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thereby had been given his whole self." Osden achieves a completely empathetic relationship with the planet, "both literally and figuratively in touch with the forest;" which also grants him temporary goodwill towards humans, as he says "Listen, I will you well" before leaving his colleagues. Le Guin's depiction of the planetary vegetative intelligence is of something that is "whole, undifferentiated and unconscious." Thus, it finds the very concept of other beings terrifying, and it is qualitatively different from animal intelligences. Le Guin makes two more references to
Marvell's poetry at the conclusion of the story, the first of which refers to the notion of a planetary consciousness. Marvell's poem "The Garden" speaks of "a green thought in a green shade"; Le Guin describes World 4470 as "one big green thought." The second reference is in the penultimate paragraph: while describing Osden’s relationship with the planet, Tomiko says, "Had we but world enough and time…", quoting verbatim from "To His Coy Mistress".
176:
of the vegetation on the planet. Osden also realizes that this sentience has never been in contact with anything alien before; thus it experienced fear when the explorers landed. Osden decides to attempt to communicate with the sentience, with the help of Tomiko and two others. They land in the middle of a forest, where a surge in the fear response kills one of them. Osden leaves the group, and by surrendering to the fear completely makes the planet understand that they mean it no harm; and the fear emanations cease. The group tries to locate Osden, but is unable to find him; Tomiko suspects that he does not want to be found. They leave him enough provisions for the rest of his life, and return to Terra after finishing the survey.
172:
without finding anything, before Osden fails to contact them at a pre-assigned time. Tomiko leads three others to his camp in the forest, where they find him knocked out, apparently by an unknown assailant. They bring him back to camp, where he gradually recovers, and tells the group that he had felt a strong fear response from the forest itself. Tomiko realizes that the assailant must have been one of the other team members. While Osden is asleep, the fear emanations from the forest drive
Porlock to verbally lash out at Osden, and admit to trying to kill him in the forest. Porlock attempts to assault Osden again, but the others restrain him and place him under a sedative.
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quirks and oddities of their own. They are regarded as being of "unsound mind" by the people of Earth and Hain, because they were willing to travel on a voyage that lasted 500 years of actual time. The fear transmitted by the forest drives them further into their neuroticism. In contrast, Osden the empath surrenders completely to the forest, and thus achieves a mental unity with the planet. In choosing a sort of union with the planet, Osden shows that the singular consciousness of the vegetative creature is preferable to the chaos and discord in human society.
188:. In her introduction to the story, Le Guin stated "We all have forests in our minds. Forests unexplored, unending. Each of us gets lost in the forests, every night, alone." The "vegetable love" referred to in the poem from which the title is taken can be used to describe the final relationship between Osden and the planetary intelligence of World 4470. When Osden is attacked by Porlock in the planet, he transmits his fear to the planet, which amplifies it and reflects it back at him. Thus Osden's role is similar to that of Selver in
1992:
155:"Vaster than Empires" follows the crew of a survey ship sent by the League of Worlds to a planet far outside the region of the galaxy it has previously colonized. The crew consists of 10 people, including five Terrans (people from Earth). One of the crew members, named Osden, is an "empath"; he has the ability to feel the emotions of any sentient creatures around him, including humans. His abilities are depicted as being the result of his being treated for
108:, human beings did not evolve on Earth, but on Hain. The people of Hain colonized many neighboring planetary systems, including Terra (Earth) and Athshe, possibly a million years before the setting of the novels. The planets subsequently lost contact with each other, for reasons that Le Guin does not explain. Le Guin does not narrate the entire history of the Hainish universe at once, instead letting readers piece it together from various works.
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finds World 4470 to be a world covered in forests, and apparently devoid of animal life. However, the team eventually begins to feel a fear emanating from the planet. The team realizes that the entire vegetation on the planet is part of a singular consciousness, which is reacting in fear at the explorers after spending its whole life in isolation.
230:, edited by Eric S. Rabkin. In his introduction to the story, Rabkin stated that it "takes the frenzy of exploration and science, paints it green, and frames it with stability." He described the story as having an expansive and hopeful vision of a peaceful world, in contrast to the constant warfare of reality. In contrast,
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At the conclusion of the story Tomiko describes Osden's relationship with the planet, saying "He had taken the fear into himself, and, accepting, had transcended it. He had given up his self to the alien, an unreserved surrender, that left no place for evil. He had learned the love of the Other and
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The team decides to try a different location on the planet, in the hope of moving away from the sentience they believe to be in the forest. They find that the fear emanations can be felt at their new camp as well, which is in a grassland, which makes them realize that the sentience extends over all
203:
and "Vaster than
Empires" is the theme of first contact between humans and a new environment. In "Vaster than Empires," the forest is both the setting for the story and a character in it. The forest directly responds to the humans with fear, a response that is similar to the response of Osden, the
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Osden is depicted as having a strong empathetic connection with the vegetated planet visited by the explorers. This is in contrast to the sharply antagonistic relationship that the other members of the team have with him. The team is depicted as a dysfunctional group, with each individual having
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personalities, Osden's abrasive personality causes the others to dislike him intensely. The team arrives at the planet, named World 4470. They find it completely covered in vegetation, and seemingly devoid of intelligent life. Osden, whose role is to sense the presence of sentient beings, senses
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The story follows an exploratory ship sent by the League to investigate a newly discovered planet, named World 4470. The team includes Osden, an "empath" who is able to feel the emotions of those around him; however, he has an abrasive personality that leads to tensions within the team. The ship
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Due to the tensions between Osden and the rest, he is sent alone to do a species survey in the forest. While he is still out alone, Porlock, one of the scientists on the team, is scared by what he believes to be a large ape in the forest. The other team members investigate for a couple of days,
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empath, to the rest of society: "the normal defensive-aggressive reaction between strangers meeting." Thus Le Guin makes an analogy between contact between humans and aliens, and contact between individual humans; both are contact between the self and the "other".
119:. "Vaster than Empires" is set soon after the formation of the League of All Worlds, at a time when the League is still sending out exploratory ships to investigate new planets. "Vaster than Empires," like other works such as
192:, in that he introduces violence to the forest world. The intelligence of Le Guin's forest has been contrasted to the "low" position occupied by vegetative beings in the works of other science fiction authors such as
137:". The line from which the title is derived reads "My vegetable love should grow/Vaster than empires, and more slow." In the internal chronology of the Hainish cycle, "Vaster than Empires" takes place after
159:. The team is led by Tomiko Haito, a woman of East-Asian descent, whose official title is "coordinator". Tensions among the team members run high from the very beginning; in addition to several
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noted that the story was unusual for a
Hainish Universe piece for not examining a human society, and said it raised interesting ideas about "disability, ecology, sentience, and emotion".
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described the work as "exploring the limits of utopia." Suzanne Reid praised the story as a "Le Guin classic" that "unites the action with the psyche". A retrospective review in
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The novels and other fictional works set in the
Hainish universe recount the efforts to re-establish a galactic civilization. Explorers from Hain as well as other planets use
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nothing. After some exploration, the scientists find that there is nothing resembling animal life on the planet; all of its life-forms are either
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66:, this story examines the relationship between humans and their natural environment. The story also makes repeated references to the poetry of
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Lynda
Schneekloth described "Vaster than Empires" as "one of the most interesting explorations of a vegetative sentience," in the magazine
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universe, where Earth is a member of an interstellar "League of Worlds". The anthology was released in United States in 1971, by
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taking years to travel between planetary systems, although the journey is shortened for the travelers due to relativistic
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A major theme in this story is that of a symbiotic relationship between a planet and its inhabitants, similar to that in
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Erlich, Richard D. (1987). "Ursula K. Le Guin and Arthur C. Clarke on
Immanence, Transcendence, and Massacres".
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653:"The Wind's Twelve Quarters, Part II: Le Guin's Psychomyths and Those Who Walk Away"
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Companion to
Literature: Facts on File Companion to the American Short Story
1996:
248:"Vaster than Empires and More Slow" was first published in the collection
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New
Dimensions 1: Fourteen Original Science Fiction Stories, Volume 1
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Schneekloth, Lynda H. (2001). "Plants: The ultimate alien".
94:"Vaster than Empires and More Slow" is set in the fictional
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New dimensions 1: fourteen original science fiction stories
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727:. Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House. p. 112.
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Dancing with
Dragons: Ursula K. Le Guin and the Critics
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universe, which Le Guin introduced in her first novel
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873:(2). The Kent State University Press: 105–129.
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286:in 1972, and came 14th in a poll for the
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1049:The Farthest Shores of Ursula K. Le Guin
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1827:Buffalo Gals and Other Animal Presences
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228:Science Fiction: A Historical Anthology
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850:: University of South Carolina Press.
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168:, or feed off of dead plant material.
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1171:Internet Speculative Fiction Database
976:, New York: Oxford University Press.
945:Science fiction: Stories and contexts
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1176:Ursula K. Le Guin's official website
1081:, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers.
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35:, first published in the collection
1843:Unlocking the Air and Other Stories
920:"2000x: Tales of the New Millennia"
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2013:Short stories by Ursula K. Le Guin
1764:The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
1056:, California: Wildside Press LLC.
818:. Locus Science Fiction Foundation
127:The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
14:
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1550:Vaster than Empires and More Slow
1166:Vaster Than Empires and More Slow
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1097:"Audio, Music, & Video Links"
199:An additional similarity between
21:Vaster than Empires and More Slow
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1978:
1966:
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1916:Dancing at the Edge of the World
1705:Very Far Away from Anywhere Else
1031:Silverberg, Robert, ed. (1971).
991:Reid, Suzanne Elizabeth (1997).
651:Guynes, Sean (August 26, 2020).
288:Locus Award for Best Short Story
843:Understanding Ursula K. Le Guin
816:Science Fiction Awards Database
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284:Hugo Award for Best Short Story
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1046:Slusser, George Edgar (1976).
995:. New York, New York: Twayne.
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2023:Science fiction short stories
1835:A Fisherman of the Inland Sea
1600:Old Music and the Slave Women
1557:The Day Before the Revolution
1120:Watson, Ian (November 1975).
748:Bucknall, Barbara J. (1981).
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104:, published in 1966. In this
45:. It is set in the fictional
1501:The Word for World Is Forest
1137:Werlock, Abby H. P. (2009).
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201:The Word for World Is Forest
190:The Word for World is Forest
186:The Word for World Is Forest
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122:The Word for World Is Forest
63:The Word for World Is Forest
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1632:Annals of the Western Shore
1071:Spivack, Charlotte (1984).
906:Le Guin, Ursula K. (1987).
840:Cummins, Elizabeth (1990).
60:Like Le Guin's later novel
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912:Santa Barbara, California
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1586:Coming of Age in Karhide
1509:Four Ways to Forgiveness
966:Rabkin, Eric S. (1983).
848:Columbia, South Carolina
1126:Science Fiction Studies
943:Masri, Heather (2015).
1037:. New York, New York:
244:Publication and awards
90:Background and setting
1924:Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching
1771:The Diary of the Rose
1360:The Books of Earthsea
1327:The Daughter of Odren
1299:The Word of Unbinding
1169:title listing at the
723:White, Donna (1999).
276:National Public Radio
1881:(series) (1988–1999)
1713:The Eye of the Heron
1572:The Matter of Seggri
1320:Darkrose and Diamond
1248:A Wizard of Earthsea
1973:Speculative fiction
1729:The Beginning Place
1697:The Lathe of Heaven
1579:A Man of the People
1536:The Dowry of Angyar
1425:Earthsea Revisioned
1388:Tales from Earthsea
1352:Tales from Earthsea
812:"Ursula K. Le Guin"
541:, pp. 125–128.
526:, pp. 120–125.
511:, pp. 112–118.
499:, pp. 108–115.
487:, pp. 104–108.
475:, pp. 100–105.
393:, pp. 103–104.
135:To His Coy Mistress
2018:1972 short stories
1932:Steering the Craft
1737:Always Coming Home
1564:The Shobies' Story
1264:The Farthest Shore
1256:The Tombs of Atuan
887:"1972 Hugo Awards"
437:, pp. 92–100.
113:interstellar ships
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1101:ursulakleguin.com
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958:978-0-312-45015-1
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761:978-0-8044-2085-3
751:Ursula K. Le Guin
734:978-1-57113-034-1
599:, pp. 72–73.
381:, pp. 71–73.
335:, pp. 19–21.
323:, pp. 68–70.
308:, pp. 66–67.
256:Robert Silverberg
232:Elizabeth Cummins
106:alternate history
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1149:
1134:
1117:
1093:
1087:
1068:
1062:
1054:San Bernardino
1043:
1028:
1018:(3): 246–254.
1007:
1001:
988:
982:
963:
957:
940:
916:
914:: Capra Press.
903:
883:
862:
856:
835:
832:
830:
829:
803:
791:
779:
767:
760:
740:
733:
715:
703:
691:
669:
643:
628:
626:, p. 494.
613:
601:
589:
572:
560:
543:
528:
513:
501:
489:
477:
462:
439:
422:
410:
408:, p. 399.
395:
383:
352:
350:, p. 104.
337:
325:
310:
297:
295:
292:
245:
242:
217:
214:
181:
178:
166:photosynthetic
152:
149:
131:Andrew Marvell
91:
88:
68:Andrew Marvell
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2040:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:Short stories
1754:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1593:Mountain Ways
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:Winter's King
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:Short stories
1526:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:Short stories
1289:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1132:(3): 231–237.
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1107:on 2016-06-27
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1088:0-8057-7393-2
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Extrapolation
1008:
1004:
1002:0-8057-4609-9
998:
994:
989:
985:
979:
975:
971:
970:
964:
960:
954:
950:
946:
941:
930:on 2016-04-08
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
893:on 7 May 2011
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:Extrapolation
863:
859:
857:0-87249-687-2
853:
849:
845:
844:
838:
837:
817:
813:
807:
800:
795:
788:
783:
776:
771:
763:
757:
753:
752:
744:
736:
730:
726:
719:
713:, p. 95.
712:
707:
700:
695:
687:
683:
679:
673:
658:
654:
647:
641:, p. 68.
640:
635:
633:
625:
620:
618:
611:, p. 97.
610:
605:
598:
593:
586:
581:
579:
577:
570:, p. 33.
569:
564:
557:
552:
550:
548:
540:
535:
533:
525:
520:
518:
510:
505:
498:
493:
486:
481:
474:
469:
467:
459:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
436:
431:
429:
427:
420:, p. 60.
419:
414:
407:
402:
400:
392:
387:
380:
375:
373:
371:
369:
367:
365:
363:
361:
359:
357:
349:
344:
342:
334:
329:
322:
317:
315:
307:
302:
298:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
267:
266:
261:
257:
253:
252:
241:
239:
238:
233:
229:
225:
224:
223:Extrapolation
213:
209:
205:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
177:
173:
169:
167:
162:
158:
148:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:
117:time dilation
114:
109:
107:
103:
102:
97:
87:
85:
81:
80:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
58:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1884:
1876:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1630:
1562:
1549:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1459:
1440:
1423:
1387:
1381:(miniseries)
1378:
1358:
1350:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1229:
1222:Bibliography
1165:
1139:
1129:
1125:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:the original
1100:
1073:
1048:
1033:
1015:
1011:
992:
968:
944:
932:. Retrieved
928:the original
923:
907:
895:. Retrieved
891:the original
870:
866:
842:
820:. Retrieved
815:
806:
794:
782:
775:npr.com 2000
770:
750:
743:
724:
718:
706:
694:
677:
672:
660:. Retrieved
656:
646:
604:
597:Spivack 1984
592:
568:Slusser 1976
563:
539:Le Guin 1987
524:Le Guin 1987
509:Le Guin 1987
504:
497:Le Guin 1987
492:
485:Le Guin 1987
480:
473:Le Guin 1987
435:Le Guin 1987
418:Slusser 1976
413:
406:Werlock 2009
391:Cummins 1990
386:
379:Spivack 1984
348:Cummins 1990
328:
321:Cummins 1990
306:Cummins 1990
301:
269:
263:
254:, edited by
249:
247:
235:
227:
221:
219:
210:
206:
200:
198:
189:
185:
183:
174:
170:
154:
151:Plot summary
144:
138:
120:
110:
99:
93:
77:
71:
61:
59:
55:
41:, edited by
36:
20:
18:
1900:Non-fiction
1795:Collections
1517:The Telling
1371:Adaptations
1344:Collections
624:Rabkin 1983
556:Watson 1975
458:Erlich 1987
143:and before
2007:Categories
1886:Cat Dreams
1412:Characters
662:22 October
609:Masri 2015
294:References
133:, titled "
84:Hugo Award
1721:Malafrena
1334:Firelight
1313:Dragonfly
1211:Works by
822:8 October
799:Hugo 1972
711:Reid 1997
686:898065808
639:Reid 1997
333:Reid 1997
216:Reception
86:in 1972.
27:story by
1878:Catwings
1787:" (2002)
1780:" (1982)
1773:" (1976)
1766:" (1973)
1602:" (1999)
1595:" (1996)
1588:" (1995)
1574:" (1994)
1559:" (1974)
1552:" (1971)
1545:" (1969)
1538:" (1964)
1442:Hainish
1407:Universe
1379:Earthsea
1336:" (2018)
1329:" (2014)
1322:" (1999)
1315:" (1997)
1308:" (1964)
1301:" (1964)
1231:Earthsea
974:New York
897:19 April
161:neurotic
29:American
1947:Portals
1745:Lavinia
1682:fiction
1617:Ansible
1610:Related
1400:Related
924:npr.com
834:Sources
657:Tor.com
278:series
96:Hainish
47:Hainish
31:author
23:" is a
1985:Novels
1935:(1998)
1927:(1997)
1919:(1982)
1911:(1979)
1862:(2003)
1854:(2002)
1846:(1996)
1838:(1994)
1830:(1987)
1822:(1982)
1814:(1976)
1806:(1975)
1748:(2008)
1740:(1985)
1732:(1980)
1724:(1979)
1716:(1978)
1708:(1976)
1700:(1971)
1689:Novels
1680:Other
1668:(2007)
1665:Powers
1660:(2006)
1657:Voices
1652:(2004)
1641:Novels
1567:(1990)
1520:(2000)
1512:(1995)
1504:(1976)
1496:(1974)
1488:(1969)
1480:(1967)
1472:(1966)
1464:(1966)
1453:Novels
1428:(1993)
1392:(2006)
1390:(film)
1383:(2004)
1363:(2018)
1355:(2001)
1283:(2001)
1275:(1990)
1272:Tehanu
1267:(1972)
1259:(1971)
1251:(1968)
1240:Novels
1147:
1111:5 July
1085:
1079:Boston
1060:
999:
980:
955:
949:Boston
934:5 July
854:
758:
731:
684:
180:Themes
157:autism
1997:Books
1649:Gifts
1444:Cycle
280:2000X
125:and "
1145:ISBN
1113:2016
1083:ISBN
1058:ISBN
997:ISBN
978:ISBN
953:ISBN
936:2016
899:2010
852:ISBN
824:2023
756:ISBN
729:ISBN
682:OCLC
664:2023
268:and
76:and
1417:Ged
1020:doi
875:doi
237:Tor
2009::
1128:.
1124:.
1099:.
1052:.
1016:42
1014:.
972:.
947:.
922:.
910:.
871:28
869:.
846:.
814:.
680:.
655:.
631:^
616:^
575:^
546:^
531:^
516:^
465:^
442:^
425:^
398:^
355:^
340:^
313:^
290:.
196:.
147:.
53:.
1949::
1783:"
1776:"
1769:"
1762:"
1598:"
1591:"
1584:"
1581:"
1577:"
1570:"
1555:"
1548:"
1541:"
1534:"
1332:"
1325:"
1318:"
1311:"
1304:"
1297:"
1204:e
1197:t
1190:v
1153:.
1130:2
1115:.
1091:.
1066:.
1041:.
1026:.
1022::
1005:.
986:.
961:.
938:.
901:.
881:.
877::
860:.
826:.
801:.
789:.
777:.
764:.
737:.
701:.
688:.
666:.
587:.
558:.
460:.
19:"
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