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factor was the potential for these armed workers to turn their guns against the
Constitutionalists. The wages paid to the Battalion members were paid in scrip, which was worth little in purchasing power as inflation soared and jobs were few. The Casa del Obrero Mundial continued recruiting and they began staging a series of strikes against Carranza's government and businesses, such as textile factories and the British oil interests. Other workers went on strike, including teachers, bakery workers, carpenters, miners in various parts of Mexico, often owned by foreign interests. Workers found success in boosting their wages and achieving better working conditions. The rhetoric of the Casa became more militant and as the number of affiliated workers increased to 100,000-150,000, Carranza worried about the survival of capitalism against labor's demands. "The anarchosyndicalist Casa leaders demanded workers' control of production, wages, and prices." Throughout 1916, Carranza opposed workers who tried to exercise their right to strike. Carranza used the army against striking workers. The Casa staged a general strike in Mexico City and its environs in May 1916. The strike cut electrical services to the capital and large numbers of workers rallied in Alameda Park, in central Mexico City. Obregón's cousin, General Benjamin Hill negotiated with the workers, and the immediate threat was averted. Although labor counted the strike as a win, it gave the opportunity for opponents of anarchosyndicalism to ally with Carranza's increasing consolidation of power. The Casa staged a second general strike in July 1916, which Carranza's forces suppressed instead of negotiating with them. In August 1916, the
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either of them political power equal to their battlefield achievements. Villa felt belittled and denigrated by
Carranza, and Obregón sought to keep the revolutionary coalition intact for as long as possible. Despite their differences, Villa and Obregón were both opposed to Carranza's continuation of a pre-constitutional, extra-legal government, since the Plan of Guadalupe called for Carranza becoming provisional president with elections subsequently held. Had Carranza done so, he would have been ineligible to run for president. Obregón warned Carranza that refusing to become interim president would precipitate a break with Villa, but Carranza took that risk. In two meetings with Villa, Obregón placed himself in extreme danger from assassination, but felt making the effort to keep the revolutionary coalition together worth the risk. Obregón concluded that Villa was dangerous and untrustworthy, and chose to support Carranza when the coalition fell apart. Carranza did not entirely trust Obregón's loyalty, but needed his military support. Carranza feared Villa would beat him to Mexico City, since seizing the capital was a powerful political symbol. In August, Carranza refused to let Villa enter Mexico City with him, and refused to promote Villa to major-general. Villa formally disavowed Carranza on 23 September 1914.
1210:, a trained lawyer fluent in English, to Washington D.C. as a special agent of the Constitutionalist government to try to come to an agreement. Carranza had attracted talented civilians to his movement with Cabrera being most prominent. Like Carranza had been a supporter of Bernardo Reyes when he was poised to run for president in 1910. After the assassination of Madero in February 1913, he joined the Constitutionalist movement and served as Carranza's main civilian adviser. Although not a Protestant himself, Cabrera was sympathetic to Protestants. Cabrera went to New York went lobby for U.S. recognition for the Constitutionalists as the legitimate government of Mexico. He drew upon a network of well-placed Protestants in the effort Cabrera became Carranza's Minister of Finance and drafted his agrarian law, which proved important for the recruitment of peasants to the Constitutionalists' cause. Cabrera already had friends in official Washington, and it was known that although he was for substantive land reform in Mexico, he was committed to payment of debts to foreigners and repayment of forced loans. Cabrera had the difficult task over time to deflect Wilson's attempts to shape the outcome of Mexico's outcome.
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deliver on land reform. He understood that Madero's plan had brought together disparate elements to oust Díaz, which it had successfully done. Afterwards, peasants were disillusioned as were the ruling classes. For
Carranza, a broad, narrow call for restoration of the constitution and ouster of the usurper Huerta made reforms possible. To radicals supporting Carranza, his narrow political plan fell far short of what they were fighting for. Carranza responded to their criticism: "Do you want the war to last for five years? The less resistance there is, the shorter the war will be. The large land owners, the clergy, and the industrialists are stronger than the federal government. We must first defeat the government before we can take on the questions you rightly wish to resolve." Following the collapse of the Federal Army in the summer of 1914, leaving the revolutionaries victorious, Carranza updated the Plan of Guadalupe
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skilled and deeply nationalist politician. His political program did not promise any kind of social or economic changes in Mexico seemed to be the best revolutionary leader to back in the struggle, bring it to an end, and restore some semblance of the old order, which had benefited U.S. investors and kept its southern border quiet. The U.S. had taken the port of
Veracruz over an over a minor incident involving U.S. Navy sailors. The incident resulted in a level of Mexican unity against the foreign invaders. Carranza took a public, nationalist stance against the U.S. When the Constitutionalist Army wore down the Federal Army and Huerta was forced to go into exile, the U.S. left the munitions and war materiel of their troops in Veracruz along with some that the Huerta regime had bought to the Constitutionalist Army.
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a series of reform decrees, and in particular his "Additions to the Plan of
Guadalupe", which laid out the social and economic direction of his government in a way the original plan did not. The Additions included text about restoration of lands to communities and the breakup of large landed estates. This change was important for winning the allegiance of peasants whose main goal during revolutionary warfare was access to land. In September 1914 he had already issued a proclamation attempting to outflank Zapata and the Plan of Ayala, saying that he would legalize agrarian reforms not just in Morelos but throughout the nation. His ally Luis Cabrera then codified this into the agrarian law that Carranza issued in January 1915, creating communally held village lands now called
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1516:), making his regime the sole arbiter of their disposal. One effect of this move was to produce a stream of revenue for his government, but more importantly, it meant that estate owners had to petition Carranza for the return of their properties rather than local revolutionary officials. Politically it was a useful move for Carranza since by returning lands to their former owners, it bought their loyalty to the new Carranza regime. Carranza was himself a hacienda owner and in sympathy with them as a group rather than radicals such as Villa and Zapata who sought comprehensive land reform. Following the end of military actions of armies, Carranza returned many estates to their former owners, such as Porfirio Díaz's former cabinet minister
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that excluded
Carranza from the "Revolutionary Family", lumping him together with Porfirio Díaz and Victoriano Huerta as the embodiment of reaction against the Revolution, not even giving him credit for the Constitution of 1917. The reputation of Madero, whom Carranza had disparaged, grew among Sonorans instead. Supporters of Carranza continued to maintain their fallen leader's reputation in the 1920s, but the shaping of historical memory privileged the revolutionary reputations of Emiliano Zapata, assassinated on Carranza's order in 1919, and of Pancho Villa, assassinated in 1923 on the order of Obregón. Under Obregón, November 20, the date Madero called on Mexicans to rise in rebellion against Díaz, was made an official holiday.
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Carranza as a traitor to revolutionary ideals of a democratic government as well as his lack of movement on reforms. Zapata had never joined the northern coalition led by
Carranza. In 1916, Zapata characterized Carranza as a liar, "representing...treachery, deceit, vicious and scandalous deception. He pretends to be the genuine representative of the Great Masses of the People, and as we have seen, he not only tramples on each and every revolutionary principle, but harms with equal despotism, the most precious rights and the most respectable liberties of man and society."
1409:. Obregón "proved to be the most important military leader of the Mexican Revolution." Villa's frontal cavalry charges against Obregón's modern use of machine guns and barbed wire meant heavy casualties for Villa's larger force and few for Obregón's. Those defeats were the end of Villa's effective fighting force and Carranza's renewed standing as leader. Villa's military defeat meant the desertion of many of his followers to Carranza's side. Obregón's victory brought him fame, but for the moment he remained loyal to Carranza. He became Carranza's Minister of War.
766:, to defuse the situation. Venustiano Carranza and his brother, who had now gained power and influence in the area, were granted a personal audience with Reyes in order to explain the justification for the uprising and the ranchers' opposition to Garza Galán. Reyes agreed with Carranza and wrote to Díaz recommending that he withdraw support for Garza Galán. Diaz accepted this request and appointed a different governor, who was acceptable to Bernardo Reyes and to the Carranza family. The revolt forced Díaz to acknowledge the Carranzas' power throughout the state.
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2128:. The shift on the national stage meant that the Monument to the Revolution could accommodate the remains of dead members of the "Revolutionary Family." Carranza's ashes were disinterred from the Dolores Cemetery and brought with great ceremony with a parade through the center of Mexico City to be placed in one of the four pillars of the monument. The occasion was the 25th anniversary of the revolutionary Constitution of 1917. Carranza and the other revolutionaries have the anniversaries of their deaths officially commemorated.
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1227:, a bloody battle with some 6,000 Federal Army casualties. Carranza had attempted to prevent Villa's victory by sidelining him to avoid having to politically pay a price to Villa. Carranza clumsily attempted to lure some over Villa's men away to be commanded by other generals, but those generals reproved Carranza for his authoritarian and jealous ways. Villa's successful capture of the city broke the back of Huerta's regime. On 8 July 1914, Villistas and Carrancistas had signed the
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1346:. He saw these as "reparations for past injustices. One Conventionist in February 1915 lamented that Carranza was moving quickly on this key problem. Carranza "understood that he could acquire some prestige only by solving the land issue: he thus occupied himself more than we the agrarians did with the resolution of the problem." Although Carranza directly appealed to peasant interests, he also shored up support of his fellow landed estate owners (
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712:. Díaz's slogan was "No Re-election." Lerdo had already served one term as president and Juárez before him was also re-elected president. Díaz's troops defeated Lerdo's, and Díaz and his armies marched into Mexico City in triumph. Díaz created a system of machine politics and pacified the country, remaining in power continuously until 1911. Carranza entered local politics in Coahuila during the Díaz era, after completing his schooling.
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498:, to oppose Huerta. The Constitutionalists defeated Huerta's Federal Army and Huerta was ousted in July 1914. Carranza did not assume the title of provisional president of Mexico, as called for in his Plan of Guadalupe, since it would have prevented his running for constitutional president once elections were held. Furthermore his government in this period was in a pre-constitutional, extralegal state, to which both his best generals,
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to be held. Huerta's government could receive arms shipments from abroad by sea, whereas the
Constitutionalists' base in the north meant they were dependent on arms sales across the U.S. border. The U.S. envoy attempted to extract promises from Carranza for the U.S. lifting the ban, but Carranza rebuffed him. Carranza wanted U.S. recognition and arms, but did not want to publicly make promises to the U.S. Carranza sent
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was in a weakened position, since he controlled only limited territory and had fewer troops than Villa and Zapata. He had lost supporters and was forced to abandon the capital for
Veracruz state as his stronghold. The territory he held was important, the oil-rich Gulf Coast and Mexico's two main ports. With the outbreak of hostilities between the winners against Huerta, the Revolution entered another major phase.
1299:, with signing bonuses. Carranza's forces gained war materiel that Huerta had stored in Tehuantepec. The meeting in Mexico City, which had included some political leaders, went forward on October 1, but another, more important meeting was planned for Aguascalientes, ostensibly on neutral ground, and were to include only military leaders, which resulted in a number of his most articulate generals not attending.
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545:. However, Carranza, a conservative liberal, and Mexican nationalist, did not implement these reforms once he assumed office. Instead he began focusing on internal security by eliminating his political rivals. The Constitutionalists negotiated with Villa to accept the new government in exchange for land and a military pension and Carranza ordered Zapata's assassination in 1919.
1538:, foreign mining and oil companies (chiefly United States companies) had received generous concessions from the government in order to develop natural resources. On 7 January 1915, Carranza issued a decree declaring his intention to return the wealth of oil and coal to the people of Mexico. The two largest oil companies exploiting Mexico's natural resources were the
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2108:, to name three who became presidents of Mexico. Carranza pursued a policy of fierce nationalism, standing up to enormous economic and political pressure from the U.S. His call for a new constitution was realized, with key matters for which revolutionaries fought, such as land reform, rights of labor, control of foreigners, and nationalism, now the law of the land.
1185:: "As far as he was concerned we could keep Vera Cruz and hold it so tight that not even water could get into Huerta and ...he could not feel any resentment." Whether trying to please the U.S. government or through the diplomatic efforts of Sommerfeld and Carothers, or maybe as a result of both, Villa took a different position than Carranza's stated foreign policy.
2070:(songs commenting on events and personalities of the day) to Carranza as there were to Zapata and Villa, to keep his memory alive. Instead, Carranza generated pro-Constitutionalist propaganda and build national support for the movement, and supported the founding of newspapers that were pro-Constitutionalist, while suppressing anti-Constitutionalist publications.
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the legal code, and tax laws. He introduced regulations to bring safety in the workplace, to prevent mining accidents, to rein in abusive practices at company stores, to break up commercial monopolies, to combat alcoholism, and to rein in gambling and prostitution. He also made large investments in education, which he saw as the key to societal development.
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1792:, specifically the states of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Carranza assigned a general to study the possibility of recapturing this territory from the U.S., but ultimately concluded that war to recapture the land was not feasible. He believed that aid from Germany for such an effort could not be guaranteed due to the blockade by the British Royal Navy.
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Coahuila. The region was in many ways autonomous because federal troops could not be quickly dispatched and there were natural resources to draw on for the armed struggle. Carranza met
Sonoran revolutionaries who came from middle and working-class backgrounds. He was able to attract to his movement able men not trained as soldiers. These included
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assessment of Madero's errors in judgment. Carranza kept together a broad anti-Huerta northern coalition in 1913–14, but major cracks appeared once Huerta was ousted and went into exile in July 1914. Carranza had a sufficient following and the aid of his best general, Álvaro Obregón, to consolidate power. Once in power, Carranza and the
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to defeat the Zapatistas, but Carranza demanded the dissolution of the Federal Army and their unconditional surrender. He had not fallen into the trap that ensnared Madero, who allowed the continued existence of the Federal Army. The fight against Huerta formally ended on 13 August 1914, when Álvaro Obregón signed a number of treaties in
1512:) had initially held by revolutionary factions, including the defeated Villa, with the generals making decisions about their subsequent tenure. Once Carranza consolidated his position in mid-1915, he removed jurisdiction over these properties from the revolutionary generals and established the Administration of Confiscated Properties (
1311:. They gathered enough support to elect Gutiérrez interim president of Mexico, but for just 20 days. The convention thus demoted Carranza making him subordinate to Gutiérrez; it likewise removed Villa from military command. But Carranza simply ignored the decisions of the convention, and recalled his generals from Aguascalientes.
1402:. Urban workers saw their interests as completely opposed to those of the peasantry. They wanted a ready, cheap food supply, not a peasantry that subsistence-farmed small plots of land for their own needs. Culturally the urban working class saw the Zapatatistas as too religious and the Villistas as too radical and barbarian.
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eminent services to the Revolution and to the Nation." She and her brother refused the pension, replying bitterly to his letter that Obregón was responsible for her father's death and no amount of money could compensate for his loss. The Carranzas signed it "Your loyal enemies, Julia, Emilio, Venustiano, and Jesús Carranza."
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the Constitutionalist Army. As Carranza's coalition moved toward achieving a victory and Carranza setting up a government, Protestants served in administrative positions. Publications of these U.S.-based churches touted the achievements of their co-religionists, while Mexican Catholics deplored the Protestant presence.
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679:. He was Benito Juárez's main contact in Coahuila. A strong personal connection existed between the two, with Carranza lending Juárez money while Juárez's republican government was in exile. Following the ouster of the French, Juárez rewarded Carranza with land, which became the basis of his fortune in Coahuila.
1157:, forcing Carranza to personally travel to Chihuahua to order Villa to release Chao. Villa diverged from Carranza's opposition to the U.S. occupation of Veracruz, which occurred following the arrest of nine U.S. Navy sailors by Federal Army troops over a misunderstanding about fuel supplies. In response to the
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victory looked improbable. He controlled little territory and had a smaller fighting force than Villa and Zapata. Militarily the key was Álvaro Obregón's allegiance to him. Also important was the oil-rich territory he did control on the Gulf Coast and control of the two main ports of Veracruz and Tampico.
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strict notion of rule of law in presidential transition. Rebels defeated the Federal Army at Ciudad Juárez, but rather than take the win and seize the presidency as Díaz had in 1876, Madero took deliberate steps to preserve much of the old order and have a civilian transition to power. Madero kept the old
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cortege. Carranza's body was buried in the municipal Dolores Cemetery, which does have a section for illustrious Mexicans. He was buried among ordinary Mexicans in a third class section. The family retained Carranza's heart, which was reunited with the rest of his remains when he was reburied in the
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He is remembered as one of the "Big Four" of the Revolution, along with Zapata, Villa, and Obregón. Although more powerful than any of the other three for most of the period between 1915 and 1920, he is today probably the least remembered of the four in popular culture. No major biography of Carranza
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During the fight against Huerta, Carranza was the first major figure to oppose him, and the first to declare that those who opposed him would be executed. This is consistent with his judgment that "When a revolution makes concessions, it commits suicide." As events showed, Carranza was correct in his
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has postulated that peasants flocked to Carranza because his well-publicized and widely distributed land law was a national policy, not one confined to Morelos (as with Zapata) or parts of the north (as with Villa), leading to the "first political mobilization outside their territories." Carrancistas
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In the run-up to the convention, both those loyal to Carranza and the increasingly independent Villa were recruiting soldiers, since political gains usually depended on military strength on the ground. Villa welcomed soldiers from the defeated Federal Army into his ranks; Carrancistas were recruiting
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The anti-Huerta revolutionary forces of the Constitutionalists commanded by Carranza and Emiliano Zapata's forces in Morelos brought about the defeat of the Federal Army in the summer of 1914. Huerta fled Mexico on 15 July 1914. Minister of War Francisco S.Carbajal had offered Carranza Federal troops
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Carranza declared himself in rebellion against the government installed by the coup. Carranza's declaration against Huerta was a decisive stand. He had political legitimacy as a state governor, a modest record of state reform, popular support in his state, and an able politician, forging alliances to
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During his presidency, Carranza had moved to reshape historical memory in his own favor by promoting the date of his 1913 Plan of Guadalupe over commemorations of Madero's 1910 Plan of San Luis Potosí. However, during the Obregón administration, an official ideology of the Revolution was constructed
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as an institution could be seen as pragmatic. "The customs of a people do not change overnight; for a people to stop being Catholic, the triumph of the Revolution is not sufficient; the Mexican people will continue to be just as ignorant, superstitious and attached to their ancient customs until one
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After Carranza was elected constitutional president in 1917, Obregón retired to his ranch in Sonora. The fighting continued, particularly against Zapata in Morelos, immediately south of Mexico City. The only two rebel leaders captured by Carranza were Pancho Villa's supporter Felipe Ángeles, who was
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to battle Zapatas' and Villas' in exchange for Carranza's promise to pass labor laws favorable to the working class. Among their ranks were artisans, including men in the building trades and typesetters rather than industrial workers. The most well-known member of the 6,000-strong Red Battalions was
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that confiscated estates would be returned to their owners. Carranza had allowed, or could not prevent, such confiscations in dire military circumstances, but Carranza had not confirmed the confiscations as permanent. For estate owners, which included many foreign interests, the quiet promise of the
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In November 1914, the tide began turning in Carranza's favor with his negotiations with the U.S. to withdraw from the port of Veracruz, leaving much war materiel behind. Carranza set up his government in Veracruz, while the Conventionist forces held Mexico City. In late 1914, Carranza began issuing
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When it was clear the convention had failed to resolve the issues between revolutionary leaders, the factions prepared to meet in armed combat. Obregón and the Sonorans stayed with Carranza, perhaps making the calculation that they would have a greater voice in his movement than with Villa. Carranza
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was inaugurated. Wilson refused to recognize the Huerta regime. As early as November 1913, U.S. President Wilson began considering lifting the ban on arms sales so that the Constitutionalists could better oppose Huerta. Huerta was proving intransigent to U.S. calls for his resignation and elections
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shots, which were the weapons of the attackers. It was reported that Carranza suffered bullet holes in his chest, as well as a bullet wound to two fingers of his left hand. Suicide theorists think he wounded and killed himself by shooting himself in the chest after having had his leg fractured by a
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Tensions between Carranza and Pancho Villa were high throughout 1913–14 over both Governor Chao and the diplomatic incidents that Villa provoked. Before Huerta's Federal Army was defeated in July 1914, Villa defied Carranza's orders and successfully captured Mexico's strategic silver-producing city
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in northwest Mexico in August 1913. After a rocky start, the Constitutionalist Army under Carranza's command grew remarkably. In March 1914, Carranza was informed of Pancho Villa's victories and of advances made by the forces under González Garza and Obregón. Carranza determined that it was safe to
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An important step Carranza took was to create an independent state militia, under the control of the governor, which could put down rebellions and ensure a level of state autonomy from the central government. The relationship between Carranza and Madero began deteriorating. Carranza had joined with
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Carranza returned to Coahuila to serve as governor, shortly holding elections in August 1911, which he won handily. Because of Carranza's support in his opposition to Díaz, Madero gave him free rein over Coahuila. As governor Carranza began a wide-ranging program of reform, including the judiciary,
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but he was assassinated in 1920. His contributions were not initially acknowledged in Mexico's historical memory, since he was overthrown by his rivals. Historical evaluations of his leadership have fluctuated as he has been praised for attempting to bring political stability to Mexico and toppling
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The tall, grey-bearded, but vigorous Carranza was the "old man" of the Revolution. As a sitting governor, he was an astute, pragmatic politician. His early opposition to Huerta helped him build an effective coalition against the usurper. Unlike Obregón and Villa, his best generals, he was famously
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After Carranza's death, Obregón prosecuted Colonel Herrero for Carranza's murder, but the colonel was acquitted. Obregón absented himself from Mexico City when Carranza's body was brought to the capital for burial. A newspaper reported that there were some 30,000 Carranza supporters at the funeral
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After the defeats of Villa and Zapata, relations between Carranza and radical organized labor soured. He dissolved the Red Battalions in January 1916, since the fights against Villa and Zapata were over and the augmented troops of workers no longer needed by Constitutionalist forces. Also likely a
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Both Villa and Zapata appealed to the peasantry, but not to the urban working class. Carranza did and used it to his advantage. Workers were predisposed to support Carranza, since he had taken such a strong stance against the U.S. occupation of Veracruz and his stance on foreign-owned enterprises
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Immediately after the defeat of Huerta, the tensions between the elements of the Constitutionalist forces, particularly between Villa, Obregón, and Carranza came to a head. The two generals were charismatic revolutionary generals, while Carranza was a civilian politician who was reluctant to give
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Outside his home bailiwick of Coahuila in exile in Sonora, Carranza had to broaden his movement, which in Coahuila had drawn on state elites. In Sonora, which was more isolated geographically from Mexico City since there was no direct railway line, the revolution had gone at a faster pace than in
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was married to the daughter of a Protestant. "Mexican ministers and their congregations joined the forces attempting to oust Huerta", with the majority following Carranza. Although Protestants were a small percentage of the Mexican population, most being Catholic, Protestants served as officers in
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Carranza's Plan of Guadalupe made no promises of reform. He thought Madero's mistake had been to formalize promises of social reform in his plan, which went unfulfilled. In Morelos, the peasants who had supported Madero then declared themselves in rebellion against him when as president he did not
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to have an interim presidency. Once Madero was inaugurated president following the October election, Carranza criticized Madero for being a weak and ineffectual as president. Madero in turn accused Carranza of being spiteful and authoritarian. Carranza believed that there would soon be an uprising
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portrayed themselves as continuing the legacy of Madero, but with implied criticisms of the martyred president. Carranza saw himself as the initiator of the true revolution in Mexico, not merely a change in the presidency, but a social revolution. Villa broke with Carranza in 1914, and considered
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was forcibly disbanded by the police, and an 1862 law was reinstated that made striking a capital offense. Carranza believed that the workers had been "denying the sacred recognition of the fatherland ... of the principle of every system of government." Historian John Mason Hart writes that "The
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Having pledged to convene a convention, Carranza sought to control it insofar as he could. He set the date for October 1, 1914 in Mexico City, which his troops had occupied. Carranza offered his resignation to the delegates, who refused the gesture since he had chosen most of them himself. In any
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In late February 1913, Carranza asked the legislature of Coahuila to declare itself formally in a state of rebellion against Huerta's government. He had built a state militia, funded by levying new taxes on enterprises, it could not withstand the well-armed, substantial force of the Federal Army
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serving as interim president until a new election could be held. Carranza disagreed with Madero. Carranza was a seasoned politician, unlike Madero, and he argued that allowing Díaz and Corral to simply resign would legitimate their rule; an interim government would merely be a prolongation of the
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Carranza had considered Madero a young and naive dreamer, with no real world experience. Despite supporting Madero's movement to oust Díaz, he criticized Madero's conciliatory position toward Díaz and the old order. Rebels had forced the change by force of arms, but Madero chose to adhere to his
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Since Porfirio Díaz's continuous re-election had been one of the major factors in his ouster, Carranza prudently decided against running for re-election in 1920. His natural successor was Álvaro Obregón, the Constitutionalist general who defeated Pancho Villa. Believing that Mexico should have a
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that he would not run for president again, but changed his mind. Reyes had openly presented himself as a powerful candidate, and now Carranza's connection to Reyes resulted in Díaz not backing Carranza for governor of Coahuila. Díaz sent Reyes out of the country, and Carranza forged an expedient
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In life, the Sonoran Dynasty had characterized Carranza as "the most corrupt in the annals of the Mexican government". Toward the end of Álvaro Obregón's presidency (1920–24), his office contacted Carranza's daughter Julia, saying that the she was due a pension because "Venustiano Carranza gave
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Carranza deliberately achieved little change while in office. Those who wanted a new, revolutionary Mexico after the fighting stopped were disappointed. Mexico was in desperate stress in 1917. The fighting had decimated the economy, destroying the nation's food supply, and the social disruption
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The protracted Mexican civil war waged to oust him in 1913-14 was a threat to U.S. investments in Mexico, since confiscating, imposing forced loans, or otherwise stripping resources from foreign enterprises was a key way to fund the revolutionaries' struggles. Carranza's stance was as a sober,
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On 8 April 1920, a campaign aide to Obregón attempted to assassinate Carranza. After the failure, Obregón brought his army to Mexico City and drove Carranza out. Carranza set out towards Veracruz to regroup, but was betrayed; he was killed on 21 May 1920 while sleeping in Tlaxcalantongo in the
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Carranza formally took charge of the executive branch on 1 May 1915. Both Villa and Zapata remained threats the Carranza's regime, even though neither faction could raise a significant number of troops. The Zapatistas never laid down their arms, and continued with guerrilla warfare in Morelos,
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The convention at Aguascalientes had rejected Carranza and likewise he rejected them. The government of the convention was structurally weak, and in theory the alliance of Zapata and Villa held more men under arms than Carranza's armies. Right after the convention at Aguascalientes, a Carranza
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and ordered disbanded the revolutionary forces that brought him to power. Carranza would not make the same mistake. When Carranza's Constitutionalist Army defeated the Federal Army and forced Huerta out in 1914, the Federal Army was disbanded, leaving revolutionary armies in place. Carranza's
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Another important Carrancista general was Pablo González, who was deployed against Zapata in Morelos. Although his victories were not as spectacular as Obregón's against Villa, González was able to disperse the Zapatista armies into guerrilla bands. The United States recognized Carranza as
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958:(the Ten Tragic Days) of fighting in the capital. Reyes was killed during the fighting in Mexico City. With his mentor dead, Carranza was not sure of his own next steps. There is evidence that Carranza negotiated with Huerta immediately after the coup, but no agreement was reached.
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in April 1915 and the army of the Zapatistas, by mid-1915, Carranza was President of Mexico as head of what he termed a "Pre-constitutional Government". This would last until the ratification of the Constitution of 1917 and elections that made Carranza the constitutional president.
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of the Constitutionalists, in fact, the many military leaders in various regions were semi-autonomous from Carranza and not especially loyal to him. The national coalition that Carranza hoped to forge was a secondary consideration for many fighting for gains at the local level.
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was denied recognition as a legal entity; priests were denied various rights and subject to public registration; religious education was forbidden; public religious ritual outside of the churches was banned; and all churches were nationalized as the property of the nation.
1929:, an obscure diplomat who had represented Mexico in Washington, for the presidency. As government supporters suppressed and killed those for Obregón, the general decided that Carranza would never leave the office peacefully. Obregón and allied Sonoran generals (including
785:, he supported their policies. As a senator in the national legislature, he inserted language into laws that would limit foreign investors. As the 1910 presidential election approached, Bernardo Reyes was a contender as a candidate. Díaz initially said in print in the
988:
create a broad northern coalition against Huerta. It came to be known as the Constitutionalists, taking their name for the defense of the liberal Constitution of 1857. He was both the titular leader of the movement, as well as the actually leader in many circumstances.
751:, where he began making reforms to improve education. Carranza remained a Liberal who idolized Benito Juárez, against whom Díaz raised a failed rebellion. Carranza grew disillusioned with the increasingly authoritarian character of the rule of Díaz during this period.
2056:, who became Obregón's Minister of Education, wrote that "the death of Carranza has been like a wave of peace. Carranza's disappearance has been enough for the enemies of yesterday to seek reconciliation; for all Mexicans of every opinion to again feel like brothers."
1907:
and Tampico oil fields. By 1917, Mexico produced over 55 million barrels of crude oil, which had become of crucial strategic importance to the British, and by extension to the Allied, war effort; Carranza threatened to set fire to the oil fields if the U.S. invaded.
1496:
Constitutionalist army, working in concert with the foreign and wealthiest owners and managers of private enterprise broke the Casa. In so doing, they defeated the working-class revolution and destroyed the independence of the industrial and urban labor movement."
1659:, abolished child labor, contained provisions to protect female and adolescent workers, required holidays, provided a reasonable salary to be paid in cash and profit-sharing, established boards of arbitration, and provided for compensation in case of dismissal.
1898:
Carranza gave guarantees to German companies so they would keep their operations going, specifically in Mexico City, though he was at the same time selling oil to the British (eventually, over 75 percent of the fuel used by the British fleet came from Mexico).
1800:
educates them." He proposed an amendment to modify these constitutional provisions, but his proposal was rejected by the state legislatures and 2/3 of the Mexican Congress. The anticlerical articles of the Constitution were not enforced until the presidency of
833:
Carranza followed Francisco Madero's Anti-Re-election Movement of 1910 with interest. After Madero fled to the US and Díaz was re-elected as president, Carranza traveled to Mexico City to join Madero. Madero named Carranza provisional Governor of Coahuila. The
1372:
abolished debt peons from the plantations. The plantations were not broken up in land reform, but the henequen was bought by a state-owned corporation, which took a portion of the profits for itself, helping to fund the Carranza movement's financial position.
2099:
Carranza led the broad-based Constitutionalist movement against the Huerta regime, uniting political and armed forces in northern Mexico to the cause of restoring constitutional law in Mexico. Brilliant military leaders served Carranza, most notably Obregón,
1576:. He raised taxes on the mining companies, and removed the right of diplomatic recourse for mining companies, declaring their actions subject to the Mexican courts. (Both policies were opposed by the United States and delayed several times at the request of
1169:, Carranza asked "...that the president withdraw U.S. troops from Mexico and take up its complaints against Huerta with the Constitutionalist government." The situation became so tense that war seemed imminent. On 22 April 1914, on the initiative of
1648:, declaring that only native-born or native Mexicans could have property rights in Mexico. It said that although the government might grant rights to foreigners, these rights were always provisional and could not be appealed to foreign governments.
1456:
To outflank Villa's appeal to the peasantry, on 12 December 1914, Carranza issued "Additions to the Plan of Guadalupe", which laid out an ambitious reform program, including Laws of Reform, in conscious imitation of Benito Juárez's Laws of Reform.
1393:
put him on the workers' side. Where the Carrancista armies were victorious in cities, Carranza encouraged the formation of labor unions. Carranza negotiated with the anarcho-syndicalist labor organization, the Casa del Obrero Mundial, which formed
862:, Carranza travelled to Ciudad Juárez. Madero named Carranza his Minister of War on 3 May 1911, even though Carranza did not contribute much to Madero's rebellion. The revolutionaries were split on how to deal with Porfirio Díaz and Vice President
1886:
Nevertheless, Carranza was able to make the best out of a complicated situation; his government was officially recognized by Germany at the beginning of 1917, and by the United States on August 31, 1917, the latter as a direct consequence of the
1631:
of the constitution: it declared that private property had been created by the Nation and that the Nation had the right to regulate private property to ensure that communities that had "none or not enough land and water" could take them from
2115:
was constructed from the skeleton of the seat of the Mexican legislature that had been abandoned when the revolution broke out against Díaz. By then all the major figures of the Revolution were either dead or no longer in power. General
1902:
Carranza stopped short of accepting Germany's proposed military alliance, made via the Zimmermann Telegram, and was at the same time able to prevent yet another military invasion from its northern neighbor, who wanted to take control of
769:
The events of 1893 allowed Carranza to make connections in some high places, including Bernardo Reyes. After winning a second term as municipal president (1894–1898), Reyes had Carranza "elected" to the legislature. In 1904, Reyes's
2253:
and chose three men to serve as president, with Lagos Cházaro being the last. When Lagos Cházaro resigned in 1915, the string of Conventionalist presidents ended and Carranza continued his conflict against Villa and Zapata as the
1140:
Pancho Villa commanded the Division of the North and recognized Carranza as commander in chief of the Constitutionalist Army. Villa was a skilled commander, but his tactics throughout the 1913-14 campaign created a number of
871:
dictatorship and would discredit the Revolution. Madero's view prevailed, with the results that Carranza foresaw. Madero's victory did net Carranza power in Coahuila during Madero's presidency (November 1911-February 1913).
1055:. Initially, Carranza divided the country into seven operational zones, though his Revolution was really launched in only three: (1) the northeast, under the command of González Garza; (2) the center, under the command of
1302:
Many of those attending the convention sought a middle way between Villa, Zapata, and Carranza, seeing Villa and Zapata too radical and Carranza too conservative. Those seeking the middle ground were Obregón of Sonora,
2349:
de Planque, Louis; Jackson, William Henry; Underwood, Underwood &; Gómez, Emilio Vázquez; Service, Bain News; Magazine, Pearson’s; American Press Association, New York; Bain, George Grantham; Casasola, Agustín V.
540:
The constitution that the revolutionaries drafted and ratified in 1917 now empowered the Mexican state to embark on significant land reform and recognized labor's rights, and curtail the power and influence of the
1200:
Carranza benefited greatly from U.S. aid as the Huerta regime collapsed. Although the U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane had helped engineer the coup against President Madero in February 1913, in March 1913 President
1831:
Carranza maintained a policy of formal neutrality during World War I, influenced by the anti-American sentiment that the United States' various interventions and invasions during the last century had caused.
2235:
and won the election that year. The new Constitution did not include a vice president, and Carranza ran without a running mate. Pino Suárez was thus the last vice president of Mexico, leaving office in
1087:
Early adherents to Carranza's cause were Mexican Protestants and American Protestant missionaries and their U.S.-based churches were to play an important role in Carranza's movement. Carranza's brother
1291:
case, he expected the meeting to ratify his leadership position. The radicals in Carranza's coalition agreed to the change in venue for the meeting, going to Aguascalientes, northwest of the capital.
1197:. Carranza (supported by Obregón) was now the strongest candidate to fill the power vacuum and set himself up as head of the new government. This government successfully printed money and passed laws.
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573:
the dictatorship of Huerta. However, he is criticized by some for not enforcing the constitution's social and land reforms. Carranza is buried alongside other prominent revolutionary leaders at the
1957:, Carranza's last words after being awoken by gunshots were: "Licenciado, ya me rompieron una pierna" ("Lawyer, they have already broken one of my legs"). (Carranza was referring to his partner,
850:. Carranza failed to organize an uprising in these states, leading some of Madero's supporters to speculate that Carranza was still loyal to Bernardo Reyes. Following the revolutionaries' led by
533:, to oppose Carranza. In order to counter their popularity among the peasantry, Carranza and his allies incorporated many of their demands especially around land reform and labor rights into the
537:, which was the world's first constitution to guarantee social rights under the umbrella of constitutional rights. Under this new constitution Carranza was elected president that same year.
1992:
has analyzed the facts and concludes that suicide is the more probable cause of death but this view has not achieved consensus among historians, and the truth will probably never be known.
1868:
in 1914, resulting in the death of 170 Mexican soldiers and an unknown number of civilians. The assassination of Madero and José María Pino Suárez triggered a civil war that ended when the
1762:
996:, and Monclova, forcing Carranza to flee to Sonora, a revolutionary stronghold. Before he left Coahuila, he returned to his hacienda of Guadalupe, where he found a group of young men,
1983:
has suggested that Carranza died by suicide rather than assassination. Critics of the assassination theory say that the holes in Carranza's shirt were too small to have been due to
1795:
Carranza remained lukewarm about the anti-clerical Articles 3 and 130 of the Mexican Constitution, both of which he had opposed at the Constitutional Convention. Toleration of the
1080:
1883:
Relations between Carranza and Wilson were often strained, particularly after the proclamation of the new constitution, which marked the participation of Mexico in the Great War.
1282:
With the ouster of Huerta, the broad coalition to achieve that goal cracked. Constitutionalist factions met to decide the way forward. Although Carranza was characterized as the
1686:
was more radical than the liberal constitution that Carranza had envisioned. The Carrancistas gained some important victories in the Constitutional Convention: the power of the
1039:
Venustiano Carranza was not a military man himself, but the Constitutionalist Army of which he was commander in chief had brilliant military leaders, especially Álvaro Obregón,
1177:, Pancho Villa traveled to the border town of Ciudad Juárez, Carranza's capital of the Constitutionalists, to calm fears along the border and asked President Wilson's emissary
1788:
in January 1917, inviting Mexico to enter the war on the German side. Zimmermann promised German aid to Mexico in re-capturing territory lost to the United States during the
5104:
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and Tampico oil fields. As historian Lester Langley wrote: "Carranza may not have fulfilled the social goals of the revolution, but he kept the gringos out of Mexico City".
1028:. The plan also called for Carranza to become interim president of Mexico, who would then call for a general election, "and will his Authority to whoever may be elected."
509:
Following Huerta's defeat, the victors began conflict amongst themselves. Obregón remained loyal to Carranza. However, Villa broke with him, aligning with peasant leader
1972:
contends that Carranza was murdered in a shoot-out expressly designed for the purpose" of Obregón's deniability. The telegram ordering the death was sent by then Colonel
813:. Because Díaz refused to appoint him as Governor of Coahuila, Carranza became an early supporter of Madero and the Mexican Revolution, and in 1910 Madero named Carranza
5109:
1750:
1722:
The new constitution was proclaimed on 5 February 1917. Carranza had no strong opposition to his election as president. In May 1917, Carranza became the constitutional
1611:
When the Constitutional Convention met in December 1916, it contained only 85 conservatives and centrists close to Carranza's brand of liberalism, a group known as the
4176:
1958:
743:
As an educated member of a prominent and well-connected Coahuila family, Carranza entered politics with the means to do so. In 1887, at the age of 28, he became
1811:
Public corruption was a major problem of Carranza's presidency. A popular saying was that "The Old Man doesn't steal, but he lets them steal", and a new verb,
1746:
1231:, in which they agreed that after Huerta's forces were defeated, 150 generals of the Revolution would meet to determine the political future of the country.
912:
Madero only when Díaz sent his mentor Reyes out of the country. Madero was suspicious of his loyalty. Carranza had already opposed Madero's signing of the
1059:; and (3) the northwest, under the command of Obregón. The forces launched against Huerta in March 1913, initially did not go well. Huerta's troops of the
2262:, and his victory in the election that year. Thus, Carvajal was his constitutional predecessor, but Lagos Cházaro was the previous technical officeholder.
2227:
in 1913. All subsequent presidents, including those chosen by the Convention of Aguascalientes, were interim presidents and had no vice presidents. After
4409:
2124:(derisively called "the unknown soldier" by his detractors) as his successor. At the end of Ávila Camacho's term, the ruling party was rebranded as the
1193:
in which the last of Huerta's forces surrendered to him and recognized the Constitutionalists. On 20 August 1914, Carranza made a triumphal entry into
2622:
1980:
1355:
return of their land drew many in the north to support Carranza. Some even raised militias of their estate workers to fight Villas forces. Historian
1178:
1627:(English: "The Great National Problems"). Molina Enríquez, though not a delegate to the convention, was a close advisor to the committee that drafted
5099:
3302:
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1572:, who protected the oil companies' interests in exchange for protection money from the oil companies. In terms of mining, Carranza implemented the
1761:
was in charge of La Huasteca; the brothers Saturnino Cedillo, Cleophas Cedillo, and Magdaleno Cedillo organized an opposition in San Luis Potosí;
568:. Carranza fled Mexico City, along with thousands of his supporters and with gold of the Mexican treasury, aiming to set up a rival government in
1895:
in 1914, Mexico would not participate with the US in its military excursion in the Great War, so ensuring Mexican neutrality was the best deal.
1765:
led the resistance to Carranza's government in Michoacán; and Pancho Villa remained active in Chihuahua, although he had no significant forces.
5094:
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aloof and uncharismatic, and this lack of charisma and of popular affection diminished his stature in historical memory. There were no popular
1165:. Carranza was an ardent nationalistic credentials and threatened war with the United States. In his spontaneous response to U.S. President
1150:
4514:
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422:
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has been written, even though it was Carranza who prevented a permanent invasion of Mexico by the US, which wanted to take control of the
4467:
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leader of Mexico. Though de facto leader, he was not president at the time, with the office being vacant until Carranza's passage of the
1662:
The radicals also established more far-reaching reform of the relationship of church and state than that favored by Carranza. Articles
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68:
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In short, although Carranza had been the most ardent proponent of constitutionalism and headed the Constitutionalist Army, the 1917
548:
In the 1920 election, in which he could not succeed himself, Carranza attempted to impose a virtually unknown, civilian politician,
2186:
5059:
1508:, the situation on the ground was complicated. Various warring factions had confiscated landed estates. Confiscated properties (
5014:
3872:
Woodrow Wilson's Executive Agents in Mexico: From the Beginning of His Administration to the Recognition of Venustiano Carranza
60:
1076:, Chihuahua, on the border with the United States, which served as his capital for the remainder of his struggle with Huerta.
4674:
4483:
4462:
1543:
1033:
700:(National Preparatory School) in Mexico City, where he had aspirations to be a doctor. Carranza was still there in 1876 when
2120:, who was in the orbit of the Sonoran Dynasty and served as President of Mexico 1934–40, had designated his right-hand man,
762:. Venustiano Carranza and his brother Emilio participated in this uprising. Díaz quickly dispatched his "man in the north",
5034:
4447:
4191:
4014:
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was diminished. The post of vice-president was eliminated. Judges were given life tenure to promote judicial independence.
668:
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He married Virginia Salinas on May 12, 1882, the daughter of another wealthy landowner, and the couple had two daughters.
5084:
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disavowed Huerta as well as the legislative and judicial authorities of Huerta's government. The plan named Carranza as
5074:
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there to tell "Señor Wilson" that he had no problem with the U.S. occupation of Veracruz. Carothers wrote to Secretary
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and Mexico City. Venustiano studied at the Ateneo Fuente, a famous Liberal school in Saltillo. In 1874, he went to the
517:
under Obregón militarily defeated Villa in the north, and fought guerrilla attacks from Zapata and his peasant army in
3500:
The Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876-1929
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In 1893, 300 Coahuila ranchers organized an armed resistance to oppose the "re-election" of Porfirio Díaz's supporter
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and had allowed his troops to murder an Englishman, Benton, and a U.S. citizen, Bauch. At one point, Villa arrested
494:. Carranza organized militias loyal to his state and allied northern states in Mexico into a professional army, the
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Reforms were to be carried through on many issues, but in practice, Carranza implemented reforms in targeted ways.
1101:, who as a widower with small children at the time did not join in Madero's earlier movement; and Obregón's cousin
2352:"Mexico During the Porfiriato - The Mexican Revolution and the United States | Exhibitions - Library of Congress"
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1675:
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3333:
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2416:, especially chapter 13, "Venustiano Carranza: Nationalism and the Constitution", New York: HarperCollins 1997.
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4227:
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Frank, Lucas N. "Playing with Fire: Woodrow Wilson, Self‐Determination, Democracy, and Revolution in Mexico."
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838:, which Madero issued at this time, called for a revolution beginning 20 November 1910. Madero named Carranza
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Because of his family's wealth, Venustiano, the 11th of 15 children, was able to attend excellent schools in
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2509:"Revaloran en Casa Refugio Citlaltépetl el papel de figuras con ascendencia vasca en la historia de México"
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that were a major headache for Carranza in this period. Villa had confiscated the property of Spaniards in
945:
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After the ousting of President Huerta and the interim presidency of Carvajal, Carranza formed and led the
2112:
2013:
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betrayed for the reward money on his head. Carranza ordered the assassination of Emiliano Zapata in 1919.
1619:
be embodied in the new constitution. These radical delegates were particularly inspired by the thought of
777:, Governor of Coahuila, recommended to Díaz that Carranza would make a good senator. Carranza entered the
709:
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513:. Both Zapata and Villa encouraged peasant rebellions in the south and north of Mexico respectively. The
4155:
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1963:
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1741:, Porfirio Díaz's nephew, had returned to Mexico in May 1916 and organized an army that he called the
1628:
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connections which had been established during Madero's presidency. As a result of this agreement, six
1013:
913:
835:
739:'s "man in the north", and whose patronage was responsible for Carranza's election to Congress in 1898
169:
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Gilderhus, Mark T. "Wilson, Carranza, and the Monroe Doctrine: A Question in Regional Organization."
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2004:
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Hilton, Stanley E. "The Church-State Dispute over Education in Mexico from Carranza to Cárdenas."
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1930:
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Paterson, Thomas; Clifford, J. Garry; Brigham, Robert; Donoghue, Michael; Hagan, Kenneth (2010).
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The radicals also exceeded Carranza's program on labor relations. In February 1917, they drafted
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in 1916, leading to a U.S. Army incursion into Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture him.
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controlled by General, now President, Huerta. The Coahuila militia suffered defeats at Anhelo,
534:
103:
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of workers were formed to fight alongside the Constitutionalist Army against Villa and Zapata.
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The real victory against Villa came with Obregón's defeat of Villa in two decisive battles at
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671:(1861–1867) that made Mexico into a monarchy, Jesús Carranza continued to support President
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Carothers to Secretary of State, 22 April 1914, Wilson Papers, Ser. 2, as quoted in Haley,
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1973:
1954:
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sweeping reforms to undercut the appeal of more radical revolutionaries, especially Villa.
888:
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664:
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213:
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2728:, "Plan of the Hacienda of Guadalupe", Lanham MD: University Press of Ameria 1987, 624-25.
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1938:
1934:
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Bailey, David C. "Revisionism and the recent historiography of the Mexican Revolution."
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397:; 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920) was a Mexican land owner and politician who served as
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1745:(National Reorganizer Army), which remained active in Veracruz; the former Porfirians
1467:- Carranza introduced important reforms to ensure an independent judiciary for Mexico.
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President of Mexico in October 1915, and by the end of the year Villa was on the run.
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Clements, Kendrick A. "Emissary from a Revolution: Luis Cabrera and Woodrow Wilson."
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466:'s challenge to Díaz during the 1910 presidential election. Madero was defeated in a
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Revolution and Intervention: The Diplomacy of Taft and Wilson with Mexico, 1910-1917
1953:, a local chieftain and supporter of Carranza's former allies. According to General
1850:
1615:("renewal faction"). Against them were 132 more radical delegates who insisted that
1601:
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directly south of Mexico City. Villa deliberately provoked the U.S. in his raid on
1089:
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652:
521:. Carranza's position was secure enough politically and militarily to take power in
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Protestants and the Mexican Revolution: Missionaries, Ministers, and Social Change
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to a prominent landowning family, he served as a senator for his state during the
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1941:. This repudiated Carranza's government and renewed the Revolution on their own.
1856:
1827:
Oil portrait on wood of Venustiano Carranza with the colors of the flag of Mexico
1734:
1524:. Carranza did not return the haciendas of Carranza's political enemies, such as
1318:
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1239:
Convention of Aguascalientes, meeting of the revolutionary generals, October 1914
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later that year. Although Carranza was skeptical of Díaz's advisors known as the
633:
569:
542:
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483:
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1368:. The peasants had not mobilized in revolutionary struggle. Carrancista general
863:
609:, in the state of Coahuila, in 1859, to a prosperous cattle-ranching family of
474:, and Díaz resigned in May 1911. As president, Madero appointed Carranza as the
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1861:
1823:
1715:
1656:
1645:
1600:
Carranza convoked a Constitutional Convention in September 1916, to be held in
1580:
1573:
1482:
1394:
1385:
1356:
1224:
1202:
1166:
1158:
1114:
851:
786:
763:
732:
4614:
3903:
The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States and the Mexican Revolution
597:
4993:
4343:
3888:
Kahle, Louis G. "Robert Lansing and the Recognition of Venustiano Carranza."
2451:
2443:
2231:
resigned in 1915, there was no technical president until Carranza passed the
2145:
2079:
criticism of Madero's presidency meant he was not surprised at his downfall.
1777:
526:
467:
4201:
3284:
1521:
1473:- in February 1915, the Constitutionalist Army signed an agreement with the
1137:
of Chihuahua, who had played an important role in toppling the Díaz regime.
843:
822:
782:
470:
and imprisoned. Madero ordered an overthrow of the government, sparking the
4524:
4442:
4237:
2427:
2075:
2037:
1891:
as a measure to ensure Mexico's continued neutrality in the war. After the
1805:
1365:
1323:
1308:
1253:
1060:
1040:
1005:
855:
771:
503:
27:
3835:
Diplomacy and Revolution: U.S.-Mexican Relations under Wilson and Carranza
3060:
Revolution from Without: Yucatán, Mexico, and the United States, 1880-1924
1591:
Venustiano Carranza (Center) in La Cañada, Querétaro, on January 22, 1916.
4918:
2511:(in Spanish). Secretaria de la Cultura de la Ciudad de México. 2018-07-26
1773:
1691:
1634:
1564:
1194:
641:
614:
578:
522:
438:
3450:
Tools of Progress: A German Merchant Family in Mexico City, 1865-present
3288:
Religion, Revolution, and Reform: New Forces for Change in Latin America
2167:
1916:
1350:), whose interests were directly counter to peasants'. Quietly he told
4557:
4541:
4529:
4186:
4181:
4160:
3951:
3827:
3817:
3734:
The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898-1934
3117:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1987, 314-15
1504:. Although Carranza promulgated an agrarian law that might have led to
1416:
1190:
961:
847:
826:
656:
622:
449:
3115:
Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution
2820:
In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914
1428:("The men of the day"). Annals Social Policies. Literary and artistic
4105:
2466:
La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History
917:
against Madero. so he formed alliances with other Liberal governors:
879:
802:
1595:
1376:
1125:. Carranza also attracted intellectuals to his movement, especially
4534:
4404:
4165:
3432:
Paterson, Thomas; Clifford, John Garry; Hagan, Kenneth J. (1999).
2255:
2066:
1640:
1361:
1064:
993:
884:
818:
708:, which marked the beginning of Díaz's rebellion against President
691:
629:
479:
456:
453:
445:
430:
406:
311:
529:. The armies of Zapata and Villa formed their own government, the
425:
faction from 1914 to 1917, and previously served as a senator and
2033:
1984:
1706:
Carranza in the Presidential Chair, wearing the presidential sash
1249:
1083:
General Álvaro Obregón, who remained loyal to Carranza until 1920
1079:
899:
728:
676:
637:
610:
564:, who held significant power, rose up against Carranza under the
518:
31:
1697:
1562:. Carranza was constrained in his actions because the region of
1121:, who was a former textile worker who participated in the great
1840:
in February 1913, to oust the democratically elected President
1608:
would be respected, though purged of some of its shortcomings.
1429:
1406:
1342:
1068:
645:
618:
462:. After becoming alienated from Díaz, he supported the Liberal
332:
315:
3946:
Lazo, Dimitri D. “Lansing, Wilson, and the Jenkins Incident.”
3534:
Mexico and the United States in the oil controversy, 1917-1942
3468:
Mexico and the United States in the oil controversy, 1917-1942
3382:
Mexico and the United States in the oil controversy, 1917-1942
2610:
Profile of Venustiano Carranza - Venustiano Carranza Biography
1319:
Carranza's victorious coalition against Villa and Zapata, 1915
4170:
605:
José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza was born in the town of
506:, objected to Carranza's seizure of the national presidency.
3805:
Cumberland, Charles E. "'Dr. Atl' and Venustiano Carranza."
3349:
Encyclopedia of U.S. Military Interventions in Latin America
675:
and joined Mexican defenders against the French, becoming a
482:. When Madero was murdered during the counter-revolutionary
3400:
Threats of Intervention: U. S.-Mexican Relations, 1917-1923
2378:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press 1981, 57.
2348:
2329:"¿Por qué en México no hay un vicepresidente del Gobierno?"
2007:, Mexico City where Carranza's ashes were interred in 1942.
1937:), who were the strongest power bloc in Mexico, issued the
797:
655:, had been a rancher and mule driver until the time of the
3243:
1880:
to be drafted in 1916 and proclaimed on February 5, 1917.
1757:(Sovereigntists) and insisting on local autonomy; General
2376:Álvaro Obregón: Power and Revolution in Mexico, 1911-1920
1949:
mountains. His forces were under attack there by General
1920:
1920 cartoon published in the U.S. as Carranza was ousted
1804:(1924-1928), sparking a pro-Catholic armed uprising, the
552:, as president of Mexico. Sonoran revolutionary generals
490:, a political strategy to oust Madero's usurper, General
3956:
Richmond, Douglas W. "The Venustiano Carranza Archive."
1532:
Struggle against foreign companies for natural resources
1067:, forcing Carranza to flee to the rebels' stronghold of
948:, Porfirio Díaz's nephew, backed by the U.S. Ambassador
940:
Carranza was not surprised in February 1913 when Reyes,
2807:
The Diplomacy of Taft and Wilson with Mexico, 1910-1917
2215:
The office of vice president was left vacant after the
1872:
defeated the forces of former ally Pancho Villa in the
3970:
Felix A. Sommerfeld: Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914
2028:
1274:). Villa is sitting in the presidential throne in the
723:
686:
Venustiano Carranza (left) with his daughters, c.1890s
593:
Carranza's childhood home in Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila
584:
401:
from 1917 until his assassination in 1920, during the
3926:. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986.
3766:
Venustiano Carranza's Nationalist Struggle: 1893–1920
1911:
1737:
continued his rebellion in the mountains of Morelos;
1568:
where they operated was under the control of General
903:
Carranza (front row, third from left) with President
866:. Madero favored having Díaz and Corral resign, with
858:, achieved decisive victory over the Federal Army at
5105:
National presidents assassinated in the 20th century
5030:
Candidates in the 1917 Mexican presidential election
3497:
Haber, Stephen; Maurer, Noel; Razo, Armando (2003).
2135:
1976:
in documentation only coming to light in the 1990s.
1554:; and Mexican Petroleum, an American company led by
1477:("House of the World Worker"), the labor union with
1417:
Head of the Pre-constitutional Government, 1915–1917
3737:, p. 108, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, USA.
2767:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press 1990, 132-33
1733:Carranza also faced many armed, political enemies:
5110:People of the Second French intervention in Mexico
3849:
3616:Yesterday in Mexico: A Chronicle of the Revolution
2623:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1772:Carranza maintained Mexican neutrality throughout
874:
3285:D'Antonio, William V.; Pike, Fredrick B. (1964).
2801:
2799:
2778:The Mexican Revolution: A Very Short Introduction
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
1596:Constitutional Convention of Querétaro, 1916–1917
4991:
3493:
3491:
3438:, p. 51, Houghton Mifflin College Division, USA.
3435:American Foreign Relations: A History since 1895
2249:, while the forces of Villa and Zapata held the
3473:
3441:
1876:in April 1915. The partial peace allowed a new
343:
38: and the second or maternal family name is
3966:
3725:
3618:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1961, 268.
3510:
2796:
2754:, "Additions to the Plan of Guadalupe", 634-35
2522:
1113:; Manuel Diéguez, who had participated in the
4573:
4121:
4007:Newspaper clippings about Venustiano Carranza
3522:, p. 10, University of Pittsburgh Press, USA.
3488:
3415:American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: To 1920
3083:
3081:
3041:
3039:
2986:
2984:
2780:. New York: Oxford University Press 2016, 47.
2707:
2705:
2663:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2571:
2569:
2491:
2489:
2476:
2474:
2468:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000, 5-6
1698:Constitutional President of Mexico, 1917–1920
907:(front row, center) and his advisors in 1911.
433:. He played the leading role in drafting the
4000:Encyclopædia Britannica, Venustiano Carranza
3428:
3426:
3424:
3367:, p. 79, Biography & Autobiography, USA.
3327:
3325:
3301:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3270:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2724:Davis, Thomas B. and Amado Ricon Virulegio,
2676:Richmond, Douglas. "Venustiano Carranza" in
1388:supporting Carranza against Villa and Zapata
659:(1857–1861), in which he fought against the
525:, eventually receiving recognition from the
486:coup in February 1913, Carranza drew up the
4082:self (as Revolutionary Commander of Mexico)
3916:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1998.
794:, a wealthy landowner who challenged Díaz.
4580:
4566:
4128:
4114:
3973:. Amissville, VA: Henselstone Verlag LLC.
3078:
3036:
2981:
2822:, Henselstone Verlag, Virginia, 2012, 359.
2702:
2658:
2644:
2635:Richmond, Douglas. "Venustiano Carranza".
2566:
2486:
2471:
2308:"¿Por qué México no tiene vicepresidente?"
1753:were active in Oaxaca, calling themselves
1655:of the Constitution, which established an
1217:
102:
4489:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
3470:, p. 253, University of Texas Press, USA.
3421:
3406:
3393:
3391:
3375:
3373:
3340:
3322:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2425:
1776:. He briefly considered allying with the
196:First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army
5100:Assassinated presidents in North America
4587:
3874:(2 vol Louisiana State University 1971)
3762:
3537:, p. 44, University of Texas Press, USA.
3385:, p. 45, University of Texas Press, USA.
2693:Mexican Revolution: Genesis Under Madero
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2560:
2548:
2495:
2480:
2043:
2027:
1999:
1915:
1822:
1709:
1701:
1586:
1420:
1375:
1322:
1248:
1078:
974:
965:of the Constitutionalist Army, 1913–1914
898:
878:
801:
798:Supporter of Francisco Madero, 1909–1911
727:
681:
596:
588:
226:22 November 1911 – 7 March 1913
3552:. Atlantic Monthly Company. 1920-01-01.
3355:
2023:
1836:had conspired with the U.S. ambassador
394:[benusˈtjanokaˈransaðelaˈɣaɾsa]
208:14 August 1914 – 30 April 1917
167:(as constitutional President of Mexico)
4992:
4135:
3525:
3460:
3388:
3370:
3334:Mexico and the United States, Volume 3
2283:"Verba Iuris - la palabra del Derecho"
1925:civilian president, Carranza endorsed
1546:and operating mainly in the region of
1133:. Carranza also gained the support of
5095:Politicians assassinated in the 1920s
4561:
4484:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
4109:
3995:Venustiano Carranza on Mexconnect.com
3847:
3062:. Duke University Press, 1988, 93-121
2846:Protestants in the Mexican Revolution
2655:Richmond, "Venustiano Carranza", 199.
2620:Knight, Alan. "Venustiano Carranza".
2578:
2390:"The Revolution in power (1914–1920)"
1514:Administración de bienes intervenidos
437:and maintained Mexican neutrality in
392:
365:Virginia Salinas (m. 1882, died 1919)
16:President of Mexico from 1917 to 1920
2874:Vol. 35, No. 3 (Jan., 1979), 355-56.
2575:Richmond, "Venustiano Carranza", 199
1893:United States occupation of Veracruz
1380:Painting of revolutionary combat by
386:José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza
295:José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza
73:move details into the article's body
44:
4395:Querétaro Constitutional Convention
3958:Hispanic American Historical Review
3890:Hispanic American Historical Review
3796:Hispanic American Historical Review
3244:Riner, D.L.; Sweeney, J.V. (1991).
2861:. New York: The New Press 2005, 89.
2667:Knight, "Venustiano Carranza", 572.
2432:Hispanic American Historical Review
724:Introduction to politics, 1887–1909
585:Early life and education, 1859–1887
13:
3914:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa
3788:
3337:, p. 869, Marshall Cavendish, USA.
2387:
1995:
1912:Election of 1920 and assassination
1690:was enhanced and the power of the
1364:plantations, which were worked by
14:
5121:
5080:20th-century presidents of Mexico
4478:Institutional Revolutionary Party
4065:Revolutionary Commander of Mexico
4038:Revolutionary Commander of Mexico
3988:
3967:von Feilitzsch, Heribert (2012).
3936:. New York: HarperCollins, 1997.
3579:. New York: Zone Books 2005, 389.
2126:Institutional Revolutionary Party
2048:Museo Carranza, Federal District.
1818:
142:1 May 1917 – 21 May 1920
5070:People of the Mexican Revolution
5055:Military personnel from Coahuila
5045:Mexican people of Basque descent
5025:Assassinated Mexican politicians
5020:20th-century Mexican politicians
4948:
4547:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution
3856:. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
3418:, p. 265, Cengage Learning, USA.
2426:Blaisdell, Lowell (1966-02-01).
2197:Venustiano Carranza, Mexico City
2182:List of heads of state of Mexico
2166:
2152:
2138:
1968:when he was ambushed and shot).
1815:was coined, meaning "to steal".
1730:resulted in widespread disease.
1625:Los Grandes Problemas Nacionales
1578:United States Secretary of State
1360:enforced land reform in Yucatán
49:
19:For things named after him, see
3756:
3740:
3712:
3699:
3686:
3673:
3660:
3647:
3634:
3621:
3608:
3595:
3582:
3569:
3556:
3540:
3485:, p. 596, Greenwood Press, USA.
3309:
3278:
3237:
3224:
3211:
3198:
3185:
3172:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3107:
3094:
3065:
3052:
3023:
3010:
2997:
2968:
2955:
2942:
2929:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2851:
2838:
2825:
2812:
2783:
2770:
2757:
2744:
2731:
2718:
2685:
2670:
2629:
2614:
2554:
2542:
2501:
2458:
2419:
1797:Roman Catholic Church in Mexico
1780:after German Foreign Secretary
1743:Ejército Reorganizador Nacional
1676:Roman Catholic Church in Mexico
1623:, in particular, his 1909 book
1604:. He declared that the liberal
1558:and operating in the region of
1540:Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company
1528:of Sonora, who had aided Villa.
1278:. Both men broke with Carranza.
875:Governor of Coahuila, 1911–1913
842:of the Revolution in Coahuila,
809:(1873-1913), the father of the
355:Liberal Constitutionalist Party
344:Assassination, possibly suicide
257:29 May – 1 August 1911
3950:32#2 (1998), pp. 177–98,
3763:Richmond, Douglas W.. (1983).
3455:University of New Mexico Press
2406:
2381:
2368:
2342:
2321:
2300:
2275:
2239:
2209:
1072:leave Sonora, and traveled to
887:in Mexico. Carranza served as
1:
5015:1920 murders in North America
4192:French Intervention in Mexico
3247:Mexico: meeting the challenge
2752:The Political Plans of Mexico
2726:The Political Plans of Mexico
2269:
2032:Carranza, as depicted on the
1644:. Article 27 went beyond the
1262:(Division of the North), and
697:Escuela Nacional Preparatoria
669:French intervention in Mexico
452:, appointed by President and
405:. He was previously Mexico's
113:
4510:Liberation Army of the South
4438:Mexican Constitution of 1917
4390:Convention of Aguascalientes
3771:University of Nebraska Press
3614:quoted in John F.W. Dulles,
3603:Death and the Idea of Mexico
3577:Death and the Idea of Mexico
3397:Halevy, Drew Philip (2000).
2251:Convention of Aguascalientes
1542:, an English company led by
1272:Liberation Army of the South
1245:Convention of Aguascalientes
535:Mexican Constitution of 1917
174:Convention of Aguascalientes
30:, the first or paternal
7:
5060:People from Cuatro Ciénegas
5035:Deaths by firearm in Mexico
4934:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
4660:Francisco Javier Echeverría
4640:Antonio López de Santa Anna
4011:20th Century Press Archives
3907:University of Chicago Press
3839:University of Arizona Press
3731:Langley, Lester D. (2001).
3564:De la vida militar mexicana
3562:Gen. Francisco L. Urquizo,
3519:The Politics of Mexican Oil
2750:Davis and Ricon Virulegio,
2131:
1606:1857 Constitution of Mexico
1268:Ejército Libertador del Sur
923:Governor of San Luis Potosí
193:Head of the Executive Power
10:
5126:
5085:Unsolved murders in Mexico
4786:Francisco León de la Barra
4473:Monument to the Revolution
4298:Francisco León de la Barra
4156:Economic History of Mexico
3934:Mexico: Biography of Power
3694:Mexico: Biography of Power
3681:Mexico: Biography of Power
3590:Mexico: Biography of Power
3505:Cambridge University Press
3364:Legends, Leaders, Legacies
3317:Mexico: Biography of Power
3167:Mexico: Biography of Power
3102:Mexico: Biography of Power
3089:Mexico: Biography of Power
3005:Mexico: Biography of Power
2818:von Feilitzsch, Heribert.
2537:Mexico: Biography of Power
2414:Mexico: Biography of Power
2113:Monument to the Revolution
2014:Monument to the Revolution
2005:Monument to the Revolution
1534:- under the presidency of
1242:
968:
952:, overthrew Madero during
927:Governor of Aguascalientes
925:; Alberto Fuentes Dávila,
868:Francisco León de la Barra
575:Monument to the Revolution
353:Democratic Party of Mexico
25:
18:
5075:Politicians from Coahuila
5065:People murdered in Mexico
4957:
4946:
4909:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
4761:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
4595:
4497:
4425:
4410:United States involvement
4367:
4331:
4210:
4143:
4094:
4085:
4079:
4071:
4062:
4054:
4044:
4035:
4027:
4022:
3848:Haley, Edward P. (1970).
3479:Gruening, Ernest (1968).
3447:Buchenau, Jürgen (2004).
3250:. Euromoney. p. 64.
2697:University of Texas Press
1854:during a period known as
1256:(left), commander of the
718:
710:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
601:A young Carranza, c.1870s
379:
369:
359:
349:
340:Manner of death
339:
321:
290:
285:
281:
271:
261:
250:
240:
230:
219:
212:
201:
192:
180:
158:
146:
135:
127:
123:
101:
94:
21:Carranza (disambiguation)
4856:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez
4238:Francisco "Pancho" Villa
3516:Grayson, George (1981).
3403:, p. 41, iUniverse, USA.
3352:, p. 393, ABC-CLIO, USA.
3346:McPherson, Alan (2013).
3193:The Secret War in Mexico
3128:The Secret War in Mexico
3073:The Secret War in Mexico
3047:The Secret War in Mexico
3031:The Secret War in Mexico
3018:The Secret War in Mexico
2992:The Secret War in Mexico
2963:The Secret War in Mexico
2924:The Secret War in Mexico
2791:The Secret War in Mexico
2739:The Secret war in Mexico
2713:The Secret War in Mexico
2444:10.1215/00182168-46.1.96
2202:
2187:List of unsolved murders
1988:carbine shot. Historian
1329:Piedras Negras, Coahuila
1307:of San Luis Potosí, and
735:, Carranza's friend and
628:. The family arrived in
108:Portrait of Carranza by
5050:Mexican revolutionaries
4826:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
4705:Manuel María Lombardini
4670:José Joaquín de Herrera
4400:Pancho Villa Expedition
4375:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez
4339:Plan of San Luis Potosí
4058:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
3566:(SEDENA, 1991), p. 228.
3531:Meyer, Lorenzo (1977).
3482:Mexico and Its Heritage
3466:Meyer, Lorenzo (1977).
3379:Meyer, Lorenzo (1977).
3361:Vollmer, Susan (2007).
2691:Cumberland, Charles C.
2229:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
1959:Manuel Aguirre Berlanga
1784:sent Mexico the famous
1763:José Inés Chávez García
1493:Casa del Obrero Mundial
1475:Casa del Obrero Mundial
1436:With the defeat of the
1218:Break with Pancho Villa
1024:("First Chief") of the
1014:Plan of San Luis Potosí
914:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez
836:Plan of San Luis Potosí
617:, his ancestors fought
170:Francisco Lagos Cházaro
4781:Manuel González Flores
4700:Juan Bautista Ceballos
4433:Emigration from Mexico
4368:Political developments
4228:José María Pino Suárez
3960:56.2 (1976): 290–294.
3924:The Mexican Revolution
3892:38.3 (1958): 353–372.
3291:. Praeger. p. 66.
2976:The Mexican Revolution
2950:The Mexican Revolution
2937:The Mexican Revolution
2911:The Mexican Revolution
2885:The Mexican Revolution
2859:The Mexican Revolution
2679:Encyclopedia of Mexico
2638:Encyclopedia of Mexico
2247:Constitutionalist Army
2225:José María Pino Suárez
2049:
2041:
2008:
1947:Sierra Norte de Puebla
1921:
1846:José María Pino Suárez
1828:
1719:
1707:
1684:Constitution of Mexico
1621:Andrés Molina Enríquez
1592:
1433:
1389:
1332:
1327:President Carranza in
1297:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
1279:
1183:William Jennings Bryan
1084:
984:
908:
892:
830:
756:José María Garza Galán
740:
687:
602:
594:
515:Constitutionalist Army
418:
390:Spanish pronunciation:
5090:1920 crimes in Mexico
5040:Governors of Coahuila
4841:Plutarco Elías Calles
4806:Francisco S. Carvajal
4738:Manuel Robles Pezuela
4635:Valentín Gómez Farías
4458:1968 student protests
4278:Plutarco Elías Calles
4031:Francisco S. Carvajal
3885:21.2 (1964): 163–183.
3809:13.3 (1957): 287–296.
2428:"Venustiano Carranza"
2102:Plutarco Elías Calles
2047:
2031:
2003:
1931:Plutarco Elías Calles
1919:
1826:
1802:Plutarco Elías Calles
1713:
1705:
1590:
1506:land reform in Mexico
1424:
1379:
1326:
1252:
1155:Governor of Chihuahua
1107:Plutarco Elías Calles
1082:
1008:, who had drawn up a
983:, to his right (1914)
978:
935:Governor of Chihuahua
902:
882:
817:of the Revolution in
805:
731:
685:
600:
592:
558:Plutarco Elías Calles
165:Francisco S. Carvajal
4879:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines
4874:Miguel Alemán Valdés
4869:Manuel Ávila Camacho
4821:Roque González Garza
4720:Juan Álvarez Hurtado
4685:Pedro María de Anaya
4630:Manuel Gómez Pedraza
4620:Anastasio Bustamante
4610:José María Bocanegra
4589:Presidents of Mexico
4258:Ricardo Flores Magón
4177:Constitution of 1857
3826:7.2 (1983): 103-116
3816:76.1 (2014): 71–96.
3718:quoted in Benjamin,
3627:quoted in Benjamin,
3549:The Atlantic Monthly
3180:Revolutionary Mexico
3154:Secret War in Mexico
3141:Revolutionary Mexico
2763:Baldwin, Deborah J.
2260:Constitution of 1917
2233:Constitution of 1917
2122:Manuel Ávila Camacho
2024:In historical memory
1955:Francisco L. Urquizo
1878:liberal constitution
1866:invasion of Veracruz
1790:Mexican–American War
1526:José María Maytorena
1451:Columbus, New Mexico
1400:José Clemente Orozco
1382:José Clemente Orozco
1295:in Veracruz and the
1143:diplomatic incidents
1053:Pablo González Garza
1012:modeled on Madero's
919:Pablo González Garza
889:Governor of Coahuila
760:Governor of Coahuila
653:Jesús Carranza Neira
613:descent. During the
435:Constitution of 1917
374:Jesús Carranza Neira
214:Governor of Coahuila
4963:President of Mexico
4904:Miguel de la Madrid
4899:José López Portillo
4884:Adolfo López Mateos
4851:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
4831:Adolfo de la Huerta
4811:Venustiano Carranza
4791:Francisco I. Madero
4766:José María Iglesias
4733:Félix María Zuloaga
4354:Plan of Agua Prieta
4288:José Yves Limantour
4243:Venustiano Carranza
4223:Francisco I. Madero
4098:Adolfo de la Huerta
4088:President of Mexico
3833:Gilderhus, Mark T.
3798:58.1 (1978): 62-79
3331:Stacy, Lee (2002).
2223:and Vice President
2094:Tehuantepec Isthmus
1939:Plan of Agua Prieta
1935:Adolfo de la Huerta
1905:Tehuantepec Isthmus
1889:Zimmermann telegram
1870:Constitutional Army
1844:and Vice President
1842:Francisco I. Madero
1786:Zimmermann Telegram
1747:Guillermo Meixueiro
1724:President of Mexico
1657:eight-hour work day
1560:Tampico, Tamaulipas
1548:Poza Rica, Veracruz
1518:José Ives Limantour
1510:bienes intervenidos
1479:anarcho-syndicalist
1266:, commander of the
1171:Felix A. Sommerfeld
1109:í. Others included
1026:Constitutional Army
998:Francisco J. Múgica
807:Francisco I. Madero
792:Francisco I. Madero
745:municipal president
566:Plan of Agua Prieta
562:Adolfo de la Huerta
496:Constitutional Army
399:President of Mexico
363:Ernestina Hernández
187:Adolfo de la Huerta
172:(designated by the
130:President of Mexico
96:Venustiano Carranza
4929:Enrique Peña Nieto
4889:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
4748:José Ignacio Pavón
4680:José Mariano Salas
4600:Guadalupe Victoria
4520:División del Norte
4515:Constitutionalists
4303:Félix Díaz Velasco
4137:Mexican Revolution
4023:Political offices
3948:Diplomatic History
3824:Diplomatic History
3679:quoted in Krauze,
3575:Lomnitz, Claudio.
3315:quoted in Krauze,
3165:quoted in Krauze,
3113:Hart, John Mason.
2833:Mexican Militarism
2464:Benjamin, Thomas.
2331:. 21 November 2021
2192:Mexican Revolution
2050:
2042:
2036:of the former 100
2009:
1922:
1829:
1720:
1714:Carranza with the
1708:
1593:
1552:Papantla, Veracruz
1438:División del Norte
1434:
1426:Les hommes du jour
1390:
1333:
1280:
1259:División del Norte
1163:Veracruz, Veracruz
1085:
1002:Jacinto B. Treviño
985:
909:
893:
891:from 1911 to 1913.
840:commander-in-chief
831:
815:commander-in-chief
811:Mexican Revolution
787:Creelman interview
741:
688:
603:
595:
472:Mexican Revolution
403:Mexican Revolution
246:Manuel M. Blázquez
110:Harris & Ewing
4987:
4986:
4974:Emperor of Mexico
4941:(President-elect)
4939:Claudia Sheinbaum
4846:Emilio Portes Gil
4816:Eulalio Gutiérrez
4801:Victoriano Huerta
4725:Ignacio Comonfort
4690:Manuel de la Peña
4665:Valentín Canalizo
4555:
4554:
4468:Historical Museum
4359:Plan of San Diego
4349:Plan of Guadalupe
4233:Victoriano Huerta
4151:History of Mexico
4104:
4103:
4095:Succeeded by
4072:Succeeded by
4048:Eulalio Gutiérrez
4045:Succeeded by
3191:Katz, Friedrich.
3058:Joseph, Gilbert.
2412:Krauze, Enrique.
1864:also ordered the
1857:La decena trágica
1838:Henry Lane Wilson
1834:Victoriano Huerta
1782:Arthur Zimmermann
1751:José María Dávila
1442:Battles of Celaya
1370:Salvador Alvarado
1305:Eulalio Gutiérrez
1229:Treaty of Torreón
1175:Sherburne Hopkins
1123:Río Blanco strike
1018:Plan of Guadalupe
971:Plan of Guadalupe
955:La decena trágica
950:Henry Lane Wilson
942:Victoriano Huerta
667:side. During the
492:Victoriano Huerta
488:Plan of Guadalupe
423:Constitutionalist
409:head of state as
383:
382:
90:
89:
69:length guidelines
5117:
4952:
4951:
4650:José Justo Corro
4605:Vicente Guerrero
4582:
4575:
4568:
4559:
4558:
4323:Genovevo de la O
4211:Important people
4130:
4123:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4080:Preceded by
4074:became President
4055:Preceded by
4028:Preceded by
4020:
4019:
3984:
3912:Katz, Frierich.
3867:
3855:
3784:
3751:
3744:
3738:
3729:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3703:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3677:
3671:
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3625:
3619:
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3606:
3599:
3593:
3586:
3580:
3573:
3567:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3544:
3538:
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3523:
3514:
3508:
3495:
3486:
3477:
3471:
3464:
3458:
3445:
3439:
3430:
3419:
3410:
3404:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3292:
3282:
3276:
3275:
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3241:
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3215:
3209:
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3189:
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3176:
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3144:
3137:
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3118:
3111:
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3085:
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3063:
3056:
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2907:
2901:
2894:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2836:
2831:Lieuwen, Edwin,
2829:
2823:
2816:
2810:
2803:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2774:
2768:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2737:quoted in Katz,
2735:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2700:
2689:
2683:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2656:
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2607:
2576:
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2564:
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2546:
2540:
2533:
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2517:
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2499:
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2478:
2469:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2423:
2417:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2394:academic.oup.com
2385:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2285:. Archived from
2279:
2263:
2243:
2237:
2221:Francisco Madero
2213:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2160:Biography portal
2157:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2054:José Vasconcelos
1981:Aguirre Berlanga
1967:
1927:Ignacio Bonillas
1874:Battle of Celaya
1613:bloque renovador
1556:Edward L. Doheny
1520:and head of the
1384:, member of the
1276:Palacio Nacional
1179:George Carothers
1103:Benjamin G. Hill
1049:Benjamin G. Hill
931:Abraham González
905:Francisco Madero
779:Senate of Mexico
706:Plan of Tuxtepec
550:Ignacio Bonillas
531:Conventionalists
464:Francisco Madero
396:
391:
331:Tlaxcalantongo,
328:
305:29 December 1859
304:
302:
286:Personal details
277:Reginaldo Cepeda
274:
264:
255:
243:
236:Reginaldo Cepeda
233:
224:
206:
183:
161:
154:Office abolished
151:
140:
118:
115:
106:
92:
91:
85:
82:
76:
67:Please read the
53:
52:
45:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5114:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4924:Felipe Calderón
4914:Ernesto Zedillo
4894:Luis Echeverría
4864:Lázaro Cárdenas
4860:
4796:Pedro Lascuráin
4752:
4729:
4675:Mariano Paredes
4645:Miguel Barragán
4625:Melchor Múzquiz
4591:
4586:
4556:
4551:
4493:
4463:Popular culture
4453:Mexican miracle
4421:
4385:Morelos Commune
4363:
4327:
4283:Lázaro Cárdenas
4248:Emiliano Zapata
4206:
4139:
4134:
4100:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4068:
4060:
4050:
4041:
4033:
3991:
3981:
3930:Krauze, Enrique
3899:Katz, Friedrich
3870:Hill, Larry D.
3864:
3791:
3789:Further reading
3781:
3759:
3754:
3745:
3741:
3730:
3726:
3717:
3713:
3704:
3700:
3691:
3687:
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3622:
3613:
3609:
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3596:
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3489:
3478:
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3446:
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3411:
3407:
3396:
3389:
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3371:
3360:
3356:
3345:
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3323:
3314:
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3294:
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3283:
3279:
3263:
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3258:
3242:
3238:
3229:
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3216:
3212:
3203:
3199:
3190:
3186:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3160:
3151:
3147:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3108:
3099:
3095:
3086:
3079:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3053:
3044:
3037:
3028:
3024:
3015:
3011:
3002:
2998:
2989:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2956:
2947:
2943:
2934:
2930:
2921:
2917:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2891:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2857:Gilly, Adolfo.
2856:
2852:
2843:
2839:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2813:
2804:
2797:
2788:
2784:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2703:
2690:
2686:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2645:
2634:
2630:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2523:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2424:
2420:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2386:
2382:
2374:Hall, Linda B.
2373:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2244:
2240:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2174:Politics portal
2172:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2118:Lázaro Cárdenas
2106:Lázaro Cárdenas
2026:
1998:
1996:After his death
1974:Lázaro Cárdenas
1970:Claudio Lomnitz
1961:
1951:Rodolfo Herrero
1914:
1821:
1735:Emiliano Zapata
1700:
1598:
1465:Judicial reform
1419:
1321:
1264:Emiliano Zapata
1247:
1241:
1220:
1135:Francisco Villa
973:
967:
877:
800:
775:Miguel Cárdenas
749:Cuatro Ciénegas
726:
721:
636:, and included
634:colonial Mexico
607:Cuatro Ciénegas
587:
543:Catholic Church
511:Emiliano Zapata
484:Ten Tragic Days
389:
364:
354:
350:Political party
330:
326:
308:Cuatro Ciénegas
306:
300:
298:
297:
296:
272:
262:
256:
251:
241:
231:
225:
220:
207:
202:
194:
181:
168:
159:
147:
141:
136:
119:
116:
97:
86:
80:
77:
66:
63:may be too long
58:This article's
54:
50:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5123:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
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5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4971:
4968:Vice president
4958:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4836:Álvaro Obregón
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4771:Juan N. Méndez
4768:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4743:Miguel Miramón
4740:
4735:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4710:Martín Carrera
4707:
4702:
4697:
4695:Mariano Arista
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
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4642:
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4423:
4422:
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4418:
4417:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4380:Decena trágica
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4318:Manuel Palafox
4315:
4313:Eufemio Zapata
4310:
4308:Bernardo Reyes
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4273:Aquiles Serdán
4270:
4265:
4263:Pascual Orozco
4260:
4255:
4253:Álvaro Obregón
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
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3990:
3989:External links
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2954:
2941:
2939:, v. 2, 252-53
2928:
2915:
2902:
2898:Alvaro Obregón
2889:
2876:
2863:
2850:
2837:
2824:
2811:
2795:
2782:
2776:Knight, Alan.
2769:
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2418:
2405:
2388:Knight, Alan.
2380:
2367:
2341:
2320:
2310:. 6 April 2021
2299:
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2271:
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2264:
2238:
2207:
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2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2163:
2149:
2133:
2130:
2025:
2022:
1997:
1994:
1990:Enrique Krauze
1913:
1910:
1862:Woodrow Wilson
1820:
1819:Foreign policy
1817:
1716:Piedra del Sol
1699:
1696:
1670:were strongly
1646:Calvo Doctrine
1597:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1581:Robert Lansing
1574:Calvo Doctrine
1529:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1486:
1483:Red Battalions
1468:
1418:
1415:
1395:Red Battalions
1386:Red Battalions
1357:Friedrich Katz
1320:
1317:
1243:Main article:
1240:
1237:
1219:
1216:
1203:Woodrow Wilson
1167:Woodrow Wilson
1159:Tampico Affair
1119:Heriberto Jara
1115:Cananea strike
1111:Pablo González
1099:Álvaro Obregón
1090:Jesús Carranza
1057:Pánfilo Natera
1045:Felipe Ángeles
981:Álvaro Obregón
966:
960:
876:
873:
852:Pascual Orozco
799:
796:
790:connection to
764:Bernardo Reyes
733:Bernardo Reyes
725:
722:
720:
717:
586:
583:
554:Álvaro Obregón
500:Álvaro Obregón
381:
380:
377:
376:
371:
367:
366:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
346:
341:
337:
336:
329:(aged 60)
323:
319:
318:
294:
292:
288:
287:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
269:
268:
267:Jesús de Valle
265:
259:
258:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:
234:
228:
227:
217:
216:
210:
209:
199:
198:
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
162:
156:
155:
152:
149:Vice President
144:
143:
133:
132:
125:
124:
121:
120:
107:
99:
98:
95:
88:
87:
57:
55:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5122:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5010:1920 suicides
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4776:Porfirio Díaz
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4756:Benito Juárez
4754:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4655:Nicolás Bravo
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Plan of Ayala
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Carmen Serdán
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4218:Porfirio Díaz
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:social system
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4089:
4078:
4067:
4066:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3982:
3980:9780985031701
3976:
3972:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3942:0-06-016325-9
3939:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3863:9780262080392
3859:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3780:9780803238633
3776:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3749:
3748:La Revolución
3743:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3720:La Revolución
3715:
3708:
3707:La Revolución
3702:
3695:
3689:
3682:
3676:
3669:
3668:La Revolución
3663:
3656:
3655:La Revolución
3650:
3643:
3642:La Revolución
3637:
3630:
3629:La Revolución
3624:
3617:
3611:
3604:
3598:
3591:
3585:
3578:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3463:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3392:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3304:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3267:
3259:
3257:9781870031592
3253:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3221:, pp. 292-93.
3220:
3214:
3207:
3201:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3149:
3142:
3136:
3129:
3123:
3116:
3110:
3103:
3097:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3074:
3068:
3061:
3055:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3032:
3026:
3019:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2977:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2951:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2893:
2886:
2880:
2873:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2847:
2841:
2834:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2779:
2773:
2766:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2740:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2664:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2562:
2561:Richmond 1983
2557:
2550:
2549:Richmond 1983
2545:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2510:
2504:
2497:
2496:Richmond 1983
2492:
2490:
2482:
2481:Richmond 1983
2477:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2330:
2324:
2309:
2303:
2289:on 2011-07-17
2288:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2219:of President
2218:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2150:
2147:
2146:Mexico portal
2136:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:German Empire
1775:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1759:Manuel Peláez
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:Manuel Peláez
1567:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:Porfirio Díaz
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:Pastor Rouaix
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1074:Ciudad Juárez
1070:
1066:
1063:marched into
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
989:
982:
979:Carranza and
977:
972:
964:
959:
957:
956:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
906:
901:
897:
890:
886:
881:
872:
869:
865:
861:
860:Ciudad Juárez
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
795:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
767:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
738:
737:Porfirio Díaz
734:
730:
716:
713:
711:
707:
703:
702:Porfirio Díaz
699:
698:
693:
684:
680:
678:
674:
673:Benito Juárez
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
599:
591:
582:
580:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
538:
536:
532:
528:
527:United States
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:sham election
465:
461:
460:Porfirio Díaz
458:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:"First Chief"
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
387:
378:
375:
372:
368:
362:
358:
352:
348:
345:
342:
338:
334:
324:
320:
317:
313:
309:
293:
289:
284:
280:
276:
270:
266:
260:
254:
249:
245:
239:
235:
229:
223:
218:
215:
211:
205:
200:
197:
191:
188:
185:
179:
175:
171:
166:
163:
157:
153:
150:
145:
139:
134:
131:
126:
122:
111:
105:
100:
93:
84:
74:
70:
64:
62:
56:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
4961:
4810:
4448:Land Reforms
4443:Cristero War
4293:Ramón Corral
4242:
4086:
4063:
4036:
3969:
3957:
3947:
3933:
3923:
3920:Knight, Alan
3913:
3902:
3889:
3883:The Americas
3882:
3871:
3851:
3834:
3823:
3813:
3807:The Americas
3806:
3795:
3765:
3757:Bibliography
3747:
3742:
3733:
3727:
3719:
3714:
3706:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3680:
3675:
3667:
3662:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3636:
3628:
3623:
3615:
3610:
3602:
3597:
3589:
3584:
3576:
3571:
3563:
3558:
3548:
3542:
3533:
3527:
3517:
3512:
3498:
3480:
3475:
3462:
3448:
3443:
3433:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3380:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3342:
3332:
3316:
3311:
3287:
3280:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3226:
3218:
3213:
3205:
3200:
3192:
3187:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3096:
3088:
3072:
3067:
3059:
3054:
3046:
3030:
3025:
3017:
3012:
3004:
2999:
2991:
2978:, v. 2, 261.
2975:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2872:The Americas
2871:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2840:
2832:
2827:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2790:
2785:
2777:
2772:
2764:
2759:
2751:
2746:
2738:
2733:
2725:
2720:
2712:
2692:
2687:
2677:
2672:
2636:
2631:
2626:, v. 1, 572.
2621:
2616:
2556:
2544:
2536:
2513:. Retrieved
2503:
2465:
2460:
2438:(1): 96–97.
2435:
2431:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2397:. Retrieved
2393:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:
2344:
2333:. Retrieved
2323:
2312:. Retrieved
2302:
2291:. Retrieved
2287:the original
2277:
2241:
2211:
2111:By 1942 the
2110:
2098:
2090:
2085:carrancistas
2084:
2081:
2076:Federal Army
2072:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2038:Mexican peso
2018:
2010:
1978:
1943:
1923:
1901:
1897:
1885:
1882:
1860:. President
1855:
1849:
1830:
1812:
1810:
1806:Cristero War
1794:
1771:
1767:
1755:Soberanistas
1754:
1742:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1681:
1672:anticlerical
1661:
1650:
1639:
1633:
1624:
1612:
1610:
1599:
1563:
1544:Lord Cowdray
1531:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1492:
1470:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1425:
1411:
1404:
1398:the painter
1391:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1313:
1309:Lucio Blanco
1301:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1267:
1257:
1254:Pancho Villa
1233:
1221:
1212:
1208:Luis Cabrera
1199:
1187:
1139:
1127:Luis Cabrera
1095:
1086:
1061:Federal Army
1041:Pancho Villa
1038:
1030:
1021:
1006:Lucio Blanco
990:
986:
962:
953:
939:
910:
894:
883:Location of
864:Ramón Corral
856:Pancho Villa
832:
768:
753:
742:
714:
695:
689:
651:His father,
650:
604:
547:
539:
508:
504:Pancho Villa
443:
410:
385:
384:
327:(1920-05-21)
273:Succeeded by
252:
242:Succeeded by
221:
203:
182:Succeeded by
137:
78:
61:lead section
59:
39:
35:
28:Spanish name
5005:1920 deaths
5000:1859 births
4919:Vicente Fox
4715:Rómulo Díaz
4615:Pedro Vélez
4202:Científicos
4161:Encomiendas
3905:. Chicago:
3837:. (Tucson:
2952:, v. 2, 258
2913:, v. 2, 251
2563:, p. 7
2551:, p. 3
2498:, p. 2
2483:, p. 4
2356:www.loc.gov
1962: [
1851:coup d'état
1774:World War I
1692:legislature
1653:Article 123
1635:latifundios
1617:land reform
1565:La Huasteca
1522:Científicos
1502:Land reform
1284:primer jefe
1195:Mexico City
1151:Manuel Chao
1022:Primer Jefe
963:Primer Jefe
783:Científicos
704:issued the
663:and on the
642:archbishops
621:forces for
615:Middle Ages
579:Mexico City
523:Mexico City
439:World War I
411:Primer Jefe
325:21 May 1920
263:Preceded by
232:Preceded by
160:Preceded by
117: 1915
40:de la Garza
4994:Categories
4542:Soldaderas
4535:Magonistas
4530:Felicistas
4415:formations
4197:Porfiriato
4187:La Reforma
4182:Reform War
4144:Background
4092:1917–1920
4069:1915–1917
3746:Benjamin,
3705:Benjamin,
3666:Benjamin,
3653:Benjamin,
3640:Benjamin,
3592:, 372-373.
3503:, p. 201,
3232:Secret War
3219:Secret War
3206:Secret War
2887:, v.2, 167
2695:. Austin:
2515:2023-11-07
2399:2023-11-10
2361:2023-11-10
2335:2023-08-17
2314:2023-08-17
2293:2023-08-17
2270:References
1979:Historian
1813:carrancear
1739:Félix Díaz
1629:Article 27
1366:debt peons
1352:hacendados
1348:hacendados
1191:Teoloyucan
1034:to promise
969:See also:
946:Félix Díaz
848:Tamaulipas
844:Nuevo León
827:Tamaulipas
823:Nuevo León
657:Reform War
450:Porfiriato
301:1859-12-29
4525:Federales
4166:Haciendas
3841:, 1977).
3814:Historian
3696:, p. 337.
3683:, p. 337.
3601:Lomnitz,
3453:, p. 82,
3319:, p. 361.
3297:cite book
3266:cite book
3234:, p. 291.
3208:, p. 288.
3143:, 317-18.
3033:, 270-71.
3007:, 350-52.
2844:Baldwin,
2699:1952, 76.
2539:, p. 335.
2452:0018-2168
2052:In 1920,
2016:in 1942.
1688:executive
1641:haciendas
1602:Querétaro
1331:, in 1915
1225:Zacatecas
1147:Chihuahua
623:Castilian
421:) of the
360:Spouse(s)
253:In office
222:In office
204:In office
138:In office
128:44th
81:June 2024
71:and help
4505:Factions
4405:Maximato
3750:, 134-35
3722:, 53-54.
3692:Krauze,
3657:, 59, 69
3588:Krauze,
3104:,ĴĴ 387.
3100:Krauze,
3087:Krauze,
3003:Krauze,
2974:Knight,
2948:Knight,
2935:Knight,
2909:Knight,
2900:, 67-69.
2883:Knight,
2741:, 129-30
2535:Krauze,
2256:de facto
2132:See also
2067:corridos
1362:henequen
1065:Monclova
994:Saltillo
885:Coahuila
819:Coahuila
692:Saltillo
644:, and a
630:Coahuila
570:Veracruz
480:Coahuila
476:governor
457:dictator
454:de facto
446:Coahuila
444:Born in
431:Coahuila
427:governor
407:de facto
335:, Mexico
312:Coahuila
36:Carranza
26:In this
4013:of the
4009:in the
3909:, 1981.
2965:267-68.
2217:ousting
2034:obverse
1985:carbine
1848:, in a
1440:in the
772:protégé
677:colonel
665:Liberal
661:Indians
638:priests
632:during
519:Morelos
415:Spanish
32:surname
4978:Regent
4426:Legacy
3977:
3962:online
3952:online
3940:
3894:online
3876:online
3860:
3843:online
3828:online
3818:online
3800:online
3777:
3605:, 390.
3457:, USA.
3254:
3230:Katz,
3217:Katz,
3204:Katz,
3195:, 288.
3182:, 319.
3178:Hart,
3169:, 354.
3156:, 293.
3152:Katz,
3139:Hart,
3130:, 293.
3126:Katz,
3091:, 354.
3075:, 273.
3071:Katz,
3049:, 272.
3045:Katz,
3029:Katz,
3020:, 274.
3016:Katz,
2994:, 268.
2990:Katz,
2961:Katz,
2926:, 267.
2922:Katz,
2896:Hall,
2848:, 135.
2809:, 135.
2793:, 132.
2789:Katz,
2711:Katz,
2682:, 199.
2641:, 199.
2450:
2104:, and
1718:, 1917
1674:: the
1430:France
1407:Celaya
1343:ejidos
1153:, the
1105:, and
1069:Sonora
1051:, and
1016:. The
1004:, and
944:, and
929:; and
846:, and
825:, and
719:Career
646:bishop
619:Muslim
611:Basque
560:, and
370:Parent
333:Puebla
316:Mexico
4498:Other
4480:(PRI)
4332:Plans
4171:Casta
4042:1914
3709:, 52.
3670:, 57.
3644:, 69.
3631:, 68.
3507:, UK.
2835:, 24.
2715:, 130
2236:1913.
2203:Notes
1966:]
1471:Labor
1432:1916.
626:kings
3975:ISBN
3938:ISBN
3858:ISBN
3775:ISBN
3303:link
3272:link
3252:ISBN
2448:ISSN
2040:coin
1933:and
1749:and
1666:and
1638:and
1550:and
1173:and
1129:and
1010:plan
854:and
502:and
429:for
322:Died
291:Born
4015:ZBW
2440:doi
1668:130
1223:of
758:as
747:of
577:in
478:of
34:is
4996::
3932:,
3922:.
3901:.
3773:.
3769:.
3490:^
3423:^
3390:^
3372:^
3324:^
3299:}}
3295:{{
3268:}}
3264:{{
3080:^
3038:^
2983:^
2798:^
2704:^
2660:^
2646:^
2580:^
2568:^
2524:^
2488:^
2473:^
2446:.
2436:46
2434:.
2430:.
2392:.
2354:.
1964:es
1808:.
1726:.
1583:.)
1117:;
1047:,
1043:,
1000:,
937:.
933:,
921:,
821:,
648:.
640:,
581:.
556:,
441:.
417::
314:,
310:,
114:c.
112:,
4980:)
4976:(
4970:)
4966:(
4581:e
4574:t
4567:v
4129:e
4122:t
4115:v
3983:.
3878:.
3866:.
3830:.
3802:.
3783:.
3305:)
3274:)
3260:.
2518:.
2454:.
2442::
2402:.
2364:.
2338:.
2317:.
2296:.
1664:3
1270:(
829:.
413:(
388:(
303:)
299:(
176:)
83:)
79:(
75:.
65:.
42:.
23:.
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