777: 5712: 5656: 5583: 5579: 5469: 5396: 4417: 4271: 4040: 3720: 2534: 2505: 2397:" Poles. Of these, most were not expelled; but many chose to migrate to Germany between 1951 and 1982, including most of the 1595:

With German communities living within the pre-war borders of Poland, there was an expressed fear of disloyalty of Germans in

958: 946: 876: 735: 666: 599: 7521: 2824:. During the final months of World War II a majority of the ethnic Germans fled Yugoslavia with the retreating Nazi forces. 2747: 17893: 17468: 16875: 16761: 15926: 15393: 15389: 15367: 14971: 14422: 13978: 13075: 10100: 9860: 5432: 4745:

Kati Tonkin reviewing Jurgen Tampke's "Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe: From Bohemia to the EU",

3586:) by the Nazis. After the Wehrmacht's withdrawal, these women and their children of German descent were often ill-treated. 2736: 2587: 2559:

cites an approximate total of 7.5 million Germans evacuated, migrated, or expelled from Poland between 1944 and 1950.

1911:

After the war, the Germans were interned in several hundred refugee camps throughout Denmark, the largest of which was the

1299: 9183:

Transatlantic relations series. Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia

17938: 17898: 17383: 16847: 16179: 16165: 15378: 14427: 14028: 13987: 12922: 12905: 12738: 12414:

Suppan, Arnold: "Hitler – Benes – Tito". Wien 2014. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Drei Bände.

7781:. p. 75, reference 31: "a citation from the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Polish Workers Party, 20–21 May 1945." 5262: 3990: 3716: 3523: 3404:

areas were subject to harsh punitive measures by Yugoslav partisans and in post-war Poland and Czechoslovakia. Beatings,

2606:. In mid-1944, roughly 100,000 Germans fled from Romania with the retreating German forces. According to the West German 1527:

lent legitimacy to the concept. Churchill cited the operation as a success in a speech discussing the German expulsions.

1381: 1341: 1144: 995:, from mid-1944 to early 1945. The second phase was the disorganised fleeing of ethnic Germans immediately following the 788: 562: 330: 2586:

were occupied by the USSR, and the ethnic German population of 130,000 was deported to German-held territory during the

2137:

allowed to stay. According to the Schieder commission, Sudeten Germans considered essential to the economy were held as

1123:

claimed that Germans elsewhere were subject to persecution. Nazi supporters throughout eastern Europe (Czechoslovakia's

17863: 17858: 17592: 17461: 17339: 16917: 16632: 16583: 16341: 15896: 15148: 14987: 14835: 14689: 12813: 12778: 12723: 12243: 11555:(Oxford University Press, online September 2008) and in his article "International Law and Mass Population Transfers", 10463:

Sociology and Politics: Social Science Expert Knowledge in the Third Reich and in the Early West German Post-War Period

6334: 5195: 4691: 3985: 3953: 3786: 2860:

total of 166,970 ethnic Germans were interned, and 48,447 (29%) perished. The camp system was shut down in March 1948.

2649: 2508:

estimated that in mid-1945, 250,000 Germans remained in the northern part of the former East Prussia, which became the

2037:

Expulsions that took place before the Allies agreed on the terms at Potsdam are referred to as "irregular" expulsions (

1849:. Many refugees tried to return home when the fighting ended. Before 1 June 1945, 400,000 people crossed back over the 1596: 1585: 1140: 1102: 701: 495: 350: 250: 9583:

14. November 2006, "Hochgerechnetes Unglück, Die Zahl der deutschen Opfer nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wird übertrieben"

8802:"Rasse, Siedlung, deutsches Blut": das Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt der SS und die rassenpolitische Neuordnung Europas 3474: 17708: 16590: 16562: 16379: 15961: 15680: 15647: 14397: 14149: 13697: 13555: 13262: 13166: 13003: 12408: 12384: 12361: 12346: 12314: 12296: 12263: 12224: 12209: 12162: 12148: 11729: 11690: 11613: 11585: 11557: 11535: 11239: 11215: 11074: 11045: 11014: 10989: 10962: 10932: 10895: 10831: 10805: 10780: 10753: 10718: 10645: 10637: 10550: 10526: 10398: 10261: 10215: 10188: 10056: 9963: 9772: 9750: 9673: 9513: 9366: 9342: 9314: 9290: 9191: 9030: 8977: 8873: 8842: 8809: 8781: 8741: 8715: 8694: 8673: 8652: 8631: 8606: 8598: 8581: 8560: 8397: 8237: 8206: 8172: 8138: 8022: 7986: 7889: 7698: 7674: 7552: 7453: 7394: 7268: 7260: 7057: 6993: 6951: 6885: 6808: 6660: 6594: 6563: 6538: 6513: 6488: 6463: 6438: 6413: 6359: 6271: 6244: 6213: 6176: 6110: 6020: 5522:

Arie Marcelo Kacowicz & Paweł Lutomski, Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study,

5442: 5390: 5364: 5339: 5238: 5211: 5167: 5146: 5068: 5005: 4980: 4955: 4930: 4905: 4880: 4663: 4631: 4570: 4359: 4231: 2393:

groups; or those who held German citizenship. Around 1,165,000 German citizens of Slavic descent were "verified" as "

2252: 2160: 1802: 1640:

The participants at the Potsdam Conference asserted that expulsions were the only way to prevent ethnic violence. As

1314:

cited a document with different Volksliste figures 1,001,000 were identified as Germans and 1,761,000 candidates for

14863: 1857:

rivers eastward, before Soviet and Polish communist authorities closed the river crossings; another 800,000 entered

17745: 16903: 16840: 15975: 15811: 14934: 10013:(published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross; the foreword to the book was written by German President 9123: 8065:"Zur Frage des nationalen Bewußtseins der Masuren im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (auf der Basis statistischer Angaben)" 6237:

Wehrmacht und Niederlage: Die bewaffnete Macht in der Endphase der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft 1944 bis 1945

6103:

Wehrmacht und Niederlage: Die bewaffnete Macht in der Endphase der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft 1944 bis 1945

5434:

Nemesis at Potsdam: The Anglo-Americans and the Expulsion of the Germans : Background, Execution, Consequences

4533:"Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neiße" 2940:, most ethnic Germans fled with them in fear of reprisals. By May 1945, only a few Germans remained, mostly in the 2821: 2472: 1994: 1816: 1742:, most Germans were seen as Nazi-perpetrators who could now finally be collectively punished for their past deeds. 1625: 1555:, so-called 'repatriants', were resettled to former German territories, then dubbed 'Recovered Territories'. Czech 1280:

The West German figure for Poland is broken out as 939,000 monolingual German and 432,000 bi-lingual Polish/German.

903: 345: 15488: 5659:; (Situation in Poland: "Almost all Germans were held personally responsible for the policies of the Nazi party.") 396: 17269: 17110: 17099: 16935: 16694: 16653: 16546: 16484: 15871: 15141: 15010: 14978: 13128: 12728: 12482: 11149:

Expelling the Germans: British opinion and post-1945 population transfer in context. Oxford historical monographs

8365:"Mniejszość niemiecka w Polsce w polityce wewnętrznej w Polsce i w RFN oraz w stosunkach między obydwu państwami" 7992: 6324: 3695: 2682: 2538: 2382: 1998: 1421: 1287:

which was annexed by Poland in 1938. In the 1930 census, this region was included in the Czechoslovak population.

507: 372: 15658: 15226: 1931:; between 9 May and 1 June 1945, the Soviets shipped 3,000 refugees and 17,000 Wehrmacht soldiers from there to 17913: 17655: 17627: 17505: 17298: 16535: 15986: 15912: 15708: 15079: 14798: 14703: 14588: 14392: 13111: 12927: 12611: 12437: 12328: 12176: 11786: 11641: 10668: 10581:

Krigsbarn. Vandreutstilling med fotografier av Einar Bangsund. Barn av norske kvinner og tyske soldater 1940–45

9742: 7609: 5686: 5531: 5356: 5284: 4145: 4105: 3995: 3712: 3320:

The German government maintains that the figure of 2–2.5 million expulsion deaths is correct. In 2005 the

3054: 3022: 2185: 1967: 1782:, spread and exaggerated by Nazi propaganda, hastened the flight of ethnic Germans from much of Eastern Europe. 1094: 1074: 962: 376: 335: 7814: 3442: 3367: 2244:. Germans married to Hungarians were not expelled, regardless of sex. The first 5,788 expellees departed from 17715: 17648: 17599: 17530: 17355: 16861: 16812: 16576: 16569: 16172: 15933: 15724: 14777: 14217: 14097: 13998: 13637: 13405: 13181: 13043: 12947: 12846: 12400: 12190: 11836: 11428: 5572:

Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1933–1945

5192:

Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1939–1945

4433: 4020: 3980: 3940:

said that there had been "no moral or political justification" for the post-war expulsion of ethnic Germans.

2817: 2281: 1963: 1919:

units. The situation eased after 60 Danish clergymen spoke in defence of the refugees in an open letter, and

1731: 243: 12140: 11255: 10435:, Hamburg: Behörde für Bildung und Sport/Amt für Bildung/Landeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2007, p. 7; 1865:

Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. An additional 2.6 million released POWs were listed as expellees.

1360:. Some were given important positions in the hierarchy of the Nazi administration, and some participated in 17908: 17789: 17685: 17060: 17021: 15940: 15775: 15760: 15687: 15666: 15484: 15162: 14948: 14941: 14925: 14636: 14595: 14567: 13425: 13153: 13023: 12527: 11347: 11063:

Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948. Harvard Cold War studies book series

10341: 6168: 2493:

during the war were declared Germans by Polish officials who then seized their property for personal gain.

2453: 2449: 1432: 368: 8943:, cadmus.iue.it, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, pp. 53–54; accessed 26 May 2015. 7882:

Deutsche und polnische Vertriebene: Gesellschaft und Vertriebenenpolitik in SBZ/DDR und in Polen 1945–1956

7715:

Deutsche und polnische Vertriebene: Gesellschaft und Vertriebenenpolitik in SBZ/DDR und in Polen 1945–1956

6986:

Deutsche und polnische Vertriebene: Gesellschaft und Vertriebenenpolitik in SBZ/DDR und in Polen 1945–1956

6756:

Deutsche und Polnische Vertriebene: Gesellschaft und Vertriebenenpolitik in SBZ/ddr und in Polen 1945–1956

5704:

Diasporas and ethnic migrants: German, Israel, and post-Soviet successor states in comparative perspective

3874:

wrote that the expulsions of the Sudeten Germans was justified as the Germans themselves had scrapped the

1649:

these large transferences, which are more possible in modern conditions than they have ever been before".

972:, as well as the Soviet Union after the war and Germans who were living within the borders of the pre-war 17752: 17076: 17028: 16646: 16618: 16471: 16086: 16065: 15586: 15249: 15155: 14645: 13220: 13133: 12585: 11875: 11606:

International studies in human rights. Volume 41. Mass expulsion in modern international law and practice

11578:

International studies in human rights. Volume 41. Mass expulsion in modern international law and practice

8862:

Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis

7856: 5160:

Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis

5135:

Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis

4590: 4337:"Ms. Livni, Remember the Recovered Territories. There is an historical precedent for a workable solution" 2670: 2500:

August 1948, German children deported from the eastern areas taken over by Poland arrive in West Germany.

2001:, Czechoslovakia and Hungary to the Allied Occupation Zones in the Potsdam Agreement, drafted during the 1684: 1469:, the remaining large German populations outside postwar Germany were seen as a potentially troublesome ' 388: 340: 325: 320: 275: 17: 11449:"affected" countries in the east was reflected in growing political contacts and in scholarly exchanges. 9359:

Germans from the East: A Study of their migration, resettlement and subsequent group history, since 1945

7950: 7050:

Begegnung und Konflikt. Schlaglichter auf das Verhältnis von Tschechen, Slowaken und Deutschen 1815–1989

4277: 3785:

even in the context of international law of the time, stating, "the only applicable principles were the

3117:

civilian deaths; there were an additional 1,905,991 cases of persons whose fate could not be determined.

1373: 17550: 17046: 16965: 16910: 16798: 16754: 16404: 16030: 15954: 15856: 15733: 15605: 15598: 15558: 15531: 15263: 15196: 14791: 14602: 14532: 14174: 13855: 13143: 13055: 13033: 12952: 12937: 12753: 12733: 12575: 11925: 11123: 10596:"Norway's Hidden History – 'Aryan' Children Subjected to LSD Experiments, Sexual Abuse & Mass Rape" 7237:. After the war, he was rehabilitated and selected to author the report on the expulsions from Hungary. 7223:

Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Ungarn: Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa

4188:

Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.

2780: 2644: 2354: 2193: 1920: 1846: 1629: 1417: 1302:

who identified themselves as German at 709,500 plus 1,846,000 Poles who were considered candidates for

1120: 1059: 1012: 899: 567: 537: 310: 160: 10543:

Geglückte Integration?: Spezifika und Vergleichbarkeiten der Vertriebenen-eingliederung in der SBZ/ddr

10414:, Hamburg: Behörde für Bildung und Sport/Amt für Bildung/Landeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2007; 9078:

Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50

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Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50

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Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50

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Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50

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Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50

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Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50

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Definitionsmacht, Utopie, Vergeltung: "ethnische Säuberungen" im östlichen Europa des 20. Jahrhunderts

2952: 1923:

Johannes Kjærbøl took over the administration of the refugees on 6 September 1945. On 9 May 1945, the

1384:

demanded that the "German problem" be solved by transfer/expulsion. These demands were adopted by the

815: 17818: 17452: 17369: 17154: 17014: 16986: 16819: 16724: 16514: 15947: 15021: 14675: 14046: 13654: 13395: 12580: 11721: 11176: 11090: 5904: 5113: 4120:

The Dynamics of the Policies of Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

3820: 3184:, 130,000 in Czechoslovakia and 80,000 in Yugoslavia). No figures were given for Romania and Hungary. 3017:, between 1941 and 1945 the US government facilitated the expulsion of 4,058 German citizens from 15 2353:

exaggerated and exploited by Nazi Germany's propaganda, millions still remained. A 2005 study by the

2077: 914:, supported the annexation of German territory but opposed the idea of expulsion, wanting instead to 860: 856: 384: 380: 315: 15219: 5946: 5928:"Text of Churchill Speech in Commons on Soviet-Polish Frontier". The United Press. 15 December 1944. 5314: 5296:"Text of Churchill Speech in Commons on Soviet=Polish Frontier". The United Press. 15 December 1944. 4837: 4379: 4174: 2132:

About 250,000 ethnic Germans were allowed to remain in Czechoslovakia. According to the West German

1536: 17918: 17823: 17191: 17168: 16420: 16221: 16214: 15878: 15538: 15510: 15503: 14890: 13372: 13334: 13171: 12942: 12306: 10280: 9155: 5769: 4750: 4000: 3641: 3637: 3372: 2783:. Many Germans were evacuated from East Prussia and the Memel territory by Nazi authorities during 2775:). The Königsberg area of East Prussia was annexed by the Soviet Union, becoming an exclave of the 1645: 1329: 392: 15235: 15212: 12034: 11422:"The Expulsion of the 'German' communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War" 11205: 9524:

Gerhard Reichning, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1995.(revised edition) p. 36

6730: 3625:. Polish sociologist and philosopher Lech Nijakowski objects to the term "genocide" as inaccurate 2381:

In mid-1945, the eastern territories of pre-war Germany were turned over to the Soviet-controlled

17613: 17557: 17427: 17287: 16972: 16625: 16521: 16427: 15995: 15863: 15833: 15797: 15782: 15654: 15546: 15524: 15470: 15456: 15438: 15102: 14883: 14611: 14560: 14298: 13860: 13508: 13382: 13362: 13339: 13319: 13279: 13242: 13191: 13065: 13028: 12798: 12520: 12186: 11432: 11362:

Except for the bombing of German cities, which is widely known and addressed in such fictions as

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During the Nazi German occupation, many citizens of German descent in Poland registered with the

1115: 954: 950: 868: 659: 360: 10370: 8254:

Wysiedlenia, wypędzenia i ucieczki 1939–1959: atlas ziem Polski: Polacy, Żydzi, Niemcy, Ukraińcy

6625: 6288:

Wysiedlenia, wypędzenia i ucieczki 1939–1959: atlas ziem Polski: Polacy, Żydzi, Niemcy, Ukraińcy

5858:, Alois Harasko & Roland Hoffmann (eds.), Munich: Sudetendeutsches Archiv, 2000, pp. 299seq. 5035: 4806: 4594: 4510:'s Bureau for Inner Affairs, outlines the stance of the respective governmental institutions in 4336: 2911:. Smaller numbers of ethnic Germans also lived in Ljubljana and in some western villages in the 926:, in concert with other Communist leaders, planned to expel all ethnic Germans from east of the 17305: 17198: 17000: 16951: 16854: 16747: 16717: 16500: 16388: 16114: 15905: 15496: 15477: 15447: 14994: 14964: 13918: 13753: 13740: 13309: 13284: 13247: 13106: 13038: 12867: 12758: 12748: 12057: 10838:"the expulsion of the Germans constitutes the largest mass transfer of a population in history" 10562: 10297:

on the first expellees arriving in that state in 1950 to be resettled from other German states.

9181: 8542:, cadmus.iue.it, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1; accessed 26 May 2015. 5968: 5036:"'Weg met de Moffen' – De uitwijzing van Duitse ongewenste vreemdelingen uit Nederland na 1945" 4623: 4617: 4010: 3751: 3460: 3281: 2793: 2740: 1979: 1779: 1365: 1128: 973: 525: 419: 11489: 11037: 11031: 10795: 10772: 10766: 10708: 10529: 10264: 10241: 10218: 10160: 9094:"The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War" 9059:"The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War" 9000:"The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War" 8934:"The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War" 8196: 8162: 8128: 7542: 6943: 6937: 6798: 4681: 4562: 4556: 4096: 3598:

A road sign indicating former German cities at a memorial for the lost eastern territories in

3324:

Search Service put the death toll at 2,251,500 but did not provide details for this estimate.

3246: 3175:, which was finished in 1974 and kept secret until 1989. The study was commissioned to survey 1912: 17796: 17519: 17362: 17258: 17228: 17184: 16924: 16889: 16882: 16805: 16703: 16144: 16121: 15968: 15579: 15116: 14856: 14842: 14525: 14448: 13928: 13923: 13903: 13548: 13470: 13289: 13274: 13237: 12235: 12155:

Facing History: The Evolution of Czech and German Relations in the Czech Provinces, 1848–1948

10924: 10791: 10704: 8286: 7443: 7384: 7090: 5933: 5733:"The Curzon line as the eastern boundary of Poland. The origins and the political background" 5301: 4437: 3824: 3742: 3650: 3568: 3511: 3128:

was a rehabilitated former Nazi party member who was involved in the preparation of the Nazi

2813: 2339: 2301: 1838: 1657: 1404: 969: 919: 722: 364: 189: 15414: 12369:

The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

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The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War

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The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930–1953

8574:

The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930–1953

8532:

The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

8335:

The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

8107:

The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

8043:

The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

7910:

The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

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The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

7737:

The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

7419:

The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

7360:

The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

7335:

The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

7306:

The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

7282:

The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

7155:

The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

6857:

The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

6384: 5600:

The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

5551:

The Expulsion of "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

1716: 1364:, causing resentment towards German speakers in general. These facts were later used by the 17838: 17620: 17475: 17126: 17083: 17053: 16979: 16789: 16768: 15694: 15171: 14849: 14041: 13735: 13252: 13196: 13080: 13018: 13013: 12983: 12915: 12893: 12841: 12743: 12454: 10294: 10281:"Vor 50 Jahren: Der 15. April 1950. Vertriebene finden eine neue Heimat in Rheinland-Pfalz" 9009:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, pp. 53–56; accessed 26 May 2015. 8909:

Bundesministerium für Vertriebene (ed.), "Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Jugoslawien", in:

8517: 8076: 7018:, Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden (ed.), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958, pp. 322–39. 6048:, edited by Philipp Ther and Ana Siljak, Harvard Cold War Studies Book Series, Lanham, MD: 5732: 4655: 4649: 4303: 3790: 3171:

In 1969, the federal West German government ordered a further study to be conducted by the

3152: 2992: 2948:

expelled most of the remainder after it seized complete control in the region in May 1945.

2895:

border. The second-largest ethnic German community in Slovenia was the predominantly rural

2686: 2678: 2433: 2414: 2289: 1935:. In 1945, 13,492 German refugees died, among them 7,000 children under five years of age. 1824: 1788: 1775: 1727: 1444: 1400: 1337: 1106: 1003:'s surrender. The third phase was a more organised expulsion following the Allied leaders' 965:

and the Soviet Union (about seven million), and from Czechoslovakia (about three million).

717: 545: 532: 424: 12463:

Foreign relations of the United States (the Potsdam Conference), Volume I (1945), wisc.edu

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The Expulsion of German Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War

6612: 4237: 2256: 8: 17738: 17512: 17390: 17346: 16868: 16002: 15768: 15295: 15125: 15109: 15058: 14417: 14132: 13943: 13908: 13435: 13329: 13304: 13299: 13176: 13121: 13060: 12966: 12697: 12631: 12289:

Wysiedlenie i emigracja ludności niemieckiej w polityce władz polskich w latach 1945–1970

11811: 11368: 10688: 10049:

Schwarzbuch der Vertreibung 1945 bis 1948. Das letzte Kapitel unbewältigter Vergangenheit

9928: 5800: 4025: 4005: 3797: 3796:

In November 2000, a major conference on ethnic cleansing in the 20th century was held at

3255: 3144: 3121: 3070: 3042: 2999:

occupied the town in March 1945 and prevented the inhabitants from returning until 1953.

2640: 2607: 2476: 2422: 2417: 2362: 2276: 2200: 2133: 2110: 1828: 1820: 1563:

and Germans "unreliable for the state", clearing a way for confiscations and expulsions.

1357: 1319: 1291: 1132: 1087: 1054: 14291: 14257: 12793: 8272:

Sakson. Mazurzy – społeczność pogranicza. Wydawnictwo Instytutu Zachodniego. Poznań 1990

3808: 3777:, both of which became bestsellers in Germany. De Zayas argues that the expulsions were 3613:

The events have been usually classified as population transfer, or as ethnic cleansing.

3214: 2117:

in May 1945, including 100,000 from Slovakia and 1.6 million refugees from Poland.

17731: 17564: 17489: 17443: 17413: 17321: 17161: 16826: 16710: 16604: 16555: 16493: 16249: 16200: 16009: 15633: 15288: 15086: 14443: 14412: 14402: 14196: 14159: 14117: 13933: 13877: 13812: 13763: 13730: 13718: 13713: 13685: 13649: 13501: 13494: 13349: 13314: 13201: 13186: 13116: 13094: 13070: 12998: 12932: 12862: 12773: 12692: 12661: 12570: 12547: 12201: 11944: 9986:, Paderborn: Schöningh, 2010, pp. 659–726, 839: ill., maps; 24 cm. D820.P72 G475 2010; 9282: 9103:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 57; accessed 26 May 2015. 8952:

Bundesministerium für Vertriebene (ed.), "Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Jugoslawien",

8117:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 29; accessed 26 May 2015. 8053:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 30; accessed 26 May 2015. 7747:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1. p. 27; accessed 26 May 2015. 7429:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 41; accessed 26 May 2015. 7370:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 47; accessed 26 May 2015. 7345:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 43; accessed 26 May 2015. 7291:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 38; accessed 26 May 2015. 7202: 6867:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 17; accessed 26 May 2015. 4825: 4162: 3773: 3767: 3515: 3436: 3409: 3280:

USSR for forced labour and, after the resettlement, due to the harsh conditions in the

3062: 3041:

At the start of World War II, colonists with German citizenship were rounded up by the

2937: 2828: 2789: 2784: 2666: 2509: 2404: 2394: 2233: 2002: 1884:

Between 23 January and 5 May 1945, up to 250,000 Germans, primarily from East Prussia,

1878: 1720: 1333: 1307: 1098: 907: 512: 472: 444: 284: 14078: 10595: 8435:, Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden (ed.), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958, p. 46. 7165:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 8; accessed 26 May 2015. 4615: 3823:, endorses the full participation of the organisation representing the expellees, the 3147:

were superseded by the publication in 1958 of the study by the West German government

3095:

Estimates of total deaths of German civilians in the flight and expulsions, including

1954:

for its extended care of the refugees, which West Germany paid between 1953 and 1958.

17722: 17606: 17496: 17436: 17397: 17330: 17312: 17278: 17221: 17175: 17119: 16944: 16682: 16674: 16611: 16464: 16058: 15590: 15051: 15030: 14740: 14191: 14127: 14107: 14102: 14051: 14036: 13983: 13955: 13938: 13882: 13822: 13817: 13723: 13455: 13430: 13377: 13324: 13138: 12910: 12702: 12415: 12404: 12380: 12357: 12342: 12324: 12310: 12292: 12274: 12259: 12239: 12220: 12205: 12172: 12158: 12144: 12004: 11973: 11749: 11725: 11609: 11581: 11495: 11468: 11401: 11351: 11320: 11289: 11211: 11184: 11156: 11152: 11127: 11098: 11070: 11041: 11010: 10985: 10958: 10928: 10917: 10891: 10827: 10801: 10776: 10749: 10714: 10664: 10641: 10546: 10522: 10470: 10436: 10415: 10394: 10257: 10234: 10211: 10184: 10153: 10075: 10052: 10030: 9987: 9959: 9908: 9884: 9833: 9810: 9768: 9746: 9689:"Zahl der Vertreibungsopfer ist neu zu erforschen: Rüdiger Overmans", Deutschlandfunk 9669: 9634: 9614: 9509: 9362: 9338: 9310: 9286: 9187: 9080:, Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden (ed.), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958, p. 46 9026: 8973: 8890: 8869: 8838: 8805: 8777: 8737: 8711: 8690: 8669: 8648: 8627: 8602: 8577: 8556: 8393: 8301:, Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden (ed.), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958, p. 78 8233: 8202: 8168: 8134: 8018: 7982: 7940: 7885: 7761: 7718: 7694: 7670: 7601: 7591: 7548: 7449: 7390: 7264: 7230: 7190: 7180: 7053: 6989: 6947: 6881: 6804: 6759: 6676: 6656: 6590: 6559: 6534: 6509: 6484: 6459: 6434: 6409: 6355: 6330: 6267: 6240: 6209: 6189: 6172: 6142: 6106: 6073: 6053: 6016: 5972: 5959:(Karski's 1943 reference to "Poland" meant the pre-war a.k.a. 1937 border of Poland.) 5908: 5804: 5773: 5708: 5682: 5652: 5575: 5527: 5465: 5438: 5386: 5383:

Die westdeutsche Oder/Neisse-Debatte: Hintergründe, Prozess und Ende des Bonner Tabus

5360: 5335: 5280: 5234: 5163: 5142: 5064: 5014: 5001: 4976: 4951: 4926: 4901: 4876: 4687: 4659: 4627: 4566: 4413: 4355: 4267: 4227: 4191: 4141: 4101: 3933: 3724: 3704: 3682: 3429: 3332: 3160: 2868: 2851:

1945, a second phase began in which ethnic Germans were massed into villages such as

2832: 2727: 2461: 2181: 2095: 2057: 2030: 1694: 1641: 1617: 1479: 1408: 1389: 1377: 1295: 1040: 1004: 895: 477: 400: 139: 11996:

Germany's Foreign Policy Towards Poland and the Czech Republic: Ostpolitik Revisited

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and murders accompanied the expulsions. Some had experienced massacres, such as the

3383: 2611:

whom 67,332 were deported to the USSR for reparation labour, where 9% (6,260) died.

2448:

in communist-administered camps prior to being expelled from Poland. These included

1465:: From the Soviet perspective, shared by the communist administrations installed in 1459:: This is presented by several authors as a key issue that motivated the expulsions. 17641: 17634: 17578: 17242: 17007: 16993: 16896: 16833: 16784: 16597: 16450: 16397: 16207: 16158: 16072: 15302: 15279: 14812: 14407: 14387: 14365: 14269: 14179: 14164: 14154: 14137: 14092: 14084: 14056: 13960: 13913: 13898: 13832: 13800: 13773: 13768: 13678: 13541: 13517: 13465: 13460: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13267: 13232: 13206: 12878: 12682: 12651: 12606: 12601: 11312:

Expelling the Germans: British Opinion and Post-1945 Population Transfer in Context

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Expelling the Germans: British Opinion and Post-1945 Population Transfer in Context

9036: 7511: 5850: 5744: 5121: 4315: 4304:"The Oder-Neisse Line as Poland's western border: As postulated and made a reality" 3926: 3875: 3871: 3858: 3736: 3686: 3321: 3181: 3137: 3125: 3058: 2578:

The ethnic German population of Romania in 1939 was estimated at 786,000. In 1940,

2560: 2526: 2517: 2065: 1604: 1396: 1032: 439: 434: 429: 14821: 12182: 9265:(1,863,000 in post war expulsions and an additional 1.0 million in wartime flight) 9210: 5104:

Martin Broszat Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik, 1939–1945 Fischer 1961, p. 125

3387:

Push-cart used by German refugees with some items they were able to take with them

3221:

Letztlich sprechen also mehr Argumente für die niedrigere als für die höhere Zahl.

1547:

on population exchanges of Ukrainians and Poles living on the "wrong" side of the

17664: 17376: 17291: 17249: 17147: 17090: 16958: 16740: 16731: 16260: 15842: 15818: 15072: 14225: 14122: 14112: 14073: 13745: 13659: 13642: 13615: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13357: 12783: 12507: 12472: 12029: 11843: 11672: 11539: 11262: 10871: 10821: 10616: 10466: 10456: 10377: 10308: 10287: 10104: 9935: 9864: 9334: 9260: 9217: 9100: 9065: 9006: 8940: 8833: 8784: 8623: 8539: 8114: 8050: 7917: 7800: 7744: 7628: 7525: 7515: 7426: 7367: 7342: 7313: 7288: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7162: 7117: 7097: 7079: 6864: 6839: 6632: 5678: 5607: 5558: 5523: 5327: 5218: 4757: 4513: 4455:"Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste – 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg" 4030: 3968: 3863: 3762: 3700: 3336: 3295: 3263: 3131: 2809: 2768: 2752: 2219: 2180:

Commander-in-Chief ordered the expulsions. In February 1945 the Soviet-dominated

2114: 2049: 1854: 1706: 1361: 1345: 1111: 981: 828: 609: 17776: 10094: 10014: 9855:

Ingo Haar, "Straty zwiazane z wypedzeniami: stan badañ, problemy, perspektywy",

9854: 7817:[Territorial origins of inhabitants of the Western Lands in year 1950.] 6583:

Paths to Inclusion: The Integration of Migrants in the United States and Germany

5207: 4799:

Revenge of the Periphery: Regionalism and the German Minority in Lodz, 1918–1939

4480: 3918: 3911: 3899: 3378: 2176:

was dictated from outside Hungary. It began on 22 December 1944 when the Soviet

1698: 1556: 894:

The idea to expel the Germans from the annexed territories had been proposed by

17671: 17207: 17133: 15185: 15044: 13865: 13850: 13827: 13783: 13749: 13690: 13587: 13522: 13400: 13387: 13050: 12808: 11908: 11397: 10567: 10007:

Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste – 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg

9722: 7478:, Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden (ed.), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958. 7073:

Final Statement and Conclusions of the Czech-German Historical Commission, 1996

6903:"Memories of World War II in the Czech Lands: The Expulsion of Sudeten Germans" 6830: 6586: 3949: 3907: 3903: 3691: 3363: 3355: 2904: 2662: 2636: 2537:

by the Germans, surpassed only by the German policies against Jews, during the

2080:; 1,652,000 of these refugees were resettled in the former German territories. 1916: 1311: 1277:

The West German figures are the base used to estimate losses in the expulsions.

1124: 852: 848: 844: 832: 775: 761: 502: 65: 61: 12303:

The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949

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Silesian Inferno, War Crimes of the Red Army on its March into Silesia in 1945

8970:

Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR

8708:

Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR

8687:

Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR

8595:

Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR

8553:

Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR

8512:, Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden (ed.), Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag, 1958 7257:

Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR

7240: 6046:

Forum on Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948

3655: 3417: 3396: 2867:, the ethnic German population at the end of World War II was concentrated in 2457: 2432:

In mid-1945, 4.5 to 4.6 million Germans resided in territory east of the

987:

The removals occurred in three overlapping phases, the first of which was the

17812: 17482: 15407: 15256: 15095: 14320: 14203: 13795: 13778: 13757: 13603: 12763: 12338: 11741: 11363: 10954:

A clean sweep?: the politics of ethnic cleansing in western Poland, 1945–1960

10519:

Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Von der Gründung bis zur Gegenwart

10254:

Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Von der Gründung bis zur Gegenwart

10208:

Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Von der Gründung bis zur Gegenwart

9956:

Vertreibung und Aussiedlung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus Polen 1945 bis 1949

9443:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1. pp. 4– (2,000,000) 7194: 6933: 3937: 3804:, along with the publication of a book containing participants' conclusions. 3124:

issued five reports on the flight and expulsions. The head of the commission

3078: 3018: 2797: 2632: 2599: 2556: 2546: 2522: 2445: 2358:

naturalized as Polish citizens and 170,000 Germans still remained in Poland.

2255:. Most of the expellees found new homes in the south-west German province of 2237: 2189: 2138: 2022: 1889: 1739: 1608: 1532: 1474: 1473:' that would, because of its social structure, interfere with the envisioned 1412: 1315: 1303: 1070: 977: 968:

The areas affected included the former eastern territories of Germany, which

923: 880: 838: 589: 231: 11807:"Germany provokes anger over museum to refugees who fled Poland during WWII" 11675:, meaus.com; accessed 26 May 2015; Transcript of part of a lecture given in 7691:

Vom spurlosen Verschwindenlassen zur Benachrichtigungspflicht bei Festnahmen

7605: 3522:, a 14-member body consisting of nine Americans and five Germans within the 3312:

up to a maximum of 30,000 dead, assuming that not all deaths were reported.

2760: 17781: 17585: 15885: 15790: 15421: 14784: 14548: 14169: 13671: 13148: 12823: 12818: 12788: 12687: 12641: 12232:

Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War

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Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War

7538: 5413:(1st ed.), Prague: Epocha, Pražská vydavatelská společnost, p. 11 3891: 3886: 3574: 3546: 3014: 2956: 2699: 2674: 2616: 2591: 2126: 2026: 1951: 1947: 1874: 1842: 1710: 1674: 1612: 1483: 1470: 1466: 1436: 1349: 1036: 888: 864: 824: 698: 694: 629: 619: 580: 467: 12116:"Falsche Bilder : NS-Propaganda-Foto war lange das Symbol für Flucht" 11530: 11256:

Nijakowski, Rozkosz zemsty, Socjologia historyczna mobilizacji ludobójczej

10685:

Germany provokes anger over museum to refugees who fled Poland during WWII

10495: 9594:

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9495:

The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, p. 78

7137: 5748: 2856: 295: 17420: 17406: 17068: 15744: 15565: 15550: 14904: 14499: 13947: 13158: 12872: 12707: 12656: 12501:

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Wysiedlenie czy wypedzenie? ludnosc niemiecka w Polsce w latach 1945–1949

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Die Vertreibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus der Tschechoslowakei Band 1

5138: 4616:

Gerhart Tubach; Kurt Frank Hoffmeister; Frederic Reinhardt, eds. (1992).

4488: 4078: 3841: 3614: 3582: 3491: 3413: 3156: 2996: 2764: 2594:, the northern part of which was annexed by Hungary during World War II. 2336:

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1834: 1548: 1516: 1440: 1157: 1083: 1066: 1028: 482: 4619:

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4587:"Agreements of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference, 17 July – 2 August 1945" 3594: 2772: 2669:

and ethnic Germans in areas that became Soviet-controlled following the

2525:

from Poland. Soviet records indicated that 506 Poles died in captivity.

2068:, deep into former German territory and within 80 kilometers of Berlin. 1603:, based on wartime Nazi activities. Created on order of Reichsführer-SS 16775: 16528: 16507: 15400: 14733: 14661: 14303: 13367: 12988: 11688:

Alfred M. de Zayas, "International Law and Mass Population Transfers",

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Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study

9307:

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8484:, vol. III, 'Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Rumänien', pp. 79–80. 8198:

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8164:

Der Verlust: Die Vertreibung der Deutschen und Polen im 20. Jahrhundert

8130:

Der Verlust: Die Vertreibung der Deutschen und Polen im 20. Jahrhundert

7544:

Der Verlust: Die Vertreibung der Deutschen und Polen im 20. Jahrhundert

7234: 6902: 6506:

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6012: 5675:

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5277:

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4683:

Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study

3801: 3526:

which was tasked with devising strategies to solve the refugee crisis.

3499: 3421: 2988: 2579: 2490: 2213: 2094:

The final agreement for the transfer of the Germans was reached at the

1735: 1653: 1581: 1566: 1560: 1284: 915: 552: 14240: 13664: 11872:"Dr Gundula Bavendamm | Stiftung Flucht, Vertreibung, Versöhnung" 11464:

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Power and influence after the Cold War: Germany in East-Central Europe

6731:"History – World Wars: European Refugee Movements After World War Two" 5456: 5454: 4320: 2924: 2900: 2245: 1877:, many soldiers and civilians were evacuated by ship in the course of 1551:. Many of the 2.1 million Poles expelled from the Soviet-annexed 17038: 16443: 16240: 16051: 15849: 15804: 14061: 13594: 12978: 12626: 12000: 11769: 11060: 9576: 9508:, Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen (1989), pp. 53–54; 7656:, vol. 1 Bonn, Bundesministerium für Vertriebene (ed.), 1953, p. 160. 6217: 5984: 5041:

Bijdragen en Mededelingen betreffende de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden

3956:

are sometimes published to show the flight and expulsion of Germans.

3778: 3747: 3550: 3479: 3340: 3335:, outlined the stance of the respective governmental institutions on 3102: 3046: 3030: 2912: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2654: 2603: 2398: 2311: 2165: 1943: 1885: 1679: 1600: 1372:

During the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, especially after the

1045: 998: 933:

Between 1944 and 1948, millions of people, including ethnic Germans (

15325: 12097:"Merkel calls Sudeten German expulsion "immoral", drawing Czech ire" 9658: 9122:(in German). Mittelbadische Presse. 23 November 2004. Archived from 8493:"Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa", 7221:"Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa", 6266:, Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen, 1989, pp. 23–41; 6239:, 2nd edition, Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2007, p. 93; 5610:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 5 5561:, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1, p. 6 3266:. Haar posits that figures have been inflated in Germany due to the 2808:

Before World War II, roughly 500,000 German-speaking people (mostly

2489:

German property for personal gain. Bilingual people who were on the

1970:. By this time, all of Eastern and much of Central Europe was under 15309: 15037: 14325: 14315: 12512: 12271:

Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte

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Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte

9611:

Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte

7652:

Theodor Schieder (compiler) in collaboration with A. Diestelkamp ,

7134:

Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte

7091:Česko-německá komise historiků a Slovensko-německá komise historiků 6326:

Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte

6258: 6256: 5451: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3599: 3375:) has criticized German educational DVDs based on Nawratil's book. 3267: 3081:

in compensation to property owners whose assets were nationalized.

2932: 2864: 2835:, in which many ethnic Germans had participated, especially in the 2583: 2323: 2177: 1928: 1924: 1904: 1139:) formed local Nazi political parties sponsored financially by the 1049:

Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923)

992: 12433:

A documentary film about the expulsion of the Germans from Hungary

11740:

Text of his speech of 6 August 2005 in Berlin, in the presence of

11517:

Chapters 1–19 at Human Rights Web Hrweb.org; accessed 26 May 2015.

11491:

Representations of Flight and Expulsion in East German Prose Works

9567:(1989) – (3.1 million including 1.0 million during wartime flight) 9465:

künftige Forschungsarbeit Hildesheim : A. Lax, 1987 pp. 65–66

9427:, 1989 – (3.1 million including 1.0 million during wartime flight) 9325: 9323: 9025:. Croatian Heritage Foundation & Croatian Information Centre. 6694: 6692: 5181:

complete ed., "Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Jugoslawien", p. 19.

4622:(2nd ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 3262:

involved in the study of the expulsions were involved in the Nazi

2888: 2105:

Czech territories with 50% (red) or more German population in 1935

2101: 1791:

were exaggerated and disseminated by the Nazi propaganda machine.

1576: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14337: 13564: 13257: 12677: 12621: 12543: 11004: 10393:, Munich: Beck, 1981 (=Beck'sche Schwarze Reihe; vol. 235); 9767:(3rd ed.), Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, p. 298; 9353: 9351: 5896: 4507: 4205:

Facts concerning the problem of the German expellees and refugees

3812: 3758: 3659: 3633: 3503: 3050: 2916: 2892: 2872: 2816:. Most fled during the war or emigrated after 1950 thanks to the 2703: 2315: 2260: 1983: 1932: 1893: 1858: 1511: 872: 647: 449: 14347: 13533: 12467:

History and Memory: mass expulsions and transfers 1939–1945–1949

9475:

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8954:

Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa

8911:

Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa

8516:; the editor for the section of the 1958 report for Romania was 8482:

Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa

8470:

Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa

8458:

Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa

8232:, Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen, 1989, p. 40; 8007: 7654:

Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa

7641:

Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa

7229:

The editor of this volume of the Schieder commission report was

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4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 3921:

stated that the Czech Republic would require exemption from the

3569:"War children" of German ancestry in Western and Northern Europe 3346: 2759:

Different situations emerged in northern East Prussia regarding

1950:

and Denmark agreed on compensation payments of 160 million

1841:, killing about 9,000 civilians and military personnel escaping 1765: 1726:

In Poland, which had suffered the loss of six million citizens,

1695:

war crimes and atrocities perpetrated by the German belligerents

1427: 15919: 14517: 14463: 14458: 14235: 14142: 12496:

Flucht und Vertreibung Gallerie- Flight & Expulsion Gallery

12354:

Wypędzenie Niemców z terenów na wschód od Odry i Nysy Łużyckiej

11277: 10887:

Encyclopedia of the United Nations and international agreements

10787:"the largest single case of ethnic cleansing in human history" 10764: 10181:

After the expulsion: West Germany and Eastern Europe, 1945–1990

9320: 9240: 8728: 8726: 8724: 6689: 6065: 4554: 3816: 3815:

endorsed the establishment of the Centre Against Expulsions in

3676:

Population transfer § Changing status in international law

3468: 3074: 3066: 2941: 2928: 2852: 2847: 2208:. 6,000 died there as a result of hardships and ill-treatment. 2205: 1807: 1544: 10822:

Steven Béla Várdy; T. Hunt Tooley; Ágnes Huszár Várdy (2003).

9533:

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5082: 5080: 4190:

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2521:

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2329: 16107: 14279: 12637:

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12616: 12432: 12321:

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10919:

Fires of hatred: ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe

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Iron curtain : the crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956

4844: 4710:"The Expulsion of the German Communities from Eastern Europe" 4651:

Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-century Europe

4046:

Deportation of Germans from Latin America during World War II

3807:

The former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

3379:

Condition of the expellees after arriving in post-war Germany

3026: 3009:

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2984: 2960: 2876: 2836: 2776: 2707: 2542: 2264: 2241: 2073: 1552: 8721: 5885:

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Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans

2172:

In contrast to expulsions from other nations or states, the

1847:

the largest loss of life in a single ship sinking in history

14475: 14342: 12083:"Czechs to drop EU Charter of Fundamental Rights exemption" 11117: 10742:

Barbarism and civilization: a history of Europe in our time

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9022:

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8856: 8854: 5077: 5040: 3534: 2980: 2920: 2880: 2375: 2224: 1850: 1754: 1160:

estimates versus pre-war (1930–31) national census figures

1079: 927: 12055: 11772:

on 28 May 1995. Text of Ayala's words in Alfred de Zayas'

11033:

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8318:

Gesucht wird – Die dramatische Geschichte des Suchdienstes

4203:

Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims.

3555:

All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights

3432:

in the 1950s that drove unemployment rates close to zero.

3288: 2113:, there were 4.5 million German civilians present in 1322:

exclude ethnic Germans resettled in Poland during the war.

1025:

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Philipp Ther; Ana Siljak; Eagle Glassheim, eds. (2001).

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Ulf Brunnbauer, Michael G. Esch & Holm Sundhaussen,

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Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939–1950)

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Stalin, Niemcy i przesunięcie granic Polski na Zachód

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suggested a resettlement of millions of expellees in

1799:

snow trying to stay ahead of the advancing Red Army.

1306:. In addition, there were 63,000 Volksdeutsch in the 1283:

The West German figure for Poland includes 60,000 in

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Polish boundary post at the Oder–Neisse line in 1945

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Hungarian Government, obeying the directions of the

1567:

View of German minorities as potential fifth columns

1463:

View of a German minority as potentially troublesome

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The 2923:river between the towns of 2282:between Germany and Hungary 1685:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 1492:: the Allies declared them 1411:of the United Kingdom, and 1338:Higher SS and Police Leader 1095:collapse of Austria-Hungary 963:People's Republic of Poland 867:, and the eastern parts of 823:During the later stages of 10: 17955: 17939:Soviet World War II crimes 17899:Ethnic cleansing in Europe 17679:Naval bombardment of Japan 17047:First Battle of El Alamein 16966:Battle of Christmas Island 16911:Japanese invasion of Burma 16675:Italian invasion of Greece 16591:German invasion of Belgium 16563:German invasion of Denmark 16536:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 16405:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 14669:Comparative military ranks 12754:North German Confederation 12734:Confederation of the Rhine 12141:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej 12129: 12025:"Putting the Past to Rest" 11926:Cambridge University Press 11124:Greenwood Publishing Group 11030:Matthew J. Gibney (2005). 10984:. 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Internment continued in 3006: 2781:Lithuanian Soviet Republic 2673:of 1939 were resettled to 2645:Evacuation of East Prussia 2630: 2571: 2567: 2355:Polish Academy of Sciences 2333: 2299: 2194:State Protection Authority 2155: 2087: 1958:Following Germany's defeat 1758: 1667: 1664:Punishment for Nazi crimes 1636:Preventing ethnic violence 1630:Polish government-in-exile 1075:ethnicity-based settlement 1060:Central and Eastern Europe 1022: 1013:Central and Eastern Europe 898:, in conjunction with the 568:North German Confederation 538:Confederation of the Rhine 17879:Estonia–Germany relations 17864:German diaspora in Poland 17859:German diaspora in Europe 17768: 17600:Bratislava–Brno offensive 17540: 17531:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 17268: 17155:Allied invasion of Sicily 17109: 17015:Aleutian Islands campaign 16987:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 16934: 16925:Greek famine of 1941–1944 16820:Second Battle of Changsha 16725:German invasion of Greece 16693: 16570:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 16545: 16483: 16378: 16259: 15985: 15895: 15743: 15446: 15437: 15195: 15020: 14912:North and Central Pacific 14873: 14635: 14628: 14555: 14490: 14436: 14358: 14216: 14027: 14007: 13971: 13891: 13843: 13706: 13630: 13623: 13614: 13571: 13488: 13348: 13228: 13219: 13102: 13093: 12974: 12965: 12901: 12892: 12855: 12834: 12716: 12670: 12594: 12563: 12554: 11842:27 September 2011 at the 11746:50 Thesen zur Vertreibung 11722:Columbia University Press 11233:"Gutachten Ermacora 1991" 10009:Berlin, Dienststelle 2005 9477:, Bonn 1954–1961 Vol. 1-5 9345:, pp. 21, 81– (2,000,000) 9117:"Flucht im Granatenhagel" 8071:(in German and English). 7975:Eberhardt, Piotr (2006). 7930:Eberhardt, Piotr (2011). 7851:(in Polish and English). 7840:Kosiński, Leszek (1963). 7823:Dokumentacja Geograficzna 7813:Kosiński, Leszek (1960). 7583:Ludność Polski w XX wieku 7383:Phillips, Ann L. 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Rubinstein (2004). 11067:Rowman & Littlefield 9966:; German translation of 9857:Polish Diplomatic Review 9453:Wirtschaft und Statistik 7442:Ann L. Phillips (2000). 7175:Applebaum, Anne (2012). 6838:20 February 2005 at the 6050:Rowman & Littlefield 5840:, Arcana nr 79 (1/2008) 5770:Harvard University Press 5118:The Population of Poland 5034:Bogaarts, M. D. (1981), 4506:, Secretary of State in 4434:German Historical Museum 4001:Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 3642:reunification of Germany 3638:fall of the Soviet Union 3590:Legacy of the expulsions 2687:invaded the Soviet Union 1861:through Czechoslovakia. 1422:occupied by Nazi Germany 1082:from the projected post– 17614:Second Guangxi campaign 17469:Philippines (1944–1945) 16973:Battle of the Coral Sea 16876:Fall of the Philippines 16522:Battle of South Guangxi 16428:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 15834:Italian Social Republic 14008:Multinational dimension 12187:European History Online 11792:; accessed 26 May 2015. 11317:Oxford University Press 11231:Felix Ermacora (1991). 10855:Oxford University Press 10746:Oxford University Press 10376:31 October 2010 at the 9395:Encyclopædia Britannica 8980:; accessed 26 May 2015. 8812:; accessed 26 May 2015. 8676:; accessed 26 May 2015. 8634:; accessed 26 May 2015. 8609:; accessed 26 May 2015. 8584:; accessed 26 May 2015. 8240:; accessed 26 May 2015. 8063:Belzyt, Leszek (1996). 8025:; accessed 26 May 2015. 7892:; accessed 26 May 2015. 7271:; accessed 26 May 2015. 6996:; accessed 26 May 2015. 6797:Bernard Newman (1972). 6631:31 October 2010 at the 6554:Karl-Georg Mix (2005). 6529:Karl-Georg Mix (2005). 6479:Karl-Georg Mix (2005). 6454:Karl-Georg Mix (2005). 6429:Karl-Georg Mix (2005). 6404:Karl-Georg Mix (2005). 6350:Karl-Georg Mix (2005). 6294:; accessed 26 May 2015. 6179:; accessed 26 May 2015. 6149:; accessed 26 May 2015. 5342:; accessed 26 May 2015. 5217:2 December 2012 at the 3783:crimes against humanity 3559:Federation of Expellees 3543:Lastenausgleichsgesetz, 3399:, picture taken in 1951 3260:Statistisches Bundesamt 3203:Federation of Expellees 3177:crimes against humanity 3173:German Federal Archives 3165:Statistisches Bundesamt 3149:Statistisches Bundesamt 3111:Statistisches Bundesamt 2777:Russian Soviet Republic 2671:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2469:German Federal Archives 2368:German Federal Archives 2288:report for Hungary was 1927:occupied the island of 1670:German collective guilt 1382:Czech resistance groups 1116:First Austrian Republic 1073:introduced the idea of 951:Allied-occupied Germany 939:) and German citizens ( 17199:Armistice of Cassibile 17001:Battle of Dutch Harbor 16952:Battle of the Java Sea 16855:Attack on Pearl Harbor 16755:Syria–Lebanon campaign 16748:Battle of South Shanxi 16718:Invasion of Yugoslavia 16501:Battle of the Atlantic 16115:Korean Liberation Army 15828:(until September 1943) 15785:(until September 1944) 15763:(until September 1944) 14498: 14202: 13929:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13670: 13602: 13586: 13579: 13167:Science and technology 12868:History of Brandenburg 12759:Unification of Germany 12749:Frankfurt Constitution 12287:Jankowiak, Stanisław. 12169:Flucht und Vertreibung 11340:Margot Norris (2000). 11097:. 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David Curp (2006). 10792:Rummel, Rudolph Joseph 10740:Wasserstein, Bernard. 10705:Rummel, Rudolph Joseph 10615:1 October 2009 at the 10561:Anna-Maria Hagerfors, 10179:Pertti Ahonen (2003). 9293:, pp. 152– (2,111,000) 9099:1 October 2009 at the 9064:1 October 2009 at the 9005:1 October 2009 at the 8939:1 October 2009 at the 8718:; accessed 26 May 2015 8697:; accessed 26 May 2015 8655:; accessed 26 May 2015 8563:; accessed 26 May 2015 8538:1 October 2009 at the 8195:Urban, Thomas (2006). 8161:Urban, Thomas (2006). 8113:1 October 2009 at the 8049:1 October 2009 at the 7916:1 October 2009 at the 7799:1 October 2009 at the 7743:1 October 2009 at the 7425:1 October 2009 at the 7366:1 October 2009 at the 7341:1 October 2009 at the 7312:1 October 2009 at the 7287:1 October 2009 at the 7161:1 October 2009 at the 6863:1 October 2009 at the 5969:Transaction Publishers 5941:Cite journal requires 5606:1 October 2009 at the 5574:, 1993, p. 259; 5557:1 October 2009 at the 5309:Cite journal requires 4756:22 August 2009 at the 4512: 4502: 4487: 4479: 4011:Persecution of Germans 3967: 3895: 3754: 3752:North Rhine-Westphalia 3727:on 16 September 1963, 3602: 3538: 3495: 3490:Refugee settlement in 3483: 3478:Refugee settlement in 3461:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 3447: 3410:Ústí (Aussig) massacre 3400: 3388: 3282:Soviet occupation zone 3220: 3130: 3120:From 1954 to 1961 the 2827:After the liberation, 2794:Soviet Occupation Zone 2756: 2741:Soviet occupation zone 2731: 2658: 2501: 2486: 2409: 2383:Polish military forces 2349: 2228: 2184:ordered the Hungarian 2169: 2106: 2034: 2012: 1980:Soviet occupation zone 1964:Second World War ended 1908: 1811: 1783: 1730:and almost its entire 1689: 1682:guarded by members of 1588: 1537:Edward Osóbka-Morawski 1519: 1467:Soviet-occupied Europe 1448: 1407:of the United States, 1353: 1318:. The figures for the 1129:Deutscher Volksverband 1050: 997: 974:Second Polish Republic 970:were annexed by Poland 941: 935: 837: 820: 665: 551: 420:Linear Pottery culture 216:Emigration from Poland 44:German expellees, 1946 17914:Collective punishment 17363:Second Battle of Guam 17259:Bengal famine of 1943 17229:Second Battle of Kiev 17185:Battle of the Dnieper 16890:Battle of Wake Island 16762:East African campaign 16704:Battle of South Henan 16349:atrocities by Germans 16122:Korean Volunteer Army 15103:Occupation of Germany 14857:Music in World War II 12804:Flight and expulsions 12236:Yale University Press 12215:De Zayas, Alfred M.: 12196:De Zayas, Alfred M.: 11993:Stefan Wolff (2005). 11694:, vol 16, pp. 207–58. 11671:29 March 2006 at the 11631:, Spring 2001, p. 116 11538:26 April 2014 at the 9954:Bernadetta Nitschke, 9504:Silke Spieler (ed.), 9410:(1979) – (2,111,000) 9369:, pp. 33– (2,225,000) 9317:, pp. 75– (2,000,000) 8887:Damals in Ostpreussen 8287:Yale University Press 8228:Silke Spieler (ed.), 8127:Thomas Urban (2006). 8017:, Bonn: 1995, p. 53; 7981:. 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Roosevelt 1597:Eastern Upper Silesia 1579: 1535:and Polish communist 1514: 1496:of German war crimes. 1443:, where the pro-Nazi 1435: 1405:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1332: 1185:Poland (1939 borders) 1053:Before World War II, 1048: 851:countries, including 818: 346:Territorial evolution 115:demographic estimates 17649:Surrender of Germany 17127:Battle of West Hubei 17084:Guadalcanal campaign 17054:Battle of Stalingrad 16980:Battle of Madagascar 15754:Albania protectorate 15541:(formerly Swaziland) 15250:Wehrmacht war crimes 15066:Expulsion of Germans 14850:Art and World War II 14748:British contribution 14697:Governments in exile 14428:United Arab Emirates 13736:Transylvanian Saxons 13476:World Heritage Sites 13154:German states by GDP 12744:German Confederation 12506:1 April 2016 at the 12375:Reichling, Gerhard. 12319:Naimark, Norman M.: 12167:Blumenwitz, Dieter: 11911:, 1989, pp. 95–100. 11664:Alfred M. de Zayas, 11646:, Paper 951 (2006), 11319:. pp. 130–133. 11261:3 March 2016 at the 11036:. ABC-CLIO. p. 10517:Manfred Görtemaker, 10389:Hans Georg Lehmann, 10295:Rhineland-Palatinate 10286:31 July 2013 at the 10252:Manfred Görtemaker, 10206:Manfred Görtemaker, 10103:2 March 2011 at the 9863:2 March 2011 at the 9745:, 2004, pp 298–300; 9565:The Second World War 9550:(1979) – (2,111,000) 9425:The Second World War 9277:Alfred M. de Zayas, 8518:de:Wilfried Krallert 8347:Reichling, Gerhard. 8013:Reichling, Gerhard. 7849:Geographical Studies 7627:4 March 2016 at the 7263:, 2003, pp. 286–93; 7096:18 July 2011 at the 7078:22 July 2011 at the 7032:Alfred M. de Zayas, 5801:Taylor & Francis 5681:, 2007, pp. 101seq; 5359:, 2005, pp. 398seq; 3936:, German Chancellor 3791:Nuremberg Principles 3715:of 1948, nor in the 3482:, about 1945 to 1949 3414:Postoloprty massacre 3366:(former head of the 3153:de:Wilfried Krallert 2993:Liberation of France 2871:, more precisely in 2820:; some were able to 2248:on 19 January 1946. 2186:Ministry of Interior 2025:(second from left), 2021:Potsdam Conference: 1825:Strength Through Joy 1789:Nemmersdorf massacre 1611:organisation called 1586:March 1933 elections 1445:Sudeten German Party 1401:Nazi-occupied Europe 1175:National Census data 1170:West German estimate 1151:Population movements 1107:Treaty of Versailles 682:Expulsion of Germans 648:Contemporary Germany 546:German Confederation 75:500,000 to 3 million 17909:Genocides in Europe 17739:Potsdam Declaration 17628:Italy (Spring 1945) 17391:Liberation of Paris 16848:Siege of Sevastopol 15866:(until August 1944) 15769:Wang Jingwei regime 15591:from September 1943 15551:from September 1944 15489:from September 1944 15349:Romanian war crimes 15340:Persecution of Jews 15326:Croatian war crimes 15296:Japanese war crimes 15110:Occupation of Japan 15059:First Indochina War 14771:Military production 14683:Declarations of war 14015:Central and Eastern 13919:Italy (South Tyrol) 13112:Automobile industry 12698:Carolingian dynasty 12632:History of the Huns 12443:, Paper 951, 2006, 12438:Timothy V. Waters, 12301:Naimark, Norman M. 12157:, Prague: Gallery; 12085:. 19 February 2014. 11812:The Daily Telegraph 11748:(2008), pp. 36–41; 11707:, 1995, pp. 257–314 11561:(1975), pp. 207–58. 11369:Slaughterhouse Five 11207:Genocide, a history 10797:Death by government 10710:Death by government 10640:, 2004, p. 2; 10469:. pp. 306–07. 9942:, 21 November 2006. 9934:26 May 2011 at the 9741:(3rd ed.), Munich: 9613:. Paderborn, 2010; 9581:Süddeutsche Zeitung 9548:Victims of Politics 9408:Victims of Politics 9397:: 1992– (2,384,000) 9382:: 1978– (3,000,000) 9285:, New York (1994); 9216:6 June 2008 at the 8732:Gerhard Reichling, 8444:Gerhard Reichling, 8419:Gerhard Reichling, 8075:(1). Archived from 5964:Death by Government 5737:Geographia Polonica 5622:Zybura, p. 202 4385:on 30 November 2003 4308:Geographia Polonica 4026:Treaty of Zgorzelec 4006:Operation Paperclip 3798:Duquesne University 3424:and forced labour. 3256:Schieder commission 3247:Süddeutsche Zeitung 3145:Schieder commission 3143:The figures of the 3122:Schieder commission 3071:Victoria, Australia 3043:British authorities 2767:) and the adjacent 2641:Bessarabian Germans 2608:Schieder commission 2545:(Oppeln) region of 2418:Aleksander Zawadzki 2363:Schieder commission 2201:Schieder commission 2134:Schieder commission 2111:Schieder commission 2039:Wilde Vertreibungen 1913:Oksbøl Refugee Camp 1728:including its elite 1719:, commander of the 1572:Distrust and enmity 1543:signed a treaty in 1494:collectively guilty 1358:Deutsche Volksliste 1320:Deutsche Volksliste 1294:by Alfred Bohmann ( 1292:Deutsche Volksliste 1161: 1133:Jungdeutsche Partei 1088:Polish Border Strip 1055:East-Central Europe 496:Early Modern period 483:Eastward settlement 34: 17732:Surrender of Japan 17565:Battle of Iwo Jima 17414:Belgrade offensive 16827:Siege of Leningrad 16711:Battle of Shanggao 16640:British Somaliland 16605:Dunkirk evacuation 16556:Norwegian campaign 16494:Invasion of Poland 16321:Japanese prisoners 15289:Italian war crimes 15220:British war crimes 15135:Soviet occupations 14919:South-West Pacific 14806:Allied cooperation 14764:Military equipment 14160:Pennsylvania Dutch 13182:Telecommunications 12863:History of Prussia 12779:Revolution of 1918 12774:War guilt question 12693:Carolingian Empire 12662:Sack of Rome (410) 12571:History of Germany 12217:Nemesis at Potsdam 12204:, New York, 1994. 12202:Palgrave Macmillan 12198:A terrible Revenge 12135:Baziur, Grzegorz. 12062:The New York Times 12037:on 11 October 2008 11945:The New York Times 11920:Gerhard Weinberg, 11905:In Hitler's Shadow 11903:Richard J. Evans, 11774:Nemesis at Potsdam 11705:Criminal Law Forum 11640:Timothy V. Waters, 11532:Transakcja Wiazana 11155:Press. p. 5. 9664:Rüdiger Overmans, 9592:Rűdiger Overmans, 9305:Charles S. Maier, 9283:Palgrave Macmillan 9279:A terrible Revenge 9224:, 20 January 2008. 8800:Isabel Heinemann, 8289:, 2012, pp. 275–76 8079:on 6 February 2019 7779:Russian in Germany 7034:A terrible Revenge 5883:Maria Wardzyńska, 5796:Nemesis at Potsdam 5570:Valdis O. Lumans, 5332:A Terrible Revenge 5328:Alfred M. de Zayas 5190:Valdis O. Lumans, 5133:Eberhardt, Piotr. 4597:on 31 October 2010 3896: 3890:A stamp issued in 3857:British historian 3847:Sichtbares Zeichen 3774:A Terrible Revenge 3768:Nemesis at Potsdam 3755: 3664:Tygodnik Prudnicki 3606:people in total). 3603: 3539: 3516:German citizenship 3496: 3484: 3448: 3437:Potsdam Conference 3401: 3389: 2979:The population of 2938:Yugoslav Partisans 2829:Yugoslav Partisans 2790:Kaliningrad Oblast 2785:Operation Hannibal 2757: 2732: 2726:A refugee trek of 2659: 2619:country to do so. 2510:Kaliningrad Oblast 2502: 2473:Witold Sienkiewicz 2410: 2350: 2234:Potsdam Conference 2229: 2170: 2107: 2096:Potsdam Conference 2035: 2003:Potsdam Conference 1968:defeat in May 1945 1909: 1879:Operation Hannibal 1817:Witold Sienkiewicz 1812: 1784: 1721:Second Polish Army 1717:Karol Świerczewski 1690: 1589: 1520: 1449: 1390:Potsdam Conference 1366:Allied politicians 1354: 1352:, Czech Republic). 1334:Karl Hermann Frank 1308:General Government 1155: 1099:the Russian Empire 1051: 908:Tomasz Arciszewski 821: 776:History portal 762:Germany portal 513:Kingdom of Prussia 473:Kingdom of Germany 445:Barbarian kingdoms 83:12 to 14.6 million 32: 17806: 17805: 17764: 17763: 17607:Battle of Okinawa 17506:Burma (1944–1945) 17340:Mariana and Palau 17120:Tunisian campaign 16945:Fall of Singapore 16869:Fall of Hong Kong 16612:Battle of Britain 16465:Operation Himmler 16374: 16373: 16038:Dutch East Indies 15681:Southern Rhodesia 15433: 15432: 15333:Genocide of Serbs 15236:German war crimes 15213:Soviet war crimes 15206:Allied war crimes 15052:Division of Korea 15031:Chinese Civil War 14829:Strategic bombing 14741:Manhattan Project 14515: 14514: 14486: 14485: 14023: 14022: 13823:Russian Mennonite 13531: 13530: 13484: 13483: 13215: 13214: 13129:Chemical Triangle 13089: 13088: 13076:Political parties 13024:Foreign relations 12961: 12960: 12888: 12887: 12799:Allied occupation 12703:Holy Roman Empire 12420:978-3-7001-7309-0 12352:Podlasek, Maria. 12280:978-3-506-77044-8 12249:German statistics 12181:Brandes, Detlef: 12010:978-0-415-36974-9 11979:978-0-7425-1094-4 11969:Redrawing nations 11754:978-3-9812110-0-9 11501:978-1-57113-535-3 11474:978-0-8476-9523-2 11438:on 1 October 2009 11407:978-0-8133-3783-8 11357:978-0-8139-1992-8 11326:978-0-19-923364-9 11295:978-1-57607-796-2 11190:978-0-7456-3182-0 11181:What is genocide? 11162:978-0-19-923364-9 11153:Oxford University 11133:978-0-313-34644-6 11104:978-0-7456-3182-0 11095:What is genocide? 10927:, 112, 121, 136. 10683:Michael Levitin, 10476:978-3-531-15064-2 10441:978-3-929728-46-0 10420:978-3-929728-46-0 10239:978-1-57607-796-2 10158:978-1-57607-796-2 10152:, 2005, p. 199; 10080:978-3-531-16152-5 10031:Christoph Bergner 9992:978-3-506-77044-8 9913:978-3-531-15556-2 9889:978-3-531-16152-5 9838:978-3-531-15556-2 9815:978-3-531-16152-5 9639:978-3-531-16152-5 9619:978-3-506-77044-8 9357:H.W. Schoenberg, 9329:Douglas Botting, 9149:"Sonderfall Kehl" 9039:on 30 August 2009 8895:978-3-421-04366-5 8885:Andreas Kossert, 7946:978-83-61590-46-0 7862:on 13 August 2017 7766:978-1-57607-796-2 7760:, 2005, p. 197; 7723:978-3-525-35790-3 7597:978-83-87954-66-6 7231:de:Fritz Valjavec 7186:978-0-385-51569-6 6783:Piotr Eberhardt, 6764:978-3-525-35790-3 6681:978-3-486-58002-0 6194:978-3-506-77044-8 6147:978-1-57607-796-2 6079:978-1-57607-796-2 5978:978-1-56000-927-6 5914:978-3-525-36288-4 5810:978-0-7100-0410-9 5779:978-0-674-02451-9 5714:978-0-7146-5232-0 5657:978-0-415-23885-4 5580:978-0-8078-2066-7 5508:Redrawing Nations 5470:978-0-85496-684-4 5158:Piotr Eberhardt, 4722:on 1 October 2009 4503:Christoph Bergner 4453:Kammerer, Willi. 4418:978-3-531-15556-2 4321:10.7163/GPol.0007 4273:978-83-61590-46-0 4194:, 1958, pp. 35–36 4192:Kohlhammer Verlag 4082:. 20 August 2010. 3934:World Refugee Day 3787:Hague Conventions 3725:Council of Europe 3705:international law 3683:League of Nations 3354:A German lawyer, 3350:by Heinz Nawratil 3333:Christoph Bergner 3275:Studies in Poland 3161:de:Alfred Bohmann 3015:Nazi Fifth Column 2737:annexed provinces 2728:Black Sea Germans 2462:Zgoda labour camp 2401:of East Prussia. 2290:Wilfried Krallert 2277:fall of Communism 2257:Baden-Württemberg 2058:Geoffrey Harrison 2031:Winston Churchill 1978:, as well as the 1972:Soviet occupation 1810:, 26 January 1945 1780:Soviet atrocities 1732:Jewish population 1703:National Congress 1656:warned President 1644:expounded in the 1642:Winston Churchill 1618:Intelligenzaktion 1480:Winston Churchill 1409:Winston Churchill 1403:. Allied leaders 1378:Reinhard Heydrich 1268: 1267: 1065:With the rise of 1041:Potsdam Agreement 1005:Potsdam Agreement 896:Winston Churchill 813: 812: 744: 743: 638: 637: 478:Holy Roman Empire 355:Holy Roman Empire 268: 267: 156:German evacuation 140:Potsdam Agreement 87: 86: 16:(Redirected from 17946: 17819:1940s in Germany 17799: 17792: 17785: 17782:World portal 17780: 17779: 17755: 17748: 17741: 17734: 17725: 17718: 17711: 17702: 17695: 17688: 17681: 17674: 17667: 17658: 17651: 17644: 17642:Prague offensive 17637: 17635:Battle of Berlin 17630: 17623: 17616: 17609: 17602: 17595: 17588: 17581: 17579:Vienna offensive 17574: 17567: 17560: 17558:Battle of Manila 17553: 17533: 17524: 17515: 17508: 17499: 17492: 17485: 17478: 17471: 17464: 17457: 17448: 17439: 17432: 17423: 17416: 17409: 17402: 17393: 17386: 17379: 17372: 17365: 17358: 17351: 17342: 17335: 17326: 17317: 17308: 17301: 17299:Korsun–Cherkassy 17294: 17283: 17261: 17252: 17245: 17238: 17231: 17224: 17217: 17210: 17201: 17194: 17187: 17180: 17171: 17164: 17157: 17150: 17143: 17141:Bombing of Gorky 17136: 17129: 17122: 17102: 17095: 17086: 17079: 17072: 17063: 17056: 17049: 17042: 17031: 17024: 17017: 17010: 17008:Battle of Midway 17003: 16996: 16994:Battle of Gazala 16989: 16982: 16975: 16968: 16961: 16954: 16947: 16927: 16920: 16913: 16906: 16904:Battle of Borneo 16899: 16897:Malayan campaign 16892: 16885: 16878: 16871: 16864: 16857: 16850: 16843: 16841:Bombing of Gorky 16836: 16834:Battle of Moscow 16829: 16822: 16815: 16808: 16801: 16794: 16778: 16771: 16764: 16757: 16750: 16743: 16734: 16727: 16720: 16713: 16706: 16686: 16677: 16670: 16663: 16656: 16649: 16642: 16635: 16628: 16621: 16614: 16607: 16600: 16598:Battle of France 16593: 16586: 16579: 16572: 16565: 16558: 16538: 16531: 16524: 16517: 16510: 16503: 16496: 16474: 16467: 16460: 16453: 16451:Munich Agreement 16446: 16439: 16430: 16423: 16416: 16407: 16400: 16385: 16384: 16367: 16360: 16351: 16344: 16337: 16336:Soviet prisoners 16330: 16323: 16316: 16307: 16300: 16291: 16284: 16277: 16276:German prisoners 16272: 16252: 16243: 16236: 16229: 16224: 16217: 16210: 16203: 16196: 16189: 16182: 16175: 16168: 16161: 16154: 16147: 16140: 16133: 16124: 16117: 16110: 16103: 16096: 16089: 16082: 16075: 16068: 16061: 16054: 16047: 16040: 16033: 16026: 16019: 16012: 16005: 15998: 15978: 15971: 15964: 15957: 15950: 15943: 15936: 15929: 15922: 15915: 15908: 15888: 15881: 15874: 15867: 15859: 15852: 15845: 15836: 15829: 15821: 15814: 15812:French Indochina 15807: 15800: 15793: 15786: 15778: 15771: 15764: 15756: 15736: 15727: 15720: 15711: 15704: 15697: 15690: 15683: 15676: 15669: 15662: 15659:from August 1944 15650: 15643: 15636: 15629: 15622: 15615: 15608: 15601: 15594: 15582: 15575: 15568: 15561: 15554: 15542: 15534: 15527: 15520: 15513: 15506: 15499: 15492: 15480: 15473: 15466: 15459: 15444: 15443: 15424: 15417: 15410: 15403: 15396: 15385: 15370: 15363: 15356: 15351: 15342: 15335: 15328: 15319: 15312: 15305: 15303:Nanjing Massacre 15298: 15291: 15282: 15280:Nuremberg trials 15273: 15266: 15259: 15252: 15245: 15238: 15229: 15222: 15215: 15208: 15188: 15181: 15174: 15165: 15158: 15151: 15144: 15137: 15130: 15121: 15112: 15105: 15098: 15091: 15082: 15075: 15068: 15061: 15054: 15047: 15040: 15033: 15013: 15004: 14997: 14990: 14981: 14974: 14967: 14960: 14951: 14944: 14937: 14928: 14921: 14914: 14907: 14900: 14893: 14886: 14884:Asia and Pacific 14866: 14859: 14852: 14845: 14838: 14831: 14824: 14815: 14813:Mulberry harbour 14808: 14801: 14794: 14787: 14780: 14773: 14766: 14759: 14750: 14743: 14736: 14727: 14720: 14713: 14706: 14699: 14692: 14685: 14678: 14671: 14664: 14655: 14648: 14633: 14632: 14621: 14614: 14605: 14598: 14591: 14584: 14577: 14570: 14563: 14542: 14535: 14528: 14519: 14518: 14503: 14454:Papua New Guinea 14292:Kapitaï and Koba 14258:Kapitaï and Koba 14207: 14085:Los Lagos Region 14067:British Columbia 13675: 13628: 13627: 13621: 13620: 13607: 13591: 13582: 13558: 13551: 13544: 13535: 13534: 13511: 13504: 13497: 13461:Prussian virtues 13226: 13225: 13134:Economic history 13100: 13099: 12994: 12972: 12971: 12923:Cities and towns 12899: 12898: 12879:Baden Revolution 12683:Treaty of Verdun 12652:Marcomannic Wars 12607:Migration Period 12602:Germanic peoples 12586:Military history 12561: 12560: 12537: 12530: 12523: 12514: 12513: 12487: 12333:Overy, Richard. 12284: 12219:, London, 1977; 12124: 12123: 12111: 12105: 12104: 12093: 12087: 12086: 12079: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12068: 12053: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12021: 12015: 12014: 11990: 11984: 11983: 11963: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11952: 11935: 11929: 11918: 11912: 11901: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11883: 11874:. Archived from 11868: 11862: 11861: 11853: 11847: 11834: 11828: 11827: 11822: 11820: 11802: 11793: 11783: 11777: 11762: 11756: 11738: 11732: 11714: 11708: 11701: 11695: 11686: 11680: 11662: 11651: 11638: 11632: 11626: 11620: 11619: 11601: 11592: 11591: 11573: 11562: 11549: 11543: 11527: 11518: 11512: 11506: 11505: 11485: 11479: 11478: 11458: 11452: 11451: 11445: 11443: 11437: 11431:. Archived from 11426: 11418: 11412: 11411: 11387: 11381: 11380: 11337: 11331: 11330: 11306: 11300: 11299: 11275: 11266: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11237: 11228: 11222: 11221: 11201: 11195: 11194: 11173: 11167: 11166: 11144: 11138: 11137: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11087: 11081: 11080: 11058: 11052: 11051: 11027: 11021: 11020: 11002: 10996: 10995: 10975: 10969: 10968: 10948: 10942: 10941: 10922: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10904:on 13 June 2021. 10900:. Archived from 10881: 10875: 10864: 10858: 10849:Frank, Matthew. 10847: 10841: 10837: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10786: 10762: 10756: 10738: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10701: 10692: 10681: 10675: 10657: 10648: 10630: 10621: 10605: 10599: 10593: 10587: 10586: 10578: 10572: 10559: 10553: 10545:(1999), p. 156; 10539: 10533: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10504: 10487: 10481: 10480: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10429: 10423: 10408: 10402: 10387: 10381: 10367: 10361: 10354: 10345: 10338: 10332: 10319: 10313: 10312:, 15 April 2005. 10304: 10298: 10292: 10277: 10268: 10250: 10244: 10233:, 2005, p. 200; 10227: 10221: 10204: 10195: 10194: 10176: 10163: 10146: 10137: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10117: 10111: 10110: 10091: 10085: 10084: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10028: 10022: 10012: 10003: 9997: 9996: 9980: 9971: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9901: 9895: 9894: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9852: 9843: 9842: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9803: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9762: 9756: 9755: 9736: 9730: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9686: 9680: 9679: 9662: 9656: 9655: 9651: 9645: 9644: 9627: 9621: 9607: 9601: 9590: 9584: 9574: 9568: 9557: 9551: 9544: 9538: 9531: 9525: 9522: 9516: 9502: 9496: 9493: 9487: 9484: 9478: 9472: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9437: 9428: 9417: 9411: 9404: 9398: 9392: 9383: 9376: 9370: 9355: 9346: 9327: 9318: 9303: 9294: 9275: 9266: 9257: 9248: 9236: 9225: 9204: 9198: 9197: 9177: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9160: 9154:. 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Archived from 9016: 9010: 8996: 8981: 8966: 8960: 8959: 8950: 8944: 8930: 8917: 8916: 8913:; vol. 5, 1961. 8907: 8898: 8883: 8877: 8868:, 2003, p. 456; 8858: 8849: 8848: 8831: 8822: 8815: 8798: 8787: 8773: 8758: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8730: 8719: 8704: 8698: 8683: 8677: 8662: 8656: 8641: 8635: 8616: 8610: 8601:, 2003, p. 137; 8591: 8585: 8570: 8564: 8549: 8543: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8461: 8455: 8449: 8442: 8436: 8430: 8424: 8417: 8411: 8407: 8401: 8392:, 2005, p. 199; 8386: 8380: 8379:Jankowiak, p. 35 8377: 8371: 8370: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8345: 8339: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8314: 8305: 8304: 8296: 8290: 8279: 8273: 8270: 8264: 8259: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8124: 8118: 8102: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8060: 8054: 8038: 8029: 8028: 8011: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7991:. Archived from 7972: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7955: 7949:. Archived from 7938: 7927: 7921: 7905: 7896: 7895: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7861: 7855:. Archived from 7846: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7820: 7810: 7804: 7788: 7782: 7775: 7769: 7754: 7748: 7732: 7726: 7717:, 1998, p. 56; 7711: 7705: 7704: 7687: 7681: 7680: 7663: 7657: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7608:. Archived from 7577: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7535: 7529: 7512:Julius Streicher 7509: 7503: 7502: 7493:the documentary 7491: 7482: 7481: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7439: 7430: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7380: 7371: 7355: 7346: 7330: 7317: 7301: 7292: 7278: 7272: 7253: 7238: 7228: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7206: 7198: 7172: 7166: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7130: 7124: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7088: 7082: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7046: 7037: 7030: 7019: 7012: 7006: 7003: 6997: 6982: 6973: 6972: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6930: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6874: 6868: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6794: 6788: 6781: 6770: 6769: 6758:, 1998, p. 21; 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6726: 6705: 6704: 6696: 6687: 6686: 6669: 6663: 6649: 6636: 6623: 6617: 6610: 6597: 6579: 6570: 6569: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6381: 6366: 6365: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6260: 6251: 6250: 6233: 6224: 6223: 6203: 6197: 6186: 6180: 6171:, 1999, p. 176; 6161: 6150: 6141:, 2005, p. 198; 6135: 6116: 6115: 6099: 6084: 6083: 6063: 6057: 6040:Timothy Snyder, 6038: 6027: 6005: 5990: 5989: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5944: 5939: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5894: 5888: 5881: 5872: 5865: 5859: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5828: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5728: 5719: 5718: 5698: 5689: 5671: 5660: 5645: 5639: 5632: 5623: 5620: 5611: 5595: 5586: 5568: 5562: 5546: 5537: 5526:, 2007, p. 102; 5520: 5511: 5504: 5493: 5486: 5473: 5464:, 1992, p. 77; 5458: 5449: 5448: 5428: 5415: 5414: 5406: 5400: 5395: 5379: 5373: 5369: 5351:Detlef Brandes, 5349: 5343: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5312: 5307: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5265:on 2 March 2008. 5261:. Archived from 5251: 5245: 5244: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5205: 5199: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5156: 5150: 5131: 5125: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5075: 5074: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5018: 5010: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4842: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4811: 4804: 4793: 4787: 4780: 4774: 4767: 4761: 4751:Findarticles.com 4743: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4721: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4593:. Archived from 4583: 4577: 4576: 4552: 4539: 4538: 4530: 4521: 4517: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4484: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4466: 4459: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4411: 4410: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4384: 4378:. Archived from 4377: 4369: 4363: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4282: 4276:. Archived from 4265: 4254: 4245: 4244: 4243:on 26 June 2015. 4242: 4236:. Archived from 4225: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4195: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4114: 4108: 4092: 4083: 4070: 3972: 3952:and pictures of 3927:Bohuslav Sobotka 3882:Political issues 3876:Munich Agreement 3872:Gerhard Weinberg 3859:Richard J. Evans 3809:José Ayala Lasso 3737:ethnic cleansing 3696:Security Council 3694:stated that its 3687:Nuremberg trials 3520:Sonne Commission 3322:German Red Cross 3223: 3215:Rüdiger Overmans 3182:Oder Neisse line 3138:Oder Neisse line 3135: 3126:Theodor Schieder 3023:internment camps 2913:Prekmurje region 2897:Gottschee County 2869:Slovenian Styria 2561:Tomasz Kamusella 2527:Tomasz Kamusella 2477:Grzegorz Hryciuk 2434:Oder–Neisse Line 2415:Silesian voivode 2139:forced labourers 2066:Oder-Neisse line 1903:Refugee camp in 1830:Wilhelm Gustloff 1821:Grzegorz Hryciuk 1806:Evacuation from 1688:before execution 1646:House of Commons 1628:worked with the 1605:Heinrich Himmler 1397:ethnic cleansing 1162: 1154: 1033:Drang nach Osten 1002: 944: 938: 849:Central European 842: 805: 798: 791: 778: 774: 773: 772: 764: 760: 759: 758: 670: 653: 652: 586: 585: 556: 440:Migration Period 435:Germanic peoples 430:Urnfield culture 298: 288: 270: 269: 260: 253: 246: 203:Later emigration 185: 107: 96: 89: 88: 42: 35: 31: 21: 17954: 17953: 17949: 17948: 17947: 17945: 17944: 17943: 17919:1944 in Germany 17824:1950 in Germany 17809: 17808: 17807: 17802: 17795: 17788: 17774: 17772: 17760: 17751: 17744: 17737: 17730: 17721: 17714: 17707: 17698: 17693:Atomic bombings 17691: 17684: 17677: 17670: 17663: 17654: 17647: 17640: 17633: 17626: 17619: 17612: 17605: 17598: 17591: 17584: 17577: 17570: 17563: 17556: 17549: 17536: 17529: 17518: 17511: 17504: 17495: 17488: 17481: 17474: 17467: 17460: 17451: 17442: 17435: 17426: 17419: 17412: 17405: 17396: 17389: 17384:Eastern Romania 17382: 17377:Warsaw Uprising 17375: 17370:Tannenberg Line 17368: 17361: 17356:Western Ukraine 17354: 17345: 17338: 17329: 17320: 17311: 17304: 17297: 17286: 17277: 17264: 17257: 17248: 17241: 17234: 17227: 17220: 17213: 17206: 17197: 17190: 17183: 17174: 17167: 17160: 17153: 17148:Battle of Kursk 17146: 17139: 17132: 17125: 17118: 17105: 17098: 17089: 17082: 17075: 17066: 17059: 17052: 17045: 17036: 17027: 17020: 17013: 17006: 16999: 16992: 16985: 16978: 16971: 16964: 16959:St Nazaire Raid 16957: 16950: 16943: 16930: 16923: 16916: 16909: 16902: 16895: 16888: 16881: 16874: 16867: 16860: 16853: 16846: 16839: 16832: 16825: 16818: 16811: 16804: 16797: 16783: 16774: 16767: 16760: 16753: 16746: 16741:Anglo-Iraqi War 16739: 16732:Battle of Crete 16730: 16723: 16716: 16709: 16702: 16689: 16680: 16673: 16666: 16661:Eastern Romania 16659: 16652: 16645: 16638: 16631: 16624: 16617: 16610: 16603: 16596: 16589: 16582: 16575: 16568: 16561: 16554: 16541: 16534: 16527: 16520: 16513: 16506: 16499: 16492: 16479: 16470: 16463: 16456: 16449: 16442: 16435: 16426: 16419: 16412: 16403: 16396: 16370: 16363: 16356: 16347: 16340: 16335: 16326: 16319: 16312: 16303: 16296: 16287: 16280: 16275: 16268: 16255: 16248: 16239: 16232: 16227: 16222:Western Ukraine 16220: 16213: 16206: 16199: 16192: 16185: 16178: 16171: 16166:Northeast China 16164: 16157: 16150: 16143: 16136: 16129: 16120: 16113: 16106: 16099: 16092: 16085: 16078: 16071: 16064: 16057: 16050: 16043: 16036: 16029: 16022: 16015: 16008: 16001: 15994: 15981: 15974: 15967: 15960: 15953: 15946: 15939: 15932: 15925: 15918: 15911: 15904: 15891: 15884: 15877: 15872:Slovak Republic 15870: 15862: 15855: 15848: 15843:Empire of Japan 15841: 15832: 15824: 15817: 15810: 15803: 15796: 15789: 15781: 15774: 15767: 15759: 15752: 15739: 15732: 15723: 15716: 15707: 15700: 15693: 15686: 15679: 15672: 15665: 15653: 15646: 15639: 15632: 15625: 15618: 15611: 15604: 15597: 15585: 15578: 15571: 15564: 15557: 15545: 15537: 15530: 15523: 15516: 15509: 15502: 15495: 15483: 15476: 15469: 15462: 15455: 15429: 15420: 15413: 15406: 15399: 15388: 15373: 15366: 15359: 15355:Sexual violence 15354: 15347: 15338: 15331: 15324: 15315: 15308: 15301: 15294: 15287: 15278: 15269: 15262: 15255: 15248: 15241: 15234: 15225: 15218: 15211: 15204: 15191: 15184: 15177: 15170: 15161: 15154: 15147: 15140: 15133: 15124: 15115: 15108: 15101: 15094: 15085: 15078: 15073:Greek Civil War 15071: 15064: 15057: 15050: 15043: 15036: 15029: 15016: 15009: 15000: 14993: 14986: 14977: 14970: 14963: 14956: 14947: 14940: 14933: 14924: 14917: 14910: 14903: 14898:South-East Asia 14896: 14889: 14882: 14869: 14862: 14855: 14848: 14841: 14834: 14827: 14820: 14811: 14804: 14797: 14790: 14783: 14776: 14769: 14762: 14757:Military awards 14755: 14746: 14739: 14732: 14723: 14716: 14709: 14702: 14695: 14688: 14681: 14674: 14667: 14660: 14651: 14644: 14624: 14617: 14610: 14601: 14594: 14587: 14582: 14573: 14566: 14559: 14551: 14546: 14516: 14511: 14482: 14432: 14354: 14212: 14079:Los Ríos Region 14019: 14003: 13967: 13892:Southern Europe 13887: 13861:North Schleswig 13844:Northern Europe 13839: 13702: 13643:Sudeten Germans 13610: 13567: 13562: 13532: 13527: 13514: 13507: 13500: 13493: 13480: 13344: 13295:Life expectancy 13211: 13085: 13056:Law enforcement 12992: 12957: 12884: 12851: 12830: 12814:Divided Germany 12784:Weimar Republic 12712: 12678:Frankish Empire 12666: 12590: 12556: 12550: 12541: 12508:Wayback Machine 12485: 12429: 12397:Niemcy w Polsce 12395:Zybura, Marek. 12281: 12230:Douglas, R.M.: 12132: 12127: 12112: 12108: 12103:. 21 June 2018. 12095: 12094: 12090: 12081: 12080: 12076: 12066: 12064: 12054: 12050: 12040: 12038: 12023: 12022: 12018: 12011: 12003:. p. 117. 11991: 11987: 11980: 11964: 11960: 11950: 11948: 11936: 11932: 11928:, 1994, p. 519 11922:A World In Arms 11919: 11915: 11902: 11891: 11881: 11879: 11870: 11869: 11865: 11859: 11854: 11850: 11844:Wayback Machine 11835: 11831: 11818: 11816: 11803: 11796: 11784: 11780: 11763: 11759: 11739: 11735: 11715: 11711: 11702: 11698: 11687: 11683: 11673:Wayback Machine 11663: 11654: 11639: 11635: 11627: 11623: 11616: 11602: 11595: 11588: 11574: 11565: 11550: 11546: 11540:Wayback Machine 11528: 11521: 11513: 11509: 11502: 11486: 11482: 11475: 11459: 11455: 11441: 11439: 11435: 11424: 11420: 11419: 11415: 11408: 11388: 11384: 11358: 11338: 11334: 11327: 11307: 11303: 11296: 11276: 11269: 11263:Wayback Machine 11254: 11250: 11245:on 16 May 2011. 11242: 11235: 11229: 11225: 11218: 11202: 11198: 11191: 11174: 11170: 11163: 11145: 11141: 11134: 11126:. p. 335. 11116: 11112: 11105: 11088: 11084: 11077: 11069:. p. 197. 11059: 11055: 11048: 11028: 11024: 11017: 11003: 10999: 10992: 10976: 10972: 10965: 10949: 10945: 10935: 10913: 10909: 10898: 10882: 10878: 10872:Berg Publishers 10865: 10861: 10848: 10844: 10834: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10783: 10763: 10759: 10739: 10735: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10702: 10695: 10689:Telegraph.co.uk 10682: 10678: 10658: 10651: 10632:Weber, Jürgen. 10631: 10624: 10617:Wayback Machine 10606: 10602: 10594: 10590: 10584: 10579: 10575: 10571:, 10 July 2004. 10560: 10556: 10540: 10536: 10516: 10512: 10502: 10500: 10489: 10488: 10484: 10477: 10467:Springer-Verlag 10453: 10449: 10443: 10430: 10426: 10409: 10405: 10388: 10384: 10378:Wayback Machine 10368: 10364: 10355: 10348: 10339: 10335: 10321:Manfred Ertel, 10320: 10316: 10309:Copenhagen Post 10305: 10301: 10290: 10288:Wayback Machine 10279:Cf. the report 10278: 10271: 10251: 10247: 10228: 10224: 10205: 10198: 10191: 10177: 10166: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10129: 10123: 10118: 10114: 10108: 10105:Wayback Machine 10092: 10088: 10082: 10069: 10065: 10059: 10047: 10043: 10037: 10029: 10025: 10010: 10004: 10000: 9994: 9981: 9974: 9953: 9949: 9943: 9940:Gazeta Wyborcza 9936:Wayback Machine 9926: 9922: 9916: 9902: 9898: 9892: 9878: 9874: 9868: 9865:Wayback Machine 9853: 9846: 9840: 9827: 9823: 9817: 9804: 9800: 9794: 9790: 9785: 9781: 9775: 9763: 9759: 9753: 9737: 9733: 9719: 9715: 9709: 9702: 9698: 9692: 9687: 9683: 9677: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9648: 9642: 9628: 9624: 9608: 9604: 9591: 9587: 9575: 9571: 9558: 9554: 9545: 9541: 9532: 9528: 9523: 9519: 9503: 9499: 9494: 9490: 9485: 9481: 9473: 9469: 9463: 9459: 9451: 9447: 9438: 9431: 9418: 9414: 9405: 9401: 9393: 9386: 9377: 9373: 9356: 9349: 9335:Time-Life Books 9328: 9321: 9304: 9297: 9276: 9269: 9258: 9251: 9237: 9228: 9218:Wayback Machine 9205: 9201: 9194: 9178: 9174: 9164: 9162: 9161:on 2 March 2005 9158: 9151: 9147: 9146: 9142: 9132: 9130: 9126: 9119: 9115: 9114: 9107: 9101:Wayback Machine 9091: 9087: 9081: 9076: 9072: 9066:Wayback Machine 9056: 9052: 9042: 9040: 9033: 9017: 9013: 9007:Wayback Machine 8997: 8984: 8967: 8963: 8957: 8956:; vol. 5 (1961) 8951: 8947: 8941:Wayback Machine 8931: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8901: 8884: 8880: 8859: 8852: 8846: 8832: 8825: 8816: 8813: 8799: 8790: 8774: 8761: 8755: 8751: 8745: 8731: 8722: 8705: 8701: 8684: 8680: 8663: 8659: 8642: 8638: 8626:, 1999, p. 42; 8624:Greenwood Press 8617: 8613: 8592: 8588: 8571: 8567: 8550: 8546: 8540:Wayback Machine 8528: 8524: 8513: 8508: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8488: 8480: 8476: 8468: 8464: 8456: 8452: 8443: 8439: 8431: 8427: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8404: 8387: 8383: 8378: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8342: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8316:Kurt W. Böhme, 8315: 8308: 8302: 8297: 8293: 8281:Douglas, R.M., 8280: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8257: 8251: 8247: 8241: 8227: 8223: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8193: 8189: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8159: 8155: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8125: 8121: 8115:Wayback Machine 8103: 8092: 8082: 8080: 8061: 8057: 8051:Wayback Machine 8039: 8032: 8026: 8012: 8008: 7998: 7996: 7989: 7973: 7969: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7936: 7928: 7924: 7918:Wayback Machine 7906: 7899: 7893: 7880:Ther, Philipp, 7879: 7875: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7844: 7838: 7834: 7818: 7811: 7807: 7801:Wayback Machine 7789: 7785: 7776: 7772: 7755: 7751: 7745:Wayback Machine 7733: 7729: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7689:Kai Cornelius, 7688: 7684: 7678: 7664: 7660: 7651: 7647: 7639: 7635: 7631:pp. 455–60, 466 7629:Wayback Machine 7615: 7613: 7612:on 31 July 2017 7598: 7578: 7569: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7536: 7532: 7526:Wayback Machine 7510: 7506: 7500: 7492: 7485: 7479: 7474: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7440: 7433: 7427:Wayback Machine 7415: 7411: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7381: 7374: 7368:Wayback Machine 7356: 7349: 7343:Wayback Machine 7331: 7320: 7314:Wayback Machine 7302: 7295: 7289:Wayback Machine 7279: 7275: 7254: 7241: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7200: 7199: 7187: 7173: 7169: 7163:Wayback Machine 7151: 7147: 7141: 7140:, 2010, p. 702. 7131: 7127: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7098:Wayback Machine 7089: 7085: 7080:Wayback Machine 7071: 7067: 7061: 7047: 7040: 7031: 7022: 7013: 7009: 7004: 7000: 6983: 6976: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6931: 6918: 6908: 6906: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6875: 6871: 6865:Wayback Machine 6853: 6849: 6843: 6840:Wayback Machine 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6795: 6791: 6782: 6773: 6767: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6737: 6727: 6708: 6702: 6697: 6690: 6684: 6670: 6666: 6651:Anna Bramwell, 6650: 6639: 6633:Wayback Machine 6624: 6620: 6611: 6600: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6527: 6523: 6516: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6383:Manfred Ertel, 6382: 6369: 6362: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6261: 6254: 6248: 6234: 6227: 6221: 6204: 6200: 6187: 6183: 6162: 6153: 6136: 6119: 6113: 6100: 6087: 6080: 6064: 6060: 6054:FAS.harvard.edu 6039: 6030: 6015:, 2006, p. 93; 6006: 5993: 5979: 5971:. p. 302. 5958: 5954: 5942: 5940: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5907:. p. 162. 5895: 5891: 5882: 5875: 5866: 5862: 5848: 5844: 5835: 5831: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5765:Prague in Black 5760: 5756: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5699: 5692: 5679:Lexington Books 5672: 5663: 5646: 5642: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5608:Wayback Machine 5596: 5589: 5569: 5565: 5559:Wayback Machine 5547: 5540: 5524:Lexington Books 5521: 5514: 5505: 5496: 5487: 5476: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5429: 5418: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5381:Klaus Rehbein, 5380: 5376: 5367: 5350: 5346: 5326: 5322: 5310: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5274: 5270: 5259:Foreign Affairs 5253: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5219:Wayback Machine 5206: 5202: 5194:, Chapel Hill: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5157: 5153: 5132: 5128: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5057: 5053: 5032: 5028: 5012: 5011: 5008: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4845: 4833: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4815: 4813: 4812:on 4 March 2016 4809: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4786:Oxford UP 2015 4781: 4777: 4768: 4764: 4758:Wayback Machine 4744: 4737: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4553: 4542: 4536: 4531: 4524: 4514:Deutschlandfunk 4500: 4496: 4470: 4468: 4467:on 11 June 2017 4464: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4352: 4348: 4333: 4329: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4263: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4234: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4202: 4198: 4186: 4182: 4170: 4169: 4160: 4159: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4115: 4111: 4093: 4086: 4071: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4031:Victor Gollancz 3969:Generalplan Ost 3962: 3946: 3884: 3864:Weimar Republic 3855: 3833: 3763:Alfred de Zayas 3701:Alfred de Zayas 3678: 3672: 3592: 3577: 3571: 3381: 3352: 3337:Deutschlandfunk 3318: 3309: 3300:Sudeten-Deutsch 3296:Prague uprising 3291: 3277: 3242: 3211: 3195: 3132:Generalplan Ost 3105: 3093: 3087: 3075:State of Israel 3039: 3011: 3005: 2977: 2812:) lived in the 2810:Danube Swabians 2806: 2769:Memel territory 2753:Curonian Lagoon 2751:Refugee treks, 2647: 2629: 2576: 2570: 2539:Nazi occupation 2342: 2334:Main articles: 2332: 2304: 2298: 2158: 2115:Bohemia-Moravia 2092: 2086: 1999:post-war Poland 1960: 1940:Kirsten Lylloff 1921:Social Democrat 1871: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1748: 1707:Lidice massacre 1672: 1666: 1638: 1574: 1569: 1509: 1430: 1362:Nazi atrocities 1346:Austria-Hungary 1176: 1171: 1166: 1153: 1121:Nazi propaganda 1112:Weimar Republic 1043: 1021: 829:post-war period 809: 770: 768: 767: 756: 754: 753: 746: 745: 727: 706: 673: 650: 640: 639: 610:Weimar Republic 583: 573: 572: 559: 528: 518: 517: 498: 488: 487: 463: 455: 454: 450:Frankish Empire 425:Únětice culture 415: 407: 406: 351:Historic states 306: 286: 279: 264: 183: 105: 103: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17952: 17942: 17941: 17936: 17931: 17926: 17921: 17916: 17911: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17891: 17886: 17881: 17876: 17871: 17866: 17861: 17856: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17804: 17803: 17801: 17800: 17793: 17786: 17769: 17766: 17765: 17762: 17761: 17759: 17758: 17757: 17756: 17749: 17742: 17728: 17727: 17726: 17712: 17709:South Sakhalin 17705: 17704: 17703: 17689: 17682: 17675: 17668: 17661: 17660: 17659: 17645: 17638: 17631: 17624: 17617: 17610: 17603: 17596: 17589: 17582: 17575: 17568: 17561: 17554: 17546: 17544: 17538: 17537: 17535: 17534: 17527: 17526: 17525: 17509: 17502: 17501: 17500: 17486: 17479: 17472: 17465: 17458: 17449: 17440: 17433: 17424: 17417: 17410: 17403: 17394: 17387: 17380: 17373: 17366: 17359: 17352: 17343: 17336: 17327: 17318: 17309: 17302: 17295: 17284: 17274: 17272: 17266: 17265: 17263: 17262: 17255: 17254: 17253: 17246: 17232: 17225: 17218: 17211: 17204: 17203: 17202: 17188: 17181: 17172: 17165: 17158: 17151: 17144: 17137: 17134:Battle of Attu 17130: 17123: 17115: 17113: 17107: 17106: 17104: 17103: 17096: 17087: 17080: 17073: 17064: 17057: 17050: 17043: 17034: 17033: 17032: 17025: 17011: 17004: 16997: 16990: 16983: 16976: 16969: 16962: 16955: 16948: 16940: 16938: 16932: 16931: 16929: 16928: 16921: 16914: 16907: 16900: 16893: 16886: 16883:Battle of Guam 16879: 16872: 16865: 16858: 16851: 16844: 16837: 16830: 16823: 16816: 16809: 16806:Battle of Kiev 16802: 16795: 16781: 16780: 16779: 16765: 16758: 16751: 16744: 16737: 16736: 16735: 16721: 16714: 16707: 16699: 16697: 16691: 16690: 16688: 16687: 16678: 16671: 16664: 16657: 16650: 16643: 16636: 16629: 16622: 16615: 16608: 16601: 16594: 16587: 16580: 16573: 16566: 16559: 16551: 16549: 16543: 16542: 16540: 16539: 16532: 16525: 16518: 16511: 16504: 16497: 16489: 16487: 16481: 16480: 16478: 16477: 16476: 16475: 16468: 16461: 16454: 16447: 16433: 16432: 16431: 16424: 16410: 16409: 16408: 16393: 16391: 16382: 16376: 16375: 16372: 16371: 16369: 16368: 16361: 16354: 16353: 16352: 16345: 16333: 16332: 16331: 16317: 16310: 16309: 16308: 16305:United Kingdom 16301: 16294: 16293: 16292: 16273: 16265: 16263: 16257: 16256: 16254: 16253: 16246: 16245: 16244: 16237: 16225: 16218: 16211: 16204: 16197: 16190: 16183: 16176: 16169: 16162: 16155: 16148: 16141: 16134: 16127: 16126: 16125: 16118: 16104: 16097: 16090: 16083: 16076: 16069: 16062: 16055: 16048: 16041: 16034: 16027: 16020: 16013: 16006: 15999: 15991: 15989: 15983: 15982: 15980: 15979: 15972: 15965: 15958: 15951: 15944: 15937: 15930: 15923: 15916: 15909: 15901: 15899: 15893: 15892: 15890: 15889: 15882: 15875: 15868: 15860: 15853: 15846: 15839: 15838: 15837: 15822: 15815: 15808: 15801: 15794: 15787: 15779: 15772: 15765: 15757: 15749: 15747: 15741: 15740: 15738: 15737: 15730: 15729: 15728: 15714: 15713: 15712: 15709:British Empire 15702:United Kingdom 15698: 15691: 15684: 15677: 15670: 15663: 15651: 15644: 15637: 15630: 15623: 15616: 15609: 15602: 15595: 15583: 15576: 15569: 15562: 15555: 15543: 15535: 15528: 15521: 15518:Czechoslovakia 15514: 15507: 15500: 15493: 15481: 15474: 15467: 15460: 15452: 15450: 15441: 15435: 15434: 15431: 15430: 15428: 15427: 15426: 15425: 15418: 15415:Rape of Manila 15411: 15404: 15397: 15386: 15371: 15364: 15352: 15345: 15344: 15343: 15336: 15322: 15321: 15320: 15313: 15306: 15292: 15285: 15284: 15283: 15276: 15275: 15274: 15267: 15253: 15246: 15232: 15231: 15230: 15223: 15216: 15201: 15199: 15193: 15192: 15190: 15189: 15186:United Nations 15182: 15175: 15168: 15167: 15166: 15159: 15152: 15145: 15131: 15122: 15113: 15106: 15099: 15092: 15083: 15076: 15069: 15062: 15055: 15048: 15045:Decolonization 15041: 15034: 15026: 15024: 15018: 15017: 15015: 15014: 15007: 15006: 15005: 14991: 14984: 14983: 14982: 14975: 14968: 14954: 14953: 14952: 14945: 14931: 14930: 14929: 14922: 14915: 14908: 14901: 14894: 14879: 14877: 14871: 14870: 14868: 14867: 14860: 14853: 14846: 14839: 14832: 14825: 14818: 14817: 14816: 14809: 14795: 14788: 14781: 14774: 14767: 14760: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14737: 14730: 14729: 14728: 14721: 14718:United Kingdom 14714: 14700: 14693: 14686: 14679: 14672: 14665: 14658: 14657: 14656: 14641: 14639: 14630: 14626: 14625: 14623: 14622: 14615: 14608: 14607: 14606: 14599: 14592: 14580: 14579: 14578: 14564: 14556: 14553: 14552: 14545: 14544: 14537: 14530: 14522: 14513: 14512: 14510: 14509: 14504: 14494: 14492: 14488: 14487: 14484: 14483: 14481: 14480: 14479: 14478: 14471:German Samoans 14468: 14467: 14466: 14461: 14451: 14446: 14440: 14438: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14384: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14362: 14360: 14356: 14355: 14353: 14352: 14351: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14330: 14329: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14308: 14307: 14306: 14296: 14295: 14294: 14284: 14283: 14282: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14261: 14260: 14250: 14245: 14244: 14243: 14238: 14228: 14222: 14220: 14214: 14213: 14211: 14210: 14209: 14208: 14194: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14152: 14147: 14146: 14145: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14089: 14088: 14082: 14071: 14070: 14069: 14064: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14033: 14031: 14025: 14024: 14021: 14020: 14018: 14017: 14011: 14009: 14005: 14004: 14002: 14001: 13999:United Kingdom 13996: 13991: 13981: 13975: 13973: 13972:Western Europe 13969: 13968: 13966: 13965: 13964: 13963: 13953: 13952: 13951: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13895: 13893: 13889: 13888: 13886: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13869: 13868: 13866:Potato Germans 13863: 13853: 13847: 13845: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13837: 13836: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13805: 13804: 13803: 13801:North Caucasus 13798: 13788: 13787: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13743: 13738: 13728: 13727: 13726: 13716: 13710: 13708: 13707:Eastern Europe 13704: 13703: 13701: 13700: 13695: 13694: 13693: 13683: 13682: 13681: 13676: 13667: 13662: 13652: 13647: 13646: 13645: 13638:Czech Republic 13634: 13632: 13631:Central Europe 13625: 13618: 13612: 13611: 13609: 13608: 13599: 13598: 13597: 13588:Reichsdeutsche 13583: 13580:Bundesdeutsche 13575: 13573: 13569: 13568: 13561: 13560: 13553: 13546: 13538: 13529: 13528: 13526: 13525: 13520: 13513: 13512: 13505: 13498: 13490: 13489: 13486: 13485: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13392:Cultural icons 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13354: 13352: 13346: 13345: 13343: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13271: 13270: 13265: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13229: 13223: 13217: 13216: 13213: 13212: 13210: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13172:Stock exchange 13169: 13164: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13125: 13124: 13114: 13109: 13103: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13087: 13086: 13084: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13047: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12986: 12981: 12975: 12969: 12963: 12962: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12919: 12918: 12913: 12902: 12896: 12890: 12889: 12886: 12885: 12883: 12882: 12876: 12870: 12865: 12859: 12857: 12853: 12852: 12850: 12849: 12844: 12838: 12836: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12828: 12827: 12826: 12821: 12811: 12809:Denazification 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12720: 12718: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12674: 12672: 12668: 12667: 12665: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12598: 12596: 12592: 12591: 12589: 12588: 12583: 12581:Historiography 12578: 12573: 12567: 12565: 12558: 12552: 12551: 12540: 12539: 12532: 12525: 12517: 12511: 12510: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12464: 12458: 12448: 12435: 12428: 12427:External links 12425: 12424: 12423: 12412: 12393: 12387: 12373: 12364: 12350: 12331: 12317: 12299: 12285: 12279: 12266: 12254:Grau, Karl F. 12252: 12246: 12244:978-0300166606 12228: 12213: 12194: 12179: 12165: 12151: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12125: 12106: 12088: 12074: 12048: 12016: 12009: 11985: 11978: 11958: 11930: 11913: 11889: 11863: 11848: 11829: 11794: 11778: 11757: 11733: 11709: 11696: 11681: 11652: 11633: 11621: 11614: 11593: 11586: 11563: 11544: 11519: 11507: 11500: 11480: 11473: 11453: 11413: 11406: 11398:Westview Press 11382: 11356: 11332: 11325: 11301: 11294: 11267: 11248: 11223: 11216: 11196: 11189: 11168: 11161: 11139: 11132: 11110: 11103: 11082: 11075: 11053: 11046: 11022: 11015: 10997: 10990: 10970: 10963: 10943: 10933: 10907: 10896: 10876: 10859: 10842: 10840: 10839: 10832: 10819: 10806: 10781: 10757: 10733: 10719: 10693: 10676: 10649: 10622: 10600: 10588: 10573: 10568:Dagens Nyheter 10554: 10534: 10510: 10482: 10475: 10447: 10424: 10403: 10382: 10362: 10356:Philipp Ther, 10346: 10340:Andrew Osborn, 10333: 10331:, 16 May 2005. 10328:Spiegel Online 10314: 10299: 10269: 10245: 10222: 10196: 10189: 10164: 10138: 10127: 10112: 10086: 10063: 10041: 10023: 9998: 9972: 9947: 9920: 9896: 9872: 9844: 9821: 9798: 9788: 9779: 9757: 9731: 9723:Warsaw, Poland 9713: 9696: 9681: 9657: 9646: 9622: 9602: 9585: 9569: 9552: 9539: 9526: 9517: 9497: 9488: 9479: 9467: 9457: 9445: 9429: 9412: 9399: 9384: 9371: 9347: 9319: 9295: 9267: 9249: 9226: 9199: 9192: 9172: 9140: 9129:on 30 May 2013 9105: 9085: 9070: 9050: 9031: 9011: 8982: 8968:Pavel Polian, 8961: 8945: 8918: 8899: 8878: 8850: 8823: 8788: 8759: 8749: 8720: 8706:Pavel Polian, 8699: 8685:Pavel Polian, 8678: 8664:J. Otto Pohl, 8657: 8643:J. Otto Pohl, 8636: 8618:J. Otto Pohl, 8611: 8593:Pavel Polian, 8586: 8572:J. Otto Pohl, 8565: 8551:Pavel Polian, 8544: 8522: 8502: 8486: 8474: 8462: 8450: 8437: 8425: 8412: 8402: 8381: 8372: 8367:, Warsaw, 1992 8356: 8340: 8325: 8306: 8291: 8274: 8265: 8245: 8221: 8207: 8187: 8173: 8153: 8139: 8119: 8090: 8055: 8030: 8006: 7987: 7967: 7956:on 20 May 2014 7945: 7922: 7897: 7873: 7832: 7805: 7783: 7770: 7749: 7727: 7713:Philipp Ther, 7706: 7682: 7677:, 28 May 1974. 7658: 7645: 7633: 7596: 7567: 7553: 7530: 7504: 7483: 7468: 7454: 7431: 7409: 7395: 7372: 7347: 7318: 7293: 7273: 7255:Pavel Polian, 7239: 7225:, pp. 44, 72. 7214: 7185: 7167: 7145: 7125: 7105: 7083: 7065: 7038: 7020: 7007: 6998: 6984:Philipp Ther, 6974: 6959: 6952: 6916: 6893: 6869: 6847: 6823: 6809: 6800:The new Europe 6789: 6771: 6754:Philipp Ther, 6747: 6706: 6688: 6664: 6637: 6618: 6598: 6587:Berghahn Books 6571: 6564: 6546: 6539: 6521: 6514: 6496: 6489: 6471: 6464: 6446: 6439: 6421: 6414: 6396: 6391:, 16 May 2005. 6389:Spiegel Online 6367: 6360: 6342: 6336:978-3506770448 6335: 6315: 6299: 6279: 6252: 6235:Andreas Kunz, 6225: 6198: 6181: 6163:Earl R. Beck, 6151: 6117: 6101:Andreas Kunz, 6085: 6078: 6058: 6028: 5991: 5977: 5952: 5943:|journal= 5920: 5913: 5889: 5887:, Warsaw 2004. 5873: 5860: 5842: 5829: 5816: 5809: 5803:. p. 11. 5785: 5778: 5772:. p. 97. 5754: 5720: 5713: 5690: 5661: 5640: 5624: 5612: 5587: 5563: 5538: 5512: 5494: 5474: 5450: 5443: 5416: 5401: 5374: 5344: 5320: 5311:|journal= 5288: 5268: 5246: 5226: 5200: 5183: 5171: 5151: 5126: 5106: 5097: 5088: 5076: 5069: 5051: 5026: 5006: 4988: 4981: 4963: 4956: 4938: 4931: 4913: 4906: 4888: 4881: 4863: 4843: 4788: 4775: 4769:Hajo Holborn, 4762: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4705: 4693:978-0739116074 4692: 4677: 4664: 4632: 4608: 4578: 4571: 4540: 4522: 4494: 4445: 4425: 4396: 4364: 4346: 4327: 4294: 4283:on 20 May 2014 4272: 4246: 4232: 4209: 4196: 4180: 4146: 4126: 4109: 4084: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3954:expelled Poles 3950:Heim ins Reich 3945: 3942: 3908:European Union 3904:Czech Republic 3883: 3880: 3854: 3853:Historiography 3851: 3838:Lech Kaczyński 3832: 3829: 3692:United Nations 3671: 3668: 3648:A 1993 novel, 3591: 3588: 3573:Main article: 3570: 3567: 3380: 3377: 3364:Martin Broszat 3356:Heinz Nawratil 3351: 3345: 3343:and the like. 3317: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3290: 3287: 3276: 3273: 3241: 3238: 3210: 3207: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3169: 3141: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3101: 3089:Main article: 3086: 3083: 3079:Deutsche Marks 3038: 3035: 3019:Latin American 3007:Main article: 3004: 3001: 2976: 2973: 2905:Lower Carniola 2805: 2802: 2771:around Memel ( 2657:, October 1944 2637:Baltic Germans 2628: 2625: 2572:Main article: 2569: 2566: 2387:Reichsdeutsche 2331: 2328: 2300:Main article: 2297: 2294: 2157: 2154: 2088:Main article: 2085: 2084:Czechoslovakia 2082: 1959: 1956: 1917:Danish Defence 1870: 1867: 1767: 1764: 1759:Main article: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1665: 1662: 1637: 1634: 1580:Votes for the 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1487: 1460: 1429: 1426: 1380:, most of the 1327: 1326: 1323: 1312:Martin Broszat 1288: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1199:Czechoslovakia 1196: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1152: 1149: 1143:, e.g. by the 1125:Konrad Henlein 1093:Following the 1020: 1017: 982:had made plans 942:Reichsdeutsche 853:Czechoslovakia 811: 810: 808: 807: 800: 793: 785: 782: 781: 780: 779: 765: 748: 747: 742: 741: 738: 736:Modern history 732: 731: 728: 726: 725: 720: 714: 711: 710: 707: 705: 704: 691: 688: 687: 684: 678: 677: 676:1945–1949/1952 674: 672: 671: 662: 656: 651: 646: 645: 642: 641: 636: 635: 632: 626: 625: 622: 616: 615: 612: 606: 605: 602: 596: 595: 592: 584: 579: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 565: 560: 558: 557: 548: 542: 540: 535: 529: 524: 523: 520: 519: 516: 515: 510: 505: 499: 494: 493: 490: 489: 486: 485: 480: 475: 470: 464: 461: 460: 457: 456: 453: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 358: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 316:Historiography 313: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 291: 290: 281: 280: 273: 266: 265: 263: 262: 255: 248: 240: 237: 236: 235: 234: 226: 225: 221: 220: 219: 218: 213: 205: 204: 200: 199: 198: 197: 192: 187: 179: 177:Czechoslovakia 171: 170: 166: 165: 164: 163: 158: 150: 149: 145: 144: 143: 142: 137: 132: 124: 123: 119: 118: 110: 109: 98: 97: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 66:Central Europe 59: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17951: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17932: 17930: 17927: 17925: 17922: 17920: 17917: 17915: 17912: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17870: 17867: 17865: 17862: 17860: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17820: 17817: 17816: 17814: 17798: 17794: 17791: 17787: 17784: 17783: 17778: 17771: 17770: 17767: 17754: 17750: 17747: 17743: 17740: 17736: 17735: 17733: 17729: 17724: 17720: 17719: 17717: 17716:Kuril Islands 17713: 17710: 17706: 17701: 17697: 17696: 17694: 17690: 17687: 17683: 17680: 17676: 17673: 17669: 17666: 17662: 17657: 17653: 17652: 17650: 17646: 17643: 17639: 17636: 17632: 17629: 17625: 17622: 17618: 17615: 17611: 17608: 17604: 17601: 17597: 17594: 17590: 17587: 17583: 17580: 17576: 17573: 17569: 17566: 17562: 17559: 17555: 17552: 17548: 17547: 17545: 17543: 17539: 17532: 17528: 17523: 17522: 17517: 17516: 17514: 17510: 17507: 17503: 17498: 17494: 17493: 17491: 17487: 17484: 17483:Syrmian Front 17480: 17477: 17473: 17470: 17466: 17463: 17459: 17456: 17455: 17450: 17447: 17446: 17441: 17438: 17434: 17431: 17430: 17429:Market Garden 17425: 17422: 17418: 17415: 17411: 17408: 17404: 17401: 17400: 17395: 17392: 17388: 17385: 17381: 17378: 17374: 17371: 17367: 17364: 17360: 17357: 17353: 17350: 17349: 17344: 17341: 17337: 17334: 17333: 17328: 17325: 17324: 17319: 17316: 17315: 17310: 17307: 17303: 17300: 17296: 17293: 17289: 17288:Monte Cassino 17285: 17282: 17281: 17276: 17275: 17273: 17271: 17267: 17260: 17256: 17251: 17247: 17244: 17240: 17239: 17237: 17233: 17230: 17226: 17223: 17219: 17216: 17212: 17209: 17205: 17200: 17196: 17195: 17193: 17189: 17186: 17182: 17179: 17178: 17173: 17170: 17166: 17163: 17159: 17156: 17152: 17149: 17145: 17142: 17138: 17135: 17131: 17128: 17124: 17121: 17117: 17116: 17114: 17112: 17108: 17101: 17097: 17094: 17093: 17088: 17085: 17081: 17078: 17074: 17071: 17070: 17065: 17062: 17058: 17055: 17051: 17048: 17044: 17041: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17026: 17023: 17019: 17018: 17016: 17012: 17009: 17005: 17002: 16998: 16995: 16991: 16988: 16984: 16981: 16977: 16974: 16970: 16967: 16963: 16960: 16956: 16953: 16949: 16946: 16942: 16941: 16939: 16937: 16933: 16926: 16922: 16919: 16915: 16912: 16908: 16905: 16901: 16898: 16894: 16891: 16887: 16884: 16880: 16877: 16873: 16870: 16866: 16863: 16859: 16856: 16852: 16849: 16845: 16842: 16838: 16835: 16831: 16828: 16824: 16821: 16817: 16814: 16810: 16807: 16803: 16800: 16796: 16792: 16791: 16786: 16782: 16777: 16773: 16772: 16770: 16766: 16763: 16759: 16756: 16752: 16749: 16745: 16742: 16738: 16733: 16729: 16728: 16726: 16722: 16719: 16715: 16712: 16708: 16705: 16701: 16700: 16698: 16696: 16692: 16685: 16684: 16679: 16676: 16672: 16669: 16665: 16662: 16658: 16655: 16654:Baltic states 16651: 16648: 16644: 16641: 16637: 16634: 16630: 16627: 16623: 16620: 16616: 16613: 16609: 16606: 16602: 16599: 16595: 16592: 16588: 16585: 16581: 16578: 16574: 16571: 16567: 16564: 16560: 16557: 16553: 16552: 16550: 16548: 16544: 16537: 16533: 16530: 16526: 16523: 16519: 16516: 16512: 16509: 16505: 16502: 16498: 16495: 16491: 16490: 16488: 16486: 16482: 16473: 16469: 16466: 16462: 16459: 16455: 16452: 16448: 16445: 16441: 16440: 16438: 16434: 16429: 16425: 16422: 16418: 16417: 16415: 16411: 16406: 16402: 16401: 16399: 16395: 16394: 16392: 16390: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16377: 16366: 16362: 16359: 16355: 16350: 16346: 16343: 16339: 16338: 16334: 16329: 16325: 16324: 16322: 16318: 16315: 16311: 16306: 16302: 16299: 16298:United States 16295: 16290: 16286: 16285: 16283: 16279: 16278: 16274: 16271: 16267: 16266: 16264: 16262: 16258: 16251: 16247: 16242: 16238: 16235: 16234:Quốc dân Đảng 16231: 16230: 16226: 16223: 16219: 16216: 16212: 16209: 16205: 16202: 16198: 16195: 16191: 16188: 16184: 16181: 16177: 16174: 16170: 16167: 16163: 16160: 16156: 16153: 16149: 16146: 16142: 16139: 16135: 16132: 16128: 16123: 16119: 16116: 16112: 16111: 16109: 16105: 16102: 16098: 16095: 16091: 16088: 16084: 16081: 16077: 16074: 16070: 16067: 16063: 16060: 16056: 16053: 16049: 16046: 16042: 16039: 16035: 16032: 16028: 16025: 16021: 16018: 16014: 16011: 16007: 16004: 16000: 15997: 15993: 15992: 15990: 15988: 15984: 15977: 15973: 15970: 15966: 15963: 15959: 15956: 15952: 15949: 15945: 15942: 15938: 15935: 15934:Liechtenstein 15931: 15928: 15924: 15921: 15917: 15914: 15910: 15907: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15898: 15894: 15887: 15883: 15880: 15876: 15873: 15869: 15865: 15861: 15858: 15854: 15851: 15847: 15844: 15840: 15835: 15831: 15830: 15827: 15823: 15820: 15816: 15813: 15809: 15806: 15802: 15799: 15795: 15792: 15788: 15784: 15780: 15777: 15773: 15770: 15766: 15762: 15758: 15755: 15751: 15750: 15748: 15746: 15742: 15735: 15731: 15726: 15722: 15721: 15719: 15718:United States 15715: 15710: 15706: 15705: 15703: 15699: 15696: 15692: 15689: 15685: 15682: 15678: 15675: 15671: 15668: 15664: 15660: 15656: 15652: 15649: 15645: 15642: 15638: 15635: 15631: 15628: 15624: 15621: 15617: 15614: 15610: 15607: 15603: 15600: 15596: 15592: 15588: 15584: 15581: 15577: 15574: 15570: 15567: 15563: 15560: 15556: 15552: 15548: 15544: 15540: 15536: 15533: 15529: 15526: 15522: 15519: 15515: 15512: 15508: 15505: 15501: 15498: 15494: 15490: 15486: 15482: 15479: 15475: 15472: 15468: 15465: 15461: 15458: 15454: 15453: 15451: 15449: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15436: 15423: 15419: 15416: 15412: 15409: 15408:Comfort women 15405: 15402: 15398: 15395: 15392: / 15391: 15387: 15384: 15381: / 15380: 15377: / 15376: 15372: 15369: 15368:Camp brothels 15365: 15362: 15358: 15357: 15353: 15350: 15346: 15341: 15337: 15334: 15330: 15329: 15327: 15323: 15318: 15314: 15311: 15307: 15304: 15300: 15299: 15297: 15293: 15290: 15286: 15281: 15277: 15272: 15268: 15265: 15261: 15260: 15258: 15257:The Holocaust 15254: 15251: 15247: 15244: 15243:forced labour 15240: 15239: 15237: 15233: 15228: 15224: 15221: 15217: 15214: 15210: 15209: 15207: 15203: 15202: 15200: 15198: 15194: 15187: 15183: 15180: 15176: 15173: 15169: 15164: 15160: 15157: 15153: 15150: 15146: 15143: 15139: 15138: 15136: 15132: 15129: 15128: 15123: 15120: 15119: 15114: 15111: 15107: 15104: 15100: 15097: 15096:Marshall Plan 15093: 15090: 15089: 15084: 15081: 15077: 15074: 15070: 15067: 15063: 15060: 15056: 15053: 15049: 15046: 15042: 15039: 15035: 15032: 15028: 15027: 15025: 15023: 15019: 15012: 15008: 15003: 14999: 14998: 14996: 14992: 14989: 14985: 14980: 14976: 14973: 14969: 14966: 14962: 14961: 14959: 14955: 14950: 14949:Eastern Front 14946: 14943: 14942:Western Front 14939: 14938: 14936: 14932: 14927: 14923: 14920: 14916: 14913: 14909: 14906: 14902: 14899: 14895: 14892: 14888: 14887: 14885: 14881: 14880: 14878: 14876: 14872: 14865: 14861: 14858: 14854: 14851: 14847: 14844: 14840: 14837: 14836:Puppet states 14833: 14830: 14826: 14823: 14819: 14814: 14810: 14807: 14803: 14802: 14800: 14796: 14793: 14789: 14786: 14782: 14779: 14778:Naval history 14775: 14772: 14768: 14765: 14761: 14758: 14754: 14749: 14745: 14744: 14742: 14738: 14735: 14731: 14726: 14725:United States 14722: 14719: 14715: 14712: 14708: 14707: 14705: 14701: 14698: 14694: 14691: 14687: 14684: 14680: 14677: 14673: 14670: 14666: 14663: 14659: 14654: 14650: 14649: 14647: 14643: 14642: 14640: 14638: 14634: 14631: 14627: 14620: 14616: 14613: 14609: 14604: 14600: 14597: 14593: 14590: 14586: 14585: 14581: 14576: 14572: 14571: 14569: 14565: 14562: 14558: 14557: 14554: 14550: 14543: 14538: 14536: 14531: 14529: 14524: 14523: 14520: 14508: 14505: 14502: 14501: 14496: 14495: 14493: 14489: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14472: 14469: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14456: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14435: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14368: 14367: 14364: 14363: 14361: 14357: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14335: 14334: 14331: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14321:Dar es Salaam 14319: 14317: 14314: 14313: 14312: 14309: 14305: 14302: 14301: 14300: 14297: 14293: 14290: 14289: 14288: 14285: 14281: 14278: 14277: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14259: 14256: 14255: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14233: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14219: 14215: 14206: 14205: 14204:Colonia Tovar 14200: 14199: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14157: 14156: 14155:United States 14153: 14151: 14148: 14144: 14141: 14140: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14086: 14083: 14080: 14077: 14076: 14075: 14072: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14059: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14032: 14030: 14026: 14016: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14006: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13989: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13970: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13957: 13954: 13949: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13926: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13896: 13894: 13890: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13858: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13851:Baltic states 13849: 13848: 13846: 13842: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13810: 13809: 13806: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13793: 13792: 13789: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13755: 13751: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13733: 13732: 13729: 13725: 13722: 13721: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13711: 13709: 13705: 13699: 13696: 13692: 13689: 13688: 13687: 13684: 13680: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13657: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13644: 13641: 13640: 13639: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13629: 13626: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13613: 13606: 13605: 13604:Volksdeutsche 13600: 13596: 13593: 13592: 13590: 13589: 13584: 13581: 13577: 13576: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13565:German people 13559: 13554: 13552: 13547: 13545: 13540: 13539: 13536: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13515: 13510: 13506: 13503: 13499: 13496: 13492: 13491: 13487: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13351: 13347: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13335:Social issues 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13263:Ethnic groups 13261: 13260: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13230: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13218: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13161: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13123: 13120: 13119: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13092: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13031: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12976: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12964: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12908: 12907: 12904: 12903: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12891: 12880: 12877: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12860: 12858: 12854: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12842:Reunification 12840: 12839: 12837: 12833: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12816: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12764:German Empire 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12669: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12593: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12568: 12566: 12562: 12559: 12553: 12549: 12545: 12538: 12533: 12531: 12526: 12524: 12519: 12518: 12515: 12509: 12505: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12468: 12465: 12462: 12459: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12446: 12442: 12441: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12430: 12421: 12417: 12413: 12410: 12409:83-7384-171-7 12406: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12385:3-88557-046-7 12382: 12378: 12374: 12371: 12370: 12365: 12363: 12362:83-86653-00-0 12359: 12355: 12351: 12348: 12347:0-14-051330-2 12344: 12340: 12339:Penguin Books 12336: 12332: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12316: 12315:0-674-78405-7 12312: 12308: 12305:, Cambridge: 12304: 12300: 12298: 12297:83-89078-80-5 12294: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12276: 12272: 12267: 12265: 12264:1-880881-09-8 12261: 12257: 12253: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12226: 12225:0-8032-4910-1 12222: 12218: 12214: 12211: 12210:1-4039-7308-3 12207: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12166: 12164: 12163:80-86010-60-0 12160: 12156: 12152: 12150: 12149:83-89078-19-8 12146: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12133: 12121: 12117: 12110: 12102: 12098: 12092: 12084: 12078: 12063: 12059: 12052: 12036: 12032: 12031: 12026: 12020: 12012: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11997: 11989: 11981: 11975: 11971: 11970: 11962: 11947: 11946: 11941: 11934: 11927: 11924:, Cambridge: 11923: 11917: 11910: 11906: 11900: 11898: 11896: 11894: 11878:on 6 May 2019 11877: 11873: 11867: 11857: 11852: 11845: 11841: 11838: 11833: 11826: 11814: 11813: 11808: 11801: 11799: 11791: 11789: 11788: 11782: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11761: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11742:Angela Merkel 11737: 11731: 11730:0-88033-995-0 11727: 11723: 11719: 11713: 11706: 11700: 11693: 11692: 11685: 11678: 11674: 11670: 11667: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11649: 11645: 11644: 11637: 11630: 11625: 11617: 11615:90-411-0072-5 11611: 11607: 11600: 11598: 11589: 11587:90-411-0072-5 11583: 11579: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11560: 11559: 11554: 11548: 11541: 11537: 11534: 11533: 11526: 11524: 11516: 11511: 11503: 11497: 11493: 11492: 11484: 11476: 11470: 11466: 11465: 11457: 11450: 11434: 11430: 11423: 11417: 11409: 11403: 11400:. p. 2. 11399: 11395: 11394: 11386: 11379: 11377: 11376: 11371: 11370: 11365: 11364:Kurt Vonnegut 11359: 11353: 11350:. p. 9. 11349: 11345: 11344: 11336: 11328: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11313: 11305: 11297: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11282: 11274: 11272: 11264: 11260: 11257: 11252: 11241: 11234: 11227: 11219: 11217:0-582-50601-8 11213: 11209: 11208: 11200: 11192: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11172: 11164: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11143: 11135: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11114: 11106: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11086: 11078: 11076:0-7425-1094-8 11072: 11068: 11064: 11057: 11049: 11047:1-57607-796-9 11043: 11039: 11035: 11034: 11026: 11018: 11016:3-525-36288-9 11012: 11008: 11001: 10993: 10991:0-415-17312-4 10987: 10983: 10982: 10974: 10966: 10964:1-58046-238-3 10960: 10956: 10955: 10947: 10940: 10936: 10934:0-674-00994-0 10930: 10926: 10921: 10920: 10911: 10903: 10899: 10897:0-415-93924-0 10893: 10889: 10888: 10880: 10873: 10869: 10863: 10856: 10852: 10846: 10835: 10833:0-88033-995-0 10829: 10825: 10820: 10809: 10807:1-56000-927-6 10803: 10799: 10798: 10793: 10789: 10788: 10784: 10782:1-57607-796-9 10778: 10774: 10770: 10769: 10761: 10755: 10754:0-19-873074-8 10751: 10747: 10743: 10737: 10722: 10720:1-56000-927-6 10716: 10712: 10711: 10706: 10700: 10698: 10690: 10686: 10680: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10656: 10654: 10647: 10646:963-9241-70-9 10643: 10639: 10635: 10629: 10627: 10619: 10618: 10614: 10611: 10604: 10597: 10592: 10582: 10577: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10558: 10552: 10551:9783486645033 10548: 10544: 10538: 10531: 10528: 10527:3-406-44554-3 10524: 10520: 10514: 10498: 10497: 10492: 10486: 10478: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10459: 10451: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10428: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10407: 10400: 10399:3-406-06035-8 10396: 10392: 10386: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10366: 10359: 10353: 10351: 10343: 10337: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10318: 10311: 10310: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10285: 10282: 10276: 10274: 10266: 10263: 10262:3-406-44554-3 10259: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10226: 10220: 10217: 10216:3-406-44554-3 10213: 10209: 10203: 10201: 10192: 10190:0-19-925989-5 10186: 10182: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10162: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10145: 10143: 10135: 10131: 10121: 10116: 10106: 10102: 10099: 10098: 10090: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10067: 10058: 10057:3-8004-1387-6 10054: 10050: 10045: 10035: 10032: 10027: 10020: 10016: 10008: 10002: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9979: 9977: 9969: 9965: 9964:3-486-56832-9 9961: 9957: 9951: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9930: 9924: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9900: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9876: 9866: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9851: 9849: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9825: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9802: 9792: 9783: 9774: 9773:3-486-20028-3 9770: 9766: 9761: 9752: 9751:3-486-20028-3 9748: 9744: 9740: 9735: 9728: 9724: 9717: 9707: 9700: 9690: 9685: 9675: 9674:3-486-56531-1 9671: 9667: 9661: 9650: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9606: 9599: 9595: 9589: 9582: 9578: 9573: 9566: 9562: 9556: 9549: 9543: 9536: 9530: 9521: 9515: 9514:3-88557-067-X 9511: 9507: 9501: 9492: 9483: 9476: 9471: 9461: 9454: 9449: 9442: 9436: 9434: 9426: 9422: 9416: 9409: 9403: 9396: 9391: 9389: 9381: 9375: 9368: 9367:90-247-5044-X 9364: 9360: 9354: 9352: 9344: 9343:0-8094-3411-3 9340: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9324: 9316: 9315:0-674-92975-6 9312: 9308: 9302: 9300: 9292: 9291:1-4039-7308-3 9288: 9284: 9280: 9274: 9272: 9264: 9263: 9256: 9254: 9246: 9242: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9208: 9203: 9195: 9193:1-85109-628-0 9189: 9185: 9184: 9176: 9157: 9150: 9144: 9125: 9118: 9112: 9110: 9102: 9098: 9095: 9089: 9079: 9074: 9067: 9063: 9060: 9054: 9038: 9034: 9032:953-6525-05-4 9028: 9024: 9023: 9015: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8979: 8978:963-9241-68-7 8975: 8971: 8965: 8955: 8949: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8912: 8906: 8904: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8882: 8875: 8874:0-7656-0665-8 8871: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8855: 8844: 8843:92-871-2725-5 8840: 8836: 8830: 8828: 8821:, pp. 284–86. 8820: 8819:Die Deutschen 8811: 8810:3-89244-623-7 8807: 8803: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8786: 8783: 8782:92-871-2725-5 8779: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8753: 8743: 8742:3-88557-065-3 8739: 8735: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8717: 8716:963-9241-68-7 8713: 8709: 8703: 8696: 8695:963-9241-68-7 8692: 8688: 8682: 8675: 8674:0-313-30921-3 8671: 8667: 8661: 8654: 8653:0-7864-0336-5 8650: 8646: 8640: 8633: 8632:0-313-30921-3 8629: 8625: 8621: 8615: 8608: 8607:963-9241-68-7 8604: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8583: 8582:0-7864-0336-5 8579: 8575: 8569: 8562: 8561:963-9241-68-7 8558: 8554: 8548: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8511: 8506: 8496: 8490: 8483: 8478: 8471: 8466: 8459: 8454: 8447: 8441: 8434: 8429: 8422: 8416: 8406: 8399: 8398:1-57607-796-9 8395: 8391: 8385: 8376: 8366: 8360: 8350: 8344: 8337: 8336: 8329: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8300: 8295: 8288: 8285:. New Haven: 8284: 8278: 8269: 8263: 8255: 8249: 8239: 8238:3-88557-067-X 8235: 8231: 8225: 8210: 8208:3-406-54156-9 8204: 8200: 8199: 8191: 8176: 8174:3-406-54156-9 8170: 8166: 8165: 8157: 8142: 8140:3-406-54156-9 8136: 8132: 8131: 8123: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8037: 8035: 8024: 8023:3-88557-046-7 8020: 8016: 8010: 7995:on 3 May 2018 7994: 7990: 7988:9781536110357 7984: 7980: 7979: 7971: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7935: 7934: 7926: 7919: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7904: 7902: 7891: 7890:3-525-35790-7 7887: 7883: 7877: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7828: 7825:(in Polish). 7824: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7774: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7731: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7700: 7699:3-8305-1165-5 7696: 7692: 7686: 7676: 7675:3-88557-067-X 7672: 7668: 7662: 7655: 7649: 7642: 7637: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7584: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7556: 7554:3-406-54156-9 7550: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7539:Urban, Thomas 7534: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7498: 7497: 7490: 7488: 7477: 7472: 7457: 7455:0-8476-9523-9 7451: 7447: 7446: 7438: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7413: 7398: 7396:0-8476-9523-9 7392: 7388: 7387: 7379: 7377: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7354: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7300: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7277: 7270: 7269:963-9241-68-7 7266: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7224: 7218: 7210: 7204: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7149: 7139: 7136:, Paderborn: 7135: 7129: 7122: 7120: 7115: 7109: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7087: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7069: 7059: 7058:3-89861-002-0 7055: 7051: 7045: 7043: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7017: 7011: 7002: 6995: 6994:3-525-35790-7 6991: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6970: 6963: 6955: 6953:0-14-051330-2 6949: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6934:Richard Overy 6929: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6905:. Radio Prahs 6904: 6897: 6887: 6886:80-7047-002-X 6883: 6879: 6873: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6851: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6827: 6812: 6810:0-8369-2963-2 6806: 6802: 6801: 6793: 6786: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6700: 6695: 6693: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6661:0-04-445194-6 6658: 6654: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6622: 6615: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6596: 6595:1-57181-092-7 6592: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6576: 6567: 6565:3-515-08690-0 6561: 6557: 6550: 6542: 6540:3-515-08690-0 6536: 6532: 6525: 6517: 6515:90-5201-911-8 6511: 6507: 6500: 6492: 6490:3-515-08690-0 6486: 6482: 6475: 6467: 6465:3-515-08690-0 6461: 6457: 6450: 6442: 6440:3-515-08690-0 6436: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6415:3-515-08690-0 6411: 6407: 6400: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6363: 6361:3-515-08690-0 6357: 6353: 6346: 6338: 6332: 6328: 6327: 6319: 6309: 6303: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6273: 6272:3-88557-067-X 6269: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6246: 6245:3-486-58388-3 6242: 6238: 6232: 6230: 6219: 6215: 6214:3-88680-272-8 6211: 6207: 6202: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6178: 6177:0-8131-0977-9 6174: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6112: 6111:3-486-58388-3 6108: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6081: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6062: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6025: 6022: 6021:3-8258-8033-8 6018: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5988: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5956: 5948: 5935: 5924: 5916: 5910: 5906: 5903:. Göttingen: 5902: 5901: 5893: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5870: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5851:denaturalized 5846: 5839: 5833: 5826: 5820: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5789: 5781: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5725: 5716: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5697: 5695: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5637: 5631: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5594: 5592: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5543: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5517: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5491: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5446: 5444:9780710004109 5440: 5436: 5435: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5392: 5391:3-8258-9340-5 5388: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5365:3-486-56731-4 5362: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5341: 5340:1-4039-7308-3 5337: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5316: 5303: 5292: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5240: 5239:80-85475-57-X 5236: 5230: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5212:Köhler Speech 5209: 5204: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5180: 5175: 5169: 5168:0-7656-0665-8 5165: 5161: 5155: 5148: 5147:0-7656-0665-8 5144: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5124:, 1954 p. 148 5123: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5101: 5092: 5083: 5081: 5072: 5070:9780295974453 5066: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5022: 5016: 5009: 5007:90-71478-37-8 5003: 4999: 4992: 4984: 4982:9780295974453 4978: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4957:9780295974453 4953: 4949: 4942: 4934: 4932:9780295974453 4928: 4924: 4917: 4909: 4907:9780295974453 4903: 4899: 4892: 4884: 4882:9780295974453 4878: 4874: 4867: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4839: 4827: 4808: 4801: 4800: 4792: 4785: 4779: 4772: 4766: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4749:, March 2004 4748: 4742: 4740: 4718: 4711: 4706: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4678: 4667: 4665:0-674-00994-0 4661: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4635: 4633:0-8264-0601-7 4629: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4612: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4574: 4572:1-57607-796-9 4568: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4491: 4490: 4483: 4482: 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3020: 3016: 3010: 3003:Latin America 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975:Kehl, Germany 2972: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2798:wolf children 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2681:, during the 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633:Volga Germans 2624: 2620: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2600:Ion Antonescu 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2557:Richard Overy 2554: 2550: 2548: 2547:Upper Silesia 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2523:Armia Krajowa 2519: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2498: 2494: 2492: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2395:autochthonous 2392: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2371: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2285: 2283: 2278: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2209: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2190:Volksdeutsche 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2162: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2067: 2061: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2050:ethnic German 2047: 2042: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023:Joseph Stalin 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1952:Danish kroner 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1890:Baltic states 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1762: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1740:the Holocaust 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1609:ethnic German 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533:Joseph Stalin 1528: 1526: 1518: 1513: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1475:Sovietisation 1472: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1413:Joseph Stalin 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1351: 1348:(present-day 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1316:Germanisation 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304:Germanisation 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1201: 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611: 608: 607: 603: 601: 598: 597: 593: 591: 590:German Empire 588: 587: 582: 577: 576: 569: 566: 564: 561: 555: 554: 549: 547: 544: 543: 541: 539: 536: 534: 533:Mediatisation 531: 530: 527: 522: 521: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 497: 492: 491: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 459: 458: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 417: 414:Early history 411: 410: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 359: 356: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 302: 301: 297: 293: 292: 289: 283: 282: 277: 272: 271: 261: 256: 254: 249: 247: 242: 241: 239: 238: 233: 232:Wolf children 230: 229: 228: 227: 223: 222: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 207: 206: 202: 201: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 180: 178: 175: 174: 173: 172: 168: 167: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 152: 151: 147: 146: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 127: 126: 125: 121: 120: 116: 112: 111: 108: 100: 99: 95: 91: 90: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: 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The Nazis 967: 932: 904:Czechoslovak 893: 889:Soviet Union 865:East Prussia 825:World War II 822: 681: 630:World War II 620:Nazi Germany 581:German Reich 508:18th century 503:Sectionalism 468:East Francia 224:Other themes 161:East Prussia 106:World War II 29: 17839:Sudetenland 17521:Bodenplatte 17407:Gothic Line 16633:West Africa 16180:Philippines 16159:Netherlands 16024:Czech lands 15962:Switzerland 15906:Afghanistan 15857:Philippines 15725:Puerto Rico 15641:Philippines 15627:New Zealand 15613:Netherlands 15566:Free France 15317:Prosecution 15118:Osoaviakhim 14988:West Africa 14972:East Africa 14619:Conferences 14500:Ostsiedlung 14449:New Zealand 14423:Philippines 14265:Ivory Coast 14150:Puerto Rico 14103:El Salvador 13994:Netherlands 13948:Gottscheers 13748:(including 13698:Switzerland 13310:Pornography 13285:Immigration 13248:Drug policy 13160:Mittelstand 13107:Agriculture 13071:Nationalism 13044:Transgender 12928:Earthquakes 12875:, 1583-1588 12873:Cologne War 12769:World War I 12671:Middle Ages 12657:Gothic Wars 12486:(in German) 12457:, wisc.edu) 12399:, Wrocław: 12101:Czech Radio 11766:Paulskirche 10585:(in German) 10444:(in German) 10431:Rita Bake, 10410:Rita Bake, 10291:(in German) 10124:(in German) 10109:(in Polish) 10093:Ingo Haar, 10083:(in German) 10060:(in German) 10038:(in German) 10019:Otto Schily 10011:(in German) 9995:(in German) 9944:(in Polish) 9927:Ingo Haar, 9917:(in German) 9893:(in German) 9869:(in Polish) 9841:(in German) 9818:(in German) 9776:(in German) 9754:(in German) 9710:(in Polish) 9693:(in German) 9678:(in German) 9643:(in German) 9561:John Keegan 9421:John Keegan 9082:(in German) 9043:6 September 8958:(in German) 8915:(in German) 8866:M.E. 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Rummel 3583:Untermensch 3565:, or BdV). 3418:Łambinowice 3397:Eckernförde 3157:Walter Kuhn 2997:French Army 2907:, south of 2765:Kaliningrad 2667:Bessarabian 2458:Łambinowice 2296:Netherlands 2164:Retreating 1982:in eastern 1835:Soviet Navy 1549:Curzon Line 1517:Curzon Line 1441:Sudetenland 1255:Netherlands 1158:West German 1127:, Poland's 1084:World War I 1067:nationalism 1029:Ostsiedlung 869:Brandenburg 600:World War I 526:Unification 462:Middle Ages 397:Württemberg 377:Family tree 285:History of 190:Netherlands 18:Vertreibung 17813:Categories 17621:West Hunan 17454:Pointblank 16790:Silver Fox 16776:Summer War 16529:Winter War 16508:Phoney War 16289:Azerbaijan 16250:Yugoslavia 16145:Luxembourg 15987:Resistance 15734:Yugoslavia 15599:Luxembourg 15401:Sook Ching 15197:War crimes 14799:Technology 14792:Opposition 14734:Lend-Lease 14711:Australian 14704:Home front 14662:Blitzkrieg 14612:Casualties 14603:Commanders 14575:Operations 14413:Kyrgyzstan 14403:Kazakhstan 14304:Afrikaners 14098:Costa Rica 14062:Hutterites 13924:Yugoslavia 13904:Azerbaijan 13813:Bessarabia 13572:Historical 13471:Television 13456:Philosophy 13431:Literature 13290:Irreligion 13275:Healthcare 13238:Corruption 13004:Chancellor 12993:(military) 12990:Bundeswehr 12337:, London: 12329:0674009940 12177:3452209989 12139:, Warsaw: 11677:Pittsburgh 10669:073911607X 9725:in 1994), 9455:April 1950 7501:(in Dutch) 7235:Czernowitz 7102:(in Czech) 6890:(in Czech) 6013:LIT Verlag 5827:, p. 787. 5687:073911607X 5532:073911607X 5355:, Munich: 5285:073911607X 5243:(in Czech) 5210:, Speech, 5122:Washington 4471:28 October 4153:30 January 4147:052100070X 4106:145009791X 4058:References 3870:Historian 3802:Pittsburgh 3779:war crimes 3422:internment 3013:Fearing a 2989:Strasbourg 2804:Yugoslavia 2761:Königsberg 2631:See also: 2580:Bessarabia 2530:perished. 2491:Volksliste 2425:and newly 2391:Volksliste 2214:Order 7161 2150:Suchdienst 2046:Yugoslavia 2029:(center), 1991:occupation 1888:, and the 1837:submarine 1778:. News of 1736:Lebensraum 1668:See also: 1654:Jan Karski 1582:Nazi Party 1561:Hungarians 1285:Trans-Olza 1227:Yugoslavia 1205:3,232,000 1180:Reduction 1101:, and the 1023:See also: 1019:Background 920:assimilate 916:naturalize 740:since 1990 723:New states 667:Ostgebiete 660:Occupation 553:Zollverein 401:Mediatised 311:Chronology 122:Background 104:and after 17686:Manchuria 17572:Indochina 17348:Bagration 16799:Lithuania 16444:Anschluss 16241:Viet Minh 16138:Lithuania 16080:Hong Kong 15850:Manchukuo 15805:Azad Hind 15464:Australia 15264:Aftermath 15127:Paperclip 15022:Aftermath 14822:Total war 14690:Diplomacy 14653:In Europe 14444:Australia 14197:Venezuela 14180:Palatines 14128:Nicaragua 14108:Guatemala 14037:Argentina 13818:Black Sea 13764:Satu Mare 13724:Black Sea 13595:Palatines 13426:Libraries 13406:Festivals 13253:Education 13197:Transport 13162:companies 13081:President 13019:Elections 12984:Bundesrat 12979:Bundestag 12948:Mountains 12916:Districts 12894:Geography 12627:Visigoths 12564:Overviews 12349:, p. 111. 12189:, Mainz: 12001:Routledge 11770:Frankfurt 10870:, p. 77, 10813:27 August 10726:27 August 10673:Google.de 10496:Südkurier 10360:, p. 137. 9577:Ingo Haar 9243:in 1994: 8785:Google.de 7829:. Warsaw. 7777:Naimark, 7519:, #8/1945 7461:27 August 7402:27 August 7203:cite book 7195:776519682 7138:Schöningh 6816:2 October 6218:Pomerania 6196:.pp 52–65 5985:terrorism 5535:Google.de 5397:Google.de 5371:Google.de 4836:ignored ( 4826:cite book 4726:27 August 4699:27 August 4671:28 August 4639:28 August 4601:29 August 4420:, p. 278 4173:ignored ( 4163:cite book 3748:Espelkamp 3551:Stalinist 3480:Espelkamp 3341:air raids 3193:Discourse 3063:Palestine 3047:Bethlehem 3037:Palestine 3031:Louisiana 2987:opposite 2909:Ljubljana 2885:Dravograd 2857:Kruševlje 2763:(renamed 2679:Warthegau 2655:Ventspils 2604:Waffen-SS 2399:Masurians 2312:Amsterdam 2227:, Hungary 2166:Wehrmacht 1944:Red Cross 1886:Pomerania 1873:From the 1701:, in the 1680:Bydgoszcz 1607:, a Nazi 1601:Pomerelia 1374:reprisals 1202:3,477,000 1188:1,371,000 999:Wehrmacht 877:Pomerania 709:1949–1990 686:1944–1950 634:1939–1945 624:1933–1945 614:1918–1933 604:1914–1918 594:1871–1918 369:Empresses 80:Displaced 53:1944–1950 17797:Category 17746:document 17656:document 17513:Ardennes 17497:Budapest 17445:Crossbow 17323:Overlord 17162:Smolensk 16380:Timeline 16215:Slovakia 16201:Thailand 16052:Ethiopia 16017:Bulgaria 15941:Portugal 15879:Thailand 15761:Bulgaria 15539:Eswatini 15532:Ethiopia 15485:Bulgaria 15310:Unit 731 15271:Response 15088:Keelhaul 15038:Cold War 15011:Americas 15002:timeline 14995:Atlantic 14875:Theaters 14491:See also 14418:Pakistan 14326:Zanzibar 14316:Bagamoyo 14311:Tanzania 14231:Cameroon 14165:Nebraska 14133:Paraguay 14093:Colombia 14029:Americas 13961:Bosporus 13944:Slovenia 13909:Bulgaria 13769:Bukovina 13754:Highland 13741:Landlers 13686:Slovakia 13616:Diaspora 13518:Category 13436:Internet 13421:Language 13411:Folklore 13330:Religion 13305:Pensions 13300:Naturism 13177:Taxation 13061:Lobbying 13034:Intersex 12967:Politics 12576:Timeline 12555:General 12548:articles 12504:Archived 12455:Main URL 12403:, 2004; 12379:, 1986; 12341:, 1996; 12309:, 1995; 12238:, 2012; 12143:, 2003; 12120:Die Welt 11909:Pantheon 11840:Archived 11815:. London 11679:in 1988. 11669:Archived 11536:Archived 11375:Newsweek 11286:ABC-CLIO 11259:Archived 11179:(2007). 11093:(2007). 10794:(1997). 10707:(1997). 10613:Archived 10422:, p. 57. 10374:Archived 10284:Archived 10101:Archived 9932:Archived 9861:Archived 9337:(1983); 9214:Archived 9165:30 April 9133:30 April 9097:Archived 9062:Archived 9003:Archived 8937:Archived 8536:Archived 8111:Archived 8047:Archived 7914:Archived 7797:Archived 7741:Archived 7625:Archived 7606:66381296 7541:(2006). 7522:Archived 7423:Archived 7364:Archived 7339:Archived 7310:Archived 7285:Archived 7159:Archived 7121:magazine 7094:Archived 7076:Archived 7036:, p. 152 7014:Source: 6936:(1996). 6861:Archived 6836:Archived 6675:, 2007; 6629:Archived 5604:Archived 5555:Archived 5510:, p. 155 5215:Archived 5149:, p. 129 5141:, 2002; 5015:citation 4754:Archived 3960:See also 3640:and the 3634:refugees 3627:agitprop 3623:genocide 3619:democide 3600:Elmshorn 3268:Cold War 3055:Templers 2953:Sterntal 2933:Slovenes 2893:Austrian 2865:Slovenia 2773:Klaipėda 2584:Bukovina 2324:Nijmegen 2316:guilders 2246:Wudersch 2178:Red Army 1929:Bornholm 1925:Red Army 1905:Aabenraa 1340:in Nazi 1250:145,000 1247:478,000 1233:500,000 1219:745,000 1208:245,000 1194:630,000 1191:741,000 1172:for 1939 1114:and the 993:Red Army 945:), were 887:and the 827:and the 702:division 361:Monarchs 321:Military 276:a series 274:Part of 58:Location 17723:Shumshu 17490:Hungary 17437:Estonia 17421:Lapland 17399:Dragoon 17332:Neptune 17314:Ichi-Go 17280:Tempest 17222:Changde 17177:Cottage 17069:Jubilee 16785:Finland 16683:Compass 16389:Prelude 16342:Finland 16228:Vietnam 16194:Romania 16066:Germany 16045:Estonia 16031:Denmark 16010:Belgium 16003:Austria 15996:Albania 15927:Ireland 15913:Andorra 15897:Neutral 15864:Romania 15798:Hungary 15783:Finland 15655:Romania 15547:Finland 15525:Denmark 15471:Belgium 15457:Algeria 15163:Romania 15149:Hungary 14905:Pacific 14629:General 14583:Leaders 14568:Battles 14561:Outline 14437:Oceania 14381:Tianjin 14376:Qingdao 14371:Beijing 14338:Baguida 14287:Senegal 14275:Nigeria 14270:Namibia 14241:Yaoundé 14192:Uruguay 14185:by city 14118:Jamaica 14047:Bolivia 13979:Belgium 13934:Croatia 13914:Georgia 13899:Armenia 13878:Finland 13856:Denmark 13833:Galicia 13808:Ukraine 13774:Dobruja 13731:Romania 13719:Moldova 13714:Belarus 13679:Galicia 13665:Olęders 13660:Vistula 13650:Hungary 13495:Outline 13401:Fashion 13388:Cuisine 13350:Culture 13315:Poverty 13258:Germans 13221:Society 13202:Welfare 13187:Tourism 13144:Exports 13117:Banking 13095:Economy 12999:Cabinet 12938:Islands 12933:Geology 12856:Regions 12622:Teutons 12595:Ancient 12557:History 12544:Germany 12130:Sources 12041:12 July 11442:12 July 10857:, 2008 10503:10 June 9708:(1994). 9222:Haaretz 7960:31 July 7616:31 July 5638:, p. 92 5492:, p. 91 4816:21 July 4508:Germany 4287:31 July 3813:Ecuador 3759:Harvard 3660:Prudnik 3504:Hamburg 3168:Europe) 3051:Galilee 2957:Teharje 2942:Styrian 2925:Brežice 2917:Posavje 2901:Kočevje 2899:around 2891:on the 2873:Maribor 2704:Siberia 2568:Romania 2322:, near 2261:Bavaria 2156:Hungary 2033:(right) 1984:Germany 1933:Kolberg 1894:Denmark 1859:Silesia 1734:due to 1584:in the 1539:of the 1270:Notes: 1244:623,000 1241:Hungary 1236:36,800 1230:536,800 1222:41,000 1216:786,000 1213:Romania 1177:1930–31 955:Austria 873:Neumark 845:Eastern 833:Germans 389:Prussia 385:Bavaria 381:Austria 336:Judaism 326:Economy 287:Germany 195:Romania 182:Poland 62:Eastern 17700:Debate 17672:Taipei 17665:Borneo 17243:Tarawa 16437:Europe 16398:Africa 16187:Poland 16173:Norway 16152:Malaya 16131:Latvia 16073:Greece 16059:France 15955:Sweden 15920:Bhutan 15648:Poland 15634:Norway 15606:Mexico 15573:Greece 15559:France 15497:Canada 15478:Brazil 15448:Allies 15394:Serbia 15383:Poland 15156:Poland 15142:Baltic 14935:Europe 14637:Topics 14589:Allied 14464:Rabaul 14459:Kokopo 14393:Israel 14253:Guinea 14236:Douala 14226:Angola 14218:Africa 14143:Pozuzo 14123:Mexico 14057:Canada 14052:Brazil 14042:Belize 13984:France 13956:Turkey 13939:Serbia 13883:Sweden 13873:Norway 13828:Crimea 13791:Russia 13784:Zipser 13758:Walser 13756:, and 13746:Danube 13691:Zipser 13655:Poland 13624:Europe 13523:Portal 13378:Cinema 13358:Anthem 13325:Racism 13139:Energy 12953:Rivers 12911:States 12881:, 1848 12717:Modern 12546: 12418: 12407: 12383: 12360: 12345: 12327: 12313: 12295: 12277: 12262: 12242: 12223: 12208: 12175: 12161: 12147: 12007: 11976: 11951:9 July 11752: 11728: 11724:2003; 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