5514:
12286:
4930:
wavelengths, the other up to 700 nm. The former is known as PSII, the latter is PSI. PSI contains only chlorophyll "a", PSII contains primarily chlorophyll "a" with most of the available chlorophyll "b", among other pigments. These include phycobilins, which are the red and blue pigments of red and blue algae, respectively, and fucoxanthol for brown algae and diatoms. The process is most productive when the absorption of quanta is equal in both PSII and PSI, assuring that input energy from the antenna complex is divided between the PSI and PSII systems, which in turn powers the photochemistry.
430:
4143:
5486:
5311:
13519:
3011:, which jumps from chromophore to chromophore towards the reaction center of the photocomplex, a collection of molecules that traps its energy in a chemical form accessible to the cell's metabolism. The exciton's wave properties enable it to cover a wider area and try out several possible paths simultaneously, allowing it to instantaneously "choose" the most efficient route, where it will have the highest probability of arriving at its destination in the minimum possible time.
45:
13549:
13537:
1218:
13629:
13613:
13597:
13585:
13573:
12220:
4626:(formerly called blue-green algae). The geological record indicates that this transforming event took place early in Earth's history, at least 2450–2320 million years ago (Ma), and, it is speculated, much earlier. Because the Earth's atmosphere contained almost no oxygen during the estimated development of photosynthesis, it is believed that the first photosynthetic cyanobacteria did not generate oxygen. Available evidence from geobiological studies of
1990:
13561:
33:
5395:
5500:
1789:
4994:
997:
4467:, remnants of the original algal nucleus located between the inner and outer membranes of the plastid, is present in the cryptophytes (from a red alga) and chlorarachniophytes (from a green alga). Some dinoflagellates that lost their photosynthetic ability later regained it again through new endosymbiotic events with different algae. While able to perform photosynthesis, many of these eukaryotic groups are
5245:
4940:(now a plastoquinone), and that another was from cytochrome f to a step in the carbohydrate-generating mechanisms. These are linked by plastoquinone, which does require energy to reduce cytochrome f. Further experiments to prove that the oxygen developed during the photosynthesis of green plants came from water were performed by Hill in 1937 and 1939. He showed that isolated
5378:. However, these experiments clearly show that temperature affects the rate of carbon assimilation, so there must be two sets of reactions in the full process of carbon assimilation. These are the light-dependent 'photochemical' temperature-independent stage, and the light-independent, temperature-dependent stage. Second, Blackman's experiments illustrate the concept of
5406:, the enzyme that captures carbon dioxide in the light-independent reactions, has a binding affinity for both carbon dioxide and oxygen. When the concentration of carbon dioxide is high, RuBisCO will fix carbon dioxide. However, if the carbon dioxide concentration is low, RuBisCO will bind oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. This process, called
4699:
5201:·m·s and not be saturated at near full sunlight. This higher rate in maize was almost double of those observed in other species such as wheat and soybean, indicating that large differences in photosynthesis exist among higher plants. At the University of Arizona, detailed gas exchange research on more than 15 species of
5382:. Another limiting factor is the wavelength of light. Cyanobacteria, which reside several meters underwater, cannot receive the correct wavelengths required to cause photoinduced charge separation in conventional photosynthetic pigments. To combat this problem, Cyanobacteria have a light-harvesting complex called
977:
changes its configuration in response to sunlight, acting as a proton pump. This produces a proton gradient more directly, which is then converted to chemical energy. The process does not involve carbon dioxide fixation and does not release oxygen, and seems to have evolved separately from the more
3014:
Because that quantum walking takes place at temperatures far higher than quantum phenomena usually occur, it is only possible over very short distances. Obstacles in the form of destructive interference cause the particle to lose its wave properties for an instant before it regains them once again
1555:
The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic but differs in that it generates only ATP, and no reduced NADP (NADPH) is created. The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem, the electron is passed down the electron acceptor
5222:
compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light. The research at
Arizona was designated a Citation Classic in 1986. These species were later termed C4 plants as the first stable
1078:
contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts. The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane. This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane, a phospholipid outer membrane, and an intermembrane space. Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma. Embedded within the stroma are
4929:
discovered two light reactions by testing plant productivity using different wavelengths of light. With the red alone, the light reactions were suppressed. When blue and red were combined, the output was much more substantial. Thus, there were two photosystems, one absorbing up to 600 nm
5209:
uncovered for the first time that differences in leaf anatomy are crucial factors in differentiating photosynthetic capacities among species. In tropical grasses, including maize, sorghum, sugarcane, Bermuda grass and in the dicot amaranthus, leaf photosynthetic rates were around 38−40 μmol
1079:
stacks of thylakoids (grana), which are the site of photosynthesis. The thylakoids appear as flattened disks. The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid membrane, and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space. Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are integral and
4547:
are phototrophic and can absorb energy from the sun, but do not harvest carbon from the atmosphere and are therefore not photosynthetic. Instead of chlorophyll they use rhodopsins, which convert light-energy to ion gradients but cannot mediate electron transfer reactions.
1386:
5421:(3 carbon). Phosphoglycolate cannot be metabolized by the Calvin-Benson cycle and represents carbon lost from the cycle. A high oxygenase activity, therefore, drains the sugars that are required to recycle ribulose 5-bisphosphate and for the continuation of the
2381:. Alarm photosynthesis represents a photosynthetic variant to be added to the well-known C4 and CAM pathways. However, alarm photosynthesis, in contrast to these pathways, operates as a biochemical pump that collects carbon from the organ interior (or from the
8940:
4562:, the only prokaryotes performing oxygenic photosynthesis and the only prokaryotes that contain two types of photosystems (type I (RCI), also known as Fe-S type, and type II (RCII), also known as quinone type). The seven remaining prokaryotes have
464:
is by far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms. Some shade-loving plants (sciophytes) produce such low levels of oxygen during photosynthesis that they use all of it themselves instead of releasing it to the atmosphere.
5214:·m·s, and the leaves have two types of green cells, i.e. outer layer of mesophyll cells surrounding a tightly packed cholorophyllous vascular bundle sheath cells. This type of anatomy was termed Kranz anatomy in the 19th century by the botanist
4454:
in two separate events, by engulfing a cyanobacterium. The plastids in all the other groups have either a red or green algal origin, and are referred to as the "red lineages" and the "green lineages". The only known exception is the ciliate
5089:
discovered that chlorophyll "a" will absorb one light, oxidize cytochrome f, while chlorophyll "a" (and other pigments) will absorb another light but will reduce this same oxidized cytochrome, stating the two light reactions are in series.
6013:
510:
to carbon dioxide. Nutrients used in cellular respiration include carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids. These nutrients are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water, and to release chemical energy to drive the organism's
1913:
phosphate. Most (five out of six molecules) of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate produced are used to regenerate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate so the process can continue. The triose phosphates not thus "recycled" often condense to form
5181:
was awarded to Melvin Calvin in 1961. In parallel, plant physiologists studied leaf gas exchanges using the new method of infrared gas analysis and a leaf chamber where the net photosynthetic rates ranged from 10 to 13 μmol
5227:
fixation in light has four carbons as malate and aspartate. Other species that lack Kranz anatomy were termed C3 type such as cotton and sunflower, as the first stable carbon compound is the three-carbon PGA. At 1000 ppm
6508:
5473:
The salvaging pathway for the products of RuBisCO oxygenase activity is more commonly known as photorespiration, since it is characterized by light-dependent oxygen consumption and the release of carbon dioxide.
6899:
6674:
5431:
Salvaging glycolate is an energetically expensive process that uses the glycolate pathway, and only 75% of the carbon is returned to the Calvin-Benson cycle as 3-phosphoglycerate. The reactions also produce
5366:
At low irradiance, increasing the temperature has little influence on the rate of carbon assimilation. At constant high irradiance, the rate of carbon assimilation increases as the temperature is increased.
4523:
as electron donors. Purple nonsulfur bacteria used a variety of nonspecific organic molecules. The use of these molecules is consistent with the geological evidence that Earth's early atmosphere was highly
2442:
outside the cell by another carbonic anhydrase and are actively pumped into the cell by a membrane protein. They cannot cross the membrane as they are charged, and within the cytosol they turn back into
1140:
These pigments are embedded in plants and algae in complexes called antenna proteins. In such proteins, the pigments are arranged to work together. Such a combination of proteins is also called a
3015:
after it is freed from its locked position through a classic "hop". The movement of the electron towards the photo center is therefore covered in a series of conventional hops and quantum walks.
6529:
5884:
5833:
8311:
1093:. The green part of the light spectrum is not absorbed but is reflected which is the reason that most plants have a green color. Besides chlorophyll, plants also use pigments such as
1063:. These structures can fill most of the interior of a cell, giving the membrane a very large surface area and therefore increasing the amount of light that the bacteria can absorb.
9783:[On the relationship between the phosphate metabolism and photosynthesis I. Variations in phosphate levels in Chlorella pyrenoidosa as a consequence of light-dark changes]
1357:
to use the blue end of the spectrum to grow in the deeper waters that filter out the longer wavelengths (red light) used by above-ground green plants. The non-absorbed part of the
12050:
12641:
7338:
Badger MR, Andrews JT, Whitney SM, Ludwig M, Yellowlees DC, Leggat W, Price GD (1998). "The diversity and coevolution of
Rubisco, plastids, pyrenoids, and chloroplast-based CO
8198:
453:
food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light. However, not all organisms use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon atoms to carry out photosynthesis;
8229:
5341:
The process of photosynthesis provides the main input of free energy into the biosphere, and is one of four main ways in which radiation is important for plant life.
8138:
Hildner R, Brinks D, Nieder JB, Cogdell RJ, van Hulst NF (June 2013). "Quantum coherent energy transfer over varying pathways in single light-harvesting complexes".
6211:
5363:
At constant temperature, the rate of carbon assimilation varies with irradiance, increasing as the irradiance increases, but reaching a plateau at higher irradiance.
7724:
Genty B, Briantais J, Baker NR (1989). "The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence".
4634:
indicates that life existed 3500 Ma, but the question of when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved is still unanswered. A clear paleontological window on cyanobacterial
12055:
263:(ATP), the "energy currency" of cells. Such archaeal photosynthesis might have been the earliest form of photosynthesis that evolved on Earth, as far back as the
5218:
while studying leaf anatomy of sugarcane. Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO
9781:"Über die Beziehungen zwischen Phosphathaushalt und Photosynthese. I. Phosphatspiegelschwankungen bei Chlorella pyrenoidosa als Folge des Licht-Dunkel-Wechsels"
1660:
and contains the four oxidizing equivalents that are used to drive the water-oxidizing reaction (Kok's S-state diagrams). The hydrogen ions are released in the
7380:
10971:
5292:
area a plant has to capture light (shading by other plants is a major limitation of photosynthesis), the rate at which carbon dioxide can be supplied to the
5169:, Andrew Benson, James Bassham and a score of students and researchers utilizing the carbon-14 isotope and paper chromatography techniques. The pathway of CO
5082:
4695:
Although some of the steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood, the overall photosynthetic equation has been known since the 19th century.
9906:
7808:"Temperature response of mesophyll conductance. Implications for the determination of Rubisco enzyme kinetics and for limitations to photosynthesis in vivo"
1051:. In its simplest form, this involves the membrane surrounding the cell itself. However, the membrane may be tightly folded into cylindrical sheets called
10950:
7424:
9839:, Whatley FR, Allen MB (1954). "Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts. II. Photophosphorylation, the conversion of light into phosphate bond energy".
6559:
5177:
in a fraction of a second in light resulted in a three carbon molecule called phosphoglyceric acid (PGA). For that original and ground-breaking work, a
12188:
9170:"Reaction centers of the thermophilic microaerophile, Chloracidobacterium thermophilum (Acidobacteria) I: biochemical and biophysical characterization"
5402:
As carbon dioxide concentrations rise, the rate at which sugars are made by the light-independent reactions increases until limited by other factors.
5186:·m·s, with the conclusion that all terrestrial plants have the same photosynthetic capacities, that are light saturated at less than 50% of sunlight.
518:
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are distinct processes, as they take place through different sequences of chemical reactions and in different
9759:
1169:, can contain between 450,000 and 800,000 chloroplasts for every square millimeter of leaf. The surface of the leaf is coated with a water-resistant
506:: while photosynthesis is a process of reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates, cellular respiration is the oxidation of carbohydrates or other
10273:
7927:"Temperature response of nesophyll conductance. Implications for the determination of Rubisco enzyme kinetics and for limitations to photosynthesis
7673:
Earl H, Said
Ennahli S (2004). "Estimating photosynthetic electron transport via chlorophyll fluorometry without Photosystem II light saturation".
6537:
3770:
1620:
is water. Two water molecules are oxidized by the energy of four successive charge-separation reactions of photosystem II to yield a molecule of
403:
Photosynthesis is vital for climate processes, as it captures carbon dioxide from the air and binds it into plants, harvested produce and soil.
14414:
13667:
8025:"Assessment of wavelength-dependent parameters of photosynthetic electron transport with a new type of multi-color PAM chlorophyll fluorometer"
5015:, elucidated the path of carbon assimilation (the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle) in plants. The carbon reduction cycle is known as the
10921:
8116:
5153:
came into common usage. Later discovery of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and photophosphorylation necessitated redefinition of the term.
10942:
10932:
8321:
5992:
Steger U, Achterberg W, Blok K, Bode H, Frenz W, Gather C, Hanekamp G, Imboden D, Jahnke M, Kost M, Kurz R, Nutzinger HG, Ziesemer T (2005).
4257:
9812:
9665:
12106:
3033:
1147:
Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts, the majority of those are found in specially adapted structures called
376:, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. The average rate of energy captured by global photosynthesis is approximately 130
4272:
cells to form the first plant cells. Therefore, chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells. Like
1589:. Elevating another electron will first require re-reduction of the reaction center. The excited electrons lost from the reaction center (
14558:
8836:
7082:
6225:"An overview of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria and their applications in environmental biotechnology for sustainable Resource recovery"
5086:
1545:
1266:
1262:
323:
10548:
7562:
7532:
6037:
5736:
Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven A.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert B.; Campbel, Neil A. (2011).
14628:
9694:
9387:
2921:
measure of photosynthetic response and mechanisms. While standard gas exchange photosynthesis systems can measure Ci, or substomatal CO
2715:
The efficiency of both light and dark reactions can be measured, but the relationship between the two can be complex. For example, the
7886:"Gas exchange measurements, what can they tell us about the underlying limitations to photosynthesis? Procedures and sources of error"
5952:
5296:
to support photosynthesis, the availability of water, and the availability of suitable temperatures for carrying out photosynthesis.
14200:
4463:
as symbiont. In dinoflagellates and euglenids the plastids are surrounded by three membranes, and in the remaining lines by four. A
322:
freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two important molecules that participate in energetic processes: reduced
14165:
13533:
Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes).
11922:
8190:
8089:
5428:
Phosphoglycolate is quickly metabolized to glycolate that is toxic to a plant at a high concentration; it inhibits photosynthesis.
5146:
5134:
12256:
7487:
4244:
An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic
3063:
2685:
381:
9341:
8960:"The trouble with oxygen: The ecophysiology of extant phototrophs and implications for the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis"
8221:
5288:
Total photosynthesis is limited by a range of environmental factors. These include the amount of light available, the amount of
2216:, which involves carbon-concentration by selective breakdown of photorespiratory glycine, is both an evolutionary precursor to C
14638:
14366:
6641:
2893:
5659:
4450:. Archaeplastida and the photosynthetic Paulinella got their plastids, which are surrounded by two membranes, through primary
2948:
Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light the leaf absorbs, but analysis of
10793:
10759:
10727:
10699:
10580:
10542:
9525:
9381:
8830:
8509:
7076:
7027:
6852:
6744:
6569:
6301:
6147:
6007:
5993:
5946:
5755:
10765:
10733:
10586:
10323:
9531:
2756:
1300:
The overall equation for the light-dependent reactions under the conditions of non-cyclic electron flow in green plants is:
14643:
9967:
14831:
5598:
2869:
2124:. The physical separation of RuBisCO from the oxygen-generating light reactions reduces photorespiration and increases CO
10927:
5112:
synthesis of complex carbon compounds out of carbonic acid, in the presence of chlorophyll, under the influence of light
14584:
14407:
14248:
13660:
10236:
El-Sharkawy, MA, Hesketh JD (1965). "Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO
10171:
Hesketh JD, Musgrave R (1962). "Photosynthesis under field conditions. IV. Light studies with individual corn leaves".
6730:
6108:
5162:
1165:
species, have their main photosynthetic organs in their stems. The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf, called the
9935:
168:, a process that produces oxygen. Photosynthetic organisms store the chemical energy so produced within intracellular
13920:
12112:
7526:
7377:
Renewable biological systems for alternative sustainable energy production (FAO Agricultural
Services Bulletin – 128)
6041:
5019:, but many scientists refer to it as the Calvin-Benson, Benson-Calvin, or even Calvin-Benson-Bassham (or CBB) Cycle.
116:
8627:
Reyes-Prieto A, Weber AP, Bhattacharya D (2007). "The origin and establishment of the plastid in algae and plants".
7372:
368:
such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, rather than water, as sources of electrons. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the
11007:
10359:
Karpilov YS (1960). "The distribution of radioactvity in carbon-14 among the products of photosynthesis in maize".
14381:
10968:
7406:
1440:(see diagram at right). The absorption of a photon by the antenna complex loosens an electron by a process called
56:. Dark red and blue-green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land, respectively.
14663:
14376:
14243:
13955:
12583:
11446:
10659:
9896:
6591:
2089:
1552:
to NADPH (which has functions in the light-independent reaction); at that point, the path of that electron ends.
7984:
diffusion in leaves of C3 plants by analysis of combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements"
4857:
4638:
opened about 2000 Ma, revealing an already-diverse biota of cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria remained the principal
2941:
concentration in the chloroplast becomes possible to estimate with the measurement of mesophyll conductance or g
15048:
14921:
11927:
10954:
8857:
Liu R, Cai R, Zhang J, Sun C (February 2020). "Heimdallarchaeota harness light energy through photosynthesis".
7301:
7150:
6442:
5593:
4131:
3830:
3628:
2925:
levels, the addition of integrated chlorophyll fluorescence measurements allows a more precise measurement of C
1582:
1441:
337:. In this process, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic compounds, such as
17:
7585:"Water stress induces different levels of photosynthesis and electron transport rate regulation in grapevines"
5386:. This complex is made up of a series of proteins with different pigments which surround the reaction center.
2972:
assimilation rates. With some instruments, even wavelength dependency of the photosynthetic efficiency can be
15239:
15229:
15094:
14693:
14648:
14400:
13653:
11377:
9676:
6773:"Molecular mechanism of SRP-dependent light-harvesting protein transport to the thylakoid membrane in plants"
6464:
14180:
9284:"The evolutionary diversification of cyanobacteria: molecular-phylogenetic and paleontological perspectives"
6868:
341:(RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then
14526:
13289:
12285:
12096:
11683:
11198:
4529:
3688:
361:
12429:
12418:
10928:
Metabolism, Cellular
Respiration and Photosynthesis – The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
9756:
9468:
8535:"Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica"
5696:
4737:
was using and the mass of the plant as it grew. After noticing that the soil mass changed very little, he
4225:). This allows the mollusks to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time. Some of the
2987:
increases the efficiency of the energy transport of light significantly. In the photosynthetic cell of an
14883:
13774:
12249:
12178:
11932:
10292:
9972:
9940:
9901:
8533:
Rumpho ME, Worful JM, Lee J, Kannan K, Tyler MS, Bhattacharya D, Moustafa A, Manhart JR (November 2008).
7187:
Tooulakou G, Giannopoulos A, Nikolopoulos D, Bresta P, Dotsika E, Orkoula MG, et al. (August 2016).
5628:
5256:
There are four main factors influencing photosynthesis and several corollary factors. The four main are:
4978:
A is the electron acceptor. Therefore, in light, the electron acceptor is reduced and oxygen is evolved.
3304:
3056:
3024:
2889:
2290:
inside the leaves, thus allowing carbon fixation to 3-phosphoglycerate by RuBisCO. CAM is used by 16,000
1708:
1698:
1080:
8344:
639:
Since water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis, the equation for this process is:
14948:
14668:
14155:
13872:
13769:
13463:
13338:
12865:
11912:
10812:
Gupta RS, Mukhtar T, Singh B (Jun 1999). "Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes (
9963:
9931:
9225:"Functional type 2 photosynthetic reaction centers found in the rare bacterial phylum Gemmatimonadetes"
7344:
5938:
4926:
4618:
The biochemical capacity to use water as the source for electrons in photosynthesis evolved once, in a
2740:
2585:
2374:
1902:
1862:
1803:
1793:
832:) for water in the electron-supply role; for example some microbes use sunlight to oxidize arsenite to
424:
389:
10429:"Photosynthesis by sugar-cane leaves. A new carboxylation reaction and the pathway of sugar formation"
3392:
15259:
15129:
14741:
14633:
14491:
14476:
14471:
14150:
13862:
13368:
13049:
12611:
12598:
12321:
12062:
6840:
6459:
Kulp TR, Hoeft SE, Asao M, Madigan MT, Hollibaugh JT, Fisher JC, Stolz JF, Culbertson CW, Miller LG,
5533:
4563:
4500:
4496:
4296:
proposes that this co-location of genes with their gene products is required for redox regulation of
4068:
also suggest that photosynthesis may have begun about 3.4 billion years ago, though the first direct
3931:
3648:
2634:
2621:
1878:
1226:
1212:
481:
208:
13645:
10980:
10477:
10274:"Citation Classic-Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO
8112:
7297:"CO2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria: molecular components, their diversity and evolution"
6639:
Mullineaux CW (1999). "The thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria: structure, dynamics and function".
4646:(2500–543 Ma), in part because the redox structure of the oceans favored photoautotrophs capable of
4218:
15264:
15254:
15119:
15114:
15084:
14888:
14351:
14233:
13026:
12736:
12523:
12200:
12045:
11095:
5573:
5528:
5232:
in measuring air, both the C3 and C4 plants had similar leaf photosynthetic rates around 60 μmol CO
5178:
4845:
3608:
3272:
2949:
2885:
2762:
2650:
2562:
2511:
1398:
1358:
1270:
1254:
1141:
373:
184:. To use this stored chemical energy, an organism's cells metabolize the organic compounds through
14392:
14023:
8890:"Early evolution of purple retinal pigments on Earth and implications for exoplanet biosignatures"
5126:
1448:
molecule of the photosystem II reaction center. That loosened electron is taken up by the primary
15219:
14963:
14826:
14736:
14604:
14486:
14456:
14313:
14278:
13998:
13965:
13940:
13617:
13605:
13541:
13263:
13008:
9780:
9659:
5776:
4933:
4776:
4714:
4703:
2543:
2129:
1681:
1653:
1457:
1362:
268:
6465:"Arsenic(III) fuels anoxygenic photosynthesis in hot spring biofilms from Mono Lake, California"
5980:
of free energy stored in reduced carbon. (in Part 8: "Global photosynthesis and the atmosphere")
5370:
These two experiments illustrate several important points: First, it is known that, in general,
15109:
15053:
14988:
14851:
14786:
14721:
14283:
14071:
13779:
13759:
13491:
12708:
12506:
12242:
12030:
11954:
9117:
Paoli L, Ruscheweyh HJ, Forneris CC, Hubrich F, Kautsar S, Bhushan A, et al. (July 2022).
6844:
6325:"Mitochondria, Chloroplasts in Animal and Plant Cells: Significance of Conformational Matching"
5701:
5568:
5064:
4896:
4860:
showed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not be due only to uptake of CO
4810:
air. He then showed that a plant could restore the air the candle and the mouse had "injured."
4754:
4460:
4341:
4042:
3668:
3336:
3049:
2918:
2794:
2720:
2325:) to photosynthetic cells when stomata are partially or totally closed. This process was named
2121:
2101:
1894:
1489:
1465:
1410:
1282:
948:
283:
260:
252:
11759:
10253:
10219:
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9608:"Bicentenary homage to Dr Jan Ingen-Housz, MD (1730-1799), pioneer of photosynthesis research"
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The radiation climate within plant communities is extremely variable, in both time and space.
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In photosynthetic bacteria, the proteins that gather light for photosynthesis are embedded in
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6895:"Structural changes in the Mn4Ca cluster and the mechanism of photosynthetic water splitting"
6670:"Atomic-level structural and functional model of a bacterial photosynthetic membrane vesicle"
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as well as water. However, this was a signaling point to the idea that the bulk of a plant's
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use a simpler method that employs a pigment similar to those used for vision in animals. The
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Verduin J (1953). "A table of photosynthesis rates under optimal, near natural conditions".
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Sánchez-Baracaldo, Patricia; Bianchini, Giorgio; Wilson, Jamie D.; Knoll, Andrew H. (2022).
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9007:
Sharma AK, Walsh DA, Bapteste E, Rodriguez-Valera F, Ford
Doolittle W, Papke RT (May 2007).
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Demoulin, Catherine F.; Lara, Yannick J.; Lambion, Alexandre; Javaux, Emmanuelle J. (2024).
6329:
Medical
Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research
480:, the overall process is quite similar in these organisms. There are also many varieties of
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Martin D, Thompson A, Stewart I, Gilbert E, Hope K, Kawai G, Griffiths A (September 2012).
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Gómez-Espinoza O, González-Ramírez D, Bresta P, Karabourniotis G, Bravo LA (October 2020).
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6038:"World Consumption of Primary Energy by Energy Type and Selected Country Groups, 1980–2004"
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in oceanic gyres, as agents of biological nitrogen fixation, and, in modified form, as the
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was later able to discover the function and significance of the electron transport chain.
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can be measured in a few seconds, allowing the investigation of larger plant populations.
2188:, catalyzed by RuBisCO, produces the three-carbon 3-phosphoglyceric acids directly in the
48:
Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis, including both oceanic
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Astrobiology of Earth: The emergence, evolution and future of life on a planet in turmoil
6959:"Phenotypic landscape inference reveals multiple evolutionary paths to C4 photosynthesis"
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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Verduin J, Whitwer EE, Cowell BC (July 1959). "Maximal photosynthetic rates in nature".
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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of their plant host cells and the genes in this chloroplast DNA resemble those found in
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In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, sugars are synthesized by a subsequent sequence of
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13531:. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.
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This initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds is known as carbon fixation
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can diffuse out, RuBisCO concentrated within the carboxysome quickly sponges it up. HCO
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A collection of photosynthesis pages for all levels from a renowned expert (Govindjee)
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Gest H (2002). "History of the word photosynthesis and evolution of its definition".
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8941:"Purple reign: life on Earth might once have been dominated by purple microorganisms"
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6071:"Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components"
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Hesketh JD, Moss DN (1963). "Variation in the response of photosynthesis to light".
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7189:"Alarm Photosynthesis: Calcium Oxalate Crystals as an Internal CO2 Source in Plants"
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of oxygen in marine shelf waters take modern form. Cyanobacteria remain critical to
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can investigate both light and dark reactions when researchers use the two separate
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and therefore contribute to the transmembrane chemiosmotic potential that leads to
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484:, used mostly by bacteria, which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen.
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169:
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10572:
Plants and
Microclimate: a Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology
8488:
Muscatine L, Greene RW (1973). "Chloroplasts and algae as symbionts in molluscs".
8277:
7710:
7235:
5333:) in a solvent. The action spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified
5165:, the details of photosynthetic carbon metabolism were sorted out by the chemists
4666:(251–66 Ma) radiations of dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, and diatoms did the
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ions to accumulate within the cell from where they diffuse into the carboxysomes.
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molecules and returns to photosystem I, from where it was emitted, hence the name
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8312:"Photosynthesis Originated A Billion Years Earlier Than We Thought, Study Shows"
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7446:
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thought that a complex of reactions consisted of an intermediate to cytochrome b
4459:, which in addition to its plastids that originated from green algae also has a
1616:
reaction center. The source of electrons for photosynthesis in green plants and
433:
Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy, splits water to liberate O
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11090:
11085:
9695:"'And whose bright presence' – an appreciation of Robert Hill and his reaction"
9288:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
9229:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
9193:
9135:
8747:
8722:
8539:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8368:
7555:"Chapter 3: Chlorophyll fluorescence as a probe of photosynthetic productivity"
7068:
6900:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
6675:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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may also flow to other electron sinks. For this reason, it is not uncommon for
2594:
2413:
2334:
2314:
2120:
of the four-carbon acids is then fixed by RuBisCO activity to the three-carbon
2069:
1909:
is also referred to as 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) or, more generically, as
1870:
1811:
1716:
1636:. This resets the ability of P680 to absorb another photon and release another
1602:
534:
446:
397:
365:
10754:. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol. 20. Berlin: Springer.
10034:
Calvin M (July 1989). "Forty years of photosynthesis and related activities".
10004:
9713:
9624:
9607:
9484:
8924:
8889:
8866:
8048:
7694:
6796:
6604:
5972:
grams of carbon/year fixed by photosynthetic organisms. This is equivalent to
5797:
5714:
4990:
to determine that the oxygen liberated in photosynthesis came from the water.
1893:, also known as 3-phosphoglycerate. Glycerate 3-phosphate, in the presence of
1101:. Algae also use chlorophyll, but various other pigments are present, such as
491:; photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into
15213:
15184:
14160:
14134:
14091:
14081:
14036:
14003:
13895:
13729:
13684:
13135:
13081:
13058:
13017:
12909:
12900:
12781:
12536:
12153:
11901:
11819:
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11754:
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11166:
11107:
11102:
11050:
9959:
9927:
9492:
9435:
9426:
9084:
8592:
Douglas SE (December 1998). "Plastid evolution: origins, diversity, trends".
8345:"Oldest thylakoids in fossil cells directly evidence oxygenic photosynthesis"
7626:
metabolism in leaves of maize in the field during periods of low temperature"
7515:"Chapter 2: Chlorophyll Fluorescence: A General Description and Nomenclature"
6736:
6405:
6348:
6248:
5608:
5563:
5485:
5413:
RuBisCO oxygenase activity is disadvantageous to plants for several reasons:
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5012:
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4997:
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4623:
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4488:
4348:
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4285:
4103:
3972:
3004:
2934:
2873:
2774:
2566:
2393:
2185:
2105:
1665:
1617:
1610:
1594:
1513:
1477:
1424:
In the non-cyclic reaction, the photons are captured in the light-harvesting
1173:
1118:
1048:
477:
233:
145:
49:
9308:
9249:
8688:
8559:
8159:
7980:"Theoretical reconsiderations when estimating the mesophyll conductanceto CO
6921:
6750:
6696:
6488:
5417:
One product of oxygenase activity is phosphoglycolate (2 carbon) instead of
5310:
15169:
15154:
14811:
14781:
14726:
14609:
14574:
14451:
13950:
13449:
13417:
13324:
13319:
13303:
13175:
12999:
12953:
12806:
12461:
12148:
12138:
12040:
11749:
11258:
11225:
10896:
10878:
10845:
10824:
and proteobacteria): implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis".
10634:
10511:
10413:
10149:
10063:
10012:
9776:
9721:
9633:
9592:
9500:
9453:
9327:
9268:
9201:
9154:
9103:
9052:
9033:
8985:
8805:
8787:
8756:
8707:
8672:"Genomics and chloroplast evolution: what did cyanobacteria do for plants?"
8648:
8578:
8474:
8425:
8376:
8296:
8167:
8066:
8009:
7964:
7911:
7841:
7779:
7702:
7472:
7324:
7281:
7222:
7173:
7130:
6996:
6940:
6814:
6715:
6622:
6496:
6413:
6381:
6366:
6266:
5933:. In Singhal G.S.; Renger G.; Sopory S.K.; Irrgang K.D.; Govindjee (eds.).
5915:
5897:
5864:
5846:
5805:
5722:
5583:
5299:
5054:
5016:
4987:
4983:
4956:
4952:
4903:, he was the first to demonstrate that photosynthesis is a light-dependent
4849:
4675:
4520:
4451:
4401:
4313:
4273:
4230:
4222:
4189:
3850:
3588:
2984:
2957:
2872:(PAR), it becomes possible to estimate, "A" or carbon assimilation, "E" or
2825:
2673:
2354:
2283:
1807:
1755:
1731:
1661:
1598:
1533:
1334:
1278:
595:
523:
492:
369:
334:
264:
242:
197:
149:
44:
37:
10462:
9800:
9573:
9168:
He Z, Ferlez B, Kurashov V, Tank M, Golbeck JH, Bryant DA (October 2019).
8613:
8519:
7659:
7521:. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 39–78.
7262:
6104:
2910:, allow the common practice of measurement of A/Ci curves, at different CO
1285:. The chlorophyll molecule ultimately regains the electron it lost when a
460:
In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, photosynthesis releases oxygen. This
457:
use organic compounds, rather than carbon dioxide, as a source of carbon.
14461:
14008:
13970:
13945:
13935:
13900:
13847:
13827:
13528:
13394:
13331:
13282:
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12960:
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12839:
12768:
12656:
12626:
12551:
11964:
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11880:
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11493:
11392:
11387:
11235:
11075:
11070:
11055:
10493:
9408:
Olson, Stephanie L.; Reinhard, Christopher T.; Lyons, Timothy W. (2016).
8416:
8399:
7902:
7885:
7641:
7315:
7296:
6323:
Stefano, George B.; Snyder, Christopher; Kream, Richard M. (2015-07-17).
6139:
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5206:
5197:
was reported to have much greater leaf photosynthetic rates of 40 μmol CO
5076:
5022:
4941:
4825:
on the plant that could cause it to revive a mouse in a matter of hours.
4659:
4651:
4544:
4472:
4464:
4321:
4292:
proteins such as those found in the photosynthetic reaction centers. The
4281:
4265:
4214:
4177:
3534:
3496:
2996:
2961:
2813:
2778:
2708:
are studying photosynthesis in hopes of developing plants with increased
2681:
2666:
2658:
2638:
2603:
2575:
2571:
2525:
2520:
2397:
2318:
2238:, also use PEP carboxylase to capture carbon dioxide in a process called
2157:
2153:
1998:
1955:
1649:
1521:
1445:
1433:
1429:
1406:
1342:
1234:
1181:
1177:
1130:
1126:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1071:
987:
969:
Some organisms employ even more radical variants of photosynthesis. Some
962:
for the light-dependent reactions, although at least three use shortwave
496:
303:
291:
287:
256:
10395:
9852:
8456:
7204:
6977:
6340:
2180:. Plants that do not use PEP-carboxylase in carbon fixation are called C
188:. Photosynthesis plays a critical role in producing and maintaining the
15174:
14751:
14716:
14356:
14308:
14253:
14223:
14129:
14046:
13990:
13867:
13817:
13500:
13431:
13382:
13361:
13352:
13296:
13251:
13215:
13128:
13067:
12992:
12967:
12916:
12797:
12476:
12362:
12265:
11993:
11986:
11976:
11959:
11642:
11637:
11573:
11365:
11212:
11171:
11065:
10106:
10055:
7186:
6189:
6164:
5618:
5356:
5314:
5265:
5261:
4841:
4818:
4738:
4707:
4516:
4416:
4397:
4374:
4359:
4269:
4249:
4115:
3870:
2980:
2917:
Integrated chlorophyll fluorometer – gas exchange systems allow a more
2790:
2709:
2701:
2677:
2654:
2552:
2548:
2529:
2447:
very slowly without the help of carbonic anhydrase. This causes the HCO
2370:
2275:
2235:
2227:
2010:
1943:
1855:
1831:
1669:
1453:
1346:
1318:
1246:
1217:
1075:
512:
468:
Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in
157:
53:
10444:
7946:
7823:
7754:
Baker NR (2008). "Chlorophyll fluorescence: A probe of photosynthesis
7121:
7104:
4590:(purple sulfur bacteria and purple non-sulfur bacteria) Type II (see:
2999:
arranged in an antenna-shaped structure called a photocomplex. When a
15079:
15033:
14761:
14205:
14175:
13975:
13930:
13905:
13842:
13832:
13807:
13799:
13744:
13675:
13401:
13386:
13377:
13255:
13245:
13233:
13220:
13206:
13195:
13191:
13160:
13155:
13148:
13107:
12669:
12101:
11998:
11727:
11532:
11513:
11424:
11348:
11268:
11220:
11161:
11141:
11080:
9466:
7144:
Dodd AN, Borland AM, Haslam RP, Griffiths H, Maxwell K (April 2002).
6893:
Pushkar Y, Yano J, Sauer K, Boussac A, Yachandra VK (February 2008).
5638:
5059:
5036:
4979:
4892:
4807:
4798:), the candle would burn out very quickly, much before it ran out of
4635:
4468:
4390:
4352:
4325:
4301:
4185:
4181:
4161:
3380:
3320:
2757:
non-photorespiratory conditions and under photorespiratory conditions
2732:
2705:
2173:
2081:
2073:
2050:
2042:
2018:
1989:
1927:
1819:
1645:
1641:
1350:
1245:. This electron is taken up by a modified form of chlorophyll called
1221:
Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane
1196:
1157:
1122:
1067:
1052:
991:
377:
295:
220:
177:
7925:
Bernacchi CJ, Portis AR, Nakano H, von Caemmerer S, Long SP (2002).
7806:
Bernacchi CJ, Portis AR, Nakano H, von Caemmerer S, Long SP (2002).
7357:
6654:
4613:
943:
capture the energy of light and use it to make the hydrogen carrier
32:
15134:
15063:
14594:
14422:
14101:
14013:
13960:
13915:
13424:
13228:
13102:
13095:
12872:
12143:
12133:
12077:
12072:
11839:
11712:
11688:
11605:
11275:
11060:
10917:
In depth, advanced treatment of photosynthesis, also from Govindjee
9006:
8906:
7519:
Practical Applications of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Plant Biology
6957:
Williams BP, Johnston IG, Covshoff S, Hibberd JM (September 2013).
6286:
Carbon Dioxide as a Source of Carbon: Biochemical and Chemical Uses
6223:
George, Drishya M.; Vincent, Annette S.; Mackey, Hamish R. (2020).
5885:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
5834:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
5633:
5394:
5305:
4916:
4869:
4837:
4822:
4799:
4718:
4663:
4552:
4508:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4420:
4363:
4253:
4245:
4197:
4127:
4069:
4065:
4061:
3952:
3401:
3383:
2992:
2973:
2748:
2728:
2646:
2465:
2457:
2378:
2259:
2002:
1935:
1886:
1629:
1625:
1586:
1509:
1473:
1374:
1242:
1230:
1106:
1094:
963:
833:
829:
507:
412:
400:. He showed that plants need light, not just air, soil, and water.
319:
318:
from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. The
315:
314:. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip
204:
173:
7924:
7805:
5462:
2 glycolate + ATP → 3-phosphoglycerate + carbon dioxide + ADP + NH
5236:·m·s indicating the suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants.
4944:
give off oxygen in the presence of unnatural reducing agents like
2404:
around RuBisCO to increase the rate of photosynthesis. An enzyme,
1609:, requires an external source of electrons to reduce its oxidized
1373:) and is the least effective for photosynthesis in the respective
15124:
14931:
14801:
14796:
14423:
14371:
14031:
13676:
13601:
13484:
13312:
13270:
13241:
13088:
13042:
12234:
11328:
11323:
11240:
11230:
7861:
7105:"C 2 photosynthesis: a promising route towards crop improvement?"
6872:
6530:"Scientists discover unique microbe in California's largest lake"
6068:
5433:
5403:
5137:, arranging together), while another word that he designated was
4948:
4877:
4852:
consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen under the influence of
4772:
4679:
4654:
joined cyanobacteria as the major primary producers of oxygen on
4627:
4540:
4412:
4386:
4378:
4238:
4099:
3468:
3435:
3008:
2884:. However, it is more common to use chlorophyll fluorescence for
2598:
2338:
2291:
2169:
2109:
2046:
2022:
1931:
1919:
1747:
1712:
1644:
in photosystem II by a redox-active structure that contains four
1532:. The energy delivered to the electron acceptors is used to move
1250:
1134:
1087:
970:
579:
357:
346:
278:, the process always begins when light energy is absorbed by the
275:
245:
228:
13518:
10346:
Factors Limiting Photosynthetic Rates of Different Plant Species
8772:"The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids"
7616:
Fryer MJ, Andrews JR, Oxborough K, Blowers DA, Baker NR (1998).
6420:
4993:
4102:
evidence suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis, such as that in
1788:
502:
reaction. In general outline, photosynthesis is the opposite of
13074:
13035:
12816:
11781:
11673:
11593:
11547:
11537:
11498:
11436:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11016:
10969:
Photosynthesis – Light Dependent & Light Independent Stages
9469:"Cyanobacteria and biogeochemical cycles through Earth history"
6956:
6165:"A proposal to rethink agriculture in the climate calculations"
6069:
Field CB, Behrenfeld MJ, Randerson JT, Falkowski P (Jul 1998).
5935:
Concepts in photobiology: photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis
5670:
UK English Dictionary). Oxford University Press. Archived from
5667:
5039:
discovered the I-quantum photosynthesis reaction that splits CO
4920:
4833:
4788:
4780:
4512:
4193:
4173:
4157:
4087:
4053:
3445:
3417:
3000:
2888:, where appropriate, because the most commonly used parameters
2829:
2752:
2607:
2177:
2097:
2085:
1959:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1751:
1739:
1672:
of light-dependent reactions, but the majority of organisms on
1529:
1485:
1294:
1238:
1162:
1151:. Certain species adapted to conditions of strong sunlight and
469:
404:
384:. Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 billion
224:
181:
10933:
Overall examination of Photosynthesis at an intermediate level
9116:
8441:"Solar-powered sea slugs. Mollusc/algal chloroplast symbiosis"
6382:"Crosstalk between photosynthesis and respiration in microbes"
4765:
comes from the inputs of photosynthesis, not the soil itself.
4094:, and its earliest appearance is sometimes referred to as the
2270:
at night, when their stomata are open. CAM plants store the CO
1754:. The overall equation for the light-independent reactions in
1628:
ions. The electrons yielded are transferred to a redox-active
1353:, the action spectrum is blue-green light, which allows these
1203:
mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place.
996:
736:
This equation emphasizes that water is both a reactant in the
415:
of carbon dioxide every year, i.e. 3.825 billion metric tons.
12005:
11939:
11861:
11829:
11786:
11678:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11598:
11583:
11552:
11473:
11131:
11122:
8626:
7622:
assimilation, photosynthetic electron transport, and active O
6963:
5389:
5244:
5194:
4904:
4853:
4803:
4746:
4734:
4289:
4169:
4165:
4119:
4111:
4077:
3997:
3352:
2988:
2724:
2626:
2461:
2231:
2165:
1939:
1898:
1866:
1839:
1827:
1735:
1673:
1541:
1517:
1501:
1497:
1414:
1394:
1366:
1354:
1322:
1286:
1258:
1188:
944:
499:
473:
141:
9554:
9517:
The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics and Evolution
9410:"Cyanobacterial Diazotrophy and Earth's Delayed Oxygenation"
8022:
7615:
6380:
Shimakawa, Ginga; Matsuda, Yusuke; Burlacot, Adrien (2024).
4507:. Green and purple sulfur bacteria are thought to have used
2204:
in over sixty plant lineages makes it a striking example of
2049:(RuBisCO) and decrease in carbon fixation. Some plants have
487:
Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called
96:
13184:
11856:
11851:
11503:
11343:
11318:
11313:
11297:
11156:
7862:
Ribas-Carbo M, Flexas J, Robinson SA, Tcherkez GG (2010). "
7379:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
5995:
Sustainable development and innovation in the energy sector
5289:
5249:
4945:
4912:
4873:
4753:
he added to the potted plant. His hypothesis was partially
4730:
4726:
4234:
4226:
4137:
4110:
era around two billion years ago. Modern photosynthesis in
3426:
2953:
2914:
levels, to characterize a plant's photosynthetic response.
2642:
2382:
2258:
separates these two processes. CAM plants have a different
2133:
1633:
1590:
1385:
1192:
1185:
1152:
1148:
307:
99:
81:
75:
9281:
8137:
8113:"Quantum Biology: Better living through quantum mechanics"
7337:
7143:
6668:
Sener MK, Olsen JD, Hunter CN, Schulten K (October 2007).
5774:
Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era".
5046:
In 1950, first experimental evidence for the existence of
4515:
as electron donors. Green nonsulfur bacteria used various
4300:, and accounts for the persistence of DNA in bioenergetic
2960:
measurements reveal detailed information about, e.g., the
1901:
produced during the light-dependent stages, is reduced to
981:
13456:
11776:
11338:
10985:
10575:(Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10476:
Stirbet A, Lazár D, Guo Y, Govindjee G (September 2020).
9282:
Tomitani A, Knoll AH, Cavanaugh CM, Ohno T (April 2006).
9223:
Zeng Y, Feng F, Medová H, Dean J, Koblížek M (May 2014).
8342:
4784:
4277:
4034:
3993:
2837:
2798:
2672:
Actual plants' photosynthetic efficiency varies with the
2341:
released from calcium oxalate crystals is converted to CO
2313:
show a variation of photosynthesis where calcium oxalate
2037:
of photosynthesis, will increase, causing an increase of
2030:
1170:
955:
use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide.
935:
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first stage,
385:
105:
90:
10747:
10475:
8115:. The Nature of Reality. Nova: PBS Online; WGBH Boston.
7561:. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. pp. 66–79.
6770:
6728:
6667:
6379:
5991:
5697:"Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated"
5300:
Light intensity (irradiance), wavelength and temperature
4864:
but also to the incorporation of water. Thus, the basic
4264:
suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired (by
2112:
and other Calvin cycle enzymes are located, and where CO
27:
Biological process to convert light into chemical energy
9766:. Nobelprize.org (1970-08-01). Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
9119:"Biosynthetic potential of the global ocean microbiome"
7559:
Chlorophylla Fluorescence a Signature of Photosynthesis
6892:
6871:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from
6587:"Development of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus"
5063:
cells and interpreting his findings as light-dependent
4725:
in the mid-17th century when he carefully measured the
2995:, or plant, there are light-sensitive molecules called
2009:
ending in "-ate" are shown as unionized acids, such as
1601:, whose electrons come from electron transport through
1349:
with absorption peaks in violet-blue and red light. In
931:(used to build other compounds in subsequent reactions)
748:
water molecules from each side gives the net equation:
192:
of the Earth's atmosphere, and it supplies most of the
7726:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
7582:
5735:
5359:) and temperature on the rate of carbon assimilation.
4478:
4064:
have been dated at 3.4 billion years old. More recent
9557:"A paradigm of fragile Earth in Priestley's bell jar"
8532:
8253:"Early Archean origin of heterodimeric Photosystem I"
6288:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 263–273.
5964:
It is estimated that photosynthetic organisms remove
5695:
Bryant, Donald A.; Frigaard, Niels-Ulrik (Nov 2006).
4442:
Except for the euglenids, which are found within the
4307:
3003:
is absorbed by a chromophore, it is converted into a
1873:
is a process in which carbon dioxide combines with a
117:
108:
102:
93:
87:
72:
69:
12276:
10235:
10119:
9869:(1956). "Phosphorus metabolism and photosynthesis".
9167:
8887:
7512:
6771:
Ziehe D, Dünschede B, Schünemann D (December 2018).
6458:
6136:
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology
6025:
The average global rate of photosynthesis is 130 TW.
5481:
4184:
presume that this is due to the particularly simple
4146:
Plant cells with visible chloroplasts (from a moss,
2221:
2057:
concentration in the leaves under these conditions.
1814:
photosynthesis produces are then used to form other
958:
Most organisms that use oxygenic photosynthesis use
828:
Other processes substitute other compounds (such as
396:
per year. Photosynthesis was discovered in 1779 by
78:
10613:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
8438:
7723:
6952:
6950:
6222:
5337:
depending on specific pigment–protein interactions.
4555:eight photosynthetic lineages are currently known:
3028:
1066:In plants and algae, photosynthesis takes place in
349:. In other bacteria, different mechanisms like the
345:and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as
84:
10689:
10530:
10348:(Ph.D. thesis). The University of Arizona, Tucson.
10271:
9407:
9222:
7583:Flexas J, Escalnona JM, Medrano H (January 1999).
7438:
7146:"Crassulacean acid metabolism: plastic, fantastic"
7011:
6832:
6830:
6426:
6322:
5928:
5742:(International ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
5156:
1965:
1417:. The light-dependent reactions are of two forms:
10811:
10606:
10377:
9835:
9009:"Evolution of rhodopsin ion pumps in haloarchaea"
7857:
7855:
7853:
7851:
7801:
7799:
7797:
6634:
6632:
4614:Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis
4503:, and used various other molecules than water as
2025:to prevent water loss. Under these conditions, CO
1253:molecule, starting the flow of electrons down an
15211:
10860:
8397:
7672:
6947:
6282:"Carbon Dioxide Reduction by Anaerobic Bacteria"
5690:
5688:
5444:out of the plant, leading to a loss of nitrogen.
5252:is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants.
4237:, so that the chloroplasts can be supplied with
2637:of 3–6%. Absorbed light that is unconverted is
741:
10943:The source of oxygen produced by photosynthesis
10748:Govindjee, Beatty JT, Gest H, Allen JF (2006).
10478:"Photosynthesis: basics, history and modelling"
10170:
8487:
8023:Schreiber U, Klughammer C, Kolbowski J (2012).
6557:
4959:after exposure to light. In the Hill reaction:
4483:Early photosynthetic systems, such as those in
2688:, and can vary from 0.1% to 8%. By comparison,
2047:ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
1524:. The electron is then passed along a chain of
1325:can support photosynthesis. The photosynthetic
8856:
7848:
7794:
7552:
7447:"Chlorophyll fluorescence – a practical guide"
7444:
7238:"Decomposition of Calcium Oxalate Crystals in
6629:
6564:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–14.
6229:Biotechnology Reports (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
5694:
4258:proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center
2484:of photosynthesis takes place in four stages:
1687:
737:
14408:
13661:
12250:
11001:
10951:"First practical artificial leaf makes debut"
10380:"Carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane leaves"
9550:
9548:
9513:
8825:. Oxford University Press. pp. 112–113.
8723:"The CoRR hypothesis for genes in organelles"
8594:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
8439:Rumpho ME, Summer EJ, Manhart JR (May 2000).
7883:
6729:Campbell NA, Williamson B, Heyden RJ (2006).
6584:
5877:
5685:
5355:investigated the effects of light intensity (
5093:
4821:. He discovered that it was the influence of
4566:and use versions of either type I or type II.
3057:
2408:, located within the carboxysome, releases CO
2068:process chemically fix carbon dioxide in the
302:of light, thus reflecting green) held inside
241:anoxygenic photosynthesis, where the simpler
12107:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
9889:
9068:"Photosynthesis: what color was its origin?"
7749:
7747:
7400:
7398:
5410:, uses energy, but does not produce sugars.
4213:also maintain a symbiotic relationship with
2696:at an efficiency of approximately 6–20% for
2200:carbon fixation; however, the evolution of C
1206:
392:, or a billion metric tons), of carbon into
356:The first photosynthetic organisms probably
310:cells. In bacteria they are embedded in the
40:produced are stored in or used by the plant.
10924:Article appropriate for high school science
10863:"Photosystem II: evolutionary perspectives"
10708:
10534:Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology
10343:
10205:
9654:
7879:
7877:
7294:
2254:fixation to PEP from the Calvin cycle, CAM
1605:. Photosystem II, as the first step of the
1456:. As the electrons are shuttled through an
1444:. The antenna system is at the core of the
324:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
172:(compounds containing carbon) like sugars,
36:Schematic of photosynthesis in plants. The
14629:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
14415:
14401:
13668:
13654:
12257:
12243:
11008:
10994:
10945:Interactive animation, a textbook tutorial
10607:Adir N, Bar-Zvi S, Harris D (April 2020).
10426:
10315:
10267:
10265:
10263:
10231:
10229:
9545:
8669:
7485:
7373:"Chapter 1 – Biological energy production"
7042:
7009:
6638:
6162:
5829:"When did oxygenic photosynthesis evolve?"
5390:Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration
3064:
3050:
2789:together. Infrared gas analyzers and some
2196:carbon fixation, compared to 3% that use C
2076:by adding it to the three-carbon molecule
1632:residue that is oxidized by the energy of
1199:layer allows light to pass through to the
966:or, more specifically, far-red radiation.
372:they produced contributed directly to the
10886:
10624:
10501:
10452:
10403:
10254:10.2135/cropsci1965.0011183x000500060010x
10220:10.2135/cropsci1963.0011183X000300020002x
10185:10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183x000200040011x
9623:
9582:
9572:
9443:
9425:
9317:
9307:
9258:
9248:
9144:
9134:
9093:
9083:
9042:
9032:
8975:
8923:
8905:
8888:DasSarma S, Schwieterman EW (June 2021).
8795:
8746:
8697:
8687:
8568:
8558:
8464:
8415:
8286:
8276:
8191:"Photosynthesis got a really early start"
8056:
7999:
7977:
7954:
7901:
7831:
7744:
7649:
7600:
7462:
7418:
7404:
7395:
7314:
7271:
7261:
7212:
7163:
7120:
6986:
6976:
6930:
6920:
6804:
6705:
6695:
6612:
6356:
6256:
6188:
5905:
5854:
2755:to differentiate between work done under
1806:, which is then converted into the final
1180:of water and decreases the absorption of
298:derivative that absorbs the red and blue
255:are used to absorb green light and power
14527:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
14166:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
12051:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
10948:
10531:Chapin FS, Matson PA, Mooney HA (2002).
10358:
9958:
9926:
9841:Journal of the American Chemical Society
9520:(1st ed.). Caister Academic Press.
9376:. New York: Garland Science. p. 5.
8957:
7874:
7868:University of Wollongong Research Online
7772:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092759
7102:
6831:Raven PH, Evert RF, Eichhorn SE (2005).
6826:
6824:
5393:
5309:
5243:
4992:
4697:
4141:
4138:Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts
2400:, which increase the concentration of CO
2092:, creating the four-carbon organic acid
1988:
1787:
1384:
1216:
1086:Plants absorb light primarily using the
1083:complexes of the photosynthetic system.
995:
533:for photosynthesis as first proposed by
428:
43:
31:
14559:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
10690:Bidlack JE, Stern KR, Jansky S (2003).
10537:. New York: Springer. pp. 97–104.
10378:Kortschak HP, Hart CE, Burr GO (1965).
10260:
10226:
10084:
9775:
8769:
8591:
8250:
7557:. In Papaqeorgiou G, Govindjee (eds.).
6585:Tavano CL, Donohue TJ (December 2006).
5931:"Chapter 2: The photosynthetic process"
5071:et al. discovered photophosphorylation
5000:works in his photosynthesis laboratory.
4685:
2665:of photosynthesis by using chlorophyll
1536:across the thylakoid membrane into the
1137:resulting in a wide variety of colors.
982:Photosynthetic membranes and organelles
382:power consumption of human civilization
380:, which is about eight times the total
267:, preceding that of cyanobacteria (see
14:
15212:
14367:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
13498:
13489:
13482:
13461:
13454:
13447:
13438:
13429:
13422:
13415:
13406:
13399:
13392:
13375:
13366:
13359:
13350:
13343:
13336:
13329:
13301:
13294:
13287:
13280:
13268:
13261:
13239:
13226:
13213:
13189:
13182:
13173:
13166:
13140:
13133:
13112:
13093:
13079:
13065:
13056:
13047:
13040:
13033:
13015:
13006:
12997:
12990:
12981:
12974:
12965:
12958:
12951:
12930:
12923:
12914:
12907:
12898:
12891:
12884:
12877:
12870:
12863:
12856:
12849:
12732:
12717:
12704:
12691:
12678:
12665:
12652:
12637:
12607:
12594:
12579:
12562:
12547:
12532:
12519:
12502:
12487:
12472:
12426:
12415:
12402:
12387:
12372:
12359:
12346:
12333:
12318:
12305:
12292:
10715:Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis
10033:
9689:
8641:10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130134
8398:Venn AA, Loram JE, Douglas AE (2008).
8309:
8222:"Revealing the dawn of photosynthesis"
8219:
8079:
6642:Australian Journal of Plant Physiology
5149:, configuration). Over time, the term
4967:O + 2 A + (light, chloroplasts) → 2 AH
4030:
1289:molecule is split in a process called
1176:that protects the leaf from excessive
14396:
13649:
13470:
13317:
13310:
13204:
13153:
13126:
13100:
13024:
12944:
12937:
12837:
12830:
12821:
12804:
12795:
12777:
12764:
12751:
12622:
12457:
12442:
12238:
10989:
10779:
10568:
9865:
9369:
9065:
8894:International Journal of Astrobiology
8720:
8400:"Photosynthetic symbioses in animals"
8188:
8110:
8082:"Plants 'seen doing quantum physics'"
7753:
7490:. Biology at Illinois. Archived from
7383:from the original on 7 September 2013
7342:-concentrating mechanisms in algae".
7295:Badger MR, Price GD (February 2003).
6821:
6279:
6129:
6127:
6125:
5826:
5773:
4779:, discovered that when he isolated a
4757:– much of the gained mass comes from
3042:
2937:in the chloroplast, to replace Ci. CO
2475:
1581:through a photosystem will leave the
1540:. The electron is eventually used to
1516:. There it is further excited by the
1019:thylakoid lumen (inside of thylakoid)
836:: The equation for this reaction is:
274:While the details may differ between
14382:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
10938:Overall Energetics of Photosynthesis
10861:Rutherford AW, Faller P (Jan 2003).
9990:
9661:Photosynthesis and Related Processes
9605:
8818:
7445:Maxwell K, Johnson GN (April 2000).
7370:
6558:Ingrouille M, Eddie B (2006-08-17).
5306:PI (photosynthesis-irradiance) curve
5157:C3 : C4 photosynthesis research
4891:made key discoveries explaining the
4221:and then store in their bodies (see
4006:
3982:
3961:
3941:
3920:
3900:
3880:
3859:
3839:
3819:
3799:
3779:
3759:
3738:
3718:
3697:
3677:
3657:
3637:
3617:
3597:
3577:
3031:
2836:million, or volume per million; and
2793:are sensitive enough to measure the
2769:can measure the light reaction, and
2373:of oxalate oxidase reaction, can be
2100:synthesized by this process is then
1640:electron. The oxidation of water is
1508:. The electron enters a chlorophyll
1337:, the action spectrum resembles the
449:, which means that they are able to
152:, typically from sunlight, into the
14832:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
10272:El-Sharkawy MA, Hesketh JD (1986).
9883:10.1146/annurev.pp.07.060156.001545
8977:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.003
8964:Free Radical Biology & Medicine
8092:from the original on 3 October 2018
7866:measurement of plant respiration".
7517:. In DeEll JA, Toivonen PM (eds.).
7513:Rosenqvist E, van Kooten O (2006).
6284:. In Aresta, M.; Forti, G. (eds.).
5929:Whitmarsh, John; Govindjee (1999).
5599:Photosynthetically active radiation
4600:(green non-sulfur bacteria) Type II
4479:Photosynthetic prokaryotic lineages
4192:of these animals compared to their
4076:preserved in 1.75-billion-year-old
2870:photosynthetically active radiation
1918:phosphates, which ultimately yield
1563:
1311:+ light → 2 NADPH + 2 H + 3 ATP + O
24:
14585:Ecological effects of biodiversity
12264:
10653:
10099:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1953.tb06540.x
6735:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
6122:
5878:Nealson KH, Conrad PG (Dec 1999).
5163:University of California, Berkeley
4308:Photosynthetic eukaryotic lineages
4233:have even been transferred to the
4164:relationships with photosynthetic
2821:
2631:convert light into chemical energy
1711:(or "dark") reactions, the enzyme
1528:to which it transfers some of its
1409:where they drive the synthesis of
445:Most photosynthetic organisms are
407:alone are estimated to bind 3,825
353:are used to achieve the same end.
25:
15276:
13921:Generalist and specialist species
12056:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
10905:
9871:Annual Review of Plant Physiology
9561:Extreme Physiology & Medicine
6163:Frankelius P (July–August 2020).
6042:Energy Information Administration
4539:, photosynthesis is not found in
4276:, chloroplasts possess their own
2849:
2845:
2597:of the chloroplasts and the cell
1792:Overview of the Calvin cycle and
1249:, which passes the electron to a
14644:Occupancy–abundance relationship
13627:
13611:
13595:
13583:
13571:
13559:
13547:
13535:
13517:
12284:
12219:
12218:
10981:Khan Academy, video introduction
10953:. Discovery News. Archived from
10838:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01417.x
10600:
10562:
10524:
10469:
10420:
10371:
10352:
10337:
10309:
10199:
10164:
10113:
10078:
10027:
9984:
8490:International Review of Cytology
8232:from the original on 24 May 2015
8119:from the original on 3 July 2017
8001:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02016.x
7602:10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00371.x
5880:"Life: past, present and future"
5512:
5498:
5484:
5110:, for the biological process of
5043:, activated by the respiration.
4288:. DNA in chloroplasts codes for
2686:carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
2152:in conditions of high light and
1854:from plants is passed through a
1838:. The latter occurs not only in
1818:, such as the building material
1369:(e.g., green plants, red algae,
1013:inner membrane (1+2+3: envelope)
978:common types of photosynthesis.
947:and the energy-storage molecule
290:. In plants, these proteins are
65:
14664:Relative abundance distribution
14377:Plant defense against herbivory
14244:Competitive exclusion principle
13956:Mesopredator release hypothesis
10768:from the original on 2023-01-19
10736:from the original on 2023-01-19
10589:from the original on 2023-01-19
10551:from the original on 2023-01-19
10326:from the original on 2023-01-19
9952:
9920:
9909:from the original on 2013-03-07
9859:
9829:
9818:from the original on 2018-06-24
9769:
9750:
9683:
9668:from the original on 2020-08-06
9648:
9599:
9534:from the original on 2023-01-19
9507:
9460:
9401:
9390:from the original on 2023-01-19
9363:
9334:
9275:
9216:
9161:
9110:
9059:
9000:
8951:
8881:
8850:
8839:from the original on 2023-01-19
8812:
8763:
8714:
8663:
8620:
8585:
8526:
8481:
8432:
8391:
8336:
8303:
8244:
8213:
8201:from the original on 1 May 2015
8182:
8131:
8104:
8073:
8016:
7971:
7918:
7717:
7666:
7609:
7576:
7565:from the original on 2023-01-19
7546:
7535:from the original on 2023-01-19
7506:
7479:
7427:from the original on 2022-04-07
7364:
7331:
7288:
7229:
7180:
7137:
7096:
7085:from the original on 2023-01-19
7045:"The Taxonomic Distribution of
7036:
7003:
6886:
6861:
6764:
6722:
6661:
6592:Current Opinion in Microbiology
6578:
6561:Plants: Diversity and Evolution
6551:
6522:
6511:from the original on 2020-07-28
6452:
6443:Chemical & Engineering News
6432:
6373:
6316:
6273:
6216:
6212:Plants: Diversity and Evolution
6205:
6156:
6111:from the original on 2018-09-25
6062:
6044:. July 31, 2006. Archived from
6016:from the original on 2016-09-02
5955:from the original on 2010-08-14
5451:A highly simplified summary is:
5098:In 1893, the American botanist
4895:of photosynthesis. By studying
4802:. He further discovered that a
4217:they capture from the algae in
2385:) and not from the atmosphere.
1997:. (This image mistakenly shows
1966:Carbon concentrating mechanisms
1804:three-carbon sugar intermediate
1692:
951:. During the second stage, the
14249:Consumer–resource interactions
10780:Reece JB, et al. (2013).
9789:Zeitschrift für Naturforschung
9342:"Cyanobacteria: Fossil Record"
8727:Journal of Theoretical Biology
8404:Journal of Experimental Botany
7890:Journal of Experimental Botany
7884:Long SP, Bernacchi CJ (2003).
7760:Annual Review of Plant Biology
7553:Baker NR, Oxborough K (2004).
7451:Journal of Experimental Botany
7420:10.1146/knowable-121917-115502
7302:Journal of Experimental Botany
7151:Journal of Experimental Botany
6536:. January 2005. Archived from
6427:Whitmarsh & Govindjee 1999
6030:
5985:
5922:
5871:
5820:
5767:
5729:
5652:
5594:Photosynthetic reaction center
5374:reactions are not affected by
4883:
4872:use photosynthesis to produce
4572:(green sulfur bacteria) Type I
4132:photosynthetic reaction center
4106:, became important during the
3576:
2880:, and "Ci" or intracellular CO
2321:, supplying carbon dioxide (CO
2300:-accumulating plants, such as
2222:carbon-concentrating mechanism
1834:biosynthesis, or as a fuel in
1676:use oxygen and its energy for
1597:are replaced by transfer from
1442:photoinduced charge separation
1269:. In addition, this creates a
1040:plastoglobule (drop of lipids)
13:
1:
15095:Biological data visualization
14922:Environmental niche modelling
14649:Population viability analysis
10751:Discoveries in Photosynthesis
10319:Physiologische Pflanzanatomie
9677:Biodiversity Heritage Library
8606:10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80033-6
8502:10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60217-X
8278:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00548
7738:10.1016/s0304-4165(89)80016-9
7103:Lundgren MR (December 2020).
5645:
4535:With a possible exception of
4446:, all of these belong to the
4072:of photosynthesis comes from
2933:concentration at the site of
2615:
2053:mechanisms to increase the CO
1578:
1500:is a product of the terminal
1273:(energy gradient) across the
14580:Density-dependent inhibition
12097:History of plant systematics
11684:Thorns, spines, and prickles
10626:10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.07.002
10285:Curr. Cont./Agr.Biol.Environ
10142:10.1126/science.130.3370.268
9514:Herrero A, Flores E (2008).
6449:, 33, August 18, 2008, p. 36
6294:10.1007/978-94-009-3923-3_14
6097:10.1126/science.281.5374.237
5317:spectra of free chlorophyll
4858:Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure
4690:
4196:. In addition, a few marine
3018:
2945:using an integrated system.
2777:. An integrated chlorophyll
2240:Crassulacean acid metabolism
2144:can produce more sugar than
1889:of a three-carbon compound,
1025:granum (stack of thylakoids)
362:evolutionary history of life
223:instead of water, producing
7:
15049:Liebig's law of the minimum
14884:Resource selection function
13775:Metabolic theory of ecology
10922:Science Aid: Photosynthesis
10609:"The amazing phycobilisome"
10427:Hatch MD, Slack CR (1966).
9902:Online Etymology Dictionary
8958:Hamilton TL (August 2019).
8670:Raven JA, Allen JF (2003).
8220:Hooper R (19 August 2006).
7988:Plant, Cell and Environment
7589:Plant, Cell and Environment
7043:Monson RK, Sage RF (1999).
5477:
5347:In the early 20th century,
4676:primary producers of oxygen
4499:, are thought to have been
4168:. These are most common in
4130:to molecular oxygen in the
4031:
3791:Earliest multicellular life
3261:
3025:Evolution of photosynthesis
2956:- and P515-absorbance, and
2795:photosynthetic assimilation
2388:
2349:enzyme, and the produced CO
2184:plants because the primary
1950:that can be used for other
1765:+ 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H → C
1699:Light-independent reactions
1688:Light-independent reactions
1380:
1257:that leads to the ultimate
1081:peripheral membrane protein
1055:, or bunched up into round
953:light-independent reactions
418:
237:also perform a type of non-
10:
15281:
14949:Niche apportionment models
14669:Relative species abundance
13873:Primary nutritional groups
13770:List of feeding behaviours
11913:Alternation of generations
11015:
10692:Introductory Plant Biology
9194:10.1007/s11120-019-00650-9
9136:10.1038/s43705-022-00201-9
8748:10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.04.008
8721:Allen JF (December 2017).
8369:10.1038/s41586-023-06896-7
8189:Davis K (2 October 2004).
7405:Ehrenberg R (2017-12-15).
7345:Canadian Journal of Botany
6839:(7th ed.). New York:
6398:10.1007/s12038-023-00417-4
6241:10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00563
6138:. Vol. 13. New York:
5939:Kluwer Academic Publishers
5303:
5239:
5094:Development of the concept
4056:of what are thought to be
3022:
2619:
2468:also act to concentrate CO
2192:. Over 90% of plants use C
1974:
1970:
1903:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
1696:
1567:
1210:
1061:intracytoplasmic membranes
1001:Chloroplast ultrastructure
985:
742:light-independent reaction
425:Biological carbon fixation
422:
15198:
15130:Ecosystem based fisheries
15072:
14972:
14897:
14770:
14742:Interspecific competition
14707:
14634:Minimum viable population
14567:
14492:Maximum sustainable yield
14477:Intraspecific competition
14472:Effective population size
14435:
14352:Anti-predator adaptations
14337:
14216:
14143:
14100:
14022:
13989:
13886:
13863:Photosynthetic efficiency
13798:
13692:
12273:
12214:
12162:
12126:
12063:Cultivated plant taxonomy
12026:Biological classification
12016:
11889:
11805:
11701:
11651:
11376:
11306:
11249:
11211:
11185:
11121:
11041:
11023:
10949:Marshall J (2011-03-29).
10804:
10694:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
10674:Resources in your library
9485:10.1016/j.tim.2021.05.008
9414:Frontiers in Microbiology
8925:10.1017/S1473550418000423
8867:10.1101/2020.02.20.957134
8770:Keeling PJ (March 2010).
8629:Annual Review of Genetics
8310:Howard V (7 March 2018).
8111:Lloyd S (10 March 2014).
8080:Palmer J (21 June 2013).
8049:10.1007/s11120-012-9758-1
7978:Yin X, Struik PC (2009).
7695:10.1007/s11120-004-1454-3
7488:"What is Photosynthesis?"
7464:10.1093/jexbot/51.345.659
7165:10.1093/jexbot/53.369.569
7010:Taiz L, Geiger E (2006).
6841:W. H. Freeman and Company
6797:10.1007/s11120-018-0544-6
6605:10.1016/j.mib.2006.10.005
5798:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5
5715:10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001
5534:Artificial photosynthesis
5161:In the late 1940s at the
4783:of air under an inverted
4745:plant must come from the
4642:of oxygen throughout the
4564:anoxygenic photosynthesis
4497:purple nonsulfur bacteria
2700:panels, and above 40% in
2635:photosynthetic efficiency
2622:Photosynthetic efficiency
2515:
2029:will decrease and oxygen
1879:ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
1579:Linear electron transport
1464:shown in the diagram), a
1399:light-dependent reactions
1333:present. For example, in
1227:light-dependent reactions
1213:Light-dependent reactions
1207:Light-dependent reactions
937:light-dependent reactions
522:(cellular respiration in
482:anoxygenic photosynthesis
209:anoxygenic photosynthesis
15120:Ecological stoichiometry
15085:Alternative stable state
11923:Evolutionary development
10818:Chloroflexus aurantiacus
10682:
10240:diffusion resistances".
9757:Otto Warburg – Biography
9427:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01526
9085:10.1186/gb-2006-7-12-245
9013:BMC Evolutionary Biology
8251:Cardona T (March 2018).
7618:"Relationship between CO
7407:"The photosynthesis fix"
6869:"Yachandra / Yano Group"
6439:Anaerobic Photosynthesis
5574:Light-dependent reaction
5529:Jan Anderson (scientist)
5179:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4404:(uni- and multicellular)
4114:and most photosynthetic
3217:−1000 —
3197:−1500 —
3177:−2000 —
3157:−2500 —
3137:−3000 —
3117:−3500 —
3097:−4000 —
3077:−4500 —
3074:
2950:chlorophyll fluorescence
2906:levels, above and below
2902:that offer control of CO
2886:plant stress measurement
2844:is commonly measured in
2820:is commonly measured in
2763:Chlorophyll fluorescence
2651:chlorophyll fluorescence
2563:Electron transport chain
2128:fixation and, thus, the
1777:-phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 P
1734:, uses the newly formed
1682:photosynthetic organisms
1468:is generated by pumping
1458:electron transport chain
1363:photosynthetic organisms
1307:O + 2 NADP + 3 ADP + 3 P
1255:electron transport chain
1142:light-harvesting complex
738:light-dependent reaction
495:. Carbon fixation is an
374:oxygenation of the Earth
282:, proteins that contain
156:necessary to fuel their
138:photosynthetic organisms
14964:Ontogenetic niche shift
14827:Ideal free distribution
14737:Ecological facilitation
14487:Malthusian growth model
14457:Consumer-resource model
14314:Paradox of the plankton
14279:Energy systems language
13999:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
13966:Optimal foraging theory
13941:Heterotrophic nutrition
13542:carbohydrate metabolism
11574:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
10361:Proc. Kazan Agric. Inst
10344:El-Sharkawy MA (1965).
10036:Photosynthesis Research
10005:10.1023/A:1020419417954
9993:Photosynthesis Research
9973:A Greek–English Lexicon
9941:A Greek–English Lexicon
9714:10.1023/A:1020479620680
9702:Photosynthesis Research
9625:10.1023/A:1006460024843
9612:Photosynthesis Research
9309:10.1073/pnas.0600999103
9250:10.1073/pnas.1400295111
9174:Photosynthesis Research
8689:10.1186/gb-2003-4-3-209
8560:10.1073/pnas.0804968105
8160:10.1126/science.1235820
8029:Photosynthesis Research
7675:Photosynthesis Research
6922:10.1073/pnas.0707092105
6777:Photosynthesis Research
6697:10.1073/pnas.0706861104
6489:10.1126/science.1160799
5777:Photosynthesis Research
4704:Jan Baptist van Helmont
4609:Eremiobacterota Type II
4461:purple sulfur bacterium
4457:Pseudoblepharisma tenue
4248:, including a circular
4084:Oxygenic photosynthesis
3237:−500 —
2544:photochemical reactions
2242:(CAM). In contrast to C
2130:photosynthetic capacity
2122:3-phosphoglyceric acids
2108:cells where the enzyme
1954:like the production of
1942:produced during carbon
1654:oxygen-evolving complex
1329:depends on the type of
462:oxygenic photosynthesis
284:photosynthetic pigments
269:Purple Earth hypothesis
259:to directly synthesize
166:oxygenic photosynthesis
140:, such as most plants,
15110:Ecological forecasting
15054:Marginal value theorem
14852:Landscape epidemiology
14787:Cross-boundary subsidy
14722:Biological interaction
14072:Microbial intelligence
13760:Green world hypothesis
12189:by author abbreviation
12113:Plant taxonomy systems
12031:Botanical nomenclature
10879:10.1098/rstb.2002.1186
10826:Molecular Microbiology
10814:Heliobacterium chlorum
10322:. Leipzig: Engelmann.
10278:diffusion resistances"
9473:Trends in Microbiology
9034:10.1186/1471-2148-7-79
8788:10.1098/rstb.2009.0103
6732:Biology Exploring Life
6386:Journal of Biosciences
5898:10.1098/rstb.1999.0532
5847:10.1098/rstb.2008.0041
5702:Trends in Microbiology
5569:Integrated fluorometer
5399:
5338:
5253:
5189:Later in 1958–1963 at
5173:fixation by the algae
5001:
4897:purple sulfur bacteria
4791:in it (which gave off
4711:
4241:they need to survive.
4153:
4086:is the main source of
2771:infrared gas analyzers
2674:frequency of the light
2274:mostly in the form of
2266:plants, and fix the CO
2186:carboxylation reaction
2096:. Oxaloacetic acid or
2019:hot and dry conditions
2014:
1796:
1490:chemiosmotic potential
1466:chemiosmotic potential
1390:
1222:
1044:
1016:stroma (aqueous fluid)
442:
261:adenosine triphosphate
57:
41:
15115:Ecological humanities
15014:Ecological energetics
14959:Niche differentiation
14822:Habitat fragmentation
14590:Ecological extinction
14537:Small population size
14289:Feed conversion ratio
14269:Ecological succession
14201:San Francisco Estuary
14115:Ecological efficiency
14057:Microbial cooperation
13590:amino acid metabolism
12196:Botanical expeditions
10720:John Wiley & Sons
10316:Haberlandt G (1904).
9801:10.1515/znb-1950-0806
9574:10.1186/2046-7648-1-4
8317:Astrobiology Magazine
7263:10.3390/plants9101307
7240:Colobanthus quitensis
6280:Fuchs, Georg (1987).
5520:Earth sciences portal
5397:
5313:
5247:
5033:Otto Heinrich Warburg
4996:
4817:repeated Priestley's
4741:that the mass of the
4701:
4145:
2864:O, leaf temperature,
2588:and export of stable
2540:Transfer of electrons
2438:ions are made from CO
2309:Colobanthus quitensis
2278:via carboxylation of
2021:, plants close their
1992:
1891:glycerate 3-phosphate
1791:
1419:cyclic and non-cyclic
1388:
1220:
999:
740:and a product of the
520:cellular compartments
432:
339:ribulose bisphosphate
333:reactions called the
47:
35:
15240:Cellular respiration
15230:Biological processes
15140:Evolutionary ecology
15105:Ecological footprint
15100:Ecological economics
15024:Ecological threshold
15019:Ecological indicator
14889:Source–sink dynamics
14842:Land change modeling
14837:Insular biogeography
14689:Species distribution
14428:Modelling ecosystems
14087:Microbial metabolism
13926:Intraguild predation
13715:Biogeochemical cycle
13681:Modelling ecosystems
13566:cellular respiration
11928:Evolutionary history
11918:Double fertilization
11770:Cellular respiration
10615:. Light harvesting.
10291:: 14. Archived from
7642:10.1104/pp.116.2.571
7246:Limiting Conditions"
7071:. pp. 551–580.
5827:Buick R (Aug 2008).
5559:Daily light integral
5549:Cellular respiration
5440:), which is able to
5118:is derived from the
5102:proposed two terms,
5079:with the help of P.
5067:formation. In 1954,
5048:photophosphorylation
4988:radioactive isotopes
4923:to) carbon dioxide.
4686:Experimental history
4662:, but only with the
4658:near the end of the
4475:to various degrees.
4316:organisms excluded:
4280:, separate from the
4262:endosymbiotic theory
2929:the estimation of CO
2900:Gas exchange systems
2878:stomatal conductance
2684:, and proportion of
2649:(1–2%) reemitted as
2357:reactions. Reactive
2327:alarm photosynthesis
2317:function as dynamic
2206:convergent evolution
2060:Plants that use the
1985:Alarm photosynthesis
1836:cellular respiration
1812:simple carbon sugars
1678:cellular respiration
1585:of that photosystem
1494:photophosphorylation
1281:in the synthesis of
1275:chloroplast membrane
504:cellular respiration
186:cellular respiration
134:biological processes
15190:Theoretical ecology
15165:Natural environment
15029:Ecosystem diversity
14999:Ecological collapse
14989:Bateman's principle
14944:Limiting similarity
14857:Landscape limnology
14679:Species homogeneity
14517:Population modeling
14512:Population dynamics
14329:Trophic state index
12738:Transcription &
11147:Non-vascular plants
10396:10.1104/pp.40.2.209
10134:1959Sci...130..268V
10048:1989PhoRe..21....3C
9853:10.1021/ja01653a025
9300:2006PNAS..103.5442T
9241:2014PNAS..111.7795Z
9186:2019PhoRe.142...87H
9025:2007BMCEE...7...79S
8916:2021IJAsB..20..241D
8739:2017JThBi.434...50A
8551:2008PNAS..10517867R
8545:(46): 17867–17871.
8457:10.1104/pp.123.1.29
8361:2024Natur.625..529D
8269:2018Heliy...400548C
8152:2013Sci...340.1448H
8146:(6139): 1448–1451.
8041:2012PhoRe.113..127S
7687:2004PhoRe..82..177E
7205:10.1104/pp.16.00111
6978:10.7554/eLife.00961
6913:2008PNAS..105.1879P
6789:2018PhoRe.138..303Z
6688:2007PNAS..10415723S
6682:(40): 15723–15728.
6481:2008Sci...321..967K
6341:10.12659/MSM.894758
6181:2020AgrJ..112.3216F
6089:1998Sci...281..237F
6051:on November 9, 2006
5892:(1392): 1923–1939.
5841:(1504): 2731–2743.
5790:2006PhoRe..88..109O
5539:Calvin-Benson cycle
5423:Calvin-Benson cycle
5216:Gottlieb Haberlandt
5100:Charles Reid Barnes
5083:Louis N. M. Duysens
5025:–winning scientist
4656:continental shelves
4582:Chloracidobacterium
4409:chlorarachniophytes
4377:in the superphylum
4252:, prokaryotic-type
4118:is oxygenic, using
4074:thylakoid membranes
3771:Sexual reproduction
3750:Huronian glaciation
2866:barometric pressure
2783:gas exchange system
2692:convert light into
2657:. This fact allows
2653:at longer (redder)
2517:Thylakoid membranes
2512:antenna chlorophyll
2414:hydrocarbonate ions
2303:Amaranthus hybridus
2280:phosphoenolpyruvate
2190:Calvin-Benson cycle
2078:phosphoenolpyruvate
1952:metabolic reactions
1740:three-carbon sugars
1492:to make ATP during
1403:thylakoid membranes
1339:absorption spectrum
1277:, which is used by
1028:thylakoid (lamella)
1010:intermembrane space
351:reverse Krebs cycle
250:microbial rhodopsin
227:instead of oxygen.
213:bacteriochlorophyll
15201:Outline of ecology
15150:Industrial ecology
15145:Functional ecology
15009:Ecological deficit
14954:Niche construction
14917:Ecosystem engineer
14694:Species–area curve
14615:Introduced species
14430:: Other components
14362:Deimatic behaviour
14264:Ecological network
14196:North Pacific Gyre
14181:hydrothermal vents
14120:Ecological pyramid
14067:Microbial food web
13878:Primary production
13823:Foundation species
13525:metabolic pathways
11652:Surface structures
11447:Flower development
10974:2011-09-10 at the
10822:Chlorobium tepidum
10494:10.1093/aob/mcz171
10056:10.1007/BF00047170
9762:2010-12-15 at the
8947:. 26 October 2018.
8417:10.1093/jxb/erm328
8324:on October 1, 2020
7994:(11): 1513–1524 .
7903:10.1093/jxb/erg262
7896:(392): 2393–2401.
7486:Govindjee, Rajni.
7413:. Annual Reviews.
7316:10.1093/jxb/erg076
7020:Sinauer Associates
6190:10.1002/agj2.20286
6134:"Photosynthesis".
5941:. pp. 11–51.
5492:Environment portal
5419:3-phosphoglycerate
5400:
5353:Gabrielle Matthaei
5349:Frederick Blackman
5339:
5254:
5191:Cornell University
5002:
4907:in which hydrogen
4856:. Soon afterward,
4712:
4668:primary production
4156:Several groups of
4154:
4149:Plagiomnium affine
4096:oxygen catastrophe
4092:Earth's atmosphere
4018:Quaternary ice age
3953:Earliest tetrapods
3912:Cambrian explosion
3871:Cryogenian ice age
3730:Atmospheric oxygen
3709:Pongola glaciation
3337:Multicellular life
3289:Single-celled life
3007:referred to as an
2966:quantum efficiency
2476:Order and kinetics
2406:carbonic anhydrase
2333:conditions (e.g.,
2246:metabolism, which
2224:in its own right.
2164:plants, including
2080:(PEP), a reaction
2033:, produced by the
2015:
1995:C4 carbon fixation
1981:CAM photosynthesis
1977:C4 carbon fixation
1797:
1742:, which are later
1526:electron acceptors
1484:. An ATP synthase
1438:accessory pigments
1391:
1331:accessory pigments
1223:
1195:. The transparent
1125:(rhodophytes) and
1045:
1022:thylakoid membrane
443:
164:usually refers to
58:
42:
15207:
15206:
15090:Balance of nature
14847:Landscape ecology
14732:Community ecology
14674:Species diversity
14610:Indicator species
14605:Gradient analysis
14482:Logistic function
14390:
14389:
14347:Animal coloration
14324:Trophic mutualism
14062:Microbial ecology
13853:Photoheterotrophs
13838:Myco-heterotrophy
13750:Ecosystem ecology
13735:Carrying capacity
13700:Abiotic component
13643:
13642:
13513:
13512:
13473:Neurotransmitters
12852:Nucleotide sugars
12585:Direct / C4 / CAM
12232:
12231:
11871:Herbaceous plants
11697:
11696:
10873:(1429): 245–253.
10820:, cyanobacteria,
10795:978-0-321-77565-8
10786:Benjamin Cummings
10761:978-1-4020-3323-0
10729:978-1-4051-8975-0
10701:978-0-07-290941-8
10660:Library resources
10582:978-0-521-27959-8
10569:Jones HG (2014).
10544:978-0-387-95443-1
10445:10.1042/bj1010103
10128:(3370): 268–269.
9847:(24): 6324–6329.
9527:978-1-904455-15-8
9383:978-0-8153-4025-6
9346:ucmp.berkeley.edu
9294:(14): 5442–5447.
9235:(21): 7795–7800.
9129:(7917): 111–118.
8832:978-0-19-154835-2
8782:(1541): 729–748.
8511:978-0-12-364336-0
8355:(7995): 529–534.
7947:10.1104/pp.008250
7824:10.1104/pp.008250
7411:Knowable Magazine
7122:10.1111/nph.16494
7078:978-0-12-614440-6
7029:978-0-87893-856-8
6854:978-0-7167-1007-3
6835:Biology of Plants
6746:978-0-13-250882-7
6571:978-1-139-45546-6
6475:(5891): 967–970.
6303:978-94-009-3923-3
6149:978-0-07-144143-8
6083:(5374): 237–240.
6009:978-3-540-23103-5
5948:978-0-7923-5519-9
5757:978-0-321-73975-9
5744:Pearson Education
5053:was presented by
5027:Rudolph A. Marcus
4889:Cornelis Van Niel
4682:of marine algae.
4672:marine ecosystems
4648:nitrogen fixation
4640:primary producers
4632:sedimentary rocks
4537:Heimdallarchaeota
4383:Pseudoblepharisma
4209:Elysia chlorotica
4051:
4050:
4035:million years ago
4026:
4025:
4005:
4004:
3981:
3980:
3960:
3959:
3940:
3939:
3932:Andean glaciation
3919:
3918:
3899:
3898:
3879:
3878:
3858:
3857:
3838:
3837:
3818:
3817:
3798:
3797:
3778:
3777:
3758:
3757:
3737:
3736:
3717:
3716:
3696:
3695:
3676:
3675:
3656:
3655:
3636:
3635:
3616:
3615:
3596:
3595:
2868:, leaf area, and
2676:being converted,
2613:
2612:
2359:hydrogen peroxide
2156:. Many important
1875:five-carbon sugar
1816:organic compounds
1709:light-independent
1638:photo-dissociated
1570:Photodissociation
1520:absorbed by that
1450:electron-acceptor
1426:antenna complexes
1293:, which releases
975:bacteriorhodopsin
535:Cornelis van Niel
455:photoheterotrophs
331:light-independent
326:(NADPH) and ATP.
194:biological energy
170:organic compounds
16:(Redirected from
15272:
15260:Plant physiology
14907:Ecological niche
14879:selection theory
14699:Umbrella species
14684:Species richness
14620:Invasive species
14600:Flagship species
14507:Population cycle
14502:Overexploitation
14467:Ecological yield
14417:
14410:
14403:
14394:
14393:
14299:Mesotrophic soil
14239:Climax community
14171:Marine food webs
14110:Biomagnification
13911:Chemoorganotroph
13765:Keystone species
13725:Biotic component
13670:
13663:
13656:
13647:
13646:
13637:
13634:lipid metabolism
13631:
13630:
13625:
13615:
13614:
13609:
13599:
13598:
13593:
13587:
13586:
13581:
13575:
13574:
13569:
13563:
13562:
13557:
13551:
13550:
13545:
13539:
13538:
13521:
13520:
13503:
13496:
13487:
13480:
13478:thyroid hormones
13468:
13459:
13452:
13445:
13436:
13427:
13420:
13413:
13404:
13397:
13390:
13373:
13364:
13357:
13348:
13341:
13334:
13327:
13315:
13308:
13299:
13292:
13285:
13278:
13266:
13259:
13237:
13224:
13211:
13202:
13187:
13180:
13171:
13164:
13151:
13138:
13131:
13124:
13110:
13098:
13091:
13077:
13063:
13054:
13045:
13038:
13031:
13022:
13013:
13004:
12995:
12988:
12979:
12972:
12963:
12956:
12949:
12942:
12935:
12928:
12921:
12912:
12905:
12896:
12889:
12882:
12875:
12868:
12861:
12854:
12847:
12835:
12828:
12819:
12802:
12790:
12786:
12775:
12771:
12762:
12758:
12749:
12745:
12739:
12730:
12726:
12715:
12711:
12702:
12698:
12689:
12685:
12676:
12672:
12663:
12659:
12650:
12646:
12635:
12631:
12620:
12616:
12605:
12601:
12592:
12588:
12577:
12573:
12560:
12556:
12545:
12541:
12530:
12526:
12517:
12513:
12500:
12496:
12485:
12481:
12470:
12466:
12455:
12451:
12437:
12434:
12424:
12421:
12413:
12410:
12400:
12397:
12385:
12382:
12370:
12367:
12357:
12354:
12344:
12341:
12331:
12328:
12316:
12313:
12303:
12300:
12288:
12277:
12259:
12252:
12245:
12236:
12235:
12222:
12221:
12201:Individual trees
11876:Secondary growth
11847:Succulent plants
11835:Prostrate shrubs
11718:Apical dominance
11703:Plant physiology
11664:Epicuticular wax
11209:
11208:
11202:
11193:Plant morphology
11010:
11003:
10996:
10987:
10986:
10965:
10963:
10962:
10900:
10890:
10857:
10799:
10782:Campbell Biology
10776:
10774:
10773:
10744:
10742:
10741:
10718:(2nd ed.).
10705:
10647:
10646:
10628:
10604:
10598:
10597:
10595:
10594:
10566:
10560:
10559:
10557:
10556:
10528:
10522:
10521:
10519:
10518:
10505:
10482:Annals of Botany
10473:
10467:
10466:
10456:
10424:
10418:
10417:
10407:
10375:
10369:
10368:
10356:
10350:
10349:
10341:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10313:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10303:
10297:
10282:
10269:
10258:
10257:
10233:
10224:
10223:
10203:
10197:
10196:
10168:
10162:
10161:
10117:
10111:
10110:
10082:
10076:
10075:
10031:
10025:
10024:
9988:
9982:
9981:
9956:
9950:
9949:
9924:
9918:
9917:
9915:
9914:
9897:"Photosynthesis"
9893:
9887:
9886:
9863:
9857:
9856:
9833:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9823:
9817:
9786:
9773:
9767:
9754:
9748:
9747:
9745:
9744:
9738:
9732:. Archived from
9699:
9687:
9681:
9680:
9674:
9673:
9652:
9646:
9645:
9627:
9603:
9597:
9596:
9586:
9576:
9552:
9543:
9542:
9540:
9539:
9511:
9505:
9504:
9464:
9458:
9457:
9447:
9429:
9405:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9395:
9370:Smith A (2010).
9367:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9357:
9348:. Archived from
9338:
9332:
9331:
9321:
9311:
9279:
9273:
9272:
9262:
9252:
9220:
9214:
9213:
9165:
9159:
9158:
9148:
9138:
9114:
9108:
9107:
9097:
9087:
9066:Xiong J (2006).
9063:
9057:
9056:
9046:
9036:
9004:
8998:
8997:
8979:
8955:
8949:
8948:
8945:CBC/Radio-Canada
8938:Lay summary in:
8937:
8927:
8909:
8885:
8879:
8878:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8844:
8816:
8810:
8809:
8799:
8767:
8761:
8760:
8750:
8718:
8712:
8711:
8701:
8691:
8667:
8661:
8660:
8624:
8618:
8617:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8572:
8562:
8530:
8524:
8523:
8485:
8479:
8478:
8468:
8445:Plant Physiology
8436:
8430:
8429:
8419:
8410:(5): 1069–1080.
8395:
8389:
8388:
8340:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8329:
8320:. Archived from
8307:
8301:
8300:
8290:
8280:
8248:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8237:
8217:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8124:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8060:
8035:(1–3): 127–144.
8020:
8014:
8013:
8003:
7975:
7969:
7968:
7958:
7941:(4): 1992–1998.
7935:Plant Physiology
7922:
7916:
7915:
7905:
7881:
7872:
7871:
7859:
7846:
7845:
7835:
7818:(4): 1992–1998.
7812:Plant Physiology
7803:
7792:
7791:
7751:
7742:
7741:
7721:
7715:
7714:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7653:
7630:Plant Physiology
7613:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7499:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7466:
7457:(345): 659–668.
7442:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7432:
7422:
7402:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7368:
7362:
7361:
7352:(6): 1052–1071.
7335:
7329:
7328:
7318:
7309:(383): 609–622.
7292:
7286:
7285:
7275:
7265:
7233:
7227:
7226:
7216:
7199:(4): 2577–2585.
7193:Plant Physiology
7184:
7178:
7177:
7167:
7158:(369): 569–580.
7141:
7135:
7134:
7124:
7115:(6): 1734–1740.
7100:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7018:(4th ed.).
7017:
7014:Plant Physiology
7007:
7001:
7000:
6990:
6980:
6954:
6945:
6944:
6934:
6924:
6907:(6): 1879–1884.
6890:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6865:
6859:
6858:
6838:
6828:
6819:
6818:
6808:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6749:. Archived from
6726:
6720:
6719:
6709:
6699:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6636:
6627:
6626:
6616:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6534:bio-medicine.org
6526:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6456:
6450:
6436:
6430:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6360:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6260:
6220:
6214:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6192:
6175:(4): 3216–3221.
6169:Agronomy Journal
6160:
6154:
6153:
6131:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6050:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6021:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5971:
5969:
5961:
5960:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5909:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5858:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5692:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5660:"Photosynthesis"
5656:
5579:Organic reaction
5522:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5508:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5408:photorespiration
5398:Photorespiration
5380:limiting factors
5332:
5324:
5270:Water absorption
4880:) was outlined.
4806:could similarly
4769:Joseph Priestley
4108:Paleoproterozoic
4012:
4007:
3988:
3983:
3967:
3962:
3947:
3942:
3926:
3921:
3906:
3901:
3886:
3881:
3865:
3860:
3851:Earliest animals
3845:
3840:
3825:
3820:
3805:
3800:
3785:
3780:
3765:
3760:
3744:
3739:
3724:
3719:
3703:
3698:
3683:
3678:
3663:
3658:
3649:Earliest fossils
3643:
3638:
3623:
3618:
3603:
3598:
3583:
3578:
3557:
3526:
3488:
3486:
3460:
3458:
3365:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3046:
3036:
3029:
2851:
2847:
2823:
2814:reliable methods
2791:moisture sensors
2773:can measure the
2745:photorespiration
2487:
2486:
2472:around RuBisCO.
2455:
2454:
2437:
2436:
2425:). Before the CO
2424:
2423:
2353:can support the
2250:separates the CO
2094:oxaloacetic acid
2039:photorespiration
1948:carbon skeletons
1624:oxygen and four
1574:Oxygen evolution
1564:Water photolysis
1504:reaction in the
930:
929:
928:
927:
921:
915:
914:
913:
912:
907:
905:
904:
892:
891:
890:
889:
885:
879:
878:
877:
876:
871:
869:
868:
856:
855:
854:
853:
847:
824:
823:
822:
821:
817:
808:
807:
806:
805:
798:
797:
796:
795:
791:
785:
784:
783:
782:
778:
768:
767:
766:
765:
759:
744:, but canceling
732:
731:
730:
729:
725:
715:
714:
713:
712:
708:
699:
698:
697:
696:
689:
688:
687:
686:
682:
676:
675:
674:
673:
669:
659:
658:
657:
656:
650:
635:
634:
633:
632:
628:
618:
617:
616:
615:
607:
601:
600:
599:
598:
589:
588:
587:
586:
582:
574:
573:
572:
571:
567:
557:
556:
555:
554:
548:
332:
280:reaction centers
217:hydrogen sulfide
124:
120:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
52:and terrestrial
21:
15280:
15279:
15275:
15274:
15273:
15271:
15270:
15269:
15265:Quantum biology
15255:Plant nutrition
15210:
15209:
15208:
15203:
15194:
15180:Systems ecology
15068:
15039:Extinction debt
15004:Ecological debt
14994:Bioluminescence
14975:
14968:
14937:marine habitats
14912:Ecological trap
14893:
14773:
14766:
14709:
14703:
14659:Rapoport's rule
14654:Priority effect
14595:Endemic species
14563:
14522:Population size
14438:
14431:
14421:
14391:
14386:
14339:
14333:
14319:Trophic cascade
14229:Bioaccumulation
14212:
14139:
14096:
14018:
13985:
13882:
13794:
13755:Ecosystem model
13688:
13674:
13644:
13639:
13638:
13628:
13626:
13612:
13610:
13596:
13594:
13584:
13582:
13572:
13570:
13560:
13558:
13548:
13546:
13536:
13534:
13532:
13529:metro-style map
13522:
13514:
13509:
13508:
13507:
13506:
13505:
13504:
13499:
13497:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13483:
13481:
13475:
13471:
13469:
13465:
13464:Polyunsaturated
13462:
13460:
13455:
13453:
13448:
13446:
13442:
13439:
13437:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13423:
13421:
13416:
13414:
13410:
13407:
13405:
13400:
13398:
13393:
13391:
13380:
13376:
13374:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13360:
13358:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13344:
13342:
13337:
13335:
13330:
13328:
13322:
13318:
13316:
13311:
13309:
13305:
13302:
13300:
13295:
13293:
13288:
13286:
13281:
13279:
13273:
13269:
13267:
13262:
13260:
13249:
13240:
13238:
13231:
13227:
13225:
13218:
13214:
13212:
13208:
13205:
13203:
13199:
13190:
13188:
13183:
13181:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13167:
13165:
13158:
13154:
13152:
13144:
13141:
13139:
13134:
13132:
13127:
13125:
13121:
13118:
13113:
13111:
13105:
13101:
13099:
13094:
13092:
13086:
13083:
13080:
13078:
13072:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13041:
13039:
13034:
13032:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13001:
12998:
12996:
12991:
12989:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12975:
12973:
12969:
12966:
12964:
12959:
12957:
12952:
12950:
12945:
12943:
12938:
12936:
12931:
12929:
12924:
12922:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12908:
12906:
12902:
12899:
12897:
12892:
12890:
12885:
12883:
12878:
12876:
12871:
12869:
12864:
12862:
12857:
12855:
12850:
12848:
12842:
12838:
12836:
12831:
12829:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12812:
12805:
12803:
12799:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12784:
12782:
12778:
12776:
12769:
12765:
12763:
12756:
12752:
12750:
12743:
12741:
12737:
12733:
12731:
12724:
12722:
12718:
12716:
12709:
12705:
12703:
12696:
12692:
12690:
12684:Steroidogenesis
12683:
12679:
12677:
12670:
12666:
12664:
12657:
12653:
12651:
12644:
12642:
12638:
12636:
12629:
12627:
12623:
12621:
12615:phosphorylation
12614:
12612:
12608:
12606:
12599:
12595:
12593:
12586:
12584:
12580:
12578:
12571:
12569:
12567:
12563:
12561:
12554:
12552:
12548:
12546:
12539:
12537:
12533:
12531:
12524:
12520:
12518:
12511:
12509:
12507:
12503:
12501:
12494:
12492:
12488:
12486:
12479:
12477:
12473:
12471:
12464:
12462:
12458:
12456:
12449:
12447:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12408:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12395:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12380:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12326:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12289:
12269:
12263:
12233:
12228:
12210:
12179:Botanical terms
12172:
12158:
12122:
12068:Citrus taxonomy
12046:Author citation
12012:
11906:
11885:
11807:
11801:
11797:Turgor pressure
11705:
11693:
11647:
11462:Floral symmetry
11380:
11372:
11302:
11291:Vascular bundle
11286:Vascular tissue
11245:
11205:
11196:
11195:
11181:
11152:Vascular plants
11117:
11113:Plant pathology
11037:
11019:
11014:
10976:Wayback Machine
10960:
10958:
10908:
10903:
10807:
10802:
10796:
10771:
10769:
10762:
10739:
10737:
10730:
10702:
10685:
10680:
10679:
10678:
10668:
10667:
10663:
10656:
10654:Further reading
10651:
10650:
10605:
10601:
10592:
10590:
10583:
10567:
10563:
10554:
10552:
10545:
10529:
10525:
10516:
10514:
10474:
10470:
10425:
10421:
10376:
10372:
10357:
10353:
10342:
10338:
10329:
10327:
10314:
10310:
10301:
10299:
10295:
10280:
10277:
10270:
10261:
10239:
10234:
10227:
10204:
10200:
10169:
10165:
10118:
10114:
10083:
10079:
10032:
10028:
9989:
9985:
9978:Perseus Project
9957:
9953:
9946:Perseus Project
9925:
9921:
9912:
9910:
9895:
9894:
9890:
9864:
9860:
9834:
9830:
9821:
9819:
9815:
9784:
9774:
9770:
9764:Wayback Machine
9755:
9751:
9742:
9740:
9736:
9697:
9688:
9684:
9671:
9669:
9664:. Vol. 1.
9653:
9649:
9606:Gest H (2000).
9604:
9600:
9553:
9546:
9537:
9535:
9528:
9512:
9508:
9465:
9461:
9406:
9402:
9393:
9391:
9384:
9368:
9364:
9355:
9353:
9340:
9339:
9335:
9280:
9276:
9221:
9217:
9166:
9162:
9115:
9111:
9064:
9060:
9005:
9001:
8956:
8952:
8939:
8886:
8882:
8855:
8851:
8842:
8840:
8833:
8819:Gale J (2009).
8817:
8813:
8768:
8764:
8719:
8715:
8668:
8664:
8625:
8621:
8590:
8586:
8531:
8527:
8512:
8486:
8482:
8437:
8433:
8396:
8392:
8341:
8337:
8327:
8325:
8308:
8304:
8249:
8245:
8235:
8233:
8218:
8214:
8204:
8202:
8187:
8183:
8136:
8132:
8122:
8120:
8109:
8105:
8095:
8093:
8078:
8074:
8021:
8017:
7983:
7976:
7972:
7923:
7919:
7882:
7875:
7860:
7849:
7804:
7795:
7752:
7745:
7722:
7718:
7671:
7667:
7625:
7621:
7614:
7610:
7581:
7577:
7568:
7566:
7551:
7547:
7538:
7536:
7529:
7511:
7507:
7497:
7495:
7484:
7480:
7443:
7439:
7430:
7428:
7403:
7396:
7386:
7384:
7369:
7365:
7358:10.1139/b98-074
7341:
7336:
7332:
7293:
7289:
7245:
7234:
7230:
7185:
7181:
7142:
7138:
7109:New Phytologist
7101:
7097:
7088:
7086:
7079:
7064:
7057:Photosynthesis"
7053:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7041:
7037:
7030:
7008:
7004:
6955:
6948:
6891:
6887:
6878:
6876:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6855:
6829:
6822:
6769:
6765:
6756:
6754:
6747:
6727:
6723:
6666:
6662:
6655:10.1071/PP99027
6637:
6630:
6583:
6579:
6572:
6556:
6552:
6543:
6541:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6514:
6512:
6457:
6453:
6437:
6433:
6425:
6421:
6378:
6374:
6321:
6317:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6278:
6274:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6206:
6161:
6157:
6150:
6133:
6132:
6123:
6114:
6112:
6067:
6063:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6019:
6017:
6010:
5990:
5986:
5975:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5958:
5956:
5949:
5927:
5923:
5876:
5872:
5825:
5821:
5772:
5768:
5758:
5734:
5730:
5709:(11): 488–496.
5693:
5686:
5677:
5675:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5624:Quantum biology
5589:Photoinhibition
5544:Carbon fixation
5518:
5513:
5511:
5504:
5499:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5480:
5465:
5439:
5392:
5330:
5322:
5308:
5302:
5242:
5235:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5213:
5200:
5185:
5172:
5159:
5096:
5069:Daniel I. Arnon
5042:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4939:
4886:
4863:
4796:
4715:Jan van Helmont
4693:
4688:
4644:Proterozoic Eon
4620:common ancestor
4616:
4604:Gemmatimonadota
4592:Purple bacteria
4505:electron donors
4481:
4371:dinoflagellates
4310:
4298:gene expression
4294:CoRR Hypothesis
4229:from the plant
4140:
4060:photosynthetic
4047:
4046:
4038:
4022:
4021:
4010:
4001:
4000:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3965:
3956:
3955:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3892:Ediacaran biota
3884:
3875:
3874:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3831:Earliest plants
3823:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3689:Earliest oxygen
3681:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3070:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3021:
2971:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2913:
2905:
2883:
2863:
2857:
2852:. By measuring
2841:
2819:
2811:
2802:
2741:carbon fixation
2736:
2694:electric energy
2678:light intensity
2645:, with a small
2624:
2618:
2586:Carbon fixation
2508:Energy transfer
2478:
2471:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:from dissolved
2411:
2403:
2391:
2368:
2364:
2352:
2347:oxalate oxidase
2344:
2324:
2298:Calcium-oxalate
2289:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2253:
2245:
2219:
2213:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2183:
2163:
2149:
2141:
2127:
2118:decarboxylation
2115:
2104:to specialized
2090:PEP carboxylase
2066:carbon fixation
2065:
2056:
2035:light reactions
2028:
1987:
1975:Main articles:
1973:
1968:
1800:Carbon fixation
1794:carbon fixation
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1720:
1705:
1703:Carbon fixation
1697:Main articles:
1695:
1690:
1662:thylakoid lumen
1658:water molecules
1583:reaction center
1576:
1568:Main articles:
1566:
1558:cyclic reaction
1482:thylakoid space
1460:(the so-called
1383:
1371:purple bacteria
1327:action spectrum
1315:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1271:proton gradient
1233:of the pigment
1215:
1209:
1155:, such as many
1043:
994:
986:Main articles:
984:
941:light reactions
925:
923:
922:
919:
918:
917:
910:
909:
908:
903:
900:
899:
898:
896:
895:
894:
887:
886:
883:
882:
881:
874:
873:
872:
867:
864:
863:
862:
860:
859:
858:
851:
849:
848:
846:
842:
841:
840:
819:
818:
816:
812:
811:
810:
803:
802:
801:
800:
793:
792:
789:
788:
787:
780:
779:
776:
772:
771:
770:
763:
761:
760:
758:
754:
753:
752:
727:
726:
723:
719:
718:
717:
710:
709:
707:
703:
702:
701:
694:
693:
692:
691:
684:
683:
680:
679:
678:
671:
670:
667:
663:
662:
661:
654:
652:
651:
649:
645:
644:
643:
630:
629:
626:
622:
621:
620:
613:
611:
609:
608:
605:
604:
603:
594:
593:
592:
591:
584:
583:
578:
577:
576:
569:
568:
565:
561:
560:
559:
552:
550:
549:
547:
543:
542:
541:
489:carbon fixation
447:photoautotrophs
440:
436:
427:
421:
366:reducing agents
330:
312:plasma membrane
154:chemical energy
122:
118:
68:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15278:
15268:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15227:
15222:
15220:Photosynthesis
15205:
15204:
15199:
15196:
15195:
15193:
15192:
15187:
15182:
15177:
15172:
15167:
15162:
15160:Microecosystem
15157:
15152:
15147:
15142:
15137:
15132:
15127:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15082:
15076:
15074:
15070:
15069:
15067:
15066:
15061:
15059:Thorson's rule
15056:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14991:
14986:
14984:Assembly rules
14980:
14978:
14970:
14969:
14967:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14951:
14946:
14941:
14940:
14939:
14929:
14924:
14919:
14914:
14909:
14903:
14901:
14895:
14894:
14892:
14891:
14886:
14881:
14869:
14867:Patch dynamics
14864:
14862:Metapopulation
14859:
14854:
14849:
14844:
14839:
14834:
14829:
14824:
14819:
14814:
14809:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14789:
14784:
14778:
14776:
14768:
14767:
14765:
14764:
14759:
14757:Storage effect
14754:
14749:
14744:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14724:
14719:
14713:
14711:
14705:
14704:
14702:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14651:
14646:
14641:
14639:Neutral theory
14636:
14631:
14626:
14624:Native species
14617:
14612:
14607:
14602:
14597:
14592:
14587:
14582:
14577:
14571:
14569:
14565:
14564:
14562:
14561:
14556:
14555:
14554:
14549:
14539:
14534:
14529:
14524:
14519:
14514:
14509:
14504:
14499:
14497:Overpopulation
14494:
14489:
14484:
14479:
14474:
14469:
14464:
14459:
14454:
14449:
14443:
14441:
14433:
14432:
14420:
14419:
14412:
14405:
14397:
14388:
14387:
14385:
14384:
14379:
14374:
14369:
14364:
14359:
14354:
14349:
14343:
14341:
14335:
14334:
14332:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14306:
14304:Nutrient cycle
14301:
14296:
14294:Feeding frenzy
14291:
14286:
14281:
14276:
14274:Energy quality
14271:
14266:
14261:
14256:
14251:
14246:
14241:
14236:
14234:Cascade effect
14231:
14226:
14220:
14218:
14214:
14213:
14211:
14210:
14209:
14208:
14203:
14198:
14193:
14188:
14183:
14178:
14168:
14163:
14158:
14153:
14147:
14145:
14141:
14140:
14138:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14106:
14104:
14098:
14097:
14095:
14094:
14089:
14084:
14079:
14077:Microbial loop
14074:
14069:
14064:
14059:
14054:
14049:
14044:
14042:Lithoautotroph
14039:
14034:
14028:
14026:
14024:Microorganisms
14020:
14019:
14017:
14016:
14011:
14006:
14001:
13995:
13993:
13987:
13986:
13984:
13983:
13981:Prey switching
13978:
13973:
13968:
13963:
13958:
13953:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13918:
13913:
13908:
13903:
13898:
13892:
13890:
13884:
13883:
13881:
13880:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13860:
13858:Photosynthesis
13855:
13850:
13845:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13825:
13820:
13815:
13813:Chemosynthesis
13810:
13804:
13802:
13796:
13795:
13793:
13792:
13787:
13782:
13777:
13772:
13767:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13732:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13707:
13705:Abiotic stress
13702:
13696:
13694:
13690:
13689:
13673:
13672:
13665:
13658:
13650:
13641:
13640:
13578:cell signaling
13554:photosynthesis
13552:Violet nodes:
13540:Orange nodes:
13516:
13515:
13511:
13510:
13197:
13143:Aromatic amino
13050:Branched-chain
12600:Light reaction
12291:
12290:
12283:
12282:
12281:
12280:
12275:
12274:
12271:
12270:
12262:
12261:
12254:
12247:
12239:
12230:
12229:
12227:
12226:
12215:
12212:
12211:
12209:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12192:
12191:
12181:
12175:
12173:
12171:
12170:
12169:Related topics
12167:
12163:
12160:
12159:
12157:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12130:
12128:
12124:
12123:
12121:
12120:
12118:Taxonomic rank
12115:
12110:
12104:
12099:
12094:
12093:
12092:
12091:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12070:
12060:
12059:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12038:
12036:Botanical name
12028:
12022:
12020:
12018:Plant taxonomy
12014:
12013:
12011:
12010:
12009:
12008:
12003:
12002:
12001:
11994:Megasporangium
11991:
11990:
11989:
11982:Microsporangia
11974:
11973:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11936:
11935:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11909:
11907:
11905:
11904:
11899:
11893:
11887:
11886:
11884:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11867:
11866:
11865:
11864:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11843:
11842:
11837:
11827:
11822:
11820:Cushion plants
11811:
11809:
11803:
11802:
11800:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11773:
11772:
11767:
11757:
11755:Plant hormones
11752:
11747:
11746:
11745:
11738:Photosynthesis
11735:
11730:
11725:
11720:
11715:
11709:
11707:
11699:
11698:
11695:
11694:
11692:
11691:
11686:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11666:
11661:
11655:
11653:
11649:
11648:
11646:
11645:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11624:
11623:
11618:
11613:
11603:
11602:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11576:
11571:
11570:
11569:
11568:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11556:
11555:
11550:
11530:
11525:
11520:
11519:
11518:
11517:
11516:
11511:
11501:
11496:
11491:
11486:
11481:
11471:
11470:
11469:
11464:
11459:
11457:Floral formula
11454:
11452:Floral diagram
11449:
11444:
11434:
11433:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11421:
11420:
11415:
11405:
11395:
11390:
11384:
11382:
11381:(incl. Flower)
11374:
11373:
11371:
11370:
11369:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11357:
11356:
11351:
11341:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11310:
11308:
11304:
11303:
11301:
11300:
11295:
11294:
11293:
11283:
11281:Storage organs
11278:
11273:
11272:
11271:
11261:
11255:
11253:
11247:
11246:
11244:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11217:
11215:
11206:
11204:
11203:
11189:
11183:
11182:
11180:
11179:
11174:
11169:
11167:Spermatophytes
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11144:
11139:
11137:Archaeplastida
11134:
11128:
11126:
11119:
11118:
11116:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11099:
11098:
11091:Phytogeography
11088:
11086:Phytochemistry
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11047:
11045:
11043:Subdisciplines
11039:
11038:
11036:
11035:
11030:
11024:
11021:
11020:
11013:
11012:
11005:
10998:
10990:
10984:
10983:
10978:
10966:
10946:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10919:
10914:
10907:
10906:External links
10904:
10902:
10901:
10858:
10832:(5): 893–906.
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10800:
10794:
10777:
10760:
10745:
10728:
10710:Blankenship RE
10706:
10700:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10677:
10676:
10670:
10669:
10665:Photosynthesis
10658:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10649:
10648:
10599:
10581:
10561:
10543:
10523:
10488:(4): 511–537.
10468:
10439:(1): 103–111.
10419:
10390:(2): 209–213.
10370:
10351:
10336:
10308:
10275:
10259:
10248:(6): 517–521.
10237:
10225:
10214:(2): 107–110.
10198:
10179:(4): 311–315.
10163:
10112:
10093:(9): 675–679.
10077:
10026:
9983:
9951:
9919:
9888:
9858:
9828:
9795:(8): 423–437.
9768:
9749:
9708:(1–3): 51–54.
9682:
9656:Rabinowitch EI
9647:
9618:(2): 183–190.
9598:
9544:
9526:
9506:
9479:(2): 143–157.
9459:
9400:
9382:
9362:
9333:
9274:
9215:
9160:
9109:
9072:Genome Biology
9058:
8999:
8950:
8900:(3): 241–250.
8880:
8849:
8831:
8811:
8762:
8713:
8676:Genome Biology
8662:
8619:
8600:(6): 655–661.
8584:
8525:
8510:
8480:
8431:
8390:
8335:
8302:
8243:
8212:
8181:
8130:
8103:
8072:
8015:
7981:
7970:
7917:
7873:
7847:
7793:
7743:
7716:
7681:(2): 177–186.
7665:
7636:(2): 571–580.
7623:
7619:
7608:
7575:
7545:
7527:
7505:
7494:on 27 May 2014
7478:
7437:
7394:
7363:
7339:
7330:
7287:
7243:
7228:
7179:
7136:
7095:
7077:
7069:Academic Press
7062:
7051:
7035:
7028:
7002:
6946:
6885:
6860:
6853:
6820:
6783:(3): 303–313.
6763:
6745:
6721:
6660:
6649:(7): 671–677.
6628:
6599:(6): 625–631.
6577:
6570:
6550:
6521:
6451:
6431:
6419:
6372:
6315:
6302:
6272:
6215:
6204:
6155:
6148:
6121:
6061:
6029:
6008:
6002:. p. 32.
5984:
5947:
5921:
5870:
5819:
5784:(2): 109–117.
5766:
5756:
5728:
5684:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5629:Radiosynthesis
5626:
5621:
5616:
5614:Photosystem II
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5554:Chemosynthesis
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5509:
5506:Ecology portal
5495:
5479:
5476:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5437:
5429:
5426:
5391:
5388:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5301:
5298:
5286:
5285:
5279:
5274:Carbon dioxide
5271:
5268:
5241:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5224:
5223:compound of CO
5219:
5211:
5198:
5193:, field grown
5183:
5170:
5158:
5155:
5151:photosynthesis
5116:photosynthesis
5108:photosynthesis
5095:
5092:
5040:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4937:
4927:Robert Emerson
4905:redox reaction
4901:green bacteria
4885:
4882:
4861:
4815:Jan Ingenhousz
4794:
4759:carbon dioxide
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4630:(>2500 Ma)
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4588:Proteobacteria
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4480:
4477:
4448:Diaphoretickes
4440:
4439:
4428:
4419:in the phylum
4405:
4394:
4385:in the phylum
4367:
4356:
4345:
4334:Archaeplastida
4312:Symbiotic and
4309:
4306:
4256:, and similar
4203:Elysia viridis
4139:
4136:
4124:electron donor
4049:
4048:
4039:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4003:
4002:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3958:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3897:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3877:
3876:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3856:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3836:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3816:
3815:
3811:Earliest fungi
3809:
3808:
3806:
3796:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3735:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3694:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3669:LHB meteorites
3667:
3666:
3664:
3654:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3614:
3613:
3609:Earliest water
3607:
3606:
3604:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:Photosynthesis
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3257:0 —
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3023:Main article:
3020:
3017:
2969:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2911:
2903:
2894:Y(II) or F/FM'
2881:
2861:
2855:
2839:
2817:
2809:
2800:
2767:photosystem II
2734:
2717:light reaction
2663:light reaction
2620:Main article:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2409:
2401:
2390:
2387:
2366:
2362:
2350:
2342:
2322:
2287:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2251:
2243:
2217:
2214:photosynthesis
2211:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2181:
2161:
2147:
2139:
2125:
2113:
2063:
2054:
2026:
2005:, and all the
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1871:carbon dioxide
1810:products. The
1782:
1781:+ 6 NADP + 3 H
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1718:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1668:. Oxygen is a
1603:photosystem II
1565:
1562:
1470:proton cations
1430:photosystem II
1389:The "Z scheme"
1382:
1379:
1361:is what gives
1359:light spectrum
1312:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1241:and loses one
1211:Main article:
1208:
1205:
1049:cell membranes
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:plastidial DNA
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:outer membrane
1004:
983:
980:
933:
932:
901:
865:
844:
826:
825:
814:
774:
756:
734:
733:
721:
705:
665:
647:
637:
636:
624:
570:electron donor
563:
545:
438:
437:, and fixes CO
434:
423:Main article:
420:
417:
398:Jan Ingenhousz
306:, abundant in
196:necessary for
190:oxygen content
162:Photosynthesis
61:Photosynthesis
26:
18:Photosynthetic
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15277:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15226:
15223:
15221:
15218:
15217:
15215:
15202:
15197:
15191:
15188:
15186:
15185:Urban ecology
15183:
15181:
15178:
15176:
15173:
15171:
15168:
15166:
15163:
15161:
15158:
15156:
15153:
15151:
15148:
15146:
15143:
15141:
15138:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15103:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15077:
15075:
15071:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15044:Kleiber's law
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
14981:
14979:
14977:
14971:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14945:
14942:
14938:
14935:
14934:
14933:
14930:
14928:
14925:
14923:
14920:
14918:
14915:
14913:
14910:
14908:
14905:
14904:
14902:
14900:
14896:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14878:
14874:
14870:
14868:
14865:
14863:
14860:
14858:
14855:
14853:
14850:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14817:Foster's rule
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14779:
14777:
14775:
14769:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14714:
14712:
14706:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14645:
14642:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14625:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14583:
14581:
14578:
14576:
14573:
14572:
14570:
14566:
14560:
14557:
14553:
14550:
14548:
14545:
14544:
14543:
14540:
14538:
14535:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14523:
14520:
14518:
14515:
14513:
14510:
14508:
14505:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14493:
14490:
14488:
14485:
14483:
14480:
14478:
14475:
14473:
14470:
14468:
14465:
14463:
14460:
14458:
14455:
14453:
14450:
14448:
14445:
14444:
14442:
14440:
14434:
14429:
14425:
14418:
14413:
14411:
14406:
14404:
14399:
14398:
14395:
14383:
14380:
14378:
14375:
14373:
14370:
14368:
14365:
14363:
14360:
14358:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14344:
14342:
14336:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14300:
14297:
14295:
14292:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14245:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14221:
14219:
14215:
14207:
14204:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14184:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14173:
14172:
14169:
14167:
14164:
14162:
14159:
14157:
14154:
14152:
14149:
14148:
14146:
14142:
14136:
14135:Trophic level
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14107:
14105:
14103:
14099:
14093:
14092:Phage ecology
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14082:Microbial mat
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14037:Bacteriophage
14035:
14033:
14030:
14029:
14027:
14025:
14021:
14015:
14012:
14010:
14007:
14005:
14004:Decomposition
14002:
14000:
13997:
13996:
13994:
13992:
13988:
13982:
13979:
13977:
13974:
13972:
13969:
13967:
13964:
13962:
13959:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13951:Mesopredators
13949:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13902:
13899:
13897:
13896:Apex predator
13894:
13893:
13891:
13889:
13885:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13821:
13819:
13816:
13814:
13811:
13809:
13806:
13805:
13803:
13801:
13797:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13730:Biotic stress
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13706:
13703:
13701:
13698:
13697:
13695:
13691:
13686:
13682:
13678:
13671:
13666:
13664:
13659:
13657:
13652:
13651:
13648:
13635:
13632:Green nodes:
13623:
13619:
13616:Brown nodes:
13607:
13603:
13591:
13579:
13567:
13555:
13543:
13530:
13526:
13502:
13495:
13486:
13479:
13474:
13467:
13458:
13451:
13450:Sphingolipids
13444:
13443:sphingolipids
13435:
13426:
13419:
13418:Glycerolipids
13412:
13411:phospholipids
13403:
13396:
13388:
13384:
13379:
13372:
13363:
13356:
13347:
13340:
13333:
13326:
13325:proteoglycans
13321:
13320:Glycoproteins
13314:
13307:
13298:
13291:
13284:
13277:
13272:
13265:
13257:
13253:
13247:
13243:
13235:
13230:
13222:
13217:
13210:
13200:
13193:
13186:
13179:
13170:
13162:
13157:
13150:
13146:
13137:
13130:
13123:
13116:
13109:
13104:
13097:
13090:
13085:
13076:
13071:
13062:
13053:
13044:
13037:
13030:
13021:
13012:
13003:
12994:
12987:
12978:
12971:
12962:
12955:
12948:
12941:
12934:
12927:
12920:
12911:
12904:
12895:
12888:
12881:
12874:
12867:
12860:
12853:
12846:
12841:
12834:
12827:
12818:
12814:
12808:
12801:
12794:
12789:
12788:
12787:
12774:
12773:
12772:
12761:
12760:
12759:
12748:
12747:
12746:
12740:
12729:
12728:
12727:
12714:
12713:
12712:
12701:
12700:
12699:
12688:
12687:
12686:
12675:
12674:
12673:
12662:
12661:
12660:
12649:
12648:
12647:
12634:
12633:
12632:
12619:
12618:
12617:
12604:
12603:
12602:
12591:
12590:
12589:
12587:carbon intake
12576:
12575:
12574:
12559:
12558:
12557:
12544:
12543:
12542:
12529:
12528:
12527:
12516:
12515:
12514:
12499:
12498:
12497:
12484:
12483:
12482:
12469:
12468:
12467:
12454:
12453:
12452:
12441:
12436:
12435:
12423:
12422:
12412:
12411:
12399:
12398:
12384:
12383:
12369:
12368:
12356:
12355:
12343:
12342:
12330:
12329:
12315:
12314:
12302:
12301:
12287:
12279:
12278:
12272:
12267:
12260:
12255:
12253:
12248:
12246:
12241:
12240:
12237:
12225:
12217:
12216:
12213:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12190:
12187:
12186:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12176:
12174:
12168:
12165:
12164:
12161:
12155:
12154:Phytochemical
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12131:
12129:
12125:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12108:
12105:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12075:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12065:
12064:
12061:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12033:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12023:
12021:
12019:
12015:
12007:
12004:
12000:
11997:
11996:
11995:
11992:
11988:
11985:
11984:
11983:
11980:
11979:
11978:
11975:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11952:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11934:
11931:
11930:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11894:
11892:
11888:
11882:
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11863:
11860:
11859:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11832:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11817:
11816:
11813:
11812:
11810:
11804:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11792:Transpiration
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11762:
11761:
11758:
11756:
11753:
11751:
11748:
11744:
11741:
11740:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11710:
11708:
11704:
11700:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11656:
11654:
11650:
11644:
11641:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11612:
11609:
11608:
11607:
11604:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11581:
11580:
11579:Inflorescence
11577:
11575:
11572:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11545:
11544:
11541:
11540:
11539:
11536:
11535:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11506:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11476:
11475:
11472:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11443:
11440:
11439:
11438:
11435:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11410:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11400:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11385:
11383:
11379:
11375:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11346:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11336:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11311:
11309:
11305:
11299:
11296:
11292:
11289:
11288:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11270:
11267:
11266:
11265:
11264:Ground tissue
11262:
11260:
11257:
11256:
11254:
11252:
11248:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11218:
11216:
11214:
11210:
11207:
11200:
11194:
11191:
11190:
11188:
11187:Plant anatomy
11184:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11120:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11108:Plant ecology
11106:
11104:
11103:Plant anatomy
11101:
11097:
11094:
11093:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11051:Archaeobotany
11049:
11048:
11046:
11044:
11040:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11025:
11022:
11018:
11011:
11006:
11004:
10999:
10997:
10992:
10991:
10988:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10973:
10970:
10967:
10957:on 2012-03-22
10956:
10952:
10947:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10909:
10898:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10880:
10876:
10872:
10868:
10864:
10859:
10855:
10851:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10819:
10815:
10810:
10809:
10797:
10791:
10787:
10783:
10778:
10767:
10763:
10757:
10753:
10752:
10746:
10735:
10731:
10725:
10721:
10717:
10716:
10711:
10707:
10703:
10697:
10693:
10688:
10687:
10675:
10672:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10644:
10640:
10636:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10619:(4): 148047.
10618:
10614:
10610:
10603:
10588:
10584:
10578:
10574:
10573:
10565:
10550:
10546:
10540:
10536:
10535:
10527:
10513:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10495:
10491:
10487:
10483:
10479:
10472:
10464:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10434:
10430:
10423:
10415:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10385:
10384:Plant Physiol
10381:
10374:
10366:
10362:
10355:
10347:
10340:
10325:
10321:
10320:
10312:
10298:on 2023-11-29
10294:
10290:
10286:
10279:
10268:
10266:
10264:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10243:
10232:
10230:
10221:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10202:
10194:
10190:
10186:
10182:
10178:
10174:
10167:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10116:
10108:
10104:
10100:
10096:
10092:
10088:
10081:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10030:
10022:
10018:
10014:
10010:
10006:
10002:
9999:(1–3): 7–10.
9998:
9994:
9987:
9979:
9975:
9974:
9969:
9965:
9961:
9955:
9947:
9943:
9942:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9923:
9908:
9904:
9903:
9898:
9892:
9884:
9880:
9876:
9872:
9868:
9862:
9854:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9832:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9782:
9778:
9772:
9765:
9761:
9758:
9753:
9739:on 2008-03-09
9735:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9696:
9692:
9686:
9678:
9667:
9663:
9662:
9657:
9651:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9602:
9594:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9551:
9549:
9533:
9529:
9523:
9519:
9518:
9510:
9502:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9463:
9455:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9404:
9389:
9385:
9379:
9375:
9374:
9373:Plant biology
9366:
9352:on 2010-08-24
9351:
9347:
9343:
9337:
9329:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9285:
9278:
9270:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9219:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9180:(1): 87–103.
9179:
9175:
9171:
9164:
9156:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9113:
9105:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9062:
9054:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9003:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8954:
8946:
8942:
8935:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8899:
8895:
8891:
8884:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8853:
8838:
8834:
8828:
8824:
8823:
8815:
8807:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8766:
8758:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8717:
8709:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8666:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8623:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8588:
8580:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8529:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8507:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8484:
8476:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8435:
8427:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8394:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8339:
8323:
8319:
8318:
8313:
8306:
8298:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8270:
8266:
8263:(3): e00548.
8262:
8258:
8254:
8247:
8231:
8227:
8226:New Scientist
8223:
8216:
8200:
8196:
8195:New Scientist
8192:
8185:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8134:
8118:
8114:
8107:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8076:
8068:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8019:
8011:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7974:
7966:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7930:
7921:
7913:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7880:
7878:
7869:
7865:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7843:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7750:
7748:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7720:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7669:
7661:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7612:
7603:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7579:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7549:
7534:
7530:
7528:9781461504153
7524:
7520:
7516:
7509:
7493:
7489:
7482:
7474:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7441:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7401:
7399:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7367:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7346:
7334:
7326:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7303:
7298:
7291:
7283:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7241:
7232:
7224:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7183:
7175:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7152:
7147:
7140:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7099:
7084:
7080:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7065:plant biology
7058:
7039:
7031:
7025:
7021:
7016:
7015:
7006:
6998:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6953:
6951:
6942:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6889:
6875:on 2019-07-22
6874:
6870:
6864:
6856:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6837:
6836:
6827:
6825:
6816:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6767:
6753:on 2014-11-02
6752:
6748:
6742:
6738:
6737:Prentice Hall
6734:
6733:
6725:
6717:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6664:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6635:
6633:
6624:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6581:
6573:
6567:
6563:
6562:
6554:
6540:on 2009-07-12
6539:
6535:
6531:
6525:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6435:
6429:, p. 13.
6428:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6376:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6335:: 2073–2078.
6334:
6330:
6326:
6319:
6305:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6276:
6268:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6219:
6213:
6208:
6200:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6159:
6151:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6065:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6026:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5988:
5981:
5978:10 kJ/yr
5954:
5950:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5917:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5874:
5866:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5823:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5770:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5732:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5691:
5689:
5674:on 2022-08-11
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5651:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5609:Photosystem I
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5564:Hill reaction
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5510:
5507:
5496:
5493:
5487:
5482:
5475:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5435:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5396:
5387:
5385:
5384:Phycobilisome
5381:
5377:
5373:
5372:photochemical
5365:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5342:
5336:
5328:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5307:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5277:concentration
5275:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5251:
5246:
5237:
5217:
5208:
5204:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5180:
5176:
5168:
5167:Melvin Calvin
5164:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5129:, gleam) and
5128:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5057:using intact
5056:
5052:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5013:James Bassham
5011:, along with
5010:
5009:Andrew Benson
5006:
5005:Melvin Calvin
4999:
4998:Melvin Calvin
4995:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4911:(donates its
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4830:Jean Senebier
4826:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4787:and burned a
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4624:cyanobacteria
4621:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4598:Chloroflexota
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4576:Heliobacteria
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4560:Cyanobacteria
4558:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4521:organic acids
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4489:purple sulfur
4486:
4476:
4474:
4471:and practice
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4452:endosymbiosis
4449:
4445:
4438:(unicellular)
4437:
4433:
4429:
4427:(unicellular)
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4393:(unicellular)
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4366:(unicellular)
4365:
4361:
4357:
4355:(unicellular)
4354:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4342:multicellular
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:kleptoplastic
4305:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4286:cyanobacteria
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4190:surface areas
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4104:cyanobacteria
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4045:
4044:
4036:
4029:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4008:
3999:
3995:
3994:Earliest apes
3990:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3973:Karoo ice age
3969:
3964:
3963:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3861:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3556:
3525:
3487:
3459:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3382:
3366:
3338:
3322:
3306:
3290:
3274:
3073:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3035:Life timeline
3030:
3026:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:quasiparticle
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2936:
2935:carboxylation
2920:
2915:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2874:transpiration
2871:
2867:
2859:
2848:/(m/s) or in
2843:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:dark reaction
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:mass-produced
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:primarily as
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:ATP synthesis
2564:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2394:Cyanobacteria
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2335:water deficit
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2220:and a useful
2215:
2207:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2106:bundle sheath
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:, as well as
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:produces the
1801:
1795:
1790:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:and releases
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:waste product
1667:
1666:ATP synthesis
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:cyanobacteria
1615:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:photosystem I
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1544:the coenzyme
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:hydrogen ions
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:Photosystem I
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:and into the
1479:
1476:) across the
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:occur in the
1400:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:phycoerythrin
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
979:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
960:visible light
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
839:
838:
837:
835:
831:
751:
750:
749:
747:
743:
739:
642:
641:
640:
597:
581:
540:
539:
538:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
516:
514:
509:
505:
501:
498:
494:
493:carbohydrates
490:
485:
483:
479:
478:cyanobacteria
475:
471:
466:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
431:
426:
416:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:excess oxygen
367:
363:
360:early in the
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
244:
240:
239:carbon-fixing
236:
235:
234:Halobacterium
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:, which uses
210:
207:also perform
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:cyanobacteria
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:
113:
62:
55:
51:
50:phytoplankton
46:
39:
38:carbohydrates
34:
30:
19:
15170:Regime shift
15155:Macroecology
14876:
14872:
14812:Edge effects
14782:Biogeography
14727:Commensalism
14575:Biodiversity
14452:Allee effect
14191:kelp forests
14144:Example webs
14009:Detritivores
13857:
13848:Organotrophs
13828:Kinetotrophs
13780:Productivity
13600:Grey nodes:
13588:Blue nodes:
13576:Pink nodes:
13553:
13494:cannabinoids
13332:Chlorophylls
13283:Antioxidants
13036:Serine group
12947:Photosystems
12933:P-glycerates
12880:P-glycerates
12845:sialic acids
12840:Amino sugars
12792:
12780:
12779:
12767:
12766:
12754:
12753:
12735:
12734:
12720:
12719:
12707:
12706:
12694:
12693:
12681:
12680:
12668:
12667:
12655:
12654:
12640:
12639:
12625:
12624:
12610:
12609:
12597:
12596:
12582:
12581:
12565:
12564:
12550:
12549:
12535:
12534:
12525:Fermentation
12522:
12521:
12505:
12504:
12490:
12489:
12475:
12474:
12460:
12459:
12445:
12444:
12439:
12428:
12417:
12404:
12389:
12374:
12361:
12348:
12335:
12320:
12307:
12294:
12149:Horticulture
12139:Floriculture
12041:Correct name
11891:Reproduction
11881:Woody plants
11806:Plant growth
11765:Gas Exchange
11750:Phytomelanin
11737:
11628:Plant embryo
11378:Reproductive
11226:Phragmoplast
10959:. Retrieved
10955:the original
10870:
10866:
10829:
10825:
10821:
10817:
10813:
10781:
10770:. Retrieved
10750:
10738:. Retrieved
10714:
10691:
10664:
10616:
10612:
10602:
10591:. Retrieved
10571:
10564:
10553:. Retrieved
10533:
10526:
10515:. Retrieved
10485:
10481:
10471:
10436:
10432:
10422:
10387:
10383:
10373:
10364:
10360:
10354:
10345:
10339:
10328:. Retrieved
10318:
10311:
10300:. Retrieved
10293:the original
10288:
10284:
10245:
10241:
10211:
10207:
10201:
10176:
10172:
10166:
10125:
10121:
10115:
10090:
10086:
10080:
10039:
10035:
10029:
9996:
9992:
9986:
9971:
9954:
9939:
9922:
9911:. Retrieved
9900:
9891:
9874:
9870:
9861:
9844:
9840:
9831:
9820:. Retrieved
9792:
9788:
9771:
9752:
9741:. Retrieved
9734:the original
9705:
9701:
9685:
9675:– via
9670:. Retrieved
9660:
9650:
9615:
9611:
9601:
9564:
9560:
9536:. Retrieved
9516:
9509:
9476:
9472:
9462:
9417:
9413:
9403:
9392:. Retrieved
9372:
9365:
9354:. Retrieved
9350:the original
9345:
9336:
9291:
9287:
9277:
9232:
9228:
9218:
9177:
9173:
9163:
9126:
9122:
9112:
9075:
9071:
9061:
9016:
9012:
9002:
8967:
8963:
8953:
8944:
8897:
8893:
8883:
8858:
8852:
8841:. Retrieved
8821:
8814:
8779:
8775:
8765:
8730:
8726:
8716:
8679:
8675:
8665:
8632:
8628:
8622:
8597:
8593:
8587:
8542:
8538:
8528:
8493:
8489:
8483:
8451:(1): 29–38.
8448:
8444:
8434:
8407:
8403:
8393:
8352:
8348:
8338:
8326:. Retrieved
8322:the original
8315:
8305:
8260:
8256:
8246:
8234:. Retrieved
8225:
8215:
8203:. Retrieved
8194:
8184:
8143:
8139:
8133:
8121:. Retrieved
8106:
8094:. Retrieved
8085:
8075:
8032:
8028:
8018:
7991:
7987:
7973:
7938:
7934:
7928:
7920:
7893:
7889:
7867:
7863:
7815:
7811:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7732:(1): 87–92.
7729:
7725:
7719:
7678:
7674:
7668:
7633:
7629:
7611:
7595:(1): 39–48.
7592:
7588:
7578:
7567:. Retrieved
7558:
7548:
7537:. Retrieved
7518:
7508:
7496:. Retrieved
7492:the original
7481:
7454:
7450:
7440:
7429:. Retrieved
7410:
7385:. Retrieved
7376:
7371:Miyamoto K.
7366:
7349:
7343:
7333:
7306:
7300:
7290:
7256:(10): 1307.
7253:
7249:
7239:
7231:
7196:
7192:
7182:
7155:
7149:
7139:
7112:
7108:
7098:
7087:. Retrieved
7060:
7038:
7013:
7005:
6968:
6962:
6904:
6898:
6888:
6877:. Retrieved
6873:the original
6863:
6834:
6780:
6776:
6766:
6755:. Retrieved
6751:the original
6731:
6724:
6679:
6673:
6663:
6646:
6640:
6596:
6590:
6580:
6560:
6553:
6542:. Retrieved
6538:the original
6533:
6524:
6513:. Retrieved
6472:
6468:
6463:(Aug 2008).
6454:
6446:
6438:
6434:
6422:
6389:
6385:
6375:
6332:
6328:
6318:
6307:. Retrieved
6285:
6275:
6232:
6228:
6218:
6207:
6172:
6168:
6158:
6135:
6113:. Retrieved
6080:
6074:
6064:
6053:. Retrieved
6046:the original
6032:
6024:
6018:. Retrieved
5994:
5987:
5963:
5957:. Retrieved
5934:
5924:
5889:
5883:
5873:
5838:
5832:
5822:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5761:
5738:
5731:
5706:
5700:
5676:. Retrieved
5672:the original
5663:
5654:
5584:Photobiology
5472:
5412:
5401:
5369:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5334:
5326:
5318:
5294:chloroplasts
5287:
5255:
5188:
5174:
5160:
5150:
5142:
5138:
5130:
5122:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5081:
5077:chloroplasts
5075:in isolated
5072:
5058:
5055:Otto Kandler
5050:
5045:
5031:
5021:
5017:Calvin cycle
5003:
4984:Martin Kamen
4980:Samuel Ruben
4977:
4957:benzoquinone
4953:ferricyanide
4942:chloroplasts
4932:
4925:
4887:
4850:green plants
4846:demonstrated
4827:
4812:
4767:
4739:hypothesized
4713:
4702:Portrait of
4694:
4617:
4550:
4534:
4482:
4473:heterotrophy
4441:
4402:Stramenopila
4349:cryptophytes
4322:glaucophytes
4311:
4274:mitochondria
4243:
4231:cell nucleus
4223:Kleptoplasty
4215:chloroplasts
4207:
4201:
4178:sea anemones
4160:have formed
4155:
4147:
4082:
4052:
4041:
3589:Earth formed
3013:
2997:chromophores
2985:quantum walk
2978:
2962:photosystems
2958:gas exchange
2947:
2916:
2898:
2858:assimilation
2761:
2739:can use for
2714:
2690:solar panels
2671:
2667:fluorometers
2625:
2521:chloroplasts
2480:The overall
2479:
2398:carboxysomes
2392:
2355:Calvin cycle
2319:carbon pools
2307:
2301:
2296:
2284:oxaloacetate
2260:leaf anatomy
2255:
2247:
2226:
2116:released by
2102:translocated
2059:
2045:activity of
2016:
1993:Overview of
1860:
1842:but also in
1808:carbohydrate
1798:
1756:green plants
1732:Calvin cycle
1706:
1693:Calvin cycle
1680:, including
1612:
1611:chlorophyll
1606:
1599:plastocyanin
1577:
1557:
1554:
1505:
1461:
1423:
1407:chloroplasts
1392:
1343:chlorophylls
1335:green plants
1316:
1299:
1279:ATP synthase
1237:absorbs one
1224:
1191:to minimize
1156:
1146:
1139:
1111:xanthophylls
1099:xanthophylls
1085:
1074:. A typical
1072:chloroplasts
1065:
1060:
1046:
1000:
968:
957:
952:
940:
936:
934:
888:light energy
827:
804:carbohydrate
794:light energy
745:
735:
695:carbohydrate
685:light energy
638:
596:carbohydrate
585:light energy
529:The general
528:
524:mitochondria
517:
486:
467:
461:
459:
444:
402:
355:
335:Calvin cycle
328:
304:chloroplasts
292:chlorophylls
288:chromophores
273:
265:Paleoarchean
257:proton pumps
243:photopigment
232:
202:
198:complex life
165:
161:
150:light energy
60:
59:
29:
14807:Disturbance
14710:interaction
14532:Recruitment
14462:Depensation
14254:Copiotrophs
14125:Energy flow
14047:Lithotrophy
13991:Decomposers
13971:Planktivore
13946:Insectivore
13936:Heterotroph
13901:Bacterivore
13868:Phototrophs
13818:Chemotrophs
13790:Restoration
13740:Competition
13624:metabolism.
13608:metabolism.
13564:Red nodes:
13501:Eicosanoids
13466:fatty acids
13395:Cholesterol
13383:carotenoids
13362:Polyketides
13297:Nucleotides
13252:tocopherols
13216:Calciferols
13129:Amino acids
13122:amino acids
13052:amino acids
13027:Respiratory
12770:Proteolysis
12757:Translation
12744:replication
12710:MEP pathway
12697:MVA pathway
12658:Lipogenesis
12630:deamination
12420:Peroxisomal
12312:respiration
11965:Pollen tube
11960:Pollinators
11950:Pollination
11945:Germination
11760:Respiration
11743:Chlorophyll
11589:Pedicellate
11523:Gametophyte
11442:Aestivation
11393:Antheridium
11388:Archegonium
11236:Plasmodesma
11213:Plant cells
11076:Paleobotany
11071:Ethnobotany
11056:Astrobotany
10042:(1): 3–16.
9877:: 325–354.
9078:(12): 245.
8970:: 233–249.
8635:: 147–168.
8496:: 137–169.
8236:8 September
8205:8 September
8123:8 September
6843:. pp.
6461:Oremland RS
6140:McGraw-Hill
5746:. pp.
5604:Photosystem
5376:temperature
5282:Temperature
5139:photosyntax
5114:. The term
5104:photosyntax
5023:Nobel Prize
4934:Robert Hill
4884:Refinements
4819:experiments
4749:, the only
4660:Proterozoic
4652:Green algae
4545:Haloarchaea
4465:nucleomorph
4398:ochrophytes
4360:haptophytes
4330:green algae
4282:nuclear DNA
4268:) by early
4266:endocytosis
4126:, which is
4116:prokaryotes
4058:filamentous
3045:This box:
2779:fluorometer
2682:temperature
2659:measurement
2655:wavelengths
2604:Millisecond
2576:millisecond
2572:Microsecond
2526:Femtosecond
2499:Time scale
2375:neutralized
2294:of plants.
2158:crop plants
2154:temperature
2013:and so on).
2001:instead of
1999:lactic acid
1956:amino acids
1730:called the
1650:calcium ion
1648:ions and a
1522:photosystem
1446:chlorophyll
1434:chlorophyll
1347:carotenoids
1319:wavelengths
1235:chlorophyll
1182:ultraviolet
1178:evaporation
1131:brown algae
1127:fucoxanthin
1115:green algae
1103:phycocyanin
1091:chlorophyll
988:Chloroplast
497:endothermic
441:into sugar.
388:(91–104 Pg
253:derivatives
15250:Metabolism
15245:Ecosystems
15214:Categories
15175:Sexecology
14752:Parasitism
14717:Antibiosis
14552:Resistance
14547:Resilience
14437:Population
14357:Camouflage
14309:Oligotroph
14224:Ascendency
14186:intertidal
14176:cold seeps
14130:Food chain
13931:Herbivores
13906:Carnivores
13833:Mixotrophs
13808:Autotrophs
13687:components
13618:nucleotide
13402:Bile acids
13378:Terpenoids
13209:vitamin Bs
13192:Cobalamins
13120:glucogenic
13108:polyamines
13068:Homoserine
12940:Glyoxylate
12833:Inositol-P
12628:Amino acid
12568:feeders to
12396:elongation
12351:Glyoxylate
12340:acid cycle
12266:Metabolism
11987:Microspore
11977:Sporangium
11955:Artificial
11643:Sporophyte
11638:Sporophyll
11633:Receptacle
11528:Gynandrium
11398:Androecium
11307:Vegetative
11177:Angiosperm
11172:Gymnosperm
11066:Dendrology
10961:2011-03-29
10772:2019-04-17
10740:2019-04-17
10593:2019-04-17
10555:2019-04-17
10517:2023-02-09
10433:Biochem. J
10330:2019-04-17
10302:2023-12-06
10087:Am. J. Bot
9968:"σύνθεσις"
9960:Liddell HG
9928:Liddell HG
9913:2013-05-23
9822:2018-06-26
9743:2015-08-27
9672:2019-12-14
9538:2019-04-17
9394:2019-04-17
9356:2010-08-26
8907:1810.05150
8843:2019-04-17
8682:(3): 209.
7766:: 89–113.
7569:2019-04-17
7539:2019-04-17
7431:2018-04-03
7089:2019-04-17
7067:. Boston:
6971:: e00961.
6879:2019-07-22
6757:2009-02-03
6544:2009-07-20
6515:2020-01-17
6309:2024-06-10
6235:: e00563.
6115:2018-04-20
6055:2007-01-20
6020:2016-02-21
5998:. Berlin:
5959:2012-07-07
5937:. Boston:
5678:2023-07-15
5664:lexico.com
5646:References
5619:Quantasome
5357:irradiance
5315:Absorbance
5304:See also:
5266:wavelength
5262:irradiance
4842:naturalist
4832:, a Swiss
4717:began the
4708:Mary Beale
4622:of extant
4519:and other
4501:anoxygenic
4469:mixotrophs
4417:Paulinella
4411:and three
4387:Ciliophora
4375:chromerids
4302:organelles
4270:eukaryotic
4250:chromosome
4219:their diet
4200:, such as
4188:and large
4186:body plans
4182:Scientists
4100:Geological
3381:Arthropods
3321:Eukaryotes
2981:phenomenon
2968:and the CO
2876:, "gs" or
2706:Scientists
2702:laboratory
2639:dissipated
2616:Efficiency
2553:nanosecond
2549:Picosecond
2530:picosecond
2276:malic acid
2256:temporally
2236:succulents
2230:, such as
2228:Xerophytes
2011:malic acid
1944:metabolism
1856:food chain
1832:amino acid
1824:precursors
1726:and, in a
1724:atmosphere
1656:binds two
1496:, whereas
1488:uses that
1454:pheophytin
1452:molecule,
1436:and other
1291:photolysis
1247:pheophytin
1076:plant cell
1068:organelles
1053:thylakoids
513:metabolism
451:synthesize
200:on Earth.
158:metabolism
148:, convert
54:vegetation
15080:Allometry
15034:Emergence
14762:Symbiosis
14747:Mutualism
14542:Stability
14447:Abundance
14259:Dominance
14217:Processes
14206:tide pool
14102:Food webs
13976:Predation
13961:Omnivores
13888:Consumers
13843:Mycotroph
13800:Producers
13745:Ecosystem
13710:Behaviour
13387:vitamin A
13371:backbones
13369:Terpenoid
13264:Cofactors
13256:vitamin E
13246:vitamin K
13234:vitamin A
13229:Retinoids
13221:vitamin D
13196:vitamin B
13161:vitamin C
13156:Ascorbate
13149:histidine
13136:Shikimate
13115:Ketogenic
13082:Glutamate
13059:Aspartate
13011:glutarate
12926:Pentose-P
12910:Succinate
12901:Propionyl
12894:Tetrose-P
12887:Pentose-P
12783:Glycosyl-
12723:Shikimate
12671:Lipolysis
12613:Oxidative
12570:gluconeo-
12512:oxylation
12493:Gluconeo-
12450:genolysis
12433:oxidation
12409:oxidation
12381:synthesis
12325:phosphate
12184:Botanists
12102:Herbarium
11999:Megaspore
11897:Evolution
11840:Subshrubs
11808:and habit
11733:Nutrition
11728:Cellulose
11723:Bulk flow
11706:Materials
11669:Epidermis
11533:Gynoecium
11514:Endosperm
11509:Dispersal
11425:Staminode
11361:Sessility
11349:Cataphyll
11269:Mesophyll
11221:Cell wall
11162:Lycophyte
11142:Bryophyte
11096:Geobotany
11081:Phycology
10643:196810874
9777:Kandler O
9691:Walker DA
9493:1878-4380
9436:1664-302X
9210:254941681
9019:(1): 79.
8994:153285864
8934:119341330
8875:213816522
8733:: 50–57.
8385:266752333
7387:4 January
6406:0973-7138
6392:(2): 45.
6349:1643-3750
6249:2215-017X
6199:219423329
5639:Vitamin D
5175:Chlorella
5131:sýnthesis
5087:Jan Amesz
5060:Chlorella
5037:Dean Burk
4917:electrons
4893:chemistry
4876:(such as
4870:organisms
4868:by which
4828:In 1796,
4813:In 1779,
4751:substance
4710:, c. 1674
4691:Discovery
4636:evolution
4530:that time
4432:euglenids
4391:Alveolata
4353:Cryptista
4162:symbiotic
4062:organisms
3402:Dinosaurs
3019:Evolution
2993:bacterium
2983:known as
2834:parts per
2749:Electrons
2729:molecules
2704:devices.
2466:hornworts
2458:Pyrenoids
2371:byproduct
2248:spatially
2234:and most
2174:sugarcane
2082:catalyzed
2074:mesophyll
2043:oxygenase
1928:cellulose
1887:molecules
1867:reduction
1846:when the
1820:cellulose
1722:from the
1715:captures
1646:manganese
1642:catalyzed
1375:organisms
1351:red algae
1259:reduction
1197:epidermis
1167:mesophyll
1158:Euphorbia
1123:red algae
1107:carotenes
1095:carotenes
992:Thylakoid
508:nutrients
411:or 3.825
390:petagrams
378:terawatts
316:electrons
300:spectrums
296:porphyrin
221:reductant
215:to split
178:cellulose
136:by which
15225:Agronomy
15135:Endolith
15064:Xerosere
14976:networks
14792:Ecocline
14338:Defense,
14014:Detritus
13916:Foraging
13785:Resource
13606:cofactor
13485:Steroids
13425:Acyl-CoA
13409:Glycero-
13313:Proteins
13276:minerals
13271:Vitamins
13242:Quinones
13178:pigments
13103:Creatine
13096:Arginine
13000:Succinyl
12954:Pyruvate
12873:Glycerol
12866:Triose-P
12859:Hexose-P
12811:multiple
12508:Pyruvate
12299:fixation
12224:Category
12144:Forestry
12134:Agronomy
12127:Practice
12078:Cultivar
12073:Cultigen
11933:timeline
11825:Rosettes
11713:Aleurone
11689:Trichome
11606:Perianth
11418:Filament
11276:Meristem
11199:glossary
11061:Bryology
10972:Archived
10897:12594932
10854:33477550
10846:10361294
10766:Archived
10734:Archived
10712:(2014).
10635:31306623
10587:Archived
10549:Archived
10512:31641747
10414:16656075
10367:: 15–24.
10324:Archived
10242:Crop Sci
10208:Crop Sci
10193:83706567
10173:Crop Sci
10158:34122342
10150:13668557
10072:40443000
10064:24424488
10021:11265932
10013:16245098
9907:Archived
9867:Arnon DI
9837:Arnon DI
9813:Archived
9809:97588826
9779:(1950).
9760:Archived
9730:21567780
9722:16245102
9693:(2002).
9666:Archived
9658:(1945).
9642:22970505
9634:16228428
9593:23849304
9567:(1): 4.
9532:Archived
9501:34229911
9454:27721813
9420:: 1526.
9388:Archived
9328:16569695
9269:24821787
9202:31161318
9155:35732736
9104:17210067
9053:17511874
8986:31078729
8837:Archived
8806:20124341
8757:28408315
8708:12620099
8649:17600460
8579:19004808
8475:10806222
8426:18267943
8377:38172638
8328:23 March
8297:29560463
8230:Archived
8199:Archived
8176:25760719
8168:23788794
8117:Archived
8090:Archived
8086:BBC News
8067:22729479
8010:19558403
7965:12481082
7912:14512377
7842:12481082
7788:31451852
7780:18444897
7703:16151873
7563:Archived
7533:Archived
7498:17 April
7473:10938857
7425:Archived
7381:Archived
7325:12554704
7282:33023238
7242:under CO
7223:27261065
7174:11886877
7131:32080851
7083:Archived
6997:24082995
6941:18250316
6815:29956039
6716:17895378
6623:17055774
6509:Archived
6505:39479754
6497:18703741
6414:38516912
6367:26184462
6267:33304839
6142:. 2007.
6109:Archived
6014:Archived
6000:Springer
5953:Archived
5916:10670014
5865:18468984
5814:20364747
5806:16453059
5748:235, 244
5723:16997562
5634:Red edge
5478:See also
5203:monocots
5147:σύνταξις
5143:sýntaxis
5135:σύνθεσις
5073:in vitro
4866:reaction
4838:botanist
4823:sunlight
4808:"injure"
4777:minister
4755:accurate
4719:research
4680:plastids
4664:Mesozoic
4570:Chlorobi
4553:bacteria
4526:reducing
4509:hydrogen
4444:Excavata
4436:Excavata
4425:Rhizaria
4421:Cercozoa
4364:Haptista
4324:and the
4254:ribosome
4246:bacteria
4239:proteins
4198:mollusks
4128:oxidized
4070:evidence
4043:Ice Ages
3436:Primates
3384:Molluscs
2974:analyzed
2812:O using
2731:, which
2719:creates
2647:fraction
2629:usually
2590:products
2396:possess
2389:In water
2379:catalase
2329:. Under
2315:crystals
2003:pyruvate
1936:fructose
1863:fixation
1746:to form
1744:combined
1630:tyrosine
1626:hydrogen
1622:diatomic
1607:Z-scheme
1587:oxidized
1548:with an
1510:molecule
1506:Z-scheme
1478:membrane
1462:Z-scheme
1381:Z scheme
1317:Not all
1243:electron
1231:molecule
1201:palisade
1057:vesicles
1034:ribosome
964:infrared
926:monoxide
911:arsenate
875:arsenite
834:arsenate
830:arsenite
612:electron
610:oxidized
531:equation
419:Overview
320:hydrogen
248:and its
231:such as
205:bacteria
182:starches
174:glycogen
15125:Ecopath
14932:Habitat
14802:Ecotype
14797:Ecotone
14774:ecology
14772:Spatial
14708:Species
14568:Species
14439:ecology
14424:Ecology
14372:Mimicry
14340:counter
14284:f-ratio
14032:Archaea
13720:Biomass
13693:General
13685:Trophic
13677:Ecology
13622:protein
13602:vitamin
13304:Nucleic
13207:Various
13089:proline
13043:Alanine
13009:α-Keto-
12986:acetate
12977:Citrate
12961:Lactate
12817:glycans
12725:pathway
12645:shuttle
12643:Citrate
12572:genesis
12555:genesis
12510:decarb-
12495:genesis
12465:genesis
12327:pathway
12323:Pentose
11902:Ecology
11659:Cuticle
11489:Capsule
11479:Anatomy
11430:Tapetum
11354:Petiole
11329:Rhizome
11324:Rhizoid
11251:Tissues
11241:Vacuole
11231:Plastid
11033:Outline
11028:History
10888:1693113
10503:7489092
10463:5971771
10454:1270070
10130:Bibcode
10122:Science
10107:2439681
10044:Bibcode
9964:Scott R
9932:Scott R
9584:3707099
9445:5033965
9319:1459374
9296:Bibcode
9260:4040607
9237:Bibcode
9182:Bibcode
9146:9758169
9095:1794423
9044:1885257
9021:Bibcode
8912:Bibcode
8859:bioRxiv
8797:2817223
8735:Bibcode
8657:8966320
8614:9914199
8570:2584685
8547:Bibcode
8520:4587388
8466:1539252
8357:Bibcode
8288:5857716
8265:Bibcode
8257:Heliyon
8148:Bibcode
8140:Science
8096:21 June
8058:3430841
8037:Bibcode
7929:in vivo
7864:In vivo
7756:in vivo
7683:Bibcode
7660:9490760
7273:7600318
7214:4972262
6988:3786385
6932:2542863
6909:Bibcode
6845:124–127
6806:6244792
6785:Bibcode
6707:2000399
6684:Bibcode
6614:2765710
6477:Bibcode
6469:Science
6358:4517925
6258:7714679
6177:Bibcode
6105:9657713
6085:Bibcode
6076:Science
5907:1692713
5856:2606769
5786:Bibcode
5739:Biology
5442:diffuse
5434:ammonia
5404:RuBisCO
5335:in vivo
5240:Factors
5141:, from
5051:in vivo
4949:oxalate
4921:protons
4909:reduces
4878:glucose
4773:chemist
4763:biomass
4743:growing
4729:of the
4723:process
4721:of the
4628:Archean
4606:Type II
4541:archaea
4434:—clade
4423:—clade
4413:species
4400:—clade
4389:—clade
4379:Myzozoa
4362:—clade
4351:—clade
4332:—clade
4194:volumes
4174:sponges
4158:animals
4090:in the
4066:studies
4054:Fossils
4011:←
3987:←
3966:←
3946:←
3925:←
3905:←
3885:←
3864:←
3844:←
3824:←
3804:←
3784:←
3764:←
3743:←
3723:←
3702:←
3682:←
3662:←
3642:←
3622:←
3602:←
3582:←
3418:Mammals
3393:Flowers
3252:–
3247:—
3242:–
3232:–
3227:—
3222:–
3212:–
3207:—
3202:–
3192:–
3187:—
3182:–
3172:–
3167:—
3162:–
3152:–
3147:—
3142:–
3132:–
3127:—
3122:–
3112:–
3107:—
3102:–
3092:–
3087:—
3082:–
3009:exciton
2919:precise
2908:ambient
2804:and of
2787:systems
2753:authors
2727:energy
2661:of the
2633:with a
2599:cytosol
2519:in the
2482:process
2369:), the
2339:oxalate
2292:species
2170:sorghum
2132:of the
2110:RuBisCO
2088:called
2072:of the
2051:evolved
2041:by the
2023:stomata
2007:species
1971:On land
1932:glucose
1920:sucrose
1907:product
1905:. This
1844:animals
1748:sucrose
1728:process
1713:RuBisCO
1707:In the
1652:; this
1405:of the
1251:quinone
1225:In the
1193:heating
1174:cuticle
1153:aridity
1135:diatoms
1088:pigment
1070:called
1059:called
971:archaea
884:photons
852:dioxide
820:oxygen
790:photons
764:dioxide
681:photons
655:dioxide
580:photons
553:dioxide
405:Cereals
394:biomass
358:evolved
347:glucose
343:reduced
276:species
246:retinal
229:Archaea
128:) is a
15235:Botany
14156:Rivers
14052:Marine
13523:Major
13476:&
13441:Glyco-
13381:&
13353:Acetyl
13323:&
13274:&
13250:&
13147:&
13106:&
13087:&
13075:lysine
13073:&
13020:bodies
13018:Ketone
12993:Malate
12984:Oxalo-
12968:Acetyl
12917:Acetyl
12843:&
12826:sugars
12824:Simple
12815:&
12813:sugars
12807:Double
12478:Glyco-
12463:Glyco-
12448:Glyco-
12338:Citric
12310:Photo-
12297:Carbon
12206:Plants
12109:(IAPT)
11862:Lianas
11830:Shrubs
11782:Starch
11674:Nectar
11594:Raceme
11560:Stigma
11548:Locule
11538:Carpel
11499:Pyrena
11437:Flower
11413:Anther
11408:Stamen
11403:Pollen
11125:groups
11017:Botany
10895:
10885:
10852:
10844:
10805:Papers
10792:
10758:
10726:
10698:
10662:about
10641:
10633:
10579:
10541:
10510:
10500:
10461:
10451:
10412:
10405:550268
10402:
10191:
10156:
10148:
10105:
10070:
10062:
10019:
10011:
9807:
9728:
9720:
9640:
9632:
9591:
9581:
9524:
9499:
9491:
9452:
9442:
9434:
9380:
9326:
9316:
9267:
9257:
9208:
9200:
9153:
9143:
9123:Nature
9102:
9092:
9051:
9041:
8992:
8984:
8932:
8873:
8829:
8804:
8794:
8755:
8706:
8699:153454
8696:
8655:
8647:
8612:
8577:
8567:
8518:
8508:
8473:
8463:
8424:
8383:
8375:
8349:Nature
8295:
8285:
8174:
8166:
8065:
8055:
8008:
7963:
7956:166710
7953:
7910:
7840:
7833:166710
7830:
7786:
7778:
7711:291238
7709:
7701:
7658:
7648:
7525:
7471:
7323:
7280:
7270:
7250:Plants
7221:
7211:
7172:
7129:
7075:
7026:
6995:
6985:
6939:
6929:
6851:
6813:
6803:
6743:
6714:
6704:
6621:
6611:
6568:
6503:
6495:
6412:
6404:
6365:
6355:
6347:
6300:
6265:
6255:
6247:
6197:
6146:
6103:
6006:
5945:
5914:
5904:
5863:
5853:
5812:
5804:
5754:
5721:
5668:Lexico
5325:) and
5260:Light
5207:dicots
4840:, and
4834:pastor
4789:candle
4781:volume
4584:Type I
4578:Type I
4513:sulfur
4381:, and
4340:- and
4260:. The
4176:, and
4170:corals
4122:as an
4112:plants
4088:oxygen
4078:cherts
3998:humans
3571:
3564:
3410:
3373:
3345:
3329:
3313:
3297:
3281:
3265:
3001:photon
2737:plants
2627:Plants
2608:second
2595:Stroma
2493:Event
2345:by an
2331:stress
2262:from C
2178:millet
2176:, and
2150:plants
2142:plants
2098:malate
2086:enzyme
2084:by an
1983:, and
1960:lipids
1946:yield
1940:sugars
1938:. The
1926:, and
1924:starch
1916:hexose
1911:triose
1852:energy
1848:carbon
1840:plants
1822:, the
1752:starch
1542:reduce
1530:energy
1486:enzyme
1395:plants
1365:their
1295:oxygen
1239:photon
1229:, one
1163:cactus
1149:leaves
1109:, and
1031:starch
924:carbon
850:carbon
781:water
762:carbon
711:oxygen
653:carbon
551:carbon
476:, and
470:plants
364:using
225:sulfur
144:, and
130:system
125:-ə-sis
15073:Other
14974:Other
14927:Guild
14899:Niche
14151:Lakes
13492:Endo-
13457:Waxes
13434:acids
13432:Fatty
13306:acids
13185:Hemes
13169:δ-ALA
13145:acids
13117:&
13084:group
13070:group
13061:group
13029:chain
12800:acids
12798:Sugar
12785:ation
12553:Keto-
12540:lysis
12538:Keto-
12480:lysis
12392:Fatty
12377:Fatty
12366:cycle
12353:cycle
12166:Lists
12083:Group
12006:Spore
11940:Flora
11857:Vines
11852:Trees
11815:Habit
11787:Sugar
11679:Stoma
11621:Sepal
11616:Petal
11611:Tepal
11599:Umbel
11584:Bract
11565:Style
11553:Ovule
11543:Ovary
11484:Berry
11474:Fruit
11467:Whorl
11334:Shoot
11132:Algae
11123:Plant
10850:S2CID
10683:Books
10639:S2CID
10296:(PDF)
10281:(PDF)
10189:S2CID
10154:S2CID
10103:JSTOR
10068:S2CID
10017:S2CID
9936:"φῶς"
9816:(PDF)
9805:S2CID
9785:(PDF)
9737:(PDF)
9726:S2CID
9698:(PDF)
9638:S2CID
9206:S2CID
8990:S2CID
8930:S2CID
8902:arXiv
8871:S2CID
8653:S2CID
8381:S2CID
8172:S2CID
7784:S2CID
7707:S2CID
7651:35114
6964:eLife
6501:S2CID
6195:S2CID
6049:(XLS)
5810:S2CID
5195:maize
5120:Greek
4986:used
4913:atoms
4854:light
4848:that
4804:mouse
4747:water
4735:plant
4517:amino
4493:green
4485:green
4290:redox
4235:slugs
4227:genes
4166:algae
4120:water
3427:Birds
3273:Water
2890:FV/FM
2850:mbars
2846:mmols
2822:μmols
2725:NADPH
2710:yield
2490:Stage
2462:algae
2232:cacti
2166:maize
2160:are C
2070:cells
1899:NADPH
1883:yield
1881:, to
1828:lipid
1736:NADPH
1674:Earth
1593:) of
1538:lumen
1518:light
1502:redox
1498:NADPH
1415:NADPH
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