897:. After a brief parley (the commander was killed), Díaz was freed. The cadets and soldiers under the leadership of their officers, proceeded to the Santiago Tlatelolco military prison, where they demanded and secured the release of General Reyes. When released, Gen. Reyes mounted a horse and led part of the cadets and a column of soldiers to the National Palace, arriving there at 7:30 AM Reyes appears to have had full confidence that he would be welcomed and that the Palace would be delivered over to him. He rode to its gate "as if on parade". Reyes was fired on, and fell from his horse mortally wounded; the men behind him scattered, and many spectators were killed in the confused shooting that followed. When the firing ceased 400 lay dead and over 1,000 were wounded; among them Gen. Villar, the military commander. A bullet had cut through his collarbone. The Mexican
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President of this unanimous opinion of these diplomats that he should resign. President Madero replied to the
Spanish Minister that he did not recognize the right of diplomatists accredited to a nation to interfere in its domestic affairs; he called attention to the fact, which he feared some of the diplomatists had somehow overlooked, that he was the constitutional President of Mexico, and declared that his resignation would plunge the country into political chaos. He said might be killed, but he would not resign. Madero sent an angry message to U.S. President Taft. Taft had denied Ambassador Wilson plenary powers to act in Mexico, so Wilson's actions were as if he had such powers. Taft replied that President Madero must have misunderstood the message, that there was no imminent armed intervention from the U.S.
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help arrange the details of a new presidency, when the constitutional president, to whom he was accredited, was held prisoner, the
Ambassador replied that it was necessary for the good of Mexico that Madero be eliminated. To the question as to the responsibility for the deaths of Madero and Pino Suárez, Ambassador Wilson said they were private citizens when they died, and that it would be impolite for a foreign power to demand an investigation into a purely domestic matter. He claimed that Madero had killed hundreds illegally, and it was no concern of his as to how the man died. “In fact, the person really responsible for Madero’s death was his wife. She was the one to blame. Madero had to be eliminated. By her telegram to the commander at Veracruz, she made it impossible to allow him to leave the capital.”
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vehicles did not go to the door of the penitentiary, but passed the street leading to it and went on to a vacant space back of the building. Here the automobiles stopped and shots were heard. What had actually occurred will probably never be known exactly. When reporters, who had followed the small convoy on foot, reached the scene they found the bodies of Madero and Pino Suárez lying near the cars, surrounded by soldiers and gendarmes. Major Cárdenas was still present and claimed to an
American correspondent that a group of armed men had fired on the vehicles. The two political leaders had leapt from the cars running towards their presumed rescuers. They had then been killed in the cross-fire. This account was greeted with general disbelief, although Ambassador Wilson professed to accept it.
1248:, for a new government to succeed that of the betrayed and imprisoned Pres. Madero. Díaz pressed his claims for the presidential office, on the grounds that he had fought the battle. But Huerta's claims were stronger, for in truth, if he had not turned, the revolt could not have succeeded. (At this time, also, Huerta had command of more troops than Díaz.) Three times they were on the verge of parting in anger, said Ambassador Wilson, but his labors kept them together and they finally worked out what was represented as a compromise: Huerta would become the "Provisional President," but would call for an election in October and support Díaz for the permanent presidency. A cabinet was agreed on, Ambassador Wilson taking a leading part in this matter. The ambassador approved the appointment of
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damage to property in the capital's downtown. The
February 19 pact between the two rebel generals put an end to the violence in Mexico City, and marks the end of the 10 days. But the political drama continued. While in custody, Madero and his vice president resigned, expecting that they would be allowed to go into exile, but they were subsequently murdered on 22 February 1913. General Huerta became President of Mexico, with the support of the U.S. and German ambassadors and most Mexican state governors.
912:, three miles away from the initial fighting. He received word of the coup at about 8 am. Madero mounted a horse and, with a small escort including the Secretaries of Finance and Treasury, rode into the city. Arriving at the end of the broad Avenida Juárez and finding the narrower streets thronged, he dismounted and went into a photographer's studio opposite the unfinished Teatro Nacional (National Theater), to telephone for later news. There he was joined by a few citizens and army officers, among them
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station, announcing that the president and vice president would soon follow. They did not come. About midnight the
Chilean Minister left the distressed women, hurried to the Palace, and asked to see General Huerta. The General send out word that he was very tired after a hard day's work and was resting; he would see the minister later. The minister waited until 2 am and was still refused admittance to Huerta. He could do nothing but return to the station and advise the party to return to their homes.
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images of the combatants, but also ones of the civilian population. In photographic collections and publications on the
Revolution, the events in the capital are almost always included or the sole focus. Civilian casualties play an important role in complicating the understanding of the Revolution, since most published photographs focus on the combatants, or show civilians at train stations seeing off their loved ones as they went to war. A digital collection at
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1225:, was arrested, after breakfasting with Huerta and other men, who, at the conclusion of the meal, seized him and held him prisoner. The plan of seizing the person of the president was delayed only an hour or so. On Tuesday at 2 PM, Ambassador Wilson had the satisfaction of telegraphing the State Department: "My confidential messenger with Huerta has just communicated to me Madero's arrest."
1335:(mounted police) of the 18th Corps then rode down Balderas Street to attack the Ciudadela but were met by machine gun fire and scattered after losing 67 dead and wounded. It remains unclear whether the destruction of the 18th Corps was the result of a tactical blunder or a measure deliberately engineered by Huerta to weaken the forces loyal to Madero.
1041:, the crack mounted police force commanded by the presidency, to exposed positions near the arsenal where they suffered heavy casualties under machine gun fire from the rebels. Whether the result of misjudgement or a deliberate betrayal, Huerta's action significantly weakened the forces loyal to Madero. As the conflict unfolded, Governor of Coahuila,
1177:, the president's uncle met with them. Biographer of General Huerta, Michael C. Meyer, sees February 15's events as encouraging to Huerta, who "wanted the Madero government to fall but he was concerned that he might not be given a prominent position in either the peace negotiations or the interim government to follow."
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were arranged, and before the close of the day, Huerta sent word to
Ambassador Wilson to that effect. Mr. Wilson's report to the State Department that Sunday night contained the euphemistic words: "Huerta has sent me a special messenger saying that he expected to take steps tonight towards terminating the situation."
742:, effectively ending the Madero's presidency. On 19 February, a dispute between General Díaz and General Huerta about who should head the provisional government was resolved by Ambassador Wilson mediating between the two in an in-person meeting at the U.S. embassy. They formalized an agreement known as the
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never made any demand for an investigation. Instead, the ambassador criticized Madero and his family. He boasted that he had consistently predicted Madero's overthrow. In reply to questions as to whether it had been proper for a foreign diplomat to preside at a conference of two rebel generals and to
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The arrangement was that the resignations were to be placed in the hands of the
Chilean and Cuban ministers for delivery only after the two 'retiring' officials and their families were safely out of the country. It seems, however, to have been necessary for the documents to receive the authentication
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The plot could not, for some reason be carried out that night, but the messenger came again on Monday morning. This time, Ambassador Wilson took
Secretary Knox a little more into his confidence: "Huerta has sent his messenger to say that I may expect some action which will remove Madero from power at
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General Huerta, in charge of the guard of the
National Palace, met with Félix Díaz in a private home in the Roma section of Mexico City. It was this meeting where Huerta declared his support for the coup. At this point, Huerta had not made his change of loyalty public. He then directed the 18th Corps
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and with a contingent of cadets from the nearby military academy, left for the National Palace and encountered General Huerta. General Villar was wounded in the initial fighting and Madero offered the command of the palace guard to Huerta. However, Madero was not entirely confident of Huerta and left
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Military School located at Tlalpan to join him. The cadets appear to have acted under the direct orders of their instructors and senior commanders who were largely drawn from the conservative upper-class families of Mexican society, who supported a counter-revolution. They were joined by infantry and
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Ambassador Wilson now took the view that President Madero, by not surrendering instantly to the mutineers, was responsible for the bloodshed. This view was congenial to the Spanish Minister, and to it were won the British and German ministers. Ambassador Wilson said that he called into consultation,
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The Ten Tragic Days is the formal designation of a specific set of events in the historiography of Mexico, indicating its importance in the Mexican Revolution and the shaping of historical memory. Madero's assassination during the 10-day coup immediately turned him into a martyr. "Madero the martyr
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Newspaper reporters waiting outside the Palace had observed that Madero and Pino Suárez were put into two automobiles, one in each, at about 11:45 pm, and were driven in the direction of the penitentiary, escorted by a dozen soldiers, under the command of Maj. Francisco Cárdenas of the Rurales. The
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fates would be. Leaving them alive posed a great threat to the usurpers. Huerta asked the U.S. Ambassador what should be done, send them into exile or place them in an insane asylum. The ambassador gave Huerta free hand in the matter. "General, do what you think is best for the welfare of Mexico."
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General Huerta informed Ambassador Wilson and President Taft, "I have the honor to inform you that I have overthrown this Government. The armed forces support me, and from now on peace and prosperity will reign." With that, the violence in downtown Mexico City was replaced by civilians flooding the
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The opinion of my assembled colleagues was unanimous and clear that we should at once, even without instructions, take this action to terminiate the intolerable situation" and turn over the executive power to Congress. The Spanish minister was designated to visit the National Palace and inform the
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On February 15, Ambassador Wilson requested the British, German and Spanish ministers to come to the embassy. He did not invite the other members of the diplomatic corps. He reported to Secretary Knox: "We considered the question of making direct representation to Madero relating to his resignation
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and be conveyed to a foreign shore. By 9 pm the families hurriedly prepared for departure, were gathered, waiting, on the platform. The Chilean and Cuban Ministers, who had spent the day with Madero, had announced their intention of accompanying the party down to the port, and they appeared at the
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Those who directed the coup saw the necessity for Madero and Pino Suárez to resign, so that there was some veneer of legality about the forced change of regime. Pino Suárez was promised safe passage from Mexico if he did resign. Both he and Madero did sign, but after that it was unclear what their
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Huerta offered his services to Madero, and, since General Villar and Secretary of War Peña were injured, his services were accepted. Huerta was appointed Commander of the Army of the Capital. The commission was made formal on the following day. (Note that Huerta was appointed the commander of the
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For ordinary citizens of Mexico City, the ten days of bombardment and displacement were horrific. While most fighting occurred between opposing military factions, assaulting or defending Madero's presidency, artillery and rifle fire inflicted substantial losses among uninvolved civilians and major
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The wife and mother of Madero, and the relatives of Pino Suárez, relieved to learn that the men were still alive but fearing the worst, now appealed to the American ambassador to grant the two political leaders asylum in his embassy. However Huerta announced that they would be transferred to more
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recognise only the authority of the constitutional President of México." It was believed by Maderistas, however, that it was the decision of the Chilean and Cuban ministers to accompany the party that cancelled the departure of the train, the plan having been to blow it up on the way to Veracruz.
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Huerta had been in communication with Ambassador Wilson, by means of confidential messenger, and an understanding had been reached. During the Sunday armistice (ostensibly arranged for the burying of the dead bodies and the removal of non-combatants from the danger zone), the details of treachery
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Because the events unfolded in the capital where there were many photographers and photo journalists, there is a large number of photos of the period. These should be considered a particular kind of documentary source, not merely illustrative of events described in written texts. These include
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Later that same day, Ambassador Wilson went to the Palace, accompanied by the German Minister. Their objective, he says, was "to confer with Gen. Huerta." But, he goes on, "upon arrival, much to our regret, we were taken to see the President." Huerta was called in, however, and an armistice was
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Among Mexican politicians, the situation undermined confidence in Madero's regime. On February 15, thirty senators, many of whom were followers of Félix Díaz, met and the vast majority voted to demand Madero's resignation. Madero had just received the message from the Spanish ambassador and now
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The mutual bombardment continued into the next day. Ambassador Wilson conferred with the Spanish and German ministers and, as his report to the State Department that day states, "protested against the continuance of hostilities." The President, continues Ambassador Wilson's report, "was visibly
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In the morning, claims were made that the delay had arisen because the military commander of the port of Veracruz had received telegrams from Mrs. Madero, which had led him to respond unsatisfactorily to Gen. Huerta's instructions. The commander is reported to have said, "By whose authority? I
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out of office. Madero's supporters became disillusioned when he refused to implement their plans, such as the breakup of the large estates. Madero, at the end of his first year in the presidency, faced serious difficulties. The country was to a considerable extent unsettled, the treasury was
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On February 11, at about 10 a.m., Huerta began the bombardment of the arsenal, which met with a vigorous rebel response, and the downtown between the National Palace and the arsenal was heavily damaged. Civilians were trapped in the eight-hours of crossfire. During the day, other government
935:, the Commandant of the Palace Guard, walking in civilian clothes to his office in the early morning, observed a detachment of the cadets, dragging a machine gun with them, and thus was able to give the alarm and have his men in readiness. Madero left the presidential residence at
916:, then on inactive duty due to an eye condition. Huerta had been considered in disfavor and was known to be resentful at not having been made Madero's Minister of War. Madero on his part had reservations about Huerta, an efficient but brutal officer with serious drinking problems.
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Right after Madero's murder, his widow sought the return of his corpse. On 24 February, Madero was buried in a private grave in the French cemetery in Mexico City and members of the Madero family went into exile. Madero's body remained in that cemetery until it was moved to the
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By this time, General Félix Díaz had heard about Reyes's death and contacted U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson. General Felix Díaz had been more successful than General Reyes. As a result of the resistance at the Presidential Palace, Diaz had retreated to the city arsenal, the
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stated that a formal inquiry would be made into the death of Madero. This was not however undertaken. Maj. Cárdenas was put under arrest, but was soon released, and promoted to lieutenant colonel. He was then placed in command of rurales in Michoacán. Later Cárdenas fled to
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After the coup came a third phase of the Mexican Revolution: civil war between Huerta's central government and the many revolutionary armies in northern and southern Mexico, who fought to take Huerta out of power and against one another. The newly inaugurated U.S. President
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Madero conferred with the Army staff and brought forward his idea that General Ángeles should command the Capital Army, but the staff objected, stating that technically, the recently promoted Ángeles was not yet a general, as Congress had not yet confirmed his appointment.
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The street violence ended, dealing with corpses in the streets of Mexico City was a task, to prevent spread of disease and return to normality in the capital. There were so many that they were incinerated rather than given individual burials preceded by funerals.
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This is an album of the Mexican Revolution by Manuel Ramos (1874–1945), which contains forty-three photographic prints illustrating damage in Mexico City during the February 1913 uprising against President Francisco I. Madero (1873–1913) also called La Decena
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colleagues because they represented the largest interest here, and "the others really did not matter." At another time, Mr. Wilson explained that it would have been difficult to contact them all, so he consulted with those representing the largest interests.
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On the night of Monday the 17th, the ambassador told at least one newspaperman that Madero would be arrested at noon on Tuesday. Reporters were at the National Palace at the hour indicated, but they were disappointed. Nothing occurred at the Palace at noon.
975:. He returned that night with General Ángeles and a train-load of arms, ammunition and some men, and with the understanding that General Ángeles would be placed in command of the capital army. By Monday morning, Madero had a force of one thousand men.
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Madero and Pino Suárez were told that they would be transferred to another prison. Taken by car, they were assassinated near by the walls of Lecumberri prison, from which Félix Díaz had only recently been freed. The two assassins were Federal officers,
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Gen. Huerta assumed the presidency on Thursday, the 20th of February, carefully observing formalities which are held to establish the legality of his rule. The president and vice president having resigned, Madero's Minister of Foreign Relations,
1160:, Madero's minister of foreign relations, that Madero ought to resign; as reported to Sec. Knox. Ambassador Wilson's language became: "Public opinion, both Mexican and foreign, holds the Federal Government responsible for these conditions."
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The two generals began plotting together to overthrow Madero and sought to bring in General Huerta, but they did not offer him enough incentives to join. Once the rebel uprising began, Huerta secretly joined the plot. U.S. Ambassador
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of the National Palace and made a speech to the crowd, with Huerta standing by his side. Madero then went down, remounted his horse, and rode off, bowing to the cheering crowds, alone, far ahead of his escort, to the National Palace.
1458:, governor of Coahuila refused and rose in rebellion against Huerta, bringing together a northern coalition to overthrow the regime brought to power by usurpation. The coup in Mexico City touched off uprisings that coalesced into the
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told President Madero that they protested against his continuing hostilities, Ambassador Wilson, accompanied by the British minister, went to the arsenal, called on Felix Díaz, and as Ambassador Wilson reports to Secretary of State
782:. Madero, a member of one of Mexico's richest families, had never held elected office before, but had broad support of many sectors of Mexico. He was committed to constitutional democracy, rule of law, and separation of powers.
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at the arsenal, apprising him that President Madero had been arrested and that Huerta desired to confer with the rebel chieftain. It was agreed to hold the conference at the U.S. Embassy at the invitation of the ambassador,
1112:, took the view that the constitutional government was justified in maintaining its authority, and that it was no business of foreign diplomats to interfere against the constitutional government in a domestic conflict.
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when the Huerta government was overthrown. In 1920 the post-revolutionary Mexican government requested the extradition of Cárdenas for the murder of Madero. Cárdenas committed suicide before this could be undertaken.
948:, a few blocks from the Presidential Palace. He took control of the armory without much opposition, and found himself in possession of a defensible fort, with the government's reserve of arms and ammunition. From the
885:, who had accumulated finances under the Porfirio Díaz regime as an artillery expert, and was under suspicion of theft and corruption. Gathering the support of his officers and staff, he persuaded the cadets of the
738:, ostensibly the defender of the Madero government, defected to the rebels, who sought the return of the old political order. On 18 February the sitting president and vice president were captured by rebel General
1363:, it "is hotly debated ...whether they acted on their own or on orders from Huerta," and if Ambassador Wilson was involved or knew. But there is strong evidence that Huerta gave the order and that Wilson knew.
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On February 13, the battle continued, and the relative positions of the combatants remained unchanged. But distressing conditions increased in parts of the city within range of the fire. Ambassador Wilson told
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On Monday, February 10, neither side made any significant moves; Madero had complete confidence that this revolt would be defeated, as had been the previous army revolts. Madero telegraphed General
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Bombardment of the downtown continued, with civilians feeling the impact of the fighting. Bodies of civilians and soldiers were left in the streets, along with those of horses. Food was scarce.
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as Governor of the Federal District, and stipulated for the release of Madero's ministers. Ambassador Wilson made no stipulation concerning the president and the vice president.
1244:, the commander of Madero's forces, and the American ambassador spent the next three hours in conference in the smoking room of the U.S. embassy, agreeing to plan, known as the
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On February 9, 1913, the cadets entered the city in trolley cars. In the early morning, they gathered before the civilian penitentiary, where they demanded the release of Gen.
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Rumors of a pending overthrow of Madero were passed around openly in the capital, with only moderate enthusiasm. One vocal proponent of the removal of Madero was General
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Within a few months, Madero began to lose support and came under criticism. Though Madero came from a wealthy background, the conservatives never forgave him for driving
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A train stood ready at a Mexico City railway station to take Madero and Pino Suárez with their families down to Veracruz, where they were to go aboard the Cuban gunboat
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agreed on. Returning to the embassy, the ambassador sent the U.S. military attaché to the arsenal to obtain, as he did, Diaz's consent to an armistice, over Sunday.
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any moment, and that plans were fully matured…..I asked no questions and made no comment beyond requesting that no lives be taken—except by due process of law."
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In the ten days of violence, the aim was to "create the illusion of chaos necessary to induce Madero to step down" from the presidency. Rebels led by General
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Montes Ayala, Francisco Gabriel (1993). Raúl Oseguera Pérez, ed. "Francisco Cárdenas. Un hombre que cambió la historia". Sahuayo, Michoacán: Impresos ABC.
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of the head of the cabinet, the Minister of Foreign Relations, and, while they were passing through his hands, such pressure was brought to bear upon
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of 43 photos found in a privately owned album donated to the library are a rich visual source. A commemorative publication by Mexican historian
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There was no movement of the mutineers from the arsenal, and no evidence of disaffection in the city at large. The U.S. ambassador,
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arrived with his regiment, having taken a week to come forty miles. It was soon apparent that he was not going into the fight.
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Mosqueda, Socorro Olguín. La decena trágica vista por dos embajadores. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, 1965.
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Campos Chavéz, Carolina. "Temporada de zopilotes: Una historia narrativa de la Decena Trágica." Tzintzun 52 (2010): 202–211.
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Miquel, Ángel. "Documentales de la Decena Trágica." Boletín del Instituto de Investigaciones Bibliográficas 16.1-2 (2012).
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The National Palace, a target of the rebel artillery fire. There were dead bodies in the zócalo and the capital's streets.
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Francisco I Madero arriving on the first day of the Decena Tragica 9 February 1913. Photographer Gerónimo Hernández.
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was directed against the Ciudadela barracks where Félix Díaz had established his base of operations. Three hundred
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to the National Palace, a distance of roughly fifty miles. General Blanquet acknowledged that he was on the way.
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Hidalgo, Dennis R. "The Evolution of History and the Informal Empire: La Decena Trágica in the British Press."
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in the Mexican Revolution. The Ten Tragic Days was the last successful coup to overthrow a Mexican president.
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offered his services to Madero to mediate between the president and the rebels, but Madero rebuffed the offer.
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streets, no longer worried for their safety. The building of the leading Maderista newspaper was set ablaze.
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had been ousted and replaced in elections by Francisco I. Madero. The coup was carried out by general
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On receipt of the messenger's report, that Tuesday afternoon, Ambassador Wilson sent a message to
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refused to meet directly with the representatives of the senators. Madero's Minister of Finance,
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rebels began bombarding downtown Mexico City with their cannons, aiming for the National Palace.
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that he delivered the resignations directly and immediately into the hands of Madero's enemies.
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Civilian and military Felicistas (Felix Diaz supporters) in the Citadel district of Mexico City.
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Army of the Capital, not the supreme commander of the Armies of Mexico, as is often reported.)
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comfortable quarters — from the Presidential Palace to the main penitentiary of Mexico City.
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depleted, and Madero's staff and supporters were only slightly less audacious than the hated
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2227:
2021:
Siller, Pedro. "La decena trágica; muertos sin sepultura." Cuadernos Fronterizos 25 (2013).
1143:
Parish of Campo Florido in the Doctores district of Mexico City during the Ten Tragic Days.
766:
Following uprisings in Mexico in the wake of the fraudulent presidential election of 1910,
436:
351:
8:
2298:
2197:
2187:
2167:
1654:
Confidential report to Pres. Woodrow Wilson by William Bayard Hale published in the book
1455:
1328:
1245:
1151:
Old 6th police station during the Tragic Ten Days, in the historic center of Mexico City.
1134:
1061:
1042:
857:
775:
743:
715:
684:
401:
356:
93:
90:
3127:
882:
243:
2623:
2081:
1198:
1189:
1115:
Following the call on Madero during which Ambassador Wilson, with the British minister
1020:
992:
936:
909:
739:
680:
654:
616:
361:
332:
247:
39:
1314:
1285:
1157:
3394:
2948:
2532:
2303:
2293:
2177:
2095:
1684:
1600:
1576:
1413:
1396:
1318:
1256:
1241:
1234:
1222:
1053:
913:
853:
821:
817:
735:
719:
692:
566:
506:
416:
292:
275:
263:
215:
206:
106:
2533:
2217:
1558:
Fondo Cassasola, Inv. 37276. SINAFO-Fototeca Nacional del INAH. Reproduced in Mraz,
968:
809:
222:
52:
Rebel followers of Félix Díaz in the Mexico City YMCA during the coup against Madero
3542:
3132:
2921:
2267:
1764:
Fondo Casasola, Inv. 37311. SINAFO-Fototeca Nacional del INAH. Reproduced in Mraz,
898:
672:
576:
571:
431:
255:
235:
2212:
2162:
1317:, was recognized as president for the few 45 minutes necessary for him to appoint
786:
767:
727:
707:
688:
2397:
2329:
2192:
1933:
Banwell, Julia. "Death and Disruption in the Photography of the Decena Trágica."
1891:
Banwell, Julia. "Death and Disruption in the Photography of the Decena Trágica."
1120:
1116:
972:
959:
The Belem Prison, Mexico City following the fighting in Mexico City February 1913
798:
2237:
955:
3267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2207:
1991:
1976:
The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution
1971:
1629:
1547:
The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution
1542:
1439:
1360:
1174:
1125:
1073:
996:
829:
813:
755:
711:
461:
231:
860:'s administration took an active role in undermining Madero's administration.
683:
is the name given to the multi-day coup d'état in Mexico City by opponents of
3625:
2288:
1255:
That night, within an hour of the adjournment of the meeting at the embassy,
1097:
1068:
embarrassed and endeavored to fix the responsibility on General Félix Díaz."
1026:
868:
696:
556:
371:
270:
251:
185:
172:
2146:
967:, capital of the neighboring state of Morelos, where he conferred with Gen.
833:
770:
resigned and went into exile in May 1911. A brief interim government under
3562:
2469:
2387:
2182:
1343:
932:
731:
723:
641:
198:
1221:
At the Gambrinus restaurant, however, that noon, the president's brother,
844:, in November 1912, were crushed, and the two generals were imprisoned in
2915:
845:
148:
73:
1959:
Cada quien morirá por su lado: una historia militar de la decena trágica
722:, who was implacably opposed to Madero. Madero had retained the Mexican
3282:
2486:
2474:
2131:
2126:
2105:
2014:
Ortega, Juan A. "La Decena Trágica: una versión periodística alemana."
1829:
Ronald Aitken, pages 142–143, "Revolution! Mexico 1910–20", 586 03669 5
1338:
964:
561:
156:
134:
1597:
In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914
1573:
In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914
1267:
1135:
13–15 February: Wilson's actions, Madero's response, Senators' actions
47:
3604:
3475:
2874:
2537:
2050:
2009:
Photographing the Mexican Revolution: Commitments, Testimonies, Icons
1918:
La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History
1871:
Photographing the Mexican Revolution: Commitments, Testimonies, Icons
1425:
1405:
300:
2988:
2628:
2479:
2349:
2110:
1679:
1677:
1046:
841:
797:
During the first year of Madero's term, four revolts occurred. The
152:
1851:
Ronald Aitken, page 144, "Revolution! Mexico 1910–20", 586 03669 5
1147:
1139:
3340:
3308:
3244:
1332:
1193:
Civilians fleeing the danger zone, Mexico City February 16, 1913.
1089:
1081:
1037:
931:
The assault on the Palace failed because Madero loyalist General
924:
806:
802:
1674:
1128:
that day, 'urged that firing be confined to a particular zone."
1019:
reinforcements arrived, along with a supply of ammunition, from
718:. The coup was strongly supported by U.S. Ambassador to Mexico,
3303:
1101:
779:
761:
1952:
Los hados de febrero: visiones artísticas de la Decena Trágica
890:
cavalry units of the regular army, from the Tlalpan garrison.
2791:
2768:
2115:
1105:
1093:
1077:
1064:, asking for powers to force the combatants to negotiations.
1882:
Guevara Escobar, Arturo. "La Decena Trágica, los fotógrafos"
1533:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 388
714:
escaped from jail and rallied forces to overthrow President
3493:
3297:
1454:
Huerta was recognized by most Mexican state governors, but
1451:
meant more to the soul of Mexico than Madero the apostle .
1109:
295:
switched from pro-Madero to anti-Madero during the fighting
1591:
1589:
1271:
Rurales near the National Palace during the Decena_Trágica
1212:
1307:
940:
for Cuernavaca, to consult with General Felipe Angeles.
695:
and supporters of the old regime, with support from the
1586:
1549:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1981, pp. 98-99.
2026:
Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México
2016:
Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México
1947:. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 2018.
1013:
1988:. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986.
726:
after rebels had forced the resignation of President
1339:
22 February: assassination of Madero and Pino Suárez
1945:La imagen cruenta: Centenario de la Decena Trágica
1620:, Columbia University Press, New York 1955, p. 284
908:Pres. Madero was in the presidential residence at
1873:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2012, p. 123.
1262:
805:, which began in November 1911, was contained by
3623:
2540:, and attempted coups in the Americas since 1900
1937:, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Winter 2014), pp. 104–121
1920:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000, p. 50.
1729:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1972, 53
1350:, where Madero and Pino Suárez were assassinated
820:, begun in March 1912, and was handled by Gen.
1442:focuses on the Ten Tragic Days in particular.
876:
27:1913 coup d'état during the Mexican Revolution
2518:
2066:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
987:Rebels dressed in civilian clothing in action
316:
1978:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1981.
1359:and Rafael Pimienta. According to historian
762:Ouster of Díaz and Madero presidency 1911-13
1895:, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Winter 2014), pp. 104–121
1379:Incineration of victims' bodies in Balbuena
1072:on this and subsequent occasions, only his
774:allowed for elections in October 1911, and
2525:
2511:
2073:
2059:
1639:
1599:, Henselstone Verlag LLC, Virginia, 2012,
1575:, Henselstone Verlag LLC, Virginia, 2012,
828:remained at large. The revolts of General
323:
309:
46:
2434:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
2024:Valero Silva, José. "La decena trágica."
2011:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2012,
1237:. At 9 PM Huerta arrived at the embassy.
1184:
216:
176:
1424:
1374:
1342:
1266:
1188:
1146:
1138:
1025:
982:
954:
867:
658:
1943:del Castillo Troncoso, Alberto, et al.
1481:
1479:
14:
3624:
2080:
1420:
1213:17–18 February: Huerta/Diaz conspiracy
330:
3667:February 1913 events in North America
2506:
2429:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
2054:
1308:20 February: Huerta becomes president
1166:possible international complications.
971:, then engaged against the forces of
304:
3662:1910s coups d'état and coup attempts
3642:War crimes in the Mexican Revolution
1766:Photographing the Mexican Revolution
1616:Ross, Stanley. Francisco I. Madero,
1511:Grieb, Kenneth J. "Decena Trágica".
1476:
1429:Civilian victim, dead on the street.
1370:
1100:representatives, including those of
2340:Querétaro Constitutional Convention
1968:v. 32, no. 2 2007. pp. 317–354
1014:11–12 February: bombardment of city
24:
3677:20th-century mass murder in Mexico
1966:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos
1935:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos
1927:
1893:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos
1496:Zolov, Eric. "Henry Lane Wilson".
1327:On the evening of February 20, an
856:, the representative of President
25:
3698:
3632:Battles of the Mexican Revolution
2423:Institutional Revolutionary Party
2032:
1777:Telegram to Taft quoted in Ross,
2492:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution
1954:. El Colegio de Mexico AC, 2015.
269:
178:
165:
140:
126:
2046:Fotografos de la Decena Trágica
1910:
1898:
1885:
1876:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1832:
1823:
1810:
1797:
1784:
1771:
1758:
1745:
1732:
1719:
1706:
1693:
1661:
1623:
923:The President stepped out on a
863:
836:, in December 1912 and General
1658:, edited by Gene Hanrahan 1982
1610:
1565:
1552:
1536:
1520:
1505:
1490:
1263:18–19 February: Madero resigns
1164:to save further bloodshed and
978:
812:, but was not suppressed. The
13:
1:
2137:French Intervention in Mexico
1727:Huerta: A Political Biography
1469:
1436:Southern Methodist University
1401:Minister of Foreign Relations
963:That evening, Madero went to
887:Escuela Militar de Aspirantes
3652:Political scandals in Mexico
2455:Liberation Army of the South
2383:Mexican Constitution of 1917
2335:Convention of Aguascalientes
1916:quoted in Benjamin, Thomas.
1725:quoted in Michael C. Meyer,
1560:Photographing the Revolution
1240:Díaz, leader of the mutiny,
905:, was shot through the arm.
794:of the Porfirio Díaz's era.
7:
1636:. Mexico City: Clio, p. 119
995:to move his 1,200 men from
877:9 February, the coup begins
10:
3703:
3461:Trinidad and Tobago (1990)
2418:Monument to the Revolution
2243:Francisco León de la Barra
2101:Economic History of Mexico
1998:. Mexico City: Clio 1993.
1386:Monument to the Revolution
1008:Francisco León de la Barra
772:Francisco León de la Barra
730:. The head of the Mexican
652:
3597:
3576:
3525:
3453:
3377:
3227:
3184:Dominican Republic (1963)
3141:
3025:
2883:
2731:
2690:
2606:
2545:
2442:
2370:
2355:United States involvement
2312:
2276:
2155:
2088:
2039:Album, Mexican Revolution
1950:Franco, Rafael Olea, ed.
1595:Heribert von Feilitzsch,
1571:Heribert von Feilitzsch,
1486:Album, Mexican Revolution
1445:
1045:offered Madero refuge in
1006:Former interim president
778:was elected President of
706:, nephew of ex-president
342:
291:
286:
281:
192:
119:
56:
45:
37:
32:
3687:Mass shootings in Mexico
3657:Military coups in Mexico
2183:Francisco "Pancho" Villa
1818:The Secret War in Mexico
1805:The Secret War in Mexico
1322:Minister of the Interior
1197:On Sunday, February 16,
1119:and the German minister
1096:legations, with all the
2345:Pancho Villa Expedition
2320:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez
2284:Plan of San Luis Potosí
2378:Emigration from Mexico
2313:Political developments
2173:José María Pino Suárez
1986:The Mexican Revolution
1961:. Ediciones Era, 2014.
1656:Blood Below the Border
1531:The Mexican Revolution
1514:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1499:Encyclopedia of Mexico
1460:Constitutionalist Army
1430:
1380:
1351:
1272:
1194:
1185:16 February: armistice
1152:
1144:
1031:
988:
960:
873:
676:
664:
203:Ángel Ortiz Monasterio
193:Commanders and leaders
102:José María Pino Suárez
2403:1968 student protests
2223:Plutarco Elías Calles
1768:, p. 135, image 6-10.
1428:
1378:
1346:
1270:
1192:
1150:
1142:
1029:
986:
958:
871:
824:, but Orozco and his
662:
282:Casualties and losses
109:seizes the presidency
2203:Ricardo Flores Magón
2122:Constitution of 1857
2028:3.03 (1970): 89–116.
1618:Apostle of Democracy
1562:, p. 124, image 6-1.
3682:1913 mass shootings
3672:Mass murder in 1913
3017:Paraguay (Sep 1949)
2299:Plan of Agua Prieta
2233:José Yves Limantour
2188:Venustiano Carranza
2168:Francisco I. Madero
1792:Francisco I. Madero
1779:Francisco I. Madero
1456:Venustiano Carranza
1421:Photographic record
1246:Pact of the Embassy
1062:William Howard Taft
1043:Venustiano Carranza
858:William Howard Taft
776:Francisco I. Madero
744:Pact of the Embassy
716:Francisco I. Madero
685:Francisco I. Madero
94:Francisco I. Madero
3364:El Salvador (1979)
3273:El Salvador (1972)
3154:El Salvador (1961)
3149:El Salvador (1960)
2979:El Salvador (1948)
2764:El Salvador (1931)
2465:División del Norte
2460:Constitutionalists
2248:Félix Díaz Velasco
2082:Mexican Revolution
1431:
1381:
1357:Francisco Cárdenas
1352:
1273:
1195:
1153:
1145:
1032:
993:Aureliano Blanquet
989:
961:
937:Chapultepec Castle
910:Chapultepec Castle
874:
740:Aureliano Blanquet
681:Mexican Revolution
665:
655:Mexican Revolution
334:Mexican Revolution
248:Aureliano Blanquet
64:9–19 February 1913
40:Mexican Revolution
3637:Conflicts in 1913
3619:
3618:
3430:Panama (Mar 1988)
2677:Costa Rica (1917)
2500:
2499:
2413:Historical Museum
2304:Plan of San Diego
2294:Plan of Guadalupe
2178:Victoriano Huerta
2096:History of Mexico
1414:Henry Lane Wilson
1371:Subsequent events
1348:Lecumberri prison
1329:artillery barrage
1319:Victoriano Huerta
1257:Gustavo A. Madero
1242:Victoriano Huerta
1235:Henry Lane Wilson
1223:Gustavo A. Madero
1054:Henry Lane Wilson
914:Victoriano Huerta
903:Ángel García Peña
854:Henry Lane Wilson
822:Victoriano Huerta
736:Victoriano Huerta
720:Henry Lane Wilson
693:Victoriano Huerta
677:La Decena Trágica
650:
649:
632:3rd Ciudad Juarez
492:2nd Ciudad Juarez
422:1st Ciudad Juarez
299:
298:
293:Victoriano Huerta
276:Henry Lane Wilson
266:(16-19 February)
264:Victoriano Huerta
212:Ángel García Peña
207:Victoriano Huerta
115:
114:
107:Victoriano Huerta
89:Assassination of
16:(Redirected from
3694:
3553:Venezuela (2002)
3512:Guatemala (1993)
3425:Haiti (Sep 1988)
3420:Haiti (Jun 1988)
3405:Guatemala (1983)
3400:Guatemala (1982)
3326:Argentina (1976)
3288:Chile (Sep 1973)
3283:Chile (Jun 1973)
3204:Argentina (1966)
3174:Guatemala (1963)
3164:Argentina (1962)
3113:Venezuela (1958)
3103:Guatemala (1957)
3078:Argentina (1955)
3073:Guatemala (1954)
3038:Argentina (1951)
2974:Venezuela (1948)
2964:Nicaragua (1947)
2944:Venezuela (1945)
2906:Argentina (1943)
2835:Nicaragua (1936)
2749:Argentina (1930)
2667:Haiti (Nov 1914)
2657:Haiti (Jan 1914)
2588:Venezuela (1908)
2527:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2268:Genovevo de la O
2156:Important people
2075:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2051:
1921:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1681:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1652:
1637:
1627:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1593:
1584:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1540:
1534:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1199:General Blanquet
899:Secretary of War
883:Manuel Mondragón
347:Mazatlán Railway
337:
335:
325:
318:
311:
302:
301:
274:
273:
260:
244:Manuel Mondragón
240:
218:
209:(9-16 February)
188:
184:
182:
181:
171:
169:
168:
145:
144:
143:
131:
130:
129:
58:
57:
50:
30:
29:
21:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3601:successful coup
3593:
3572:
3568:Honduras (2009)
3538:Paraguay (2000)
3521:
3517:Paraguay (1996)
3466:Suriname (1990)
3449:
3445:Paraguay (1989)
3395:Dominica (1981)
3385:Suriname (1980)
3373:
3336:Honduras (1978)
3316:Honduras (1975)
3263:Honduras (1972)
3223:
3189:Honduras (1963)
3137:
3098:Colombia (1957)
3093:Honduras (1956)
3068:Paraguay (1954)
3063:Colombia (1953)
3021:
3007:Colombia (1949)
2984:Paraguay (1948)
2891:Paraguay (1940)
2879:
2860:Paraguay (1937)
2830:Paraguay (1936)
2727:
2686:
2614:Paraguay (1911)
2602:
2583:Paraguay (1908)
2578:Paraguay (1905)
2568:Paraguay (1904)
2558:Paraguay (1902)
2553:Colombia (1900)
2541:
2531:
2501:
2496:
2438:
2408:Popular culture
2398:Mexican miracle
2366:
2330:Morelos Commune
2308:
2272:
2228:Lázaro Cárdenas
2193:Emiliano Zapata
2151:
2084:
2079:
2035:
1992:Krauze, Enrique
1972:Katz, Friedrich
1957:Gilly, Adolfo.
1930:
1928:Further reading
1925:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1640:
1630:Krauze, Enrique
1628:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1594:
1587:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1543:Katz, Friedrich
1541:
1537:
1525:
1521:
1510:
1506:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1462:, the ultimate
1448:
1423:
1373:
1341:
1315:Pedro Lascuráin
1310:
1286:Pedro Lascuráin
1265:
1215:
1187:
1158:Pedro Lascuráin
1137:
1121:Paul von Hintze
1117:Francis Stronge
1016:
981:
879:
866:
764:
669:Ten Tragic Days
657:
651:
646:
587:2nd Agua Prieta
542:4th Topolobampo
532:3rd Topolobampo
522:2nd Topolobampo
517:1st Topolobampo
452:Ten Tragic Days
407:1st Agua Prieta
338:
333:
331:
329:
268:
267:
262:
256:
250:
246:
242:
236:
230:
221:
210:
205:
201:
179:
177:
175:
166:
164:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
141:
139:
133:
127:
125:
76:
51:
33:Ten Tragic Days
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3700:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3647:1913 in Mexico
3644:
3639:
3634:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3611:attempted coup
3607:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3589:Bolivia (2024)
3586:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3533:Ecuador (2000)
3529:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3491:
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3442:
3437:
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3427:
3422:
3417:
3415:Bolivia (1984)
3412:
3410:Grenada (1983)
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:Bolivia (1980)
3387:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3369:Bolivia (1979)
3366:
3361:
3359:Grenada (1979)
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3338:
3333:
3331:Ecuador (1976)
3328:
3323:
3321:Ecuador (1975)
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3295:
3293:Bolivia (1974)
3290:
3285:
3280:
3278:Uruguay (1973)
3275:
3270:
3268:Ecuador (1972)
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3242:
3240:Bolivia (1970)
3237:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3219:Bolivia (1969)
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3194:Bolivia (1964)
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:Ecuador (1963)
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3159:Ecuador (1961)
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3136:
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3130:
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3123:Bolivia (1959)
3120:
3118:Bolivia (1958)
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
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3060:
3058:Bolivia (1952)
3055:
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3048:Bolivia (1951)
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3012:Bolivia (1949)
3009:
3004:
3003:
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2997:
2986:
2981:
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2966:
2961:
2959:Ecuador (1947)
2956:
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2949:Bolivia (1946)
2946:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2913:
2911:Bolivia (1943)
2908:
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2901:Uruguay (1942)
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2857:
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2850:Bolivia (1937)
2847:
2845:Ecuador (1936)
2842:
2840:Bolivia (1936)
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2832:
2827:
2825:Ecuador (1935)
2822:
2820:Bolivia (1934)
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2263:Manuel Palafox
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2258:Eufemio Zapata
2255:
2253:Bernardo Reyes
2250:
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2240:
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2218:Aquiles Serdán
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2208:Pascual Orozco
2205:
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2033:External links
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2019:
2012:
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1989:
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1955:
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814:Pascual Orozco
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710:, and General
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3209:Panama (1968)
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3199:Brazil (1964)
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2624:Mexico (1911)
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679:) during the
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497:Tierra Blanca
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475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
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458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
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438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:Casas Grandes
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
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321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
306:
303:
294:
290:
285:
280:
277:
272:
265:
261:
259:
253:
252:Gregorio Ruiz
249:
245:
241:
239:
233:
229:
226:
224:
219:
213:
208:
204:
200:
197:
196:
191:
187:
174:
173:United States
162:
161:Supported by:
158:
154:
150:
138:
136:
124:
123:
118:
108:
105:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3610:
3609:no sign for
3558:Haiti (2004)
3548:Haiti (2001)
3471:Haiti (1991)
3435:Haiti (1989)
3235:Haiti (1970)
3108:Haiti (1958)
3033:Haiti (1950)
2954:Haiti (1946)
2875:Chile (1939)
2870:Chile (1938)
2718:Chile (1925)
2713:Chile (1924)
2672:Haiti (1915)
2651:
2619:Haiti (1911)
2593:Haiti (1908)
2563:Haiti (1902)
2393:Land Reforms
2388:Cristero War
2324:
2238:Ramón Corral
2025:
2015:
2008:
2007:Mraz, John.
1995:
1985:
1982:Knight, Alan
1975:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1934:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1892:
1887:
1878:
1870:
1869:Mraz, John.
1865:
1856:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1804:
1799:
1794:, pp. 309-10
1791:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1708:
1703:, pp. 119-20
1700:
1695:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1612:
1596:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1527:Knight, Alan
1522:
1512:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1453:
1449:
1432:
1411:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1365:
1353:
1326:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1254:
1239:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1154:
1130:
1114:
1087:
1070:
1066:
1051:
1036:
1033:
1017:
1005:
1001:
990:
962:
949:
945:
942:
933:Lauro Villar
930:
922:
918:
907:
892:
886:
880:
864:The Ten Days
850:
825:
796:
791:
784:
765:
752:
748:
732:Federal Army
724:Federal Army
701:
668:
666:
567:Norias Ranch
512:Chilpancingo
451:
387:Smelter View
257:
237:
199:Lauro Villar
160:
120:Belligerents
84:
38:Part of the
3584:Peru (2022)
3563:Peru (2005)
3543:Peru (2000)
3214:Peru (1968)
3169:Peru (1962)
3133:Cuba (1959)
3053:Cuba (1952)
2969:Peru (1948)
2916:El Salvador
2815:Cuba (1933)
2744:Peru (1930)
2682:Peru (1919)
2662:Peru (1914)
2598:Peru (1909)
2147:Científicos
2106:Encomiendas
1996:Madero Vivo
1906:Madero Vivo
1840:Madero Vivo
1714:Madero Vivo
1701:Madero Vivo
1669:Madero Vivo
1634:Madero Vivo
1412:Ambassador
979:10 February
846:Mexico City
792:Científicos
627:3rd Nogales
622:3rd Torreón
592:2nd Nogales
572:Ojo de Agua
537:2nd Torreón
482:1st Torreón
467:Jonacatepec
457:1st Nogales
447:2nd Rellano
442:1st Rellano
427:2nd Tijuana
412:1st Tijuana
357:Buena Noche
352:Costa Oeste
149:Porfiristas
132:(Loyalists)
74:Mexico City
3626:Categories
2538:self-coups
2487:Soldaderas
2480:Magonistas
2475:Felicistas
2360:formations
2142:Porfiriato
2132:La Reforma
2127:Reform War
2089:Background
1470:References
1230:Félix Díaz
965:Cuernavaca
895:Félix Díaz
838:Félix Díaz
834:Nuevo León
816:revolt in
801:revolt in
734:, General
704:Félix Díaz
612:Xochimilco
597:San Ysabel
562:Bandit War
477:San Andrés
437:Cuernavaca
397:2nd Bauche
382:1st Bauche
367:Rosamorada
287:5,500 dead
228:Félix Díaz
157:Felicistas
135:Maderistas
96:, and his
3605:self-coup
3476:Venezuela
2803:September
2780:September
2470:Federales
2111:Haciendas
1842:, p. 121.
1807:, p. 108.
1781:, p. 309.
1671:, p. 119.
1406:Guatemala
1388:in 1938.
950:ciudadela
946:Ciudadela
826:Colorados
818:Chihuahua
607:Tlayacapa
552:Zacatecas
487:Chihuahua
377:2nd Tepic
372:1st Tepic
91:President
3505:November
3487:November
3482:February
3352:November
3304:February
3000:February
2989:Paraguay
2785:December
2640:February
2629:Paraguay
2450:Factions
2350:Maximato
2042:Tragica.
1904:Krauze,
1838:Krauze,
1716:, p. 120
1712:Krauze,
1699:Krauze,
1667:Krauze,
1607:, p. 235
1583:, p. 234
1517:, 362-63
1399:and his
1094:Japanese
1090:Austrian
1047:Saltillo
1021:Veracruz
842:Veracruz
617:Carrizal
602:Columbus
557:2nd Naco
547:Veracruz
502:Zaragoza
462:1st Naco
402:Mexicali
153:Reyistas
146:(Rebels)
69:Location
3496:(1992)
3478:(1992)
3343:(1978)
3341:Bolivia
3300:(1975)
3251:January
3247:(1971)
3245:Bolivia
2995:January
2991:(1949)
2932:October
2918:(1944)
2794:(1932)
2771:(1931)
2635:January
2631:(1912)
1751:Meyer,
1738:Meyer,
1502:, 1608.
1333:rurales
1078:Spanish
1074:British
1038:Rurales
925:balcony
807:General
803:Morelos
673:Spanish
637:Durango
507:Ojinaga
417:Cuautla
362:Rosario
258:†
238:†
214: (
186:Germany
3309:August
3256:August
2371:Legacy
1816:Katz,
1803:Katz,
1790:Ross,
1753:Huerta
1740:Huerta
1687:
1603:
1579:
1464:winner
1446:Legacy
1397:Huerta
1108:, and
1102:Brazil
1082:German
997:Toluca
973:Zapata
799:Zapata
780:Mexico
577:Celaya
472:Aviles
432:Parque
254:
234:
183:
170:
81:Result
3577:2020s
3526:2000s
3500:April
3454:1990s
3378:1980s
3228:1970s
3142:1960s
3026:1950s
2922:April
2884:1940s
2792:Chile
2769:Chile
2732:1930s
2691:1920s
2645:March
2607:1910s
2546:1900s
2534:Coups
2443:Other
2425:(PRI)
2277:Plans
2116:Casta
2018:9.09.
1395:Both
1106:Chile
3494:Peru
3347:July
3298:Peru
2798:June
2775:July
1755:, 55
1742:, 54
1685:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1293:Cuba
1110:Cuba
1092:and
1088:The
1080:and
1058:Pres
667:The
642:Ruby
582:León
61:Date
2927:May
1974:.
1545:.
1529:.
1035:of
840:in
832:in
217:WIA
3628::
2536:,
1994:.
1984:.
1676:^
1641:^
1632:.
1588:^
1478:^
1104:,
1076:,
1060:.
1049:.
1023:.
901:,
848:.
746:.
699:.
675::
100:,
2526:e
2519:t
2512:v
2074:e
2067:t
2060:v
671:(
324:e
317:t
310:v
220:)
20:)
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