276:
27:
322:, not a consultative one. Carranza rejected the notion of sovereignty, and did not himself attend the convention or send representatives. Zapata had not yet arrived, and the delegates made the decision to not conclude any major business until he and his advisers attended. Zapata arrived with an entourage of men with military titles, "but most of them in fact civilians who had never led troops in any form."
298:
Tensions were already high between
Carranza and Villa, his former ally. Although Zapata had not openly sided with Villa initially, he was hostile to Carranza, with Carranza returning the feeling. According to Charles C. Cumberland, "The southerners had never liked Carranza and his pretensions, and
329:
that ceased to exist with the fall of the Huerta regime. There was some support for this idea in theory, but the revolutionary armies had formed and fought under the command of particular leaders (such as Villa, Obregón, Zapata and
Abraham González) and so in the current circumstances it was
294:
The various factions had to settle, in advance of the convention, the question of whether participants would only be revolutionary military men, or could include civilians as well. Carranza had a large and strong civilian backing, and argued for their inclusion, but lost.
259:, who wished to discuss his government's policies with the other revolutionary leaders, and thus called for the convention to take place. However, faced with the absence of the Zapatistas (who did not recognise Carranza's authority) and the refusal of
302:
From the onset, however, the convention was dominated by the
Villistas, who imposed their points of view on the other delegates. The supporters of Zapata did not arrive until 26 October (a delegation of 26, led by
348:
After the meeting, the newly reconciled Villa and Zapata entered Mexico City on 6 December, at the head of an army of 60,000 men. Carranza and his supporters consequently retreated to
391:
283:
The convention was intended to settle the differences between the "big four" warlords who played the biggest roles in overthrowing Huerta: Pancho Villa,
88:
220:("Great Convention of Commanding Military Chiefs and State Governors") and seen as "the last attempt to create unity among the revolutionaries."
177:
173:
275:
255:
in
February 1913, resigned the office in July 1914 on account of revolutionary pressures, and left the country. He was replaced by
577:
510:
395:
325:
There was a plan to merge revolutionary armies into a single military, which would have structurally taken the place of the
611:
194:
531:
232:
304:
224:
150:
84:
606:
308:
561:"De la junta a la Convención Soberana", in: Así fue la Revolución Mexicana. El triunfo de la Revolución
334:
621:
587:
337:
as
President of the Republic for the limited term of 20 days. It appointed Villa commander of the
616:
169:
136:
552:
Crónicas y debates de las sesiones de la soberana
Convención Revolucionaria (Tomos I, II y III)
342:
319:
499:
The
Rightward Drift of Mexico's Former Revolutionaries: The Case of Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama
146:
338:
279:
Villa (L), Gutiérrez (C), and Zapata (R), following their triumphant entry into Mexico City
108:
161:
8:
586:
A collection of original documents from the
Convention of Aguascalientes can be found at
288:
256:
248:
213:
209:
165:
502:
349:
190:
118:
573:
506:
244:
218:
Gran
Convención de Jefes militares con mando de fuerzas y gobernadores de los Estados
198:
572:. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana.
252:
284:
36:
263:
to attend a meeting in Mexico City, it was agreed to relocate the convention to
264:
98:
600:
299:
Carranza despised the
Zapatistas as ignorant, narrow-minded troublemakers."
326:
260:
202:
32:
315:
228:
235:, hence its name came, where it met from 10 October to 9 November 1914.
591:
314:
When the Convention first met on October 10, 1914, it declared itself
356:, so that the alliance with Villa was largely in principle only.
353:
26:
570:
Historia militar de la revolución en la época de la Convención
208:
The call for the convention was issued on 1 October 1914 by
352:. Subsequently, Zapata returned to his stronghold in
16:
Meeting that took place during the Mexican Revolution
466:
464:
381:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1981, p.267.
205:and forced his resignation and exile in July 1914.
461:
419:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1972, p. 166.
65:October 10 – November 9, 1914
598:
532:"La Convención Revolucionaria de Aguascalientes"
35:seated in the presidential chair, together with
563:. Mexico City: Secretaría de Educación Pública.
549:
417:Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionalist Years
189:was a major meeting that took place during the
567:
529:
588:Documentos de la Convención de Aguascalientes
558:
341:, which then took up arms against Carranza's
25:
274:
599:
496:
392:"1914: The Aguascalientes Convention"
384:
231:, but were later transferred to the
223:Its first sessions were held in the
550:Barrera Fuentes, Florencio (1964).
13:
568:Sánchez Lamego, Miguel A. (1983).
195:factions in the Mexican Revolution
57:Sovereign Revolutionary Convention
48:Soberana Convención Revolucionaria
14:
633:
559:Reyes Heroles, Federico (1985).
333:The convention elected General
490:
477:
448:
435:
422:
409:
371:
1:
530:Alessio Robles, Vito (1950).
359:
270:
238:
128:Unity of revolutionary forces
497:Lucas, Jeffrey Kent (2010).
318:, which meant that it was a
187:Convention of Aguascalientes
20:Convention of Aguascalientes
7:
10:
638:
287:, Venustiano Carranza and
216:, who described it as the
612:History of Aguascalientes
330:impossible to implement.
156:
142:
132:
124:
114:
104:
94:
80:
61:
53:
47:
43:
24:
379:The Secret War in Mexico
309:Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama
415:Charles C. Cumberland,
335:Eulalio Gutiérrez Ortiz
343:Constitutionalist Army
280:
247:, who had usurped the
233:city of Aguascalientes
320:deliberative assembly
278:
172:and beginning of the
339:Conventionalist Army
257:Venustiano Carranza
225:Chamber of Deputies
214:Constitutional Army
210:Venustiano Carranza
168:, formation of the
166:President of Mexico
85:Chamber of Deputies
21:
607:Mexican Revolution
503:Edwin Mellen Press
485:Mexican Revolution
472:Mexican Revolution
456:Mexican Revolution
443:Mexican Revolution
430:Mexican Revolution
281:
197:that had defeated
191:Mexican Revolution
178:Constitutionalists
170:Conventionist Army
119:Mexican Revolution
19:
579:978-968-805-234-1
512:978-0-7734-3665-7
501:. United States:
245:Victoriano Huerta
199:Victoriano Huerta
183:
182:
162:Eulalio Gutiérrez
629:
622:1914 conferences
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564:
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481:
475:
468:
459:
452:
446:
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404:
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394:. Archived from
388:
382:
377:Friedrich Katz,
375:
305:Paulino Martínez
76:
74:
70:
49:
44:Native name
29:
22:
18:
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632:
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505:. p. 296.
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440:
436:
427:
423:
414:
410:
401:
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385:
376:
372:
362:
285:Emiliano Zapata
273:
241:
89:Morelos Theater
72:
68:
66:
39:
37:Emiliano Zapata
17:
12:
11:
5:
635:
625:
624:
619:
617:1914 in Mexico
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289:Álvaro Obregón
272:
269:
265:Aguascalientes
240:
237:
212:, head of the
181:
180:
158:
154:
153:
144:
140:
139:
137:Conventionists
134:
130:
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126:
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106:
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99:Aguascalientes
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59:
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55:
51:
50:
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31:Photograph of
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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493:
486:
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473:
467:
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457:
451:
444:
438:
431:
425:
418:
412:
398:on 2011-10-05
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253:a coup d'état
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560:
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539:. Retrieved
536:Revista Todo
535:
498:
492:
484:
483:Cumberland,
479:
471:
470:Cumberland,
455:
454:Cumberland,
450:
445:, pp. 170-2.
442:
441:Cumberland,
437:
429:
428:Cumberland,
424:
416:
411:
400:. Retrieved
396:the original
386:
378:
373:
347:
332:
327:Federal Army
324:
313:
301:
297:
293:
282:
261:Pancho Villa
242:
222:
217:
207:
203:Federal Army
193:between the
186:
184:
160:Election of
143:Participants
133:Organised by
54:English name
33:Pancho Villa
541:13 November
229:Mexico City
601:Categories
592:Wikisource
402:2011-07-19
360:References
271:Convention
249:presidency
239:Background
151:Zapatistas
109:Convention
73:1914-11-09
69:1914-10-10
487:, p. 172.
474:, p. 171.
432:, p. 168.
316:sovereign
176:with the
174:civil war
147:Villistas
458:, p. 170
365:Specific
350:Veracruz
243:General
95:Location
87:, later
71: –
524:General
354:Morelos
157:Outcome
67: (
576:
509:
125:Motive
115:Cause
81:Venue
574:ISBN
543:2008
507:ISBN
307:and
185:The
105:Type
62:Date
590:on
311:).
251:in
227:in
201:'s
164:as
603::
534:.
463:^
345:.
291:.
267:.
149:,
582:.
554:.
545:.
515:.
405:.
75:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
