515:
Germans, outlined current conditions in
Germany and the losses of men and material in the Polish campaign and how it was imperative the war be ended quickly. Schaemmel went on to say Hitler would not take advice from his General Staff and needed to be got rid of, but his assassination would lead to chaos. The intention was to take him prisoner and force him to give orders authorising a junta of officers to start negotiations for peace. 'We are Germans and have to think of the interests of our own country first. Before we take any steps against Hitler we want to know whether England and France are ready to grant us a peace which is both just and honourable', Best recollects Schaemmel saying at the meeting. To facilitate further dialogue, a wireless transmitting and receiving set was given to the Germans. Stevens referred Schaemmel's question to London, and a day or two later, a noncommittal reply came back. More messages were exchanged on a daily basis by wireless before another meeting was arranged.
29:
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641:, who were responsible for the attempt on his life the night earlier. Klop was admitted to the Protestant Hospital in DĂĽsseldorf. A doctor on duty recalled years later Klop was unconscious when he was admitted and died the same day from a gunshot wound to the head. On 29 December 1939 Klop was embalmed under a false name of Thomas Kremp, a communist; his remains were cremated and buried under a false name in the DĂĽsseldorf cemetery in a unknown grave.
214:
665:, insisted he had acted alone, Hitler recognized the propaganda value of the assassination attempt as a means to incite German public resentment against Britain. On 21 November, Hitler declared he had incontrovertible proof that the British Secret Service was behind the Munich bombing and that two British agents had been arrested near the Dutch border. The next day, German newspapers carried the story. The front page of the
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519:
Stevens gave the
Germans a verbal résumé of London's answers to their questions. Though the answers appeared not to come up to their expectations, the Germans said they would pass them on to their 'chief' and proposed a meeting with him the next day, as he was anxious to entrust 'secret papers' to Best and Stevens for safekeeping if the plot against Hitler failed.
632:
Before Best had time to get out of the car, Naujock's SD men arrived. In a brief shootout, Klop was mortally wounded. After being handcuffed and stood against a wall, Best and
Stevens, together with Jan Lemmens, were bundled into the SD car. Klop was put into Best's car and both cars were driven off
518:
On 7 November, Best, Major
Stevens, Lieutenant Klop met with two German officers: Lieutenant Grosh and Major Schaemmel. Klop was instrumental in holding the meeting in the Cafe Backus, on the outskirts of Venlo, as the venue better suited the Germans, as it was close to the border crossing. Best and
725:
Hitler used the incident to claim that the
Netherlands had violated its own neutrality. The presence of Klop, a Dutch agent, whose signature on his personal papers was gratefully misused by the Germans, provided sufficient "proof of cooperation between British and Dutch secret services, and justify
721:
in 1940. The incident exposed the fact that the
Chamberlain government was still seeking a deal with Germany while it was exhorting the nation to a supreme war effort. That outraged Churchill to the extent that he was against providing support to German opposition to Hitler for the rest of the war.
510:
On 20 October, together with
Fischer, Major Stevens and Lieutenant Klop, Best met with two German officers, Captain von Seidlitz and Lieutenant Grosh, in a private house that was owned by a friend of Best in Arnhem. The meeting was interrupted by Dutch police and little progress was made. 'The two
522:
On 8 November, Best, Major
Stevens and Lieutenant Klop met only with Schaemmel at the Cafe Backus. Schaemmel said the general, who was to have come, had been called by Hitler to urgent meeting in Munich to consider an appeal for peace made by the Queen of the Netherlands and the King of Belgium.
514:
On 30 October, Best, Major
Stevens and Lieutenant Klop met with three German officers: Lieutenant Grosh, Colonel Martini and Major Schaemmel at The Hague. (Klop had collected the three Germans near Dinxperlo after they were arrested by Dutch police near the frontier.) Schaemmel, speaking for the
361:
At the early meetings
Fischer brought participants who were posing as German officers who supported a plot against Hitler, and who were interested in establishing Allied peace terms if Hitler was deposed. When Fischer's success in setting up the meetings with the British agents became known,
653:
in Munich on 8 November, Naujocks and his squad had been sent to DĂĽsseldorf to support Schellenberg. Even before his private train had returned from Munich to Berlin, Hitler ordered the British SIS officers in the Netherlands be brought to Berlin for questioning. Himmler issued the order to
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had tricked the British Secret Service into carrying on radio contact for 21 days after Best and Stevens were abducted using the radio transmitter given to them. Himmler is accredited to quipping, 'After a while it became boring to converse with such arrogant and foolish people'.
392:
At the last meeting between the British SIS agents and the German SD officers on 8 November, Schellenberg promised to bring a general to the meeting on the following day. Instead, the Germans brought the talks to an abrupt end with the kidnapping of Best and Stevens.
430:
A wild shooting affray followed, and one man, believed to be a Dutchman in the Dutch car, was killed, the body being dragged back into Germany. Several other Dutchmen who were in the car were likewise kidnapped, and, with their car, hauled into German
526:
On 9 November, the meeting was planned for 16:00. As for the last meeting, Klop arranged for a Dutch police guard to be present at the border. Unlike previous meetings, Best and Stevens armed themselves with Browning automatics in case something went
523:
Schaemmel asked Best and Stevens to meet again on the following day at the same venue to enable the general to be present, adding that as an 'attempt' against Hitler was to be made on Saturday, the next day would be the last chance for a meeting.
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In January 1941, Stevens was moved from Sachsenhausen to the bunker at Dachau concentration camp, where he remained until evacuated with Best and other protected prisoners in April 1945. In February 1945, Best was transferred briefly to
416:
One man was shot dead and a number of Dutchmen were kidnapped and taken into Germany after an amazing incident at Venlo, on the Dutch-German frontier this evening, following an armed clash between German Officials and
420:
A German motor car crossed the frontier when a Dutch car was approaching the Dutch barrier, ten yards from the German customs House. It is presumed that the Germans wanted to continue their journey into Holland
749:. Both were held in isolation in the T-shaped building reserved for protected prisoners of the Gestapo. While at Sachsenhausen, Best claimed he corresponded by secret letters with another protected prisoner,
765:
on 9 April 1945. Coincidentally, that was the same day that Elser was executed at Dachau. On 24 April 1945, Best and Stevens left Dachau with 140 other protected high-profile prisoners in a convoy bound for
494:
Best met with Fischer and Major Solms a week later. (Location and date unspecified) Solm told Best there was a conspiracy to remove Hitler from power in which some of the highest-ranking officers of the
427:
German officials and Customs officers, partly uniformed and all armed, ran across the Dutch frontier menacing Dutch onlookers, and ordered customers at the nearby café to move inside from the windows.
450:
November 10. Our men, who met, or were to have met, Gen yesterday, bumped off on Dutch-German frontier. Discussed matter with H. and Menzies . ... Numerous reports of imminent invasion of Holland.
499:
were involved. Solms could give no further details as the 'ringleaders' would deal directly only with Best. However, before they would meet, they required certainty that Best was a
625:, carried out the orders. Best drove his car into the car park at the Cafe Backus for the meeting planned for 16:00 with Schellenberg. Stevens was sitting beside him while
637:
en route to Berlin. At DĂĽsseldorf, one of the men who had taken part in the kidnapping told Best the reason for the action was to catch some Germans plotting against the
698:
The British Foreign Office believed that Himmler was involved in the secret Anglo-German contact of autumn 1939, and that the discussions, involving prime minister,
507:. That was done twice on 11 October, about the same day that Best was informed by Major Solms he feared he was being watched by the Gestapo and needed to 'lie low'.
358:, Major General Johan van Oorschot. Klop was permitted by Van Oorschot to sit in on covert meetings but could not take part because of his country's neutrality.
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in The Hague. To assist Best and Stevens in passing through the Dutch mobilised zones near the border with Germany, a young Dutch officer, Lieutenant
286:, was communicating peace proposals on the line of the Dahlerus proposals, made by Hitler's former deputy chancellor and then ambassador to Turkey,
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in September 1939 had come to nothing. So when a German refugee named Fischer succeeded in winning the confidence of the exiled Catholic leader,
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Huns seemed scared out of their wits and it was very difficult to get anything out of them except that they wanted to go home', Best recalled.
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by Hitler the day after the kidnapping. Schellenberg gave evidence against other Nazis at the Nuremberg Trials. He died in 1952, at age 42.
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Fischer was known to Best as Dr Franz, a German refugee. According to Martin A. Allen, Fischer's real name was Morz, a former follower of
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Early on 9 November 1939, Schellenberg received orders from Himmler to abduct the British SIS agents, Best and Stevens.
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British agent and requested that he arrange for a certain paragraph to be broadcast in the German News Bulletin of the
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331:. Best was an experienced British Army intelligence officer who worked under the cover of a businessman residing in
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During the autumn of 1939, the German opposition was throwing out feelers to the British government. In October,
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at a military conference on 23 November 1939. See Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D, Vol. VIII, 445.
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Lieutenant Klop was given the name of Captain Coppens by Best and Stevens to pass him off as a British officer.
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At the second meeting, Fischer brought a Major Solms to meet Best. Best believed that Solm was a major in the
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While the British press were unaware that two British SIS agents were involved in the border incident, Sir
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Major Solms was the alias of Johannes Travaglio, a German major in Division 1 (Air Reconnaissance) of the
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was still interested in seeking a compromise peace with Germany before too much blood had been spilt. The
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Best met with Fischer at an unspecified location in the Netherlands at the beginning of September 1939.
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over the border into Germany. Best recalls a full body search was performed on him when they reached
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The covert meetings leading up to the kidnapping, as remembered by Captain S. Payne Best in his book
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In early September 1939, a meeting was arranged between Fischer and the British SIS agent Captain
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Hitler first mentioned the possibility of using the Venlo incident as an excuse for invading the
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Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. Volume VII. USGPO, Washington, 1946/pp. 622–629. Document UK-81
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agents five metres (16 ft) from the German border, on the outskirts of the Dutch city of
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The damage inflicted on Britain's espionage network in Europe caused the new prime minister,
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The Venlo Incident was first reported in the British Press on 10 November 1939, as follows:
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1939 capture of British MI6 agents by Nazi intelligence services outside Venlo, Netherlands
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Hitler's Last Chief of Foreign Intelligence: Allied interrogations of Walter Schellenberg
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Hitler's Last Chief of Foreign Intelligence: Allied Interrogations of Walter Schellenberg
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445:, Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, was aware, as he recorded in his diary:
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had pictures of the conspirators named as Georg Elser, 'Kaptain Stevens' and 'Mr Best'.
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The Labyrinth: Memoirs Of Walter Schellenberg, Hitler's Chief Of Counterintelligence
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Battleground Western Europe: Intelligence Operations in Germany and the Netherlands
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was well aware of the existence of widespread opposition among the leaders of the
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British spy network in central and western Europe rendered practically useless
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in Munich, the head of which was a close collaborator and friend of Admiral
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Himmler's Secret War: The Covert Peace Negotiations of Heinrich Himmler
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Himmler's Secret War: The Covert Peace Negotiations of Heinrich Himmler
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Himmler's Secret War: The Covert Peace Negotiations of Heinrich Himmler
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Himmler's Secret War: The Covert Peace Negotiations of Heinrich Himmler
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170:(SD) on 9 November 1939, which resulted in the capture of two British
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Major Schämmel was the alias of Walter Schellenberg, as stated above.
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Christian, a long-serving SD officer trusted by Walter Schellenberg.
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von Salish, a long-serving SD officer trusted by Walter Schellenberg
491:. They met at a small hotel in the town of Venlo. (Date unspecified)
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peace negotiations. Historian Callum MacDonald shared this view.
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Schämmel", Schellenberg was at the time a trusted operative of
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1011:, edited by Beatrice de Graaf, Ben de Jong, Wies Platje, 2007.
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Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind
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by S. Payne Best, published by Pen & Sword Books, 2009.
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an invasion of The Netherlands by Germany in May, 1940".
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The Dutch authorities have ordered an immediate Inquiry.
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headquarters in Berlin, Best and Stevens were sent to
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Five metres (16 ft) from the German border, near
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Cafe Backus with the German border in the background
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Shooting Affray Follows Clash With German Officials.
201:, on 8 November 1939, and to help justify Germany's
629:and his driver, Jan Lemmens, sat in the back seat.
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began to attend these meetings. Masquerading as a "
158:, was a covert operation carried out by the German
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274:tried to establish peace through an early form of
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654:Schellenberg early in the morning on 9 November.
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1240:Hitler's Intelligence Chief: Walter Schellenberg
717:, to start his own spy and sabotage agency, the
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1106:. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock. p. 67.
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301:in Europe during the days preceding the German
414:OMINOUS BORDER INCIDENT Amsterdam, Thursday---
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770:. At the lakeside Prags Wildbad Hotel, near
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228:on 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister
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1229:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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790:"The Scotsman", 25 November 1939, p. 13.
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405:ONE DUTCHMAN KILLED AND SEVERAL WOUNDED
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259:. Theodor Kordt, the younger brother of
224:After the British declaration of war on
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999:, edited by Reinhard R. Doerries, 2003.
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621:under the operations command of SD man
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1128:Callum MacDonald, "The Venlo Affair",
580:Lieutenant Grosch was the alias of SS-
464:Reconstruction of the incident in 1948
33:Reconstruction of the incident in 1948
558:Colonel Martini was the alias of Dr.
1047:, Robson Books, London, 2005, p. 65.
987:, Robson Books, London, 2005, p. 58.
868:, Robson Books, London, 2005, p. 54.
833:(3rd ed.). New York: Hutchinson
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741:After interrogation at the Gestapo
342:Subsequent meetings included Major
189:'s failed assassination attempt on
181:The incident was later used by the
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1176:"Affidavit of Walter Schellenburg"
926:Introduction to The Venlo Incident
913:Introduction to The Venlo Incident
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297:All diplomatic efforts to avoid a
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690:The Nazi press reported that the
1305:History of Limburg (Netherlands)
1300:Espionage scandals and incidents
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915:, Frontline Books, 2009, p. xii.
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292:Sir Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen
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761:and then to the 'bunker' at
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389:during the Venlo operation.
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217:Historic Venlo on the river
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1117:Deutsche-Allgemeine-Zeitung
1090:The Man Who Started The War
668:Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
356:Dutch Military Intelligence
203:invasion of the Netherlands
172:Secret Intelligence Service
120:Secret Intelligence Service
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1132:(1978) No. 4, London 1978.
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270:The Swedish industrialist
1247:Schellenberg, W. (1954).
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284:Philips Christiaan Visser
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42:9 November 1939
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1238:Doerries, R. R. (2009).
1205:Doerries, R. R. (2003).
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348:passport control officer
89:51.3818722°N 6.2170028°E
1295:1939 in the Netherlands
896:, London, 1990, S. 2–13
879:Blomberg–Fritsch affair
1320:World War II espionage
1251:. Harper and Brothers.
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94:51.3818722; 6.2170028
1310:November 1939 events
1271:at Wikimedia Commons
1058:"The Venlo Incident"
329:Sigismund Payne Best
1119:, 22 November 1939.
967:"Alexander Cadogan"
700:Neville Chamberlain
611:Luitenant Dirk Klop
369:Walter Schellenberg
322:Walter Schellenberg
230:Neville Chamberlain
185:to link Britain to
109:Diplomatic incident
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893:The Venlo Incident
830:The Venlo Incident
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601:Richard H. Stevens
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234:British Government
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1267:Media related to
1073:Walther Behrens,
1043:Martin A. Allen,
983:Martin A. Allen,
864:Martin A. Allen,
715:Winston Churchill
684:Sigismund P. Best
443:Alexander Cadogan
387:Reinhard Heydrich
373:Sicherheitsdienst
276:shuttle diplomacy
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115:Participants
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1075:"Dirk Klop"
909:Nigel Jones
853:Netherlands
837:9 September
768:South Tyrol
751:Georg Elser
659:Georg Elser
238:German Army
187:Georg Elser
122:and German
92: /
80:6°13′1.21″E
67:Coordinates
1279:Categories
1209:. London.
778:References
772:Niederdorf
731:Iron Cross
635:DĂĽsseldorf
456:Chronology
431:territory.
257:Hans Oster
209:Background
160:Nazi Party
140:Casualties
46:1939-11-09
1225:cite book
1186:6 October
877:see also
708:bona fide
675:Aftermath
627:Dirk Klop
501:bona fide
497:Wehrmacht
489:Luftwaffe
417:Dutchmen.
378:Hauptmann
352:Dirk Klop
335:with his
333:The Hague
146:1 killed
118:British
54:Location
706:, were
692:Gestapo
663:Gestapo
657:Though
532:Aliases
253:Vatican
247:lawyer
193:at the
132:Outcome
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639:FĂĽhrer
603:, 1939
549:Abwehr
527:wrong.
339:wife.
280:Ankara
245:Munich
199:Munich
1315:Venlo
337:Dutch
261:Erich
219:Meuse
176:Venlo
59:Venlo
1231:link
1211:ISBN
1188:2010
839:2021
265:Bern
154:The
105:Type
39:Date
505:BBC
197:in
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