469:
504:. If he were one of the uninitiated it was necessary for him to bring forward witnesses to his innocence from among the initiated, whose number varied according to the number on the side of the accuser, but twenty-one in favour of innocence necessarily secured an acquittal. The only punishment which the secret court could inflict was death. If the accused appeared, the sentence was carried into execution at once; if he did not appear, it was quickly made known to the whole body, and the
115:
500:
under the same penalty not to disclose what took place. Crimes of a serious nature, and especially those that were deemed unfit for ordinary judicial investigation, such as heresy and witchcraft, fell within its jurisdiction, as also did appeals by persons condemned in the open courts, and likewise the cases before those tribunals in which the accused had not appeared. The accused, if a member, could clear himself by his own oath, unless he had revealed the secrets of the
496:. This was not usually served on him personally, but was nailed to his door, or to some convenient place where he was certain to pass. Six weeks and three days' grace were allowed, according to the old Saxon law, and the summons was thrice repeated. If the accused appeared, the accuser stated the case, and the investigation proceeded by the examination of witnesses as in an ordinary court of law. The judgment was put into execution on the spot if that was possible.
908:
599:
and of other German princes they were, in the 16th century, once more restricted to
Westphalia, and here, too, they were brought under the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts, and finally confined to mere police duties. With these functions, however, but with the old forms long since robbed of their
499:
The secret court, from whose procedure the whole institution has acquired its evil reputation, was closed to all but the initiated, although these were so numerous as to secure quasi-publicity; any one not a member on being discovered was instantly put to death, and the members present were bound
527:
Legend and romance have combined to exaggerate the sinister reputation of the Fehmic courts; but modern historical research has largely discounted this, proving that they never employed torture, that their sittings were only sometimes secret, and that their meeting-places were always well known.
460:
with all their powers, to guard its secrets, and to bring before its tribunal anything within its competence that they might discover. They were then initiated into the secret signs by which members recognized each other, and were presented with a rope and with a knife on which were engraved the
456:; for they were subject to no jurisdiction but those of the Westphalian courts: whether as accused or accuser they had access to the secret sessions, and they shared in the discussions of the general chapter as to the policy of the society. At their initiation these swore to support the
126:
The peak of activity of these courts was during the 14th to 15th centuries, with lesser activity attested for the 13th and 16th centuries, and scattered evidence establishing their continued existence during the 17th and 18th centuries. They were finally abolished by order of
488:(judges) occupied the bench, before which a table, with a sword and rope upon it, was placed. The court was held by day and, unless the session was declared secret, all freemen, whether initiated or not, were admitted. The accusation was in the old German form; but only a
580:), sworn associates of the Fehme, were scattered in thousands throughout the length and breadth of Germany, known to each other by secret signs and pass-words, and all of them pledged to serve the summons of the secret courts and to execute their judgment.
548:, (also duke of Westphalia from 1180) placed himself at the head of the Fehme as representative of the emperor. The organization then spread rapidly. Every free man born in lawful wedlock and not excommunicated nor an outlaw was eligible for membership.
188:.") The general meaning of "punishment" is unrelated to the special courts of Westphalia which were thus originally just named "courts of punishment". But as the word entered the Southern German dialects via Saxony and Westphalia, the word's meaning in
733:, was inspired by Scott's presentation of the Vehmic Courts. Though the work was never staged the overture survives as a concert piece. In the very first concert of Berlioz's work, on 26 May 1828, the overture was performed along with the Opus 1
508:
who was the first to meet the condemned was bound to put him to death. This was usually done by hanging, the nearest tree serving for gallows. A knife with the mystic letters was left beside the corpse to show that the deed was not a murder.
1215:"If a red cross was seen marked on a house, people knew that its owner was doomed by the Vehm. All the houses of Europe are now marked with the mysterious red cross. History is the judge — its executioner the proletarian." As quoted in
152:) which they exercised in his name. Everywhere else the power of life and death, originally reserved to the Emperor alone, had been usurped by the territorial nobles; only in Westphalia, called "the Red Earth" because here the imperial
383:) had to keep his knowledge secret, even from his closest family ("vor Weib und Kind, vor Sand und Wind"). Lay judges had to give formal warnings to known troublemakers, issue warrants, and take part in executions.
995:
Wo finde ich mein Recht? Ulrich Erhart gegen
Kloster, Herzog und Reichsstadt: der „arme Mann" in den Mühlen der Justiz. Ein bayerischer Beitrag zur westfälischen Femegerichtsbarkeit im 15. Jahrhundert.
595:
With the growing power of the territorial sovereigns and the gradual improvement of the ordinary process of justice, the functions of the Fehmic courts were superseded. By the action of the
686:
was a form of lethal vengeance committed upon former or current members of an organization that they had become a traitor to. This definition is also found in the common pseudo-archaic,
512:
It has been claimed that, in some cases, the condemned would be set free, given several hours' head start and then hunted down and put to death. So fearsome was the reputation of the
1025:
516:
and its reach that many thus released committed suicide rather than prolonging the inevitable. This practice could have been a holdover from the ancient
Germanic legal concept of
375:
Any free man "of pure bred German stock" and of good character could become a judge. The new candidate was given secret information and identification symbols. The "knowing one" (
779:
appears at a fancy-dress party as a member of the
Vehmgericht, which allows him to wear a hooded costume to disguise his identity. People in Femgericht costumes also appear in
694:("Traitors shall be ostracized!", i. e. killed), as it was often quoted throughout the 1920s in mass media reports regarding violent acts of vengeance among the German Right.
1160:) zu 'Göttinnen der Fehm' gemacht, die falsche Deutung ist der schlechten Formen werth. Wie viel Schriftsteller des 18 jh. sind mit der heiligen Fehme aufs übelste verfahren.
492:
could act as accuser. If the offence came under the competence of the court, meaning it was punishable by death, a summons to the accused was issued under the seal of the
713:
in which
Archibald von Hagenbach, the Duke of Burgundy's governor at Brisach (Switzerland), is condemned and executed by the Vehmgericht. Scott drew his inspiration from
1131:
nutritio, disciplina, castigatio, poena, wie der landmann sein vieh in die mast führt, wird der missethäter in den kerker oder tod geführt und erleidet züchtigung.
229:
During 18th to 19th century
Romanticism, there were various misguided attempts to explain the obscure term, or to elevate it to the status of a remnant of
923:
156:(jurisdiction over life and death) was still valid, were capital sentences passed and executed by the Vehmic courts in the Emperor's name alone.
673:
1009:
344:), etc. Attendance of secret sessions was forbidden to the uninitiated, on pain of death, which led to the designation "forbidden courts" (
928:
842:, a newspaper article mentions the Vehmgericht, stating that the features of a recent death are similar to the organization's killings.
1340:
472:"A summons to appear before the court was nailed to his door": illustration from an article about Vehmic courts in a children’s annual
632:
is in current use and means "to ostracise", i.e. by public opinion rather than formal legal proceeding. A noun derived from this is
884:, depicts the Fehme, and 'Fehme justice' as part of the extreme right-wing conspiracy to bring down Germany's Weimar democracy.
1325:
1330:
1016:, London, Tandem, 1965. Has a chapter on the Holy Vehm; among other things, it describes the practice of "Free As a Bird".
643:
used the Vehmic courts as a metaphor to describe his predictions of the working-class revolution that would sweep Europe.
287:
disappeared, with the exception of
Westphalia, where they retained their authority and transformed into the Vehmic court.
111:). After the execution of a death sentence, the corpse could be hanged on a tree to advertise the fact and deter others.
1335:
682:
from political assassination in that assassination was by definition exerted upon open political opponents, whereas a
588:
That an organization of this character should have outlived its usefulness and ushered in intolerable abuses, such as
176:
literature of the 13th century as a noun with the meaning of "punishment". A document dated to 1251 has the reference
1230:
1175:
1069:
750:
719:
1004:(Leipzig, 1906), p. 401; also the supplementary vol. (1907), p. 78. Lists of works on individual aspects.
745:
596:
735:
805:, the local criminals of an unnamed city (probably Berlin) capture a child murderer and hold a vigilante court.
210:
unetymological in spite of its early occurrence in some 13th century documents, and hypothesizes a "lost root" "
198:
thought that the word is identical in origin to a homophonous word for the raising of pigs on forest pastures (
468:
134:
The Vehmic courts were the regional courts of
Westphalia which, in turn, were based on the county courts of
1149:
877:
is based on a group of vigilantes using medieval torture methods to kill paedophiles and money launderers.
1243:
757:
592:
was inevitable; from the mid-fifteenth century protests were raised against the enormities of the court.
1221:
714:
480:
was the place of session, and was usually a hillock, or some other well-known and accessible spot. The
444:, charged with the maintenance of order in the courts and the duty of carrying out the commands of the
1307:
1281:
868:
810:
1135:
235:
766:"Was Rebecca guilty or not?" the Vehmgericht of the servants' hall had pronounced against her.
261:
1301:
990:(Paderborn, 1890) This source combats T. Linder's theory concerning the origin of the Fehme.
775:
601:
600:
impressiveness, they survived into the 19th century. They were finally abolished by order of
561:
of the Holy Roman Empire." There is a manuscript in the Town Hall of the
Westphalian town of
407:
128:
565:, which consists of an original Vehmic Court Regulation document, along with illustrations.
850:
545:
87:. Proceedings were sometimes secret, leading to the alternative titles of "secret courts" (
656:
to refer to right-wing political homicides, e.g. the murder of Jewish politicians such as
8:
762:
669:
280:
189:
839:
830:
704:
665:
173:
139:
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1171:
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770:
552:
276:
230:
165:
1258:
1216:
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710:
661:
612:
Following the abandonment of the Vehmic courts, the term acquired a connotation of
1264:
835:
647:
537:
419:
411:
399:
391:
390:
was elaborate. The centre of each jurisdiction was referred to as a "free seat" (
376:
361:
353:
345:
337:
329:
291:
266:
219:
143:
104:
96:
88:
76:
68:
436:, who formed the great body of the initiated. Of these the lowest rank were the
178:
illud occultum judicium, quod vulgariter vehma seu vridinch appellari consuevit.
1268:
861:
724:
562:
541:
536:
The system, though ancient, came into wider use only after the division of the
271:
259:
The
Westphalian Vehmic courts developed from the High Medieval "free courts" (
1319:
1021:
932:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 236–237.
919:
914:
801:
621:
308:
142:, from whom they also received the capacity to pronounce capital punishment (
406:) was often a secular or spiritual prince, sometimes a civic community, the
328:
The sessions were often held in secret, whence the names of "secret court" (
180:("It is hidden justice, that by common fashion is habitually referred to as
1300:
893:
687:
164:
The term's origin is uncertain, but seems to enter Middle High German from
114:
1283:"Verräter verfallen der Feme!" Fememorde in Bayern in den zwanziger Jahren
960:
Beiträge zur deutschen Geschichte, insbesondere des deutschen Strafrechts
785:
739:
overture, a further indication of Berlioz's debt to Scott's fiction. The
657:
303:
247:(Lit. "Tree law"), supposedly the remnant of a pagan "forest law" of the
240:
206:
can mean both breeding and discipline. Grimm considers the spelling with
199:
195:
148:
67:, based on a fraternal organisation of lay judges called "free judges" (
64:
1260:
E. J. Gumbel, Berthold Jacob, Ernst Falck, "Verräter verfallen der Feme"
849:, an 1899 novel set in the Holy Roman Empire by British-Canadian author
822:
794:
613:
589:
369:
56:
628:
is most common. Other variant forms are: Fehme, Feime, Veme. The verb
640:
248:
135:
652:
617:
517:
424:
317:
299:
84:
913:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
946:
Sammlung merkwurdiger Urkunden fĂĽr die Geschichte der Femgerichte
818:
749:, the early series of British television interviews presented by
313:
60:
1245:"Verräter verfallen der Feme": Opfer, Mörder, Richter, 1919-1929
192:
became attached to the activities of these courts specifically.
678:
commission officially differentiated the contemporarily common
604:, king of Westphalia, in 1811. The last Freigraf died in 1835.
1110:
1108:
1020:
This article (or an earlier version) contains text from the
988:
Der angebliche Ursprung der Femgerichte aus der Inquisition
860:, features the Fehme being revived by a German officer and
815:
418:). The actual president of the court was the "free count" (
1185:
1183:
1105:
646:
Within the politically heated turmoil of the early German
275:). As a result of the 14th century imperial reform of the
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
814:, the Vehmic courts are mentioned as being connected to
583:
551:
Princes and nobles were initiated; and in 1429 even the
283:), the Landgraviates lost much of their power, and the
1180:
1078:
650:
after World War I, the media frequently used the term
16:
Courts in the later Middle Ages in Westphalia, Germany
531:
265:), which had jurisdiction within a "free county" (
1317:
368:) passed judgment. The court also constituted a
1267:(contemporary review of Gumbel's above book by
697:
316:during the 15th century, the seat was moved to
845:The Vehmgericht also appear as antagonists in
233:antiquity, scoffed at by Grimm's entry in his
743:overture later became the signature tune for
997:In: Westfälische Zeitschrift 170, 2020 37–68
967:Femgerichte und Hexenprozesse in Deutschland
953:Die frei- und heimlichen Gerichte Westfalens
569:
556:
138:. They received their jurisdiction from the
702:Vehmic courts play a key role in the novel
575:
360:) presided over the court, and lay judges (
323:
1170:pg. 179 'Magical Alphabets' Nigel Pennick
461:mystic letters S.S.G.G., supposed to mean
83:). The original seat of the courts was in
55:, are names given to a tribunal system of
1152:9, 322. 10, 258. 316 hat sogar die altn.
607:
1114:
1099:
918:
568:By the middle of the 14th century these
467:
113:
664:(1922) and other politicians including
1318:
880:Jack Mayer's 2015 historical fiction,
864:in the dying days of the Third Reich.
723:which he had translated, incorrectly.
452:is explained by the privileges of the
584:Decline and dissolution of the Courts
668:(1921) by right-wing groups such as
202:), just as the more familiar German
13:
941:(Hamm, 1825, 2nd ed., Halle, 1893)
555:himself became "a true and proper
14:
1352:
1341:1811 disestablishments in Germany
1293:
1064:(12 ed.). 2012. p. 11.
544:, when the archbishop of Cologne
448:. The immense development of the
1222:Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx
906:
312:. With the growing influence of
306:, one of which was known as the
1274:
1251:
1236:
1225:(2001, Transaction Publishers)
1209:
532:The spread of the Vehmic courts
131:, king of Westphalia, in 1811.
1196:
1164:
1142:
1120:
1054:
1041:
692:"Verräter verfallen der Feme!"
290:The seat of the Vehmic court (
243:in 1824 derives the word from
1:
1206:Sutton Publishing (2004) p111
1193:Sutton Publishing (2004) p110
1014:A History of Secret Societies
976:(Munster and Paderborn, 1888)
899:
636:"outlaw, ostracised person".
465:(stone, rope, grass, green).
398:), and its head or chairman (
214:", connecting with Old Norse
1326:Law of the Holy Roman Empire
1242:Gumbel, Emil Julius (1919).
698:The Vehmic courts in fiction
251:and pagan secret societies.
239:. An etymology suggested by
159:
7:
1331:Secret societies in Germany
1280:Hofmann, Ulrike C. (2000).
887:
856:Geoff Taylor's 1966 novel,
758:William Makepeace Thackeray
10:
1357:
1308:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1026:Brewer's Reader's Handbook
981:Femgericht und Inquisition
882:Before the Court of Heaven
707:or, The Maiden of the Mist
428:), chosen for life by the
302:, in a square between two
103:), or "forbidden courts" (
1336:Abuse of the legal system
939:Das Femgericht Westfalens
934:This work in turn cites:
821:commandos as well as the
463:Stein, Strick, Gras, grĂĽn
254:
118:A Vehm on a miniature in
1257:Tucholsky, Kurt (1930).
1034:
867:Season 3, episode 12 of
811:The Illuminatus! Trilogy
410:being supreme over all (
386:The organization of the
324:Membership and procedure
63:active during the later
1204:The Medieval Underworld
1191:The Medieval Underworld
1062:A History of Freesmiths
929:Encyclopædia Britannica
1248:, Berlin: Malik-Verlag
720:Goetz von Berlichingen
608:Modern use of the term
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172:first appears in the
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1136:Deutsches Wörterbuch
1029:, published in 1898.
1000:Dahlmann and Waitz,
672:. In 1926, the 27th
639:In an 1856 lecture,
546:Engelbert II of Berg
236:Deutsches Wörterbuch
120:Herforder Rechtsbuch
95:), "silent courts" (
1302:"Femgerichte"
1127:aus ziehen flieszt
1117:, pp. 236–237.
958:K. G. von Wächter,
769:A character in the
690:right-wing phrase,
670:Organisation Consul
336:), "silent court" (
281:Golden Bull of 1356
218:and conjecturing a
190:Early Modern German
840:Arthur Conan Doyle
831:A Study in Scarlet
705:Anne of Geierstein
666:Matthias Erzberger
624:, the spelling of
597:Emperor Maximilian
540:after the fall of
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350:verbotene Gerichte
334:heimliches Gericht
224:fiman, fam, fĂŞmun?
174:Middle High German
140:Holy Roman Emperor
124:
109:verbotene Gerichte
93:heimliches Gericht
1286:, Cologne: Böhlau
1156:(verunstaltet in
969:(Stuttgart, 1882)
955:(Frankfort, 1832)
781:Arthur Schnitzler
771:Dorothy L. Sayers
553:Emperor Sigismund
416:Oberststuhlherren
277:Holy Roman Empire
166:Middle Low German
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741:Les francs-juges
730:Les francs-juges
727:'s first opera,
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503:
497:
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479:
470:
466:
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455:
451:
447:
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417:
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397:
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389:
384:
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335:
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305:
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278:
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268:
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252:
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227:
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217:
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197:
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145:
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137:
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102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
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62:
58:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
41:
37:, also spelt
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
21:Vehmic courts
1306:
1282:
1276:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1238:
1220:
1211:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1061:
1056:
1048:
1043:
1028:
1019:
1013:
1002:Quellenkunde
1001:
994:
987:
986:T. Lindner,
980:
973:
972:T. Lindner,
966:
965:O. Wächter,
959:
952:
945:
938:
927:
894:Feme murders
881:
879:
874:
869:
866:
857:
855:
846:
844:
829:
827:
809:
807:
800:
793:
791:
784:
774:
768:
761:
755:
751:John Freeman
746:Face to Face
744:
740:
734:
728:
718:
703:
701:
691:
688:alliterating
683:
679:
674:
651:
645:
638:
633:
629:
625:
611:
594:
587:
571:Freischöffen
567:
550:
535:
526:
521:
513:
511:
505:
501:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
475:
462:
457:
454:Freischöffen
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:Freischöffen
433:
429:
387:
385:
374:
366:Freischöffen
342:Stillgericht
327:
307:
304:linden trees
289:
285:Freigerichte
284:
262:Freigerichte
260:
258:
244:
234:
228:
223:
215:
211:
207:
203:
194:
185:
181:
177:
169:
163:
153:
133:
125:
119:
101:Stillgericht
81:francs-juges
73:Freischöffen
51:
50:
46:Vehmegericht
45:
44:
39:
38:
34:
33:, or simply
30:
25:
24:
20:
18:
1049:Vehmgericht
937:P. Wigand,
851:Robert Barr
786:Dream Story
763:Vanity Fair
658:Kurt Eisner
558:Freischöffe
506:Freischöffe
490:Freischöffe
245:Baumgericht
241:James Skene
196:Jacob Grimm
168:. The word
149:Blutgericht
65:Middle Ages
52:Fehmgericht
26:Vehmgericht
1320:Categories
1047:OED, s.v.
944:L. Tross,
900:References
823:Illuminati
795:Fritz Lang
660:(1919) or
590:corruption
442:Freifronen
370:Holy Order
57:Westphalia
31:holy vehme
1150:KLOPSTOCK
873:, titled
838:novel by
760:'s novel
680:Fememorde
675:Reichstag
641:Karl Marx
634:Verfemter
478:Freistuhl
438:Fronboten
430:Stuhlherr
404:Stuhlherr
396:Freistuhl
358:Stuhlherr
320:in 1437.
309:Femelinde
296:Freistuhl
249:Wild hunt
160:Etymology
136:Franconia
122:(ca 1375)
1233:, p. 15.
974:Die Feme
888:See also
875:The Vehm
736:Waverley
717:'s play
684:Fememord
653:Fememord
630:verfemen
618:lynching
614:mob rule
518:outlawry
494:Freigraf
486:Schöffen
484:and the
482:Freigraf
446:Freigraf
425:Freigraf
381:Wissende
318:Arnsberg
300:Dortmund
200:Hutewald
186:vridinch
154:Blutbann
85:Dortmund
1311:. 1921.
917::
819:Werwolf
577:scabini
574:(Latin
314:Cologne
61:Germany
1229:
1174:
1068:
911:
773:novel
715:Goethe
420:German
412:German
400:German
392:German
377:German
362:German
354:German
346:German
338:German
330:German
292:German
267:German
255:Origin
220:Gothic
144:German
105:German
97:German
89:German
77:French
69:German
1158:dĂĽsen
1154:dîsir
1129:zucht
1035:Notes
620:. In
563:Soest
514:Fehme
502:Fehme
458:Fehme
450:Fehme
388:Fehme
231:pagan
212:fëmen
204:Zucht
182:vehma
1227:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1066:ISBN
834:, a
816:Nazi
626:Feme
616:and
522:Acht
476:The
216:fimr
170:vëme
40:Feme
35:Vehm
19:The
926:".
828:In
808:In
792:In
756:In
709:by
524:).
440:or
226:".
184:or
75:or
59:in
1322::
1305:.
1263:,
1219:,
1182:^
1107:^
1080:^
1012:,
853:.
825:.
799:s
789:.
753:.
422::
414::
402::
394::
379::
372:.
364::
356::
348::
340::
332::
294::
269::
146::
107::
99::
91::
79::
71::
49:,
43:,
29:,
23:,
1271:)
1138:)
1133:(
1074:.
1051:.
802:M
797:'
520:(
279:(
222:"
208:h
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